Passive intermodulation avoidance in a radio transceiver device
The method and device for PIM avoidance in radio transceivers calculate IpN per subband, identify impacted subbands, and adapt scheduling to mitigate PIM, improving throughput and sensitivity by avoiding reliance on downlink knowledge, thus addressing inefficiencies in existing techniques.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/088852
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-19
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-23
AI Technical Summary
Existing PIM avoidance techniques are computationally complex, require knowledge of downlink carriers, and reduce network throughput, making them inefficient for scenarios with high traffic load and complex network environments.
A method and device for PIM avoidance in a radio transceiver that calculates interference plus noise power (IpN) per subband, identifies subbands impacted by PIM, and adapts scheduling to leave resources unused in those subbands, independent of downlink transmissions.
This approach provides efficient PIM avoidance with improved performance in high traffic scenarios, enhancing throughput and sensitivity without relying on downlink carrier knowledge, and is effective for both MRC and IRC receivers.
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Figure CN2024088852_23102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
PASSIVE INTERMODULATION AVOIDANCE IN A RADIO TRANSCEIVER DEVICETECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments presented herein relate to a method, a passive intermodulation (PIM) avoidance device, a computer program, and a computer program product for passive intermodulation avoidance in a radio transceiver device.BACKGROUND
[0002] In general terms, PIM is caused by passive objects, such as filters, duplexers, connectors, antennas and so forth, exhibiting nonlinear behavior in the vicinity of radio signals. PIM can cause an interference signal to be generated that can couple into a receiver and degrade the receiver’s sensitivity.
[0003] Depending on the location of the component that generates the PIM, the PIM is categorized as either internal or external. For example, PIM generated by the filters of the transmission (TX) radio chains in the antenna system at the cell site, loose cable connections, dirty connectors, poor performance duplexers, and aged antennas, is called internal PIM whereas PIM generated by a metal fence on the roof top of a building, a metal roof, or even a drainpipe, in vicinity of the cell site is called external PIM. External PIM thus refers to the case where the PIM occurs after the signals have left the transmitter antenna with the resultant intermodulation reflecting back into the receiver. PIM might cause the transmission power of the cell site to be backed off in order to avoid PIM to affect the receiver (RX) radio chains in the antenna system of the cell site, thus compromising the network performance. In summary, PIM issues may occur as existing network equipment ages, when co-locating new carriers, or when installing new network equipment. PIM is a particular issue when overlaying (diplexing) new carriers into old antenna runs.
[0004] In general terms, high-speed digital data communications make PIM testing critical. As cell usage and throughput grows, the peak power produced by the transmitter increases dramatically, contributing to PIM issues. On-site experiments have shown significant decreases in download speeds linked to a slight increase in PIM. More generally, PIM can create interference that will reduce a cell’s receive sensitivity or even cause calls to be blocked. This interference can affect both receivers in the cell in which the PIM source is located and receivers in nearby cells.
[0005] Two types of common techniques to mitigate the impact of PIM, namely uplink PIM cancellation, and downlink PIM avoidance, will be briefly summarized next.
[0006] PIM cancellation algorithms are designed to estimate parts of the complete PIM channel from downlink transmission to uplink reception. Given the estimated signal, and the downlink transmissions, a predicted signal can be computed and subtracted from the received signal. In case the predicted signal is an accurate model of the received uplink PIM, a substantial reduction in the uplink PIM can be obtained. One common drawback of all PIM cancellation algorithms is the computational complexity. This computational complexity is much higher than that of conventional channel estimation since non-linear basis functions must be created. PIM cancellation also requires measurement of both downlink transmission and uplink PIM.
[0007] PIM avoidance aims at avoiding transmitting resources (in time, space or frequency) that would cause PIM. Also, the downlink power could be reduced in an effort to avoid, or at least reduce, PIM. These PIM avoidance techniques. For example, PIM avoidance by beamformed transmission aims at avoiding beams of an advanced antenna system used for transmission to be pointed in the direction of the PIM source. This might require estimation of the location of the PIM source, which might not be knowns in advance. Therefore, techniques have been proposed to estimate a subspace of the beam space generated by the antenna array system where the PIM source is located. Generation of beams in this subspace is then avoided for downlink transmissions. This technique is only applicable for advanced antenna systems, and thus for (radio) access network nodes equipped with large antenna arrays. Further, this technique limits the number of possible directions in which beams can be used for downlink transmission. Hence, a further drawback (as for any PIM avoidance technique based on downlink transmission) is that throughput, or capacity, will be reduced when avoiding transmission of data in space or in time in an effort to reduce the impact of PIM. Further, in order for the PIM avoidance to be successful, coordination between the downlink carriers and the uplink carriers is needed. This implies that information of both downlink transmissions and uplink receptions is needs to be known. However, whilst such information might be available for downlink carriers and uplink carriers as used by one (radio) access network node, this might not be the case where the uplink carriers as used by a first (radio) access network node are impacted by PIM as caused by downlink carriers as used by a second (radio) access network node.
[0008] Hence, there is still a need for improved PIM avoidance techniques.SUMMARY
[0009] An object of embodiments herein is to provide efficient PIM avoidance where the above issues, or drawbacks are avoided, or at least mitigated or reduced.
[0010] A particular object is to provide PIM avoidance that is independent of any knowledge of downlink carriers, or transmissions in the downlink.
[0011] According to a first aspect there is presented a method for PIM avoidance in a radio transceiver device. The method is performed by a PIM avoidance device. The method comprises calculating an interference plus noise power (IpN) value per subband of a first uplink signal received in a first transmission time interval (TTI) . The method comprises identifying, based on the IpN values for all subbands, any subband impacted by PIM. The method comprises adapting scheduling of a second uplink signal in a second TTI, subsequent to the first TTI. According to the adapting, resources of the second uplink signal in the any subband impacted by PIM are left unused.
[0012] According to a second aspect there is presented a PIM avoidance device for PIM avoidance in a radio transceiver device. The PIM avoidance device comprises processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to cause the PIM avoidance device to calculate an IpN value per subband of a first uplink signal received in a first TTI. The processing circuitry is configured to cause the PIM avoidance device to identify, based on the IpN values for all subbands, any subband impacted by PIM. The processing circuitry is configured to cause the PIM avoidance device to adapt scheduling of a second uplink signal in a second TTI, subsequent to the first TTI. According to the adapting, resources of the second uplink signal in the any subband impacted by PIM are left unused.
[0013] According to a third aspect there is presented a PIM avoidance device for PIM avoidance in a radio transceiver device. The PIM avoidance device comprises a calculate module configured to calculate an IpN value per subband of a first uplink signal received in a first TTI. The PIM avoidance device comprises an identify module configured to identify, based on the IpN values for all subbands, any subband impacted by PIM. The PIM avoidance device comprises an adapt module configured to adapt scheduling of a second uplink signal in a second TTI, subsequent to the first TTI. According to the adapting, resources of the second uplink signal in the any subband impacted by PIM are left unused.
[0014] According to a fourth aspect there is presented a computer program for PIM avoidance in a radio transceiver device. The computer program comprises computer code which, when run on processing circuitry of a PIM avoidance device, causes the PIM avoidance device to perform actions. One action comprises the PIM avoidance device to calculate an IpN value per subband of a first uplink signal received in a first TTI. One action comprises the PIM avoidance device to identify, based on the IpN values for all subbands, any subband impacted by PIM. One action comprises the PIM avoidance device to adapt scheduling of a second uplink signal in a second TTI, subsequent to the first TTI. According to the adapting, resources of the second uplink signal in the any subband impacted by PIM are left unused.
[0015] According to a fifth aspect there is presented a computer program product comprising a computer program according to the fourth aspect and a computer readable storage medium on which the computer program is stored. The computer readable storage medium could be a non-transitory computer readable storage medium.
[0016] Advantageously, these aspects provide efficient PIM avoidance without suffering from the above identified issues or drawbacks.
[0017] Advantageously, these aspects avoid the above identified issues with PIM avoidance by only basing the PIM avoidance on measurements of the radio transceiver device’s own uplink signals. That is, the proposed PIM avoidance technique is independent on downlink transmissions of other radio transceiver devices.
[0018] Advantageously, for a scenario with high traffic load, if a receiver with maximum-ratio combining (MRC) is used, the proposed PIM avoidance technique can provide much better performance compared to a legacy MRC receiver. This will be further elaborated below with reference to Fig. 6.
[0019] Advantageously, for a scenario with high traffic load, if a receiver with interference rejection combining (IRC) is used, the proposed PIM avoidance technique can provide better performance with respect to an increasing number of user equipment served by the radio transceiver device. This will be further elaborated below with reference to Fig. 7.
[0020] Advantageously, for a scenario with a middle traffic load, no matter whether an MRC receiver or an IRC receiver is used, the proposed PIM avoidance technique can always yield better performance. This will be further elaborated below with reference to Fig. 8 and Fig. 9.
[0021] Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following detailed disclosure, from the attached dependent claims as well as from the drawings.
[0022] Generally, all terms used in the claims are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the technical field, unless explicitly defined otherwise herein. All references to "a / an / the element, apparatus, component, means, module, step, etc. " are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, module, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any method disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless explicitly stated.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] The inventive concept is now described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0024] Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a communication network according to embodiments;
[0025] Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a radio transceiver device according to an embodiment;
[0026] Fig. 3 is a flowchart of methods according to embodiments;
[0027] Fig. 4 schematically illustrates IPN for a PRB as a function of TTI according to an embodiment;
[0028] Fig. 5 schematically illustrates IpN as a function of PRB for two TTIs according to an embodiment;
[0029] Figs. 6, 7, 8, and 9 show simulation results according to embodiments;
[0030] Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram showing structural units of a PIM avoidance device according to an embodiment;
[0031] Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram showing functional modules of a PIM avoidance device according to an embodiment; and
[0032] Fig. 12 shows one example of a computer program product comprising computer readable storage medium according to an embodiment.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0033] The inventive concept will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which certain embodiments of the inventive concept are shown. This inventive concept may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the inventive concept to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the description. Any step or feature illustrated by dashed lines should be regarded as optional.
[0034] Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a communications network 100 where embodiments presented herein can be applied. The communications network 100 comprises radio transceiver devices 110a, 110b in the form of (radio) access network nodes, such as gNBs. As schematically illustrated, radio transceiver device 110a communicates with a user equipment 120. In particular, user equipment 120 is illustrated as transmitting an uplink signal 130 towards radio transceiver device 110a. However, due to a PIM source 140, the uplink signal 130 is impacted by PIM generated by a downlink signal 150a transmitted by radio transceiver device 110a and reflected back to radio transceiver device 110a by the PIM source 140, where the reflection of this downlink signal 150a is inter-modulated with the reflection of another downlink signal 150b, as transmitted by radio transceiver device 110b and reflected back to radio transceiver device 110a by the PIM source 140.
[0035] As disclosed above, an object of embodiments herein is to provide efficient PIM avoidance where the above issues, or drawbacks are avoided, or at least mitigated or reduced, and a particular object is to provide PIM avoidance that is independent of any knowledge of downlink carriers, or transmissions in the downlink. Hence, particular object is to provide PIM avoidance in radio transceiver device 110a that is independent of any knowledge of the downlink signals 150a, 150b.
[0036] Reference is next made to Fig. 2 in which a block diagram of a radio transceiver device 200 is provided. The radio transceiver device 200 comprises a scheduler block 220. In general terms, the scheduler block 220 is configured to determine how downlink and uplink resources 210 are to be allocated in the downlink and in the uplink. Information about the scheduling is provided to a transmitter block 230 such that the information about the scheduling can be transmitted to other radio transceiver devices (such as UEs, in case radio transceiver device 200 is, or is part of, a (radio) access network node) . In this respect, the information about the scheduling can be sent to the UEs on a downlink control channel, such as a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . Scheduling decisions as made by the scheduler block 220 are based on information as provided by a PIM avoidance device 240. As will be described in more detail below, the PIM avoidance device 240 is configured to identify any subband (s) impacted by PIM in one TTI (i.e., TTI k) . Scheduling of uplink signals in some following TTI (e.g., , TTI k+n, where n>1) can then be adapted, based on information from the PIM avoidance device 240 to the scheduler block 220 about the identified subband (s) , to avoid PIM in the identified subband (s) . In some non-limiting examples, 1<n≤5.
[0037] Fig. 3 is a flowchart illustrating embodiments of methods for PIM avoidance in a radio transceiver device 110a, 200. The methods are performed by the PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100. The methods are advantageously provided as computer programs 1220.
[0038] The method is based on identify those subband (s) which are interfered by PIM and to avoid uplink scheduling of user equipment in those subbands, in order to get better performance, such as higher throughput and / or higher sensitivity.
[0039] The interference plus noise power (IpN) is calculated for each of the subbands in order to assess which subband (s) (if any) are interfered by PIM, as in steps S104 and S106.
[0040] S104: The PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100 calculates an IpN value per subband of a first uplink signal received in a first TTI.
[0041] S106: The PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100 identifies, based on the IpN values for all subbands, any subband impacted by PIM. Different ways in which subbands impacted by PIM can be identified based on the IpN values will be disclosed below.
[0042] The scheduling of user equipment is then adapted for the next TTI for the identified subbands, as in step S108.
[0043] S108: The PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100 adapts scheduling of a second uplink signal in a second TTI, subsequent to the first TTI. According to the adaptation, resources of the second uplink signal in any subband impacted by PIM are left unused. That is, in the second TTI, no signal is scheduled on any subband impacted by PIM.
[0044] Embodiments relating to further details of PIM avoidance in a radio transceiver device 110a, 200 as performed by the PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100 will now be disclosed with continued reference to Fig. 3.
[0045] In some aspects, since the IpN values are calculated for a first uplink signal that is received in a first TTI, it is assumed that this first uplink signal is received by, or otherwise obtained by, the PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100. For example, the first uplink signal is generally received at a radio-frequency front-end, from which it could be passed to the PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100, possibly after some signal processing, such as matched filtering and / or down-conversion to baseband frequency. Hence, in some embodiments, the PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100 is configured to perform (optional) step S102.
[0046] S102: The PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100 receives the uplink signal in the first TTI.
[0047] It is here noted that whilst reference is here made to the first TTI and the second TTI, etc., the herein disclosed embodiments are generally applicable to any pair of consecutive TTIs, such as TTI k and TTI k+1 for some positive integer k. This is also noted in Fig. 3, which also includes a feedback loop from step S108 to step S102 from one TTI (i.e., TTI k) to the next TTI (i.e., TTI k+1) , indicating that the method can be performed repeatedly for each TTI.
[0048] As disclosed above, one IpN value is calculated per subband. The IpN is thus measured in the frequency domain. In this respect, there could be different frequency intervals over which each such subband extends. In some embodiments, each subband covers at least one respective physical resource block (PRB) in frequency domain. That is, in one example, each subband covers exactly one PRB, whereas in another example, each subband covers two PRBs, etc.
[0049] Further aspects of how the IpN values can be calculated, as in step S104, will be disclosed next.
[0050] In some aspects, after the IpN values have been calculated for TTI, the IpN values can be processed over time to remove short-term effects. The processing is here applied to the IpN values per each subband. In general terms, the processing corresponds to applying an averaging function to the IpN values per subband. There can be different averaging function that are applied to the IpN values. One example involves using a sliding window approach. In particular, in some embodiments, the IpN value for any given subband is in step S104 calculated as a moving average of the IpN values for this subband using a sliding window that extends over at least two TTIs.
[0051] Intermediate reference is here made to Fig. 4. In Fig. 4 one subband corresponds to one PRB. Fig. 4 illustrates a sequence 400 of IpN values 410 for PRB i as a function of time. For illustrative purposes and without loss of generality, each time index is in this example represented by one TTI. However, there could also be other types of time indexes, for examples in mini-slots, which are shorter than TTIs. In this example, the sliding window extends over eight TTIs. The window length is thus 8. The filtered IpN value for PRB i and TTI k is denoted IpNMA, i, k where MA is short for moving average. Hence, in this example IpNMA, i, k is the average of the IpN values in TTIs k, k-1, …, k-7 for PRB i.
[0052] In general terms, the sliding window concept can used to avoid buffering lots of data. For example, moving averaging using a sliding window can be implemented as an averaging filter in terms of a leaky integrator, as described next. Let αk be a forgetting factor. Then IpNMA, i, k can be recursively expressed as a function of previous averaged IpN values, denoted IpNMA, i, k-1, and the IpN value for TTI k, denoted IpNi, k, as follows: IpNMA, i, k =αk·IpNi, k+ (1-αk) ·IpNMA, i, k-1
[0053] for k>0 and with IpNMA, i, 0=0. There can be different ways to select the forgetting factor αk. In some examples, the forgetting factor αk is inversely proportional to the number of received TTIs, up to a configurable number, K, of TTIs. That is, in some examples,
[0054] The value of K can be configurable.
[0055] There can be different ways in which the window length is set. In some embodiments, the sliding window extends over a predetermined number of TTIs, where the predetermined number is based on historical data analysis of impact of PIM in the radio transceiver device 110a, 200.
[0056] For example, if the window length is too long, there is a risk that the averaging effect is too large and hence that subbands impacted by PIM are not identified. On the other hand, if the window length is too short, there is a risk that the PIM avoidance is made too aggressive, causing unnecessarily many uplink resources to be blanked (i.e., leaving too many resources of the uplink signal unused) . Hence, the number of TTIs over which the sliding window extends should be selected to balance these effects against each other. One way to accomplish this is to perform a historical data analysis of how different lengths of the window affect the impact of PIM in uplink signals (i.e., to observe the PIM detection and / or avoidance performance for different window lengths) and then select the window length that yields an acceptable PIM detection and / or avoidance performance.
[0057] Further aspects of how the subbands impacted by PIM can be identified based on the IpN values, as in step S106, will be disclosed next.
[0058] In some aspects, the identification in step S106 involves making a comparison to a threshold. Particularly, in some embodiments, whether subband i is impacted by PIM or not is identified by comparing the IpN value, denoted IpNSB, i, of subband i against a threshold value, denoted θ. Here, either filtered or unfiltered IpN values can be used, depending on whether filtering is used or not. Hence, IpNSB, i can either be the filtered IpN value for subband i or an unfiltered IpN value for subband i.
[0059] In some embodiments, subband i is identified as impacted by PIM when IpNSB, i>θ.
[0060] Intermediate reference is here made to Fig. 5. Fig. 5 illustrates all IpN values 500a, 500b (with one individual IpN value in each TTI marked with a reference numeral 510a, 510b) for two TTIs; TTI k and TTI k+1. One IpN value is calculated per PRB, and hence the notation IpNPRB, i refers to the IpN value of the PRB with index i>0. All IpN values that exceed the threshold value θ are encircled 520a, 520b. It can in Fig. 5 be seen that for TTI k, the IpN values IpNPRB, 6, IpNPRB, 7, IpNPRB, 8, IpNPRB, 9>θ
[0061] Hence, that PRBs 6-9 are impacted by PIM in TTI k. Likewise, for TTI k+1, the IpN values IpNPRB, 9, IpNPRB, 10, IpNPRB, 11, IpNPRB, 12>θ
[0062] and thus, PRBs 9-12 are impacted by PIM in TTI k+1. Hence, in Fig. 5 is illustrated an example where the PIM varies in frequency from one TTI to the next TTI.
[0063] There could be different ways in which the threshold value θ is selected. In some aspects, one threshold value θ is calculated per TTI. That is, in some examples, the threshold value θ is a function of TTI. Further, in some examples, the threshold value θ for TTI k is a function of the N* lowest IpN values for TTI k. Particularly, in some embodiments, the threshold value θ for the first TTI is given by
[0064] where β is a scale factor, and where is an average of the N* lowest IpN values for the first TTI. Here, the value of the scale factor β can be determined through either simulations or tests. The simulations or test can be based on either test bed measurements or field measurements. Further, the value of for the first TTI can be determined according to
[0065] where I* is a set including the N* lowest IpN values for the first TTI. In some examples, the value of N* is selected according to:
[0066] where 5≤M≤15, and N is the total number of subbands per TTI.
[0067] In other alternatives, the threshold value θ is determined based on IpN values calculated during normal operating conditions (i.e., in the absence of PIM) . In particular, in some embodiments, the threshold value θ is determined based on a statistical analysis of IpN values as obtained during normal operating conditions of the radio transceiver device 110a, 200 (i.e., operating conditions that are not impacted by any PIM) . It is here noted that the determination of the threshold value θ thus is not performed concurrently with determining whether the uplink signals are impacted by PIM or not. Rather, the IpN values used for determining the threshold value θ might have been calculated in a training phase that is based on either test bed measurements or field measurements. This training phase is thus generally performed before the radio transceiver device 110a, 200 is deployed, or at least before the PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100 is set into operation.
[0068] In some alternatives, the threshold value θ is dynamically adjustable. In this way, the threshold value θ can, for example, be adjusted based on operating conditions, such as signal strength, historical PIM incidents, and network congestion levels. Thus, in some embodiments, the threshold value θ is dynamically adjustable based on operating conditions of the radio transceiver device 110a, 200 as impacted by PIM.
[0069] In some aspects, the parameters used for calculating the IpN (such as the averaging method and length of sliding window, etc. ) are adapted based on the effectiveness of PIM avoidance. in particular, in some embodiments, the parameters used for calculating the IpN are updated according to a feedback algorithm that is based on observed PIM in the second uplink signal. In this way, in case it can be observed that the uplink signals still suffer from PIM, despite the uplink scheduling being adapted, the parameters can be tuned to make the PIM avoidance more aggressive, and vice versa.
[0070] In some alternatives, prediction is used to identify which subband (s) is / are impacted by PIM. Hence, in some embodiments, whether subband i is impacted by PIM or not is identified by prediction, where the prediction is based on historical IpN values and patterns of PIM occurrence in TTIs preceding the first TTI. The prediction can be implemented using machine learning (ML) techniques. For example, an ML model could be provided with sets of historical IpN values and corresponding patterns of PIM occurrences such that the ML model can be trained to identify which IpN values (or sequences of IpN values) that give rise to PIM.
[0071] Further aspects of how the scheduling of the second uplink signal in the second TTI can be adapted, as in step S108, will be disclosed next.
[0072] In some aspects, the adaptation of the scheduling involves the reallocation of resources originally scheduled in the subbands that were impacted by PIM to some other one or more subband that is / are not impacted by PIM. That is, in some embodiments, the adaptation of the scheduling of the second uplink signal in step S108 comprises reallocating the resources of any subband impacted by PIM to at least one other subband not identified as impacted by PIM.
[0073] Simulation results will be disclosed next with reference to Figs. 6, 7, 8, and 9. The figures show the average uplink cell throughput in bits per second (bps) as a function of number of served UEs for a (radio) access network node where the uplink carrier is impacted by PIM. The PIM is generated by two downlink carriers and the uplink carrier is impacted by this PIM. In each of the figures, a comparison is made between a receiver where the scheduling in the uplink is adapted in accordance with the present disclosure (denoted “PIM, Masking” ) and a baseline receiver where no such adaptive scheduling is performed (denoted “PIM, No masking” ) . As a further reference, results are in each of the figures also shown for a scenario where the (radio) access network node is not impacted by PIM (denoted “No PIM” ) . Figs. 6 and 7 show a cell throughput comparison for a low traffic load (between 5 and 30 served UEs) , whereas Figs. 8 and 9 show a cell throughput comparison for a medium traffic load (between 5 and 70 served UEs) . In Figs. 6 and 8 the baseline receiver is using MRC, whereas in Figs. 7 and 9 the legacy receiver is using IRC. It can be seen that the average uplink cell throughput can be increased by adapting the scheduling in the uplink in accordance with the present disclosure, and that the results approach the scenario where the (radio) access network node is not impacted by PIM as the traffic load increases.
[0074] Fig. 10 schematically illustrates, in terms of a number of structural units, the components of a PIM avoidance device 1000 according to an embodiment. Processing circuitry 1010 is provided using any combination of one or more of a suitable central processing unit (CPU) , multiprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP) , etc., capable of executing software instructions stored in a computer program product 1210 (as in Fig. 12) , e.g. in the form of a storage medium 1030. The processing circuitry 1010 may further be provided as at least one application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or field programmable gate array (FPGA) .
[0075] Particularly, the processing circuitry 1010 is configured to cause the PIM avoidance device 1000 to perform a set of operations, or steps, as disclosed above. For example, the storage medium 1030 may store the set of operations, and the processing circuitry 1010 may be configured to retrieve the set of operations from the storage medium 1030 to cause the PIM avoidance device 1000 to perform the set of operations. The set of operations may be provided as a set of executable instructions.
[0076] Thus the processing circuitry 1010 is thereby arranged to execute methods as herein disclosed. The storage medium 1030 may also comprise persistent storage, which, for example, can be any single one or combination of magnetic memory, optical memory, solid state memory or even remotely mounted memory. The PIM avoidance device 1000 may further comprise a communications (comm. ) interface 1020 at least configured for communications with other entities functions, nodes, and devices, either external or internal with respect to the radio transceiver device 110a, 200. As such the communications interface 1020 may comprise one or more transmitters and receivers, comprising analogue and digital components. The processing circuitry 1010 controls the general operation of the PIM avoidance device 1000 e.g. by sending data and control signals to the communications interface 1020 and the storage medium 1030, by receiving data and reports from the communications interface 1020, and by retrieving data and instructions from the storage medium 1030. Other components, as well as the related functionality, of the PIM avoidance device 1000 are omitted in order not to obscure the concepts presented herein.
[0077] Fig. 11 schematically illustrates, in terms of a number of functional modules, the components of a PIM avoidance device 1100 according to an embodiment. The PIM avoidance device 1100 of Fig. 11 comprises a number of functional modules; a calculate module 1120 configured to perform step S104, an identify module 1130 configured to perform step S106, and an adapt module 1140 configured to perform step S108. The PIM avoidance device 1100 of Fig. 11 may further comprise a number of optional functional modules, such as a receive module 1110 configured to perform step S102. In general terms, each functional module 1110: 1140 may in one embodiment be implemented only in hardware and in another embodiment with the help of software, i.e., the latter embodiment having computer program instructions stored on the storage medium 1030 which when run on the processing circuitry makes the PIM avoidance device 1000 perform the corresponding steps mentioned above in conjunction with Fig 11. It should also be mentioned that even though the modules correspond to parts of a computer program, they do not need to be separate modules therein, but the way in which they are implemented in software is dependent on the programming language used. Preferably, one or more or all functional modules 1110: 1140 may be implemented by the processing circuitry 1010, possibly in cooperation with the communications interface 1020 and / or the storage medium 1030. The processing circuitry 1010 may thus be configured to from the storage medium 1030 fetch instructions as provided by a functional module 1110: 1140 and to execute these instructions, thereby performing any steps as disclosed herein.
[0078] The PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100 may be provided as a standalone device or as a part of at least one further device. For example, the PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100 may be provided in a (radio) access network node. Alternatively, functionality of the PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100 may be distributed between at least two devices, or nodes. These at least two nodes, or devices, may either be part of the same network part or may be spread between at least two such network parts. In general terms, instructions that are required to be performed in real time may be performed in a device, or node, operatively closer to the cell than instructions that are not required to be performed in real time. Afirst portion of the instructions performed by the PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100 may be executed in a first device, and a second portion of the of the instructions performed by the PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100 may be executed in a second device; the herein disclosed embodiments are not limited to any particular number of devices on which the instructions performed by the PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100 may be executed. Hence, the methods according to the herein disclosed embodiments are suitable to be performed by a PIM avoidance device 240, 1000, 1100 residing in a cloud computational environment. Therefore, although a single processing circuitry 1010 is illustrated in Fig. 10 the processing circuitry 1010 may be distributed among a plurality of devices, or nodes. The same applies to the functional modules 1110: 1140 of Fig. 11 and the computer program 1220 of Fig. 12.
[0079] Some (radio) access network architectures define network nodes (or gNBs) comprising multiple component parts or nodes: a central unit (CU) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , and one or more radio units (RUs) . The protocol layer stack of the network node is divided between the CU, the DUs and the RUs, with one or more lower layers of the stack implemented in the RUs, and one or more higher layers of the stack implemented in the CU and / or DUs. The CU is coupled to the DUs via a fronthaul higher layer split (HLS) network; the CU / DUs are connected to the RUs via a fronthaul lower-layer split (LLS) network. The DU may be combined with the CU in some embodiments, where a combined DU / CU may be referred to as a CU or simply a baseband unit. Acommunication link for communication of user data messages or packets between the RU and the baseband unit, CU, or DU is referred to as a fronthaul network or interface. Messages or packets may be transmitted from the network node in the downlink (i.e., from the CU to the RU) or received by the network node in the uplink (i.e., from the RU to the CU) .
[0080] Fig. 12 shows one example of a computer program product 1210 comprising computer readable storage medium 1230. On this computer readable storage medium 1230, a computer program 1220 can be stored, which computer program 1220 can cause the processing circuitry 1010 and thereto operatively coupled entities and devices, such as the communications interface 1020 and the storage medium 1030, to execute methods according to embodiments described herein. The computer program 1220 and / or computer program product 1210 may thus provide means for performing any steps as herein disclosed.
[0081] In the example of Fig. 12, the computer program product 1210 is illustrated as an optical disc, such as a CD (compact disc) or a DVD (digital versatile disc) or a Blu-Ray disc. The computer program product 1210 could also be embodied as a memory, such as a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , or an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) and more particularly as a non-volatile storage medium of a device in an external memory such as a USB (Universal Serial Bus) memory or a Flash memory, such as a compact Flash memory. Thus, while the computer program 1220 is here schematically shown as a track on the depicted optical disk, the computer program 1220 can be stored in any way which is suitable for the computer program product 1210.
[0082] The inventive concept has mainly been described above with reference to a few embodiments. However, as is readily appreciated by a person skilled in the art, other embodiments than the ones disclosed above are equally possible within the scope of the inventive concept, as defined by the appended patent claims.
Claims
1. A method for passive intermodulation, PIM, avoidance in a radio transceiver device (110a, 200) , wherein the method is performed by a PIM avoidance device (240, 1000, 1100) , and wherein the method comprises:calculating (S104) an interference plus noise power, IpN, value per subband of a first uplink signal received in a first transmission time interval, TTI;identifying (S106) , based on the IpN values for all subbands, any subband impacted by PIM; andadapting (S108) scheduling of a second uplink signal in a second TTI, subsequent to the first TTI, wherein according to said adapting, resources of the second uplink signal in said any subband impacted by PIM are left unused.2.The method according to claim 1, wherein said each subband covers at least one respective physical resource block, PRB, in frequency domain.3.The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the IpN value per subband is calculated as a moving average of the IpN values for said subband using a sliding window that extends over at least two TTIs.4.The method according to claim 3, wherein the sliding window extends over a predetermined number of TTIs, wherein the predetermined number is based on historical data analysis of impact of PIM in the radio transceiver device (110a, 200) .5.The method according to any preceding claim, wherein parameters used for calculating the IpN are updated according to a feedback algorithm that is based on observed PIM in the second uplink signal.6.The method according to any preceding claim, wherein whether subband i is impacted by PIM or not is identified by comparing the IpN value, IpNSB, i, of subband i against a threshold value θ.7.The method according to claim 6, wherein subband i is identified as impacted by PIM when IpNSB, i>θ.8.The method according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the threshold value θ is given by where β is a scale factor, and whereis an average of N* lowest IpN values for the first TTI.9.The method according to claim 8, wherein the scale factor α is determined through simulations or tests.10.The method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein is determined according to where I* is a set including the N* lowest IpN values for the first TTI.11.The method according to claim 8, 9, or 10, wherein where 5≤M≤15, and N is total number of subbands per TTI.12.The method according to claim 5 or 7, wherein the threshold value θ is determined based on a statistical analysis of IpN values under operating conditions of the radio transceiver device (110a, 200) not impacted by any PIM.13.The method according to claim 12, wherein the threshold value θ is dynamically adjustable based on operating conditions of the radio transceiver device (110a, 200) as impacted by PIM.
14. The method according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein whether subband i is impacted by PIM or not is identified by prediction, wherein the prediction is based on historical IpN values and patterns of PIM occurrence in TTIs preceding the first TTI.15.The method according to any preceding claim, wherein the adaptation of the scheduling of the second uplink signal comprises reallocating the resources of said any subband impacted by PIM to at least one other subband not identified as impacted by PIM.16.A passive intermodulation, PIM, avoidance device (240, 1000) for PIM avoidance in a radio transceiver device (110a, 200) , the PIM avoidance device (240, 1000) comprising processing circuitry (1010) , the processing circuitry being configured to cause the PIM avoidance device (240, 1000) to:calculate an interference plus noise power, IpN, value per subband of a first uplink signal received in a first transmission time interval, TTI;identify, based on the IpN values for all subbands, any subband impacted by PIM; andadapt scheduling of a second uplink signal in a second TTI, subsequent to the first TTI, wherein according to said adapting, resources of the second uplink signal in said any subband impacted by PIM are left unused.17.A passive intermodulation, PIM, avoidance device (240, 1100) for PIM avoidance in a radio transceiver device (110a, 200) , the PIM avoidance device (240, 1100) comprising:a calculate module (1120) configured to calculate an interference plus noise power, IpN, value per subband of a first uplink signal received in a first transmission time interval, TTI;an identify module (1130) configured to identify, based on the IpN values for all subbands, any subband impacted by PIM; andan adapt module (1140) configured to adapt scheduling of a second uplink signal in a second TTI, subsequent to the first TTI, wherein according to said adapting, resources of the second uplink signal in said any subband impacted by PIM are left unused.18.The PIM avoidance device (240, 1000, 1100) according to claim 16 or 17, further being configured to perform the method according to any of claims 2 to 15.19.A computer program (1220) for passive intermodulation, PIM, avoidance in a radio transceiver device (110a, 200) , the computer program comprising computer code which, when run on processing circuitry (1010) of a PIM avoidance device (240, 1000) , causes the PIM avoidance device (240, 1000) to:calculate (S104) an interference plus noise power, IpN, value per subband of a first uplink signal received in a first transmission time interval, TTI;identify (S106) , based on the IpN values for all subbands, any subband impacted by PIM; andadapt (S108) scheduling of a second uplink signal in a second TTI, subsequent to the first TTI, wherein according to said adapting, resources of the second uplink signal in said any subband impacted by PIM are left unused.20.A computer program product (1210) comprising a computer program (1220) according to claim 19, and a computer readable storage medium (1230) on which the computer program is stored.
Citation Information
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Interference processing method and system applied to power wireless private network
CN111447020A