CD44 antibody constructs and their use
The anti-CD44E monoclonal antibody and CAR construct provide a targeted therapy for CD44E-expressing cancers by specifically binding and killing cancer cells, effectively addressing the limitations of current cancer treatments.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/089190
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-04-23
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-16
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-30
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for treating cancer are inadequate in effectively targeting the CD44E isoform, which plays a significant role in tumor metastasis and other cellular functions, leading to high mortality rates.
Development of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from an anti-CD44E monoclonal antibody and a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) construct that specifically binds to CD44E, conjugated with therapeutic agents to target and kill CD44E-expressing cancer cells, including hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
The anti-CD44E antibody construct and CAR therapy effectively lyse CD44E-positive cancer cells in vitro and suppress tumor growth in vivo, demonstrating potential as a therapeutic approach for CD44E-expressing cancers.
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Figure CN2025089190_30102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CD44 ANTIBODY CONSTRUCTS AND THEIR USERELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 637,797, filed April 23, 2024, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in the entirety for all purposes.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The CD44 antigen is a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in cell–cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration. CD44 is expressed in a large number of mammalian cell types. The standard isoform, designated CD44s, comprising exons 1–5 and 16–20, is expressed in most cell types. CD44 splice variants containing variable exons are designated CD44v. Some epithelial cells also express a larger isoform (CD44E) , which includes exons v8–10. CD44 is a receptor for hyaluronic acid and can also interact with other ligands, such as osteopontin, collagens, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) . Due to its participation in a wide variety of important cellular functions including lymphocyte activation, recirculation and homing, hematopoiesis, and tumor metastasis, CD44 is a cell surface molecule that is attracting increased attention.
[0003] Cancer-related causes are among the top reasons of death in developed nations. In the US alone, the number of new cases of cancer of any type averages about 450 per 100,000 people per year, and the number of deaths averages about 170 per 100,000 people per year. Cancer is a disease with a high mortality rate: while about 1,700,000 newly diagnosed cancer cases are expected each year, over 600,000 deaths annually are attributable to various types of cancer. Based on data from recent years, it is estimated that over 38%of the population will be diagnosed with cancer at some point during their lifetime.
[0004] Because of the prevalence of cancer, its social and economical impact, and the significant role CD44 plays in the pathology of cancer, there exists an urgent need for new and more effective methods for treating cancer via targeting CD44. This invention fulfills this and other related needs. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] This disclosure provides compositions including a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from an anti-CD44E monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD44E. Also provided is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) construct generated from the anti-CD44E scFv, which may further include a biologically-active molecule in order to direct T cells to target CD44E-expressing cancer cells.
[0006] As such, in a first aspect, this invention provides an anti-CD44E antibody construct that specifically binds CD44E and comprises antibody light chain and heavy chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs) having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 13-18, respectively. The anti-CD44E antibody construct of this invention may be a polypeptide in the entirety, or it may be a polypeptide with at least one non-polypeptide component conjugated to it.
[0007] In some embodiments, the CD44E antibody construct of this invention comprises an antibody light chain variable region (VL) and an antibody heavy chain variable region (VH) , each comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 9, respectively. In some embodiments, the CD44E antibody construct is an anti-CD44E single chain variable fragment (scFv) , for example, it specifically binds CD44E and comprises an antibody light chain and heavy chain variable regions comprising the CDRs having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-18, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-CD44E scFv comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 and the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9. In some embodiments, the antibody construct of this invention comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 (with a signaling peptide) or SEQ ID NO: 19 (without signaling peptide) . In some embodiments, the CD44E antibody construct is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising, from its N-terminus, a CD44E scFv, a CD28 transmembrane domain, and a CD3ζ T cell activating domain. For example, the CAR construct comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 (including a signaling peptide) or SEQ ID NO: 21 (without signaling peptide) .
[0008] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the anti-CD44E antibody construct, a fusion polypeptide described above and herein, for example, an anti-CD44E scFv or anti-CD44E CAR construct. The nucleic acid may comprise an expression cassette comprising a promoter operably linked to the polynucleotide sequence encoding the anti-CD44E antibody construct. In some cases, the nucleic acid is in the form of a vector, such as an expression vector including a plasmid or a viral vector.
[0009] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is contained and present within a host cell, either in the form of a free vector or in the form of DNA sequence permanently integrated into the host cell genome. The presence of such nucleic acid ensures the expression of the anti-CD44E antibody construct of this invention, e.g., an anti-CD44E scFv or anti-CD44E CAR construct. Exemplary amino acid sequences of such constructs include SEQ ID NOs: 1, 11, 19, and 21. In some embodiments, the host cell is a T cell or natural killer (NK) cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a T cell expressing a CAR comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 or 21.
[0010] In a third aspect, the present invention provides a conjugate comprising the CD44E antibody construct of the present invention. The conjugate includes a polypeptide component, i.e., the anti-CD44E antibody fusion polypeptide of this invention, and one or more conjugation partners, which may or may not be a protein in nature. For example, the conjugation partner may be a solid support, a detectable moiety, or a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the conjugate includes an anti-CD44E antibody construct, such as an anti-CD44E scFv, and a therapeutic agent, such as an anti-cancer therapeutic agent. In this connection, compositions are also provided, which comprise the CD44E antibody construct of this invention, its encoding nucleic acid, including in the form of an expression cassette or vector, a host cell containing the nucleic acid and / or expressing the anti-CD44E antibody construct, or the conjugate comprising the anti-CD44E antibody fusion polypeptide of this invention joined with a conjugation partner, which may be another polypeptide or of a non-protein chemical nature.
[0011] In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a method for killing CD44E-expressing cells. The method includes a step of contacting CD44E-expressing cells, e.g., CD44E-positive cancer cells, with a composition comprising an effective amount of an anti-CD44E antibody construct, preferably conjugated with a therapeutic agent, e.g., anti-cancer agent, or an adequate number of T cells expressing the CD44E antibody CAR construct described above and herein, e.g., comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 or 21.
[0012] In some embodiments, the CD44E+ cells being targeted by the claimed methods are cancer cells characterized by their CD44E expression, for example, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In some embodiments, the cancer cells are located in a patient’s body. In some embodiments, the method further include these steps, prior to the step of contacting CD44E-expressing cells (e.g., CD44E-positive cancer cells) with a composition comprising an adequate number of T cells expressing the CD44E antibody CAR construct, (i) isolating T cells from a patient; (ii) transfecting the T cells with the nucleic acid encoding the anti-CD44E CAR construct; (iii) cultivating the T cells ex vivo to expanding T cells expressing the anti-CD44E CAR construct comprising, from its N-terminus, an anti-CD44E scFv, a CD28 transmembrane domain, and a CD3ζ T cell activating domain, and (iv) administering the expanded T cells in sufficient number back into the patient’s body. Exemplary CAR constructs comprise the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 or 19. In some embodiments, the administering step comprises injection, e.g., by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intratumoral injection.
[0013] In a fifth aspect, the present invention provides a kit for treating a disease or condition characterized by CD44E expression, for example, CD44E+ cancers. The kit often includes a first container containing a first composition comprising an adequate number of T cells expressing a CAR comprising, from its N-terminus, an anti-CD44E scFv, a CD28 transmembrane domain, and a CD3ζ T cell activating domain, and a second container containing a second composition comprising an effective amount of another therapeutic agent known for its efficacy for treating the disease or condition, such as an anti-cancer agent. In some embodiments, the CD44E+ cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma. In some embodiments, the anti-CD44E CAR comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 or 19. In some embodiments, the first or second composition is formulated for injection, e.g., for subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intratumoral injection. In some cases, the kit may further comprise an instruction manual providing instructions for user to properly use the kit.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] Figure 1. Gene structure and protein domain arrangement of CD44 and two prevalent isoforms CD44E and CD44s in HCC (taken from Lo, et al., Nanotheranostics. 2022; 6 (2) : 161-174) .
[0015] Figure 2. CD44E expression is significantly upregulated in HCC tumor tissue. Fig. 2A, Quantitative PCR detected significant up-regulation of CD44E (CD44v8-10) isoforms in HCC tumor (T) compared with nontumoral adjacent liver (NT) and normal liver (NL) . *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, unpaired t test. Fig. 2B, Relative expression of CD44E in nine human normal liver tissues (NL) and fifty-four pairs of HCC tumoral tissues (T) and adjacent non-tumoral tissues (NT) . S18 ribosomal RNA was used for normalization. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, unpaired t test (taken from Chen, et al., Hepatology. 2019; 70 (3) : 1011-1025) .
[0016] Figure 3. Anti-CD44E monoclonal antibody specifically recognizes CD44E antigen. Detecting CD44E expression on HKCI-C1CD44-, HKCI-C1CD44E+, and JurkatCD44s+cell lines by flow cytometry.
[0017] Figure 4. Schematic diagram of anti-CD44E CAR and Control CAR. The CAR structure contains scFv, CD28 transmembrane domain, CD3ζ T cell activating domain, and GFP label.
[0018] Figure 5. CD44E is a safe target for CAR-T cell therapy. Fig. 5A, The expression of CD44s and CD44E on T cells. Fig. 5B, The expression of CAR and PD-1 on T cells co-cultured with HKCI-C1CD44E+ cells.
[0019] Figure 6. Anti-CD44E CAR-T cells lyse CD44E positive HCC cells in-vitro efficiently. Fig. 6A. The percent cytotoxicity of Control CAR-T and anti-CD44E CAR-T against tumor cells HKCI-C1-GLCD44E+ and Huh7-GLCD44E+. Tumor cell viability was measured 24 hours after co-culture. Fig. 6B. Images of Control CAR-T and anti-CD44E CAR-T co-cultured with HKCI-C1-GLCD44E+ tumor cells for 0 hour and 24 hours, respectively. Tumor cells were labelled with green fluorescent protein. Fig. 6C. Cytotoxic cytokines secreted by Control CAR-T and anti-CD44E CAR-T after co-culture with tumor cells at a E: T ratio of 1: 1. **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001 and ****P ≤ 0.0001.
[0020] Figure 7. Anti-CD44E CAR-T cells suppress HCC growth in-vivo. Fig. 7A. Schematic diagram: NOD-scid-IL2Rγ- / - (NSI) mice were subcutaneously injected with Huh7-GLCD44E+ (1 x 106 per mouse) followed by treatment with PBS, Control CAR-T and anti-CD44E CAR-T (5 x 106 cells per mouse) . Mouse was euthanized when the xenograft reached a size of 1500 mm3. Fig. 7B. Tumor growth was monitored every 3 days. Volume =(length x width2) / 2. Fig. 7C. The survival rate of mice treated with PBS, Control CAR-T and anti-CD44E CAR-T cells. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01 and ***P ≤ 0.001. DEFINITIONS
[0021] The term “nucleic acid” or “polynucleotide” refers to deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or ribonucleic acids (RNA) and polymers thereof in either single-or double-stranded form. Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogues of natural nucleotides that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g., degenerate codon substitutions) , alleles, orthologs, SNPs, and complementary sequences as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and / or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 19: 5081 (1991) ; Ohtsuka et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260: 2605-2608 (1985) ; and Rossolini et al., Mol. Cell. Probes 8: 91-98 (1994) ) . The term nucleic acid is used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene.
[0022] The term “gene” means the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain. It may include regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons) .
[0023] The term “amino acid” refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine. Amino acid analogs refers to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., an α carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. “Amino acid mimetics” refers to chemical compounds that have a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid.
[0024] Amino acids may be referred to herein by either their commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, may be referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes.
[0025] “Polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. All three terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymers. As used herein, the terms encompass amino acid chains of any length, including full-length proteins, wherein the amino acid residues are linked by covalent peptide bonds.
[0026] An "antibody" refers to a polypeptide substantially encoded by an immunoglobulin gene or immunoglobulin genes, or fragments thereof, which specifically bind and recognize an analyte (antigen) . The recognized immunoglobulin genes include the kappa, lambda, alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon and mu constant region genes, as well as the myriad immunoglobulin variable region genes. Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda. Heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, which in turn define the immunoglobulin classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE, respectively.
[0027] An exemplary immunoglobulin (antibody) structural unit comprises a tetramer. Each tetramer is composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one "light" (about 25 kD) and one "heavy" chain (about 50-70 kD) . The N-terminus of each chain defines a variable region of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible for antigen recognition. The terms variable light chain (VL) and variable heavy chain (VH) refer to the variable region of the light and heavy chains, respectively.
[0028] Antibodies exist, e.g., as intact immunoglobulins or as a number of well characterized fragments produced by digestion with various peptidases. Thus, for example, pepsin digests an antibody below the disulfide linkages in the hinge region to produce F (ab) '2, a dimer of Fab which itself is a light chain joined to VH-CH1 by a disulfide bond. The F (ab) '2 may be reduced under mild conditions to break the disulfide linkage in the hinge region, thereby converting the F (ab) '2 dimer into an Fab'monomer. The Fab'monomer is essentially an Fab with part of the hinge region (see, Paul (Ed. ) Fundamental Immunology, 3rd Edition, Raven Press, NY (1993) ) . While various antibody fragments are defined in terms of the digestion of an intact antibody, one of skill will appreciate that such fragments may be synthesized de novo either chemically or by utilizing recombinant DNA methodology.
[0029] Further modification of antibodies by recombinant technologies is also well known in the art. For instance, chimeric antibodies combine the antigen binding regions (variable regions) of an antibody from one animal with the constant regions of an antibody from another animal. Generally, the antigen binding regions are derived from a non-human animal, while the constant regions are drawn from human antibodies. The presence of the human constant regions reduces the likelihood that the antibody will be rejected as foreign by a human recipient. On the other hand, "humanized" antibodies combine an even smaller portion of the non-human antibody with human components. Generally, a humanized antibody comprises the hypervariable regions, or complementarity determining regions (CDR) , of a non-human antibody grafted onto the appropriate framework regions of a human antibody. Antigen binding sites may be wild type or modified by one or more amino acid substitutions, e.g., modified to resemble human immunoglobulin more closely. Both chimeric and humanized antibodies are made using recombinant techniques, which are well-known in the art (see, e.g., Jones et al. (1986) Nature 321: 522-525) .
[0030] Thus, the term "antibody, " as used herein, also includes antibody fragments either produced by the modification of whole antibodies or antibodies synthesized de novo using recombinant DNA methodologies (e.g., a Fab', a F (ab) '2, a single chain fragment variable or scFv, a chimeric or humanized antibody, and a chimeric antigen receptor or CAR) that retain the ability to specifically bind the same intended target antigen. For example, an scFv is composed of a VH and a VL connected by a peptide linker of a relatively short length (e.g., up to 25 amino acids) , whereas a CAR is a recombinant fusion protein composed of an antigen-binding domain (typically an scFv) linked to (typically via a peptide linker) one or more signaling domains for activating immune cells (e.g., T cells or NK cells) .
[0031] As used herein, a “chimeric antigen receptor” or “CAR” describes a single chain polypeptide comprising at least three domains: an extracellular antigen-binding ectodomain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular endodomain. The extracellular ectodomain includes at least a portion of a heavy chain variable region (VH) and at least a portion of a light chain variable region (VL) of an antibody (e.g., a single chain antibody or scFv) . The intracellular endodomain acts to transmit intracellular signals triggered by the binding of an antigen (e.g., CD44E) to the extracellular ectodomain. Thus, the CAR endodomain contains at least one signaling domain capable of activating an effector cell, for example, a T cell. As CAR constructs are designed for use in T cells, they are also termed chimeric T cell receptor. The term CAR T is often used to collectively refer to a CAR construct (polypeptide) and T cells expressing the construct. For a review of the CAR T construct design and evolution, see Enblad et al., Human Gene Therapy 26 (8) : 498-505, 2015. In the first generation CAR constructs, the intracellular signaling domain contains only the CD3ζ chain of a T cell receptor (TCR) complex, whereas the second and third generation CAR constructs include one and two (respectively) costimulatory domains, e.g., CD28, 4-1BB, in addition to CD3ζ. Thus, CAR constructs have one effector cell (e.g., T cell) signaling domain, one transmembrane domain (e.g., CD28 transmembrane domain) , and at least one signaling domains (e.g., CD3ζ signaling domain) . “Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy” refers to the use of CAR constructs for therapeutic purposes, including for adoptive cell therapy, a therapeutic approach that typically includes first isolation from a patient and ex vivo expansion and / or manipulation of immune effector cells (e.g., NK cells or T cells) prior to eventual re-infusion of these cells back to the same patient. One example of such use is for the treatment of cancer. Cells used in CAR therapy are typically autologous (taken from the same individual patient and then put back to the same person) but can be allogeneic (taken from one individual and put into another, different individual of the same species, e.g., both humans, especially with similar genetic background) under some circumstances. Cells may be manipulated to express CAR constructs using any one of the well-known methodologies in the art, for example, transformation by a nucleic acid (in the form or DNA or RNA) , transfection by a viral vector, electroporation, etc.
[0032] As used herein, the term “complementarity determining region” or “CDR” refers to three relatively short stretches of amino acid sequences located within each of an antibody variable regions of the heavy chain and the light chain (VH and VL) . The three CDRs in each of the VH and VL are designated CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, from the N-terminus to the C-terminus, with a full set of CDRs encompassing all six CDRs for both heavy and light chains. The identification of CDRs and numbering of amino acid residues can be based on different numbering systems, among which the commonly used being the Kabat numbering scheme, although alternatives are also know in the art (e.g., the Chothia numbering system) .
[0033] In contrast to the CDRs, “framework” or “framework region” refers to the amino acid sequences within a VH or VL other than the CDRs. The presence of three CDRs on each of the heavy and light chains divides the framework regions into four sub-regions (FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4) on each of VH and VL, with CDR1 positioned between FR1 and FR2, CDR2 between FR2 and FR3, and CDR3 between FR3 and FR4. When used collectively and not specifying any particular sub-regions as FR1, FR2, FR3, or FR4, the term “framework” or “framework region” is used to refer to the entirety of all FRs together within the variable region of each or both of the heavy chain and light chain.
[0034] The term “immunoassay” describes an assay that uses an antibody to specifically bind an antigen. The immunoassay is characterized by the use of specific binding properties of a particular antibody to identify, isolate, target, and / or detect the presence or quantity of the antigen.
[0035] The phrase “specifically binds, ” when used to describe the binding relationship between an antibody and its target antigen, refers to a binding reaction that is determinative of the presence of the antigen (e.g., CD44E) in a heterogeneous population of proteins and other biologics. Thus, under designated immunoassay conditions, the specified antibodies bind to a particular polypeptide at least two times the background and do not substantially bind in a significant amount to other polypeptides or other antigens (e.g., CD44s) present in the sample. Specific binding to an antibody under such conditions may require an antibody that is selected for its specificity for a particular protein. For example, antibodies raised to a CD44E protein can be selected to obtain only those antibodies that are specifically immunoreactive with that specific protein CD44E and not with other proteins including related proteins, e.g., other variants of the CD44 protein, especially CD44s. This selection may be achieved by subtracting out antibodies that cross-react with molecules. A variety of immunoassay formats may be used to select antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a particular protein. For example, solid-phase ELISA immunoassays are routinely used to select antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a protein (see, e.g., Harlow &Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual (1988) for a description of immunoassay formats and conditions that can be used to determine specific immunoreactivity) . Typically, a specific binding reaction (e.g., between the target antigen CD44E and a CD44E-specific antibody) will yield at least twice of the background signal or noise (e.g., between non target antigen such as CD44s and the CD44E-specific antibody) and more typically more than 5, 10, 20, 50, or up to 100 times the background.
[0036] A "label, " "detectable label, " or "detectable moiety" is a composition detectable by radiological, spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, chemical, or other physical means. For example, useful labels include radioisotopes such as 32P, fluorescent dyes, electron-dense reagents, enzymes (e.g., as commonly used in an ELISA) , biotin, digoxigenin, or haptens and proteins that can be made detectable, e.g., by incorporating a radioactive component into a polypeptide or used to detect antibodies specifically reactive with the polypeptide. Typically a detectable label is a heterologous moiety attached to a probe or a molecule (e.g., a protein or nucleic acid) with defined binding characteristics (e.g., a polypeptide with a known binding specificity or a polynucleotide) , so as to allow the presence of the probe / molecule (and therefore its binding target) to be readily detectable. The heterologous nature of the label ensures that it has an origin different from that of the probe or molecule that it labels, such that the probe / molecule attached with the detectable label does not constitute a naturally occurring composition (e.g., a naturally occurring polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence) .
[0037] The term “recombinant” when used with reference, e.g., to a cell, or a nucleic acid, protein, or vector, indicates that the cell, nucleic acid, protein or vector, has been modified by the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid or protein or the alteration of a native nucleic acid or protein, or that the cell is derived from a cell so modified. Thus, for example, recombinant cells express genes that are not found within the native (non-recombinant) form of the cell or express native genes that are otherwise abnormally expressed, under expressed or not expressed at all.
[0038] As used herein, the term “cancer” encompasses various malignant neoplasms characterized by the proliferation of anaplastic cells that tend to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to new body sites. Non-limiting examples of different types of cancer suitable for treatment using the compositions and methods of the present invention include colorectal cancer, colon cancer, anal cancer, liver cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, thyroid cancer, pleural cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, bile duct cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, esophageal cancer, gall bladder cancer, rectal cancer, appendix cancer, small intestine cancer, stomach (gastric) cancer, renal cancer (e.g., renal cell carcinoma) , cancer of the central nervous system, skin cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, choriocarcinomas, head and neck cancers, bone cancer, osteogenic sarcomas, fibrosarcoma, neuroblastoma, glioma, melanoma, leukemia (e.g., acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, or hairy cell leukemia) , lymphoma (e.g., non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, or Burkitt's lymphoma) , and multiple myeloma.
[0039] The term "immunotherapy" refers to any treatment that uses certain parts of a patient's immune system to fight diseases such as cancer. The patient's own immune system is stimulated (or suppressed) , with administration of one or more agents for that purpose. In some cases, the immunotherapy is "targeted" or cancer cell-specific. In other cases, immunotherapy can be "untargeted, " which refers to administration of agents that do not selectively interact with immune system cells, yet modulates immune system function. Representative examples of untargeted therapies include, without limitation, chemotherapy, gene therapy, and radiation therapy.
[0040] Immunotherapy is one form of targeted therapy that may comprise, for example, the use of cancer vaccines and / or sensitized antigen presenting cells. For example, an oncolytic virus is a virus that is able to infect and lyse cancer cells, while leaving normal cells unharmed, making them potentially useful in cancer therapy. Replication of oncolytic viruses both facilitates tumor cell destruction and also produces dose amplification at the tumor site. They may also act as vectors for anticancer genes, allowing them to be specifically delivered to the tumor site. The immunotherapy can involve passive immunity for short-term protection of a host, achieved by the administration of pre-formed antibody directed against a cancer antigen or disease antigen (e.g., administration of a monoclonal antibody, optionally linked to a chemotherapeutic agent or toxin, to a tumor antigen) . For example, anti-VEGF and mTOR inhibitors are known to be effective in treating renal cell carcinoma. Immunotherapy can also focus on using the cytotoxic lymphocyte-recognized epitopes of cancer cell lines. Alternatively, antisense polynucleotides, ribozymes, RNA interference molecules, triple helix polynucleotides and the like, can be used to selectively modulate biomolecules that are linked to the initiation, progression, and / or pathology of a tumor or cancer.
[0041] The term "immunogenic chemotherapy" refers to any chemotherapy that has been demonstrated to induce immunogenic cell death, a state that is detectable by the release of one or more damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, including, but not limited to, calreticulin, ATP and HMGB1 (see, e.g., Kroemer et al. (2013) , Annu. Rev. Immunol., 31: 51-72) . In addition, the term "immunogenic chemotherapy" further refers to any chemotherapy that results in priming the immune system such that it leads to enhanced immune activity towards cancer. Specific representative examples of consensus immunogenic chemotherapies include 5'-fluorouracil, anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin, and the platinum drug, oxaliplatin, among others.
[0042] The term "inhibiting" or "inhibition, " as used herein, refers to any detectable negative effect on a target biological process, such as RNA / protein expression of a target gene, the biological activity of a target protein, protein-protein specific binding or interaction, cellular signal transduction, cell proliferation, presence / level of an organism especially a micro-organism, any measurable biomarker, bio-parameter, or symptom in a subject, and the like. Typically, an inhibition is reflected in a decrease of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or greater in the target process (e.g., a target cell proliferation rate) , or any one of the downstream parameters mentioned above, when compared to a control. “Inhibition” further includes a 100%reduction, i.e., a complete elimination, prevention, or abolition of a target biological process or signal or disease / symptom. The other relative terms such as “suppressing, ” “suppression, ” “reducing, ” and “reduction” are used in a similar fashion in this disclosure to refer to decreases to different levels (e.g., at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or greater decrease compared to a control level) up to complete elimination of a target biological process or signal or disease / symptom. On the other hand, terms such as “activate, ” “activating, ” “activation, ” “increase, ” “increasing, ” “promote, ” “promoting, ” “enhance, ” “enhancing, ” or “enhancement” are used in this disclosure to encompass positive changes at different levels (e.g., at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, or greater such as 3, 5, 8, 10, 20-fold increase compared to a control level in a target process, signal, or symptom / disease incidence.
[0043] As used in this application, an "increase" or a "decrease" refers to a detectable positive or negative change in quantity from a comparison control, e.g., an established standard control (such as an average rate of proliferation of a certain cell type) , prior to a certain event (e.g., exposure to an agent regulating cellular proliferation) . An increase is a positive change that is typically at least 10%, or at least 20%, or 50%, or 100%, and can be as high as at least 2-fold or at least 5-fold or even 10-fold of the control value. Similarly, a decrease is a negative change that is typically at least 10%, or at least 20%, 30%, or 50%, or even as high as at least 80%or 90%of the control value. Other terms indicating quantitative changes or differences from a comparative basis, such as "more, " "less, " "higher, " and "lower, " as well as terms indicating an action to cause such changes or differences, such as "increase, " "promote, " "enhance, " "decrease, " "inhibit, " and "suppress, " are used in this application in the same fashion as described above. In contrast, the term "substantially the same" or "substantially lack of change" indicates little to no change in quantity from the standard control value, typically within ± 10%of the standard control, or within ± 5%, 2%, or even less variation from the standard control.
[0044] As used herein, an "effective amount" or a "therapeutically effective amount" means the amount of an active agent that, when administered to a subject or patient for treating a disorder, is sufficient to prevent, reduce the frequency of, or alleviate the symptoms of the disorder. The effective amount will vary depending on a variety of the factors, such as a particular compound or bioactive agent used, the disease and its severity, the age, weight, and other factors of the subject to be treated. Amelioration of a symptom of a particular condition by administration of a pharmaceutical composition described herein refers to any lessening, whether permanent or temporary, that can be associated with the administration of the pharmaceutical composition. For example, the quantity of anti-CD44E CAR-T cells administered is considered therapeutically effective for treating a condition involving undesired CD44E expression when administration results in eliminated symptoms, delayed onset of symptoms, or reduced frequency or severity of symptoms including disease progression, for example, in the case of treating CD44E-positive cancer, as indicated in tumor mass, metastasis, morbidity and mortality, etc. The exact amount “effective” for achieving a desired therapeutic effect will depend on the nature of the therapeutic agent, the manner of administration, and the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (vols. 1-3, 1992) ; Lloyd, The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding (1999) ; and Pickar, Dosage Calculations (1999) ) .
[0045] As used herein, the term "treatment" or "treating" includes both therapeutic and preventative measures taken to address the presence of a disease or condition or the risk of developing such disease or condition at a later time. It encompasses therapeutic or preventive measures for alleviating ongoing symptoms, inhibiting or slowing disease progression, delaying of onset of symptoms, or eliminating or reducing side-effects caused by such disease or condition. A preventive measure in this context and its variations do not require 100%elimination of the occurrence of an event; rather, they refer to a suppression or reduction in the likelihood or severity of such occurrence or a delay in such occurrence.
[0046] A “subject, ” or "subject in need of treatment, " as used herein, refers to an individual who seeks medical attention due to risk of, or actual sufference from, a condition involving an undesirable or abnormal, excessive expression of CD44E. The term subject can include both animals, especially mammals, and humans. Subjects or individuals in need of treatment include those that demonstrate symptoms caused by or related to CD44E expression, e.g., undesirable or inappropriate cell proliferation, such as tumor and especially malignant tumor / cancer or are at risk of later developing these conditions and / or related symptoms.
[0047] A "pharmaceutically acceptable" or "pharmacologically acceptable" excipient is a substance that is not biologically harmful or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the excipient may be administered to an individual along with a bioactive agent without causing any undesirable biological effects. Neither would the excipient interact in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
[0048] The term "excipient" refers to any essentially accessory substance that may be present in the finished dosage form of the composition of this invention. For example, the term "excipient" includes vehicles, binders, disintegrants, fillers (diluents) , lubricants, glidants (flow enhancers) , compression aids, colors, sweeteners, preservatives, suspending / dispersing agents, film formers / coatings, flavors and printing inks.
[0049] The term “consisting essentially of, ” when used in the context of describing a composition containing an active ingredient or multiple active ingredients, refer to the fact that the composition does not contain other ingredients possessing any similar or relevant biological activity of the active ingredient (s) or capable of enhancing or suppressing the activity, whereas one or more inactive ingredients such as physiological or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be present in the composition. For example, a composition consisting essentially of active agents effective for treating CD44E-positive cancer by suppressing CD44E-positive cell proliferation and / or survival in a subject is a composition that does not contain any other agents that may have any detectable positive or negative effect on the same target process (e.g., efficacy in treating CD44E+ cancer or suppression of CD44E+ cell proliferation / survival) or that may increase or decrease to any measurable extent of the disease severity or outcome among the receiving subjects.
[0050] A “promoter” is defined as an array of polynucleotide control sequences that direct transcription of another polynucleotide sequence. As used herein, a promoter includes necessary polynucleotide sequences near the start site of transcription, such as, in the case of a polymerase II type promoter, a TATA element. A promoter also optionally includes distal enhancer or repressor elements, which can be located as much as several thousand base pairs from the start site of transcription. A “constitutive” promoter is a promoter that is active under most environmental and developmental conditions. In contrast, an “inducible” promoter is a promoter that rendered active by environmental or developmental regulation and under certain specific environmental or developmental conditions. The term “operably linked” refers to a functional linkage between a polynucleotide expression control sequence (such as a promoter, or array of transcription factor binding sites) and another polynucleotide sequence (such as a protein-coding sequence) , wherein the expression control sequence directs transcription of the second polynucleotide sequence.
[0051] An “expression cassette” is a nucleic acid construct, generated recombinantly or synthetically, with a series of specified polynucleotide elements that permit transcription of a particular polynucleotide sequence in a host cell or in an in vitro transcription system (e.g., partially reconstituted cell lysate) . An expression cassette may be the entirety or a part of a plasmid, viral genome, or other replicable nucleic acid construct such as episome. Typically, an expression cassette includes a polynucleotide sequence to be transcribed, operably linked to a promoter.
[0052] As used herein, the term “heterologous” is used to describe the relationship of two elements placed adjacent to each other in a construct, referring to these two elements such as two polynucleotide sequences (e.g., a promoter sequence and a polypeptide-encoding sequence) or two polypeptide sequences (e.g., a signal peptide sequence and another peptide sequence) being from two different natural origins, such that these two elements are not found in the same relative positions in nature. Thus, a “heterologous promoter” for a gene refers to a promoter that is not naturally operably linked to that gene. Similarly, a “heterologous polypeptide” or “heterologous polynucleotide” to one particular protein or its encoding sequence is one derived from an origin different from the protein’s origin. The fusion of two heterologous polypeptide (or polynucleotide) sequences does not result in a longer polypeptide (or polynucleotide) sequence that can be found in nature as an intact protein (or naturally occurring nucleotide sequence) or a segment thereof.
[0053] The term "conjugated with" or "coupled to" describes any construction whereby the polypeptide, e.g., a polypeptide of this invention comprising an antigen-bind site capable of specifically binding to CD44E, is covalently or non-covalently linked, attached, or joined at its N-or C-terminus or at any side reactive group to a moiety that may serve as a solid support, a detectable element, or a therapeutically active agent for the purpose of detecting, isolating, or imaging of target cells or tissue or for the purpose of treating a relevant medical condition.
[0054] The term “about” denotes a range of + / -10%of a pre-determined value. For example, “about 10” indicates a range of 90%to 110%of 10, i.e., 9 to 11.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONI. Introduction
[0055] The present invention relates to compositions and methods for treating diseases, disorders, or conditions associated with dysregulated expression of the CD44E isoform. The invention provides a novel single-chain variable fragment (scFv) that specifically binds to CD44E isoform. The invention also provides a fully human chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that specifically targets CD44E.
[0056] In contrast to the universal expression of the CD44s variant on healthy tissue and T cells, CD44E isoform is frequently overexpressed on solid tumors where it aids tumor metastasis and predicts poor disease prognosis, indicating that it can be used as a specific target for development of CAR-T immunotherapy. The present inventors have demonstrated in this study that the anti-CD44E CAR-T cells have a higher viability compared with anti-CD44s CAR-T and elicit a stronger cytotoxicity to CD44E-positive cells, indicating anti-CD44E scFv derived CAR-T as a safe and efficient solution for tumor immunotherapy. II. Recombinant Technology in General
[0057] Basic texts disclosing general methods and techniques in the field of recombinant genetics include Sambrook and Russell, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (3rd ed. 2001) ; Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression: A Laboratory Manual (1990) ; and Ausubel et al., eds., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1994) .
[0058] For nucleic acids, sizes are given in either kilobases (kb) or base pairs (bp) . These are estimates derived from agarose or acrylamide gel electrophoresis, from sequenced nucleic acids, or from published DNA sequences. For proteins, sizes are given in kilodaltons (kDa) or amino acid residue numbers. Proteins sizes are estimated from gel electrophoresis, from sequenced proteins, from derived amino acid sequences, or from published protein sequences.
[0059] Oligonucleotides that are not commercially available can be chemically synthesized, e.g., according to the solid phase phosphoramidite triester method first described by Beaucage &Caruthers, Tetrahedron Lett. 22: 1859-1862 (1981) , using an automated synthesizer, as described in Van Devanter et. al., Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 6159-6168 (1984) . Purification of oligonucleotides is performed using any art-recognized strategy, e.g., native acrylamide gel electrophoresis or anion-exchange HPLC as described in Pearson &Reanier, J. Chrom. 255: 137-149 (1983) . Polynucleotide sequences such as synthetic oligonucleotides can be verified using well-established methodologies, e.g., the chain termination method for sequencing double-stranded templates of Wallace et al., Gene 16: 21-26 (1981) . III. CD44E Antibody Constructs
[0060] The present invention relates to the making and use of antibody constructs that specifically recognize and bind the CD44E variant of the the CD44 protein. In particular, a CD44E antibody construct is derived from an anti-CD44E monoclonal antibody, contains at least one set of six CDRs, three in each of the VH and VL, and therefore retains the binding specificity and / or affinity of the original monoclonal antibody for the CD44E antigen. The CDRs can be found in SEQ ID NOs: 13-18. The CD44E antibody constructs of this invention in some cases are characterized by the presence of at least one or both of the full variable region of the heavy chain and light chain, see SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 5. Optionally, the CD44E antibody constructs of this invention is humanized. A. scFv and CAR
[0061] One embodiment of the CD44E antibody construct of the present invention is a single chain antibody or scFv, where at least one full set of six CDRs, i.e., CDR1-3 from each of the VH and VL of the original monoclonal antibody, is retained. The framework regions of each of the VH and VL are optionally modified, such as for humanization purposes. In some cases, at least one copy of each of the full length VH and VL is retained. In some cases, at least one copy of at least a portion of each of VH and VL (e.g., the portion containing all 3 CDRs) is included. They may be connected directly or optionally connected through a peptide linker, which has a length of 2-30 amino acids, usually no more than 20 or 25 amino acids. An exemplary scFv of the present invention is described herein with its amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 (with a signaling peptide at the N-terminus) and SEQ ID NO:19 (without signaling peptide) . In some cases, the scFv comprises the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 9.
[0062] Another embodiment of the CD44E antibody construct of the present invention is a chimeric antigen receptor or CAR, which includes at least an extracellular antigen-binding ectodomain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular endodomain. The extracellular ectodomain contains the antigen-binding site, characterized by the presence of at least one full set of six CDRs, i.e., CDR1-3 from each of the VH and VL of the original monoclonal antibody. For example, the ectodomain may comprise the anti-CD44E scFv as described above and herein. On the other hand, the intracellular signaling domain includes at least the CD3ζ chain of a T cell receptor (TCR) complex, optionally one and two additional costimulatory domains. In one example, the CAR construct of the present invention includes anti-CD44E scFv, CD28 transmembrane domain, and CD3ζ T cell activating domain. One or more peptide linkers may be used between any two adjacent domains of the CAR construct. An exemplary CAR of the present invention is described herein with its amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 (with a signaling peptide at the N-terminus) or SEQ ID NO: 21 (without signaling peptide) . B. Conjugates
[0063] In view of the prevalence of CD44E expression in various conditions and diseases, especially in different types of cancers, and the desirable binding profile of the CD44E antibody constructs of this invention, different forms of conjugates can be devised for use in the detection of CD44E and in targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to CD44E+ cells, thus providing new and effective means in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases involving inappropriate CD44E expression.
[0064] More specifically, the CD44E antibody construct of this invention as a polypeptide-based construct can be conjugated with a variety of additional moieties, polypeptide or non-polypeptide in nature, depending on the intended use of the conjugated CD44E antibody construct. Such a conjugate may involve a polypeptide of this invention, comprising an antigen-bind site capable of specifically binding to CD44E, being linked, attached, or joined at its N-or C-terminus or at any side reactive group to a moiety to serve as a solid support, a detectable element, or a therapeutically active agent. The linkage may be provided by way of a covalent bond or a non-covalent bond, e.g., through the binding action between a known binding pair, such as biotin-streptavidin or SpyCatcher-SpyTag pair, with one binding partner affixed to the polypeptide of this invention and the other binding partner affixed to the moiety to be conjugated to the polypeptide of this invention. Once made, the conjugate may be used for the purpose of detecting, isolating, or imaging of CD44E-expressing cells or tissues or for the purpose of treating a medical condition involving CD44E expression. In this regard, a detectable moiety produces a signal permitting easy detection by radiological, spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, chemical, or other means. Therapeutic moieties suitable for use in this invention may include known effective agents for treating conditions or diseases involving CD44E expression, such as anti-cancer therapeutic agents known in the art or described herein, e.g., for radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and the like. IV. Nucleic Acids and Host Cells
[0065] Upon completion of designing a CD44E antibody construct of this invention (or its conjugate in the fusion polypeptide form) , a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the construct (or its conjugate) may be constructed. Such nucleic acid may be in the form of DNA or RNA. In some cases, the nucleic acid takes the form of an expression cassette in which the coding sequence is operably linked to a promoter, typically heterologous promoter, directing the transcription and / or expression of the CD44E antibody construct. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is a vector, especially an expression vector, encoding the CD44E antibody construct, such as a plasmid or a viral vector. A. Expression Cassettes and Vectors
[0066] To obtain high level expression of a nucleic acid construct encoding a desired polypeptide, one typically subclones a polynucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide into an expression cassette, e.g., an expression vector, that contains a strong promoter to direct transcription, a transcription / translation terminator, and a ribosome binding site for translational initiation. Suitable promoters are well known in the art and described, e.g., in Sambrook and Russell, supra, and Ausubel et al., supra. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems for bacterial, mammalian, yeast, insect, or plant cells are well known in the art and are also commercially available. Kits for such expression systems are commercially available. One exemplary eukaryotic expression vector is an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated vector, or a retroviral vector. B. Host Cells and Recombinant Protein Expression
[0067] In the context of practicing the present invention, a broad variety of host cells, prokaryotic or eukaryotic, may be used for the expression and / or production of a CD44E antibody construct of this invention. The choice of host cells will depend on the specific purpose of the expression, for example, whether it is for making an antibody construct (e.g., an anti-CD44E scFv) or for producing T cells expressing an anti-CD44E CAR construct to be used in CAR-T therapy.
[0068] Standard transfection methods can be used to produce bacterial, mammalian, yeast, insect, or plant cell lines that express large quantities of a recombinant polypeptide (e.g., a CD44E antibody construct) , which is then purified using standard techniques (see, e.g., Colley et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264: 17619-17622 (1989) ; Guide to Protein Purification, in Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182 (Deutscher, ed., 1990) ) . Transformation of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are performed according to standard techniques (see, e.g., Morrison, J. Bact. 132: 349-351 (1977) ; Clark-Curtiss &Curtiss, Methods in Enzymology 101: 347-362 (Wu et al., eds, 1983) .
[0069] Any of the well-known procedures for introducing foreign nucleotide sequences into host cells may be used. These include the use of calcium phosphate transfection, polybrene, protoplast fusion, electroporation, liposomes, microinjection, plasma vectors, viral vectors and any of the other well-known methods for introducing a polynucleotide sequence encoding a protein of interest into a host cell (see, e.g., Sambrook and Russell, supra) . It is only necessary that the particular genetic engineering procedure used be capable of successfully introducing at least one coding sequence into the host cell capable of expressing the recombinant polypeptide.
[0070] When a recombinant polypeptide, e.g., an anti-CD44E scFv of this invention, is expressed in host cells in satisfying quantity, its isolation / purification can follow the standard protein purification procedure including solubility fractionation, size differential filtration, and column chromatography, as well as various immunoassay-based methods.
[0071] For the purpose of producing recombinant immune effector cells expressing CD44E, such as CAR-T cells of this invention, typically the desired type of immune effector cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and T cells, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and regulatory T cells, is first isolated from the peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) taken from a patient being treated for a condition or disease characterized by the inappropriate expression of CD44E. Alternatively, the immune effector cells may be obtained from another human subject, preferably with a genetic background similar to that of the intended recipient. The isolated cells are then transformed or transfected with an expression vector, e.g., a viral vector derived from an adenovirus, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) , a lentivirus, or a retrovirus, encoding the anti-CD44E CAR construct such that sufficient CD44E expression level can be detected and verified on the surface of these cells. The manipulated immune effector cells, now steadily expressing the anti-CD44E CAR construct on their cell surface, are then cultivated for expansion ex vivo to reach an adequate quantity before they are administered back to the patient. Typically, roughly in the range of about 5x104 to about 5x107 of such CAR T cells are re-infused into the patient during each application. For example, about 1x105 to about 3x107, about 3x105 to about 3x107, about 2x105 to about 2x107, about 5x106 to about 1x107 CAR T cells are administered in each infusion. V. Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration
[0072] The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions or physiological compositions comprising an effective amount of a CD44E antibody construct, e.g., an anti-CD44E scFv or a conjugate thereof, that can target CD44E-expressing cells and in both prophylactic and therapeutic applications to address conditions and diseases involving CD44E expression, e.g., different types of cancers. Such pharmaceutical or physiological compositions also include one or more pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable excipients or carriers. Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are suitable for use in a variety of drug delivery systems. Suitable formulations for use in the present invention are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Philadelphia, PA, 17th ed. (1985) . For a brief review of methods for drug delivery, see, Langer, Science 249: 1527-1533 (1990) .
[0073] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be administered by various routes, e.g., subcutaneously, transdermally, intramuscularly, intravenously, intraperitoneally, or intratumorally. The preferred routes of administering the pharmaceutical compositions are through injection, especially local delivery by injection (e.g., intratumoral injection) to a relevant organ or tissue in a patient suffering from a solid tumor involving excessive and undesirable cellular proliferation at daily doses of about 10-100,000 μg, about 100-10,000 μg, or about 1,000-5,000 μg of the recombinantly produced anti-CD44E antibody construct or conjugate for a 70 kg adult human per day. The appropriate dose may be administered in a single daily dose or as divided doses presented at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four, or more subdoses per day.
[0074] For preparing pharmaceutical compositions containing a CD44E antibody construct or conjugate thereof, one or more inert and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are used. The pharmaceutical carrier (s) can be in any form, although liquid form is preferred for formulations intended for injection. Suitable carriers include, for example, magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, lactose, sugar, pectin, dextrin, starch, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
[0075] Liquid pharmaceutical compositions include, for example, solutions, suspensions, and emulsions suitable for injection. Sterile buffer solutions of the active component (e.g., a recombinantly anti-CD44E antibody construct or conjugate) or sterile solutions of the active component in solvents comprising water, buffered water, saline, PBS, ethanol, or propylene glycol are examples of liquid compositions suitable for parenteral administration. The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents, detergents, and the like.
[0076] Sterile solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component in the desired solvent system, and then passing the resulting solution through a membrane filter to sterilize it or, alternatively, by dissolving the sterile active component in a previously sterilized solvent under sterile conditions. The resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration. The pH of the preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9, and most preferably from 7 to 8.
[0077] The pharmaceutical compositions of a CD44E antibody construct or a conjugate or host cells (e.g., T cells) expressing the antibody construct (e.g., an anti-CD44E CAR construct) thereof can be administered for prophylactic and / or therapeutic purposes. In therapeutic applications, compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from a condition that involves excessive and undesirable cellular proliferation in an amount sufficient to prevent, cure, reverse, or at least partially slow or arrest the symptoms of the condition and its complications, such as the onset, progression, duration, and severity of the disease. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as a "therapeutically effective dose. " Amounts effective for this use will depend on the severity of the disease or condition and the weight and general state of the patient, but generally, for example, from about 10-100,000 μg, about 100-10,000 μg, or about 1,000-5,000 μg of the CD44E antibody construct or a conjugate thereof per day for a 70 kg patient, with dosages from 1-1500 μg to about 20-100 μg of the CD44E antibody or conjugate per day per kg for a patient being more commonly used.
[0078] In prophylactic applications, pharmaceutical compositions containing an adequate amount of the anti-CD44E antibody construct / conjugate or a host cell expressing such construct (e.g., CAR-T cells) are administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at heightened risk of developing a disease or condition caused or exacerbated by undesirable and excessive cellular proliferation, in an amount sufficient to delay or prevent the onset of the symptoms. Such an amount is defined to be a "prophylactically effective dose. " In this use, the precise amounts of the CD44E antibody construct or host cells again depend on the patient's state of health and weight, but generally range, for example, from about 10-100,000 μg, about 100-10,000 μg, or about 1,000-5,000 μg of the CD44E antibody construct or a conjugate thereof per day for a 70 kg patient, with dosages from 1-1500 μg to about 20-100 μg of the CD44E antibody or conjugate per day per kg for a patient being more commonly used.
[0079] Single or multiple administrations of the compositions can be carried out with dose levels and pattern being selected by the treating physician. In any event, the pharmaceutical formulations should provide a quantity of the CD44E antibody construct of this invention or its conjugate sufficient to effectively address at least one targeted symptom of a condition or disease involving CD44E expression in the patient, either therapeutically or prophylactically. VI. Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Agents
[0080] One potential use of the CD44E antibody construct of this invention or a conjugate thereof is the treatment of cancers where the relevant tissues or cells are characterized in CD44E expression, which may include various types of blood cancers (such as leukemia or lymphoma) or solid tumors (such as HCC) .
[0081] In such applications, one or more of these previously known effective anti-cancer therapeutic agents, including those named in this application, may be administered concurrently with the CD44E antibody construct or its conjugate to subjects in need of treatment. Optionally, the agent (s) may be used in combination with the CD44E antibody construct of the present invention (e.g., an anti-CD44E scFv or its conjugate) to suppress cancer growth, inhibit cancer metastasis, and facilitate remission from the disease. In the case of combination therapy, all of the active agents may be administered concurrently each in an effective amount, either together in a single composition or separately in two or more different compositions.
[0082] For example, various chemotherapeutic agents are known to be effective for use to treat various cancers. As used herein, a “chemotherapeutic agent” encompasses any chemical compound exhibiting suppressive effect against cancer cells, thus useful in the treatment of cancer. Classes of chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, kinase inhibitors, spindle poison plant alkaloids, cytotoxic / antitumor antibiotics, topisomerase inhibitors, photosensitizers, anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) , anti-progesterones, estrogen receptor down-regulators (ERDs) , estrogen receptor antagonists, leutinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists, anti-androgens, aromatase inhibitors, EGFR inhibitors, VEGF inhibitors, and anti-sense oligonucleotides that inhibit expression of genes implicated in abnormal cell proliferation or tumor growth. Chemotherapeutic agents useful in the treatment methods disclosed herein also include cytostatic and / or cytotoxic agents.
[0083] Exemplary anti-cancer therapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as altretamine, bendamustine, busulfan, carboquone, carmustine, chlorambucil, chlormethine, chlorozotocin, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, fotemustine, ifosfamide, lomustine, melphalan, melphalan flufenamide, mitobronitol, nimustine, nitrosoureas, pipobroman, ranimustine, semustine, streptozotocin, temozolomide, thiotepa, treosulfan, triaziquone, triethylenemelamine, trofosfamide, and uramustine; anthracyclines such as aclarubicin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, pirarubicin, valrubicin, and zorubicin; cytoskeletal disruptors (taxanes) such as abraxane, cabazitaxel, docetaxel, larotaxel, paclitaxel, taxotere, and tesetaxel; epothilones such as ixabepilone; histone deacetylase inhibitors such as vorinostat, romidepsin, and inhibitors of topoisomerase I such as belotecan, camptothecin, exatecan, gimatecan, irinotecan, and topotecan; inhibitors of topoisomerase II such as etoposide, teniposide, and tafluposide; kinase inhibitors such as bortezomib, erlotinib, gefitinib, imatinib, vemurafenib, and vismodegib; nucleotide analogs and precursor analogs such as azacitidine, azathioprine, capecitabine, cytarabine, doxifluridine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, and tioguanine (formerly thioguanine) ; peptide antibiotics such as actinomycin and bleomycin; platinum-based agents such as carboplatin, cisplatin, dicycloplatin, oxaliplatin, nedaplatin, and satraplatin; retinoids such as alitretinoin, bexarotene, and tretinoin; and vinca alkaloids and derivatives such as vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinorelbine.
[0084] In addition to targeting CD44E, other immunotherapeutic approaches may also be used in combination for cancer treatment. In accordance with the strategy of active immunotherapy, for example, monoclonal antibodies and their conjugates can be used to target other cancer markers. They include adotrastuzumab (HER2) , alemtuzumab (CD52) , bevaclzumab (VEGF) , brentuximab (CD30) , capromab (PSMA) , cetuximab (EGFR) , elotuzumab (SLAMF7) , ibritumomab (CD20) , necitumumab (EGFR) , obinutumab (CD20) , ofatumumab (CD20) , olaratumab (PDGFRA) , panitumumab (EGFR) , pertuzumab (HER2) , ramucirumab (VEGFR2) , rituximab (CD-20) , trastuzumab (HER-2) , inotuzumab-ozogamicin (CD22) , gemtuzumab-ozogamicin (CD33) , and bevacizumab-awwb (VEGF) . Moreover, checkpoint inhibitors and cytokines can be used in accordance with the strategy of passive immunotherapy. Currently approved checkpoint inhibitors target molecules CTLA4, PD-1, and PD-L1, including ipilimumab (CTLA4) , nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, spartalizumab (PD-1) , atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab (PD-L1) . Cytokines for use in the treatment of cancer and associated conditions include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) , granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) , interleukin-2 (IL-2) , and interleukin-11 (IL-11) . VII. Kits and Compositions
[0085] The invention provides compositions and kits comprising the anti-CD44E antibody construct of this invention for practicing the methods described herein for detecting / assessing CD44E expression in cells or tissues, for isolating CD44E protein, and for treating diseases or conditions relating to CD44E expression, including various types of malignancy.
[0086] Kits for carrying out assays for detecting / assessing CD44E expression or for isolating CD44E protein typically include one container containing a CD44E antibody construct (e.g., an anti-CD44E scFv) , optionally conjugated to a solid support or a detectable moiety, such that the specific binding relationship between the CD44E antibody construct and CD44E would permit ready isolation and / or detection of CD44E protein, both qualitatively and quantitatively, especially in an environment where another variant of CD44 (e.g., CD44s) might be present. In embodiments where the CD44E antibody construct is not conjugated to any moiety to facilitate isolation or detection, the kits often contain a second container containing a detection agent that is able to specifically detect the presence of the CD44E antibody construct.
[0087] Typically, the kits for detection or isolation of CD44E also include one or more appropriate controls, indicative of the presence of CD44K protein in a certain amount or below a detection threshold for the protein. In some cases such control (s) may be provided in the form of one or more physical samples, whereas in other cases the control (s) may be provided as a set value or values. In addition, the kits of this invention may provide instruction manuals to guide users in first processing test samples and then assessing the expression profile of CD44E protein or isolating CD44E protein from the samples.
[0088] Kits for practicing the methods described herein to treat a disease or condition caused or exacerbated by CD44E expression via administering a CD44E antibody construct or a conjugate thereof to a subject in need thereof. Both therapeutic use and prophylactic use are contemplated, i.e., a subject with or without a disease diagnosis may be treated, for example, once the presence and / or risk of the disease has been assessed according to the methods described herein and the subject is deemed to likely benefit from the treatment.
[0089] Kits for therapeutic use of a CD44E antibody construct or a conjugate thereof typically include one container containing a composition comprising the CD44E antibody construct, its conjugate, or a host cell expressing a CD44E antibody construct (e.g., anti-CD44E CAR T cell) . Typically, such composition is formulated for delivering the CD44E antibody construct, its conjugate, or a host cell expressing a CD44E antibody construct, e.g., by injection such as via subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intratumoral means. In some cases, the CD44E antibody construct is conjugated with a therapeutic agent effective for treating conditions and diseases involving CD44E expression, including cancer, such that a targeted delivery of the therapeutic agent can be achieved. In some cases, especially when host cells expressing a CD44E antibody construct are included in the kits, at least one, possibly two or more additional containers may be included in the kits, each container containing at least one therapeutic agent known for its effectiveness in treating a condition or disease characterized by CD44E expression. For example, when treatment of malignancy is sought, one or more anti-cancer therapeutic agents may be included in the kits. In particular, any one or more of the anti-cancer therapeutic agents known / used in the medical field or described herein may be included, especially chemotherapeutic drugs, e.g., drugs capable of killing or suppressing cells that are actively undergoing proliferation, and immunotherapeutic agents, e.g., checkpoint inhibitors and cytokines.
[0090] Further, the kits of this invention may provide instruction manuals to guide users in the proper administration of the composition comprising the CD44E antibody construct, its conjugate (e.g., anti-CD44E conjugated with a therapeutic agent) , or a host cell expressing a CD44E antibody construct (e.g., anti-CD44E CAR T cell) to a subject deemed in need of such treatment by a physician (e.g., a person suffering from a condition involving CD44E expression, including certain types of malignancy) , the schedule (e.g., dose and frequency of administration) and route of administration, and the like. EXAMPLES
[0091] The following examples are provided by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters that could be changed or modified to yield essentially similar results. INTRODUCTION
[0092] Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 90%of all primary liver cancer and is the third leading cause of cancer mortalities worldwide with a 5-year overall survival rate of 10% [1] . The dismal clinical outcome is largely attributed to ineffective therapeutic interventions in advanced stage HCC patients. Our group has previously profiled the full-length mRNA in HCC by long-read sequencing and identified a tumor enriched alternative spliced isoform CD44 variants CD44E (also called CD44v8-10) [2, 3] . CD44 is a family of cell-surface glycoproteins, with each member containing an extracellular domain at its amino terminal that consists of a hyaluronic acid binding domain and a variable-length hyper-glycosylation site-harboring region, followed by a transmembrane helical domain, and an intracellular signaling transduction domain [4-6] . The canonical CD44 isoform in human cells is CD44s which integrates exon 1-5 and exon 15-18 that encode the hyaluronic acid binding domain and the transmembrane and intracellular domains (Figure 1A) . We identified that CD44E is an HCC tumor enriched variant formed by exon 1-5 and exon 12-18. Quantitative PCR analysis showed frequent upregulations of CD44E in HCC compared to the matched adjacent non-tumoral tissues (Figure 2A-2B) [2, 3] . CD44E plays pivotal roles in cancer biology, including resistance to ROS-mediated apoptosis, increasing cell viability and migratory [7-9] . Significant upregulation of CD44E and its cell membrane distribution highlight a promising feature that can be exploited to generate chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. In this disclosure, we describe the anti-CD44E scFv derived from CD44E antibody for CAR generation and characterized the efficacy of anti-CD44E CAR-T cells against HCC using in-vitro functional assays. Our findings demonstrate that anti-CD44E CAR-T cells possess strong anti-tumor activity against HCC and pave the way for the future clinical application of this treatment for cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells and culture conditions
[0093] HEK-293T cells were cultured in DMEM (Gibco, Life Technologies) supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS) , 2 mM l-glutamine, 50 μM β-mercaptoethanol, and 100 U / mL of Penicillin-Streptomycin. HKCI-C1 and HKCI-C1-GL (stably transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luciferase) were cultured with AIM V medium (Gibco, Life Technologies) supplemented with 10%FBS, 2 mM l-glutamine, and 100 U / mL of Penicillin-Streptomycin. Human T cells were cultured in GT-T551 H3 medium (Takara, Bio-station) supplemented with 10%FBS and 100 U / mL of Penicillin-Streptomycin. Human recombinant interleukin (IL) -2 was obtained from Peprotech. Chimeric antigen receptor vector construction
[0094] pWPXLd-eGFP lentiviral plasmid was used as the backbone to construct CAR expression plasmid. The DNA sequence of CAR comprising anti-CD44E scFv, CD28, and CD3ζ was inserted into the pWPXLd-eGFP vector using MssI and BcuI restriction cleavage sites by T4 DNA ligase. The CAR expression constructs were transformed into Stbl3 chemically competent E. coli cells for sequence validation and plasmid amplification. Lentivirus production
[0095] Lentivirus particles were produced in HEK-293T cells using polyethyleneimine (PEI, Sigma-Aldrich) transfection. A total amount of 24μg plasmids comprising pWPXLd lentiviral plasmid, and two packaging plasmids psPAX2 and pMD. 2G at a ratio of 3: 4: 1 was co-transduced into HEK-293T cells in 10 cm dish with 72μg PEI. Lentivirus-containing supernatants were harvested at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h post-transfection and filtered through a 0.45-μm filter. Isolation, Transduction, and Expansion of Primary Human T Lymphocytes
[0096] Peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated via density gradient centrifugation (Lymphoprep, Stem Cell Technologies) . Primary human T cells were enriched from PBMCs via negative selection using the pan T Isolation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec) . Freshly isolated T cells were stimulated using T cell TransAct (Miltenyi Biotec) at a cell-to-bead ratio of 106: 10 μl. Approximately 24 h after activation, T cells were infected with supernatant containing lentiviral vectors expressing control-CAR or anti-CD44E-CAR. After transduction for 12 h, T cells were cultured with GT-T551 H3 medium supplemented with human IL-2 (300 IU / mL) . in-vitro tumor killing assays
[0097] The target cells HKCI-C1-GL were incubated with control CAR-T or anti-CD44E CAR-T cells at the indicated ratios in triplicate wells in U-bottomed 96-well plates. Target cell viability was monitored 24 h later by adding substrate d-Luciferin (Cayman Chemical) . The viability percentage (%) was equal to the experimental signal / maximal signal, and the killing percentage was equal to 100 -viability percentage. Statistics
[0098] Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) . The results were analyzed via unpaired Student’s t-test (two-tailed) and two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Statistical significance was defined by a P-value of less than 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using the Prism software version 6.0 (GraphPad) . RESULTS Generation and validate the specificity of anti-human CD44E monoclonal antibody
[0099] To generate the specific anti-human CD44E antibodies, purified CD44E protein was used for immunization of mice. Antibody-producing splenocytes from the immunized mice were utilized to generate monoclonal antibody-secreting hybridoma cell lines. To determine the specificity of anti-CD44E monoclonal antibodies secreted by hybridoma clones, the culture supernatant of hybridoma was incubated with target cells HKCI-C1 with CD44E / sdouble negative (HKCI-C1CD44-) , HKCI-C1 with CD44E expression (HKCI-C1CD44E+) , and Jurkat cells with CD44s expression (JurkatCD44s+) followed by flow cytometry measurement. Analysis of the mean fluorescence intensity showed that one anti-CD44E monoclonal antibody induced a significant right shift signal detected in the HKCI-C1CD44E+, but not in HKCI-C1CD44-or JurkatCD44s+ cells, indicating that the anti-CD44E monoclonal antibody can specifically interact with the extra-membrane domain of human CD44E protein (Figure 3) . Therefore, the heavy chain and light chain sequences of the CD44E monoclonal antibody were subjected to generate anti-CD44E scFv. Generation of anti-CD44E scFv and CAR construct
[0100] The anti-CD44E scFv (SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2) comprises a signal peptide (SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4) , the light chain variable region partial sequence of anti-human CD44E antibody (SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6) , a linker (SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO:8) , and the heavy chain variable region partial sequence of anti-human CD44E antibody (SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0101] To generate the anti-CD44E CAR (SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12) expression plasmid, the DNA sequence of anti-CD44E scFv (SEQ ID NO: 1) was inserted upstream of CD28 transmembrane domain sequence, CD3ζ T cell activating domain sequence, 2A sequence and GFP sequence in a lentivirus vector (pWPXLd-antiCD44E-CD28-CD3ζ-2A-GFP) (Figure 4A) . Generation of anti-CD44E CAR-T cells targeting CD44E
[0102] Primary T lymphocytes isolated from human PBMCs were activated with T cell TransAct beads for 24 h before infection with lentivirus carrying the control CAR or anti-CD44E CAR. Transduction efficiency was determined after 72 h by the percentage of GFP+cells detected by flow cytometry. The transduced T cells were cultured for 10 days for further expansion in the presence of 300 IU of IL-2. Anti-CD19 CAR-T cells were used as a control group. Since human T cell showed negative expression of CD44E on the cell surface, the anti-CD44E CAR could be successfully expressed on human T cell without inducing any self-attacking effect (Figure 5A-5B) .
[0103] To determine the cytotoxicity of anti-CD44E CAR-T cells in-vitro, we labeled the CD44E positive HKCI-C1 cells with GFP-2A-luciferase gene (HKCI-C1-GLCD44E+) and performed an in-vitro killing assay. Different effector cells (control CAR-T or anti-CD44E CAR-T cells) were incubated with target cells HKCI-C1-GLCD44E+ at a ratio (E / T ratio) ranging from 2: 1 to 1: 8 for 24 h followed by measurement of cell viability using multifunctional enzyme marker. Anti-CD44E CAR-T cells showed overall elevated lytic ability against HKCI-C1-GLCD44E+ cells at a wide range of E / T ratio (1: 2 to 1: 8, Figure 6A and 6B) , indicating the anti-CD44E CAR-T elicit cytotoxicity to CD44E positive cells in a cell-load dependent fashion. The in-vitro killing effect of anti-CD44E CAR-T cells was further validated in HCC cell line Huh7 expressing CD44E (Huh7-GLCD44E+) (Figure 6A) . In addition, the co-culture supernatant was collected for evaluation of CAR-T cell activation using enzyme-linked immune absorbance assay (ELISA) . Cytokines and effector molecule, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ) , tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) , Granzyme B (GMZB) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were significantly increased by anti-CD44E CAR-T cells compared with control CAR-T group, indicating the strong cytokine-secreting capabilities of anti-CD44E CAR-T cells (Figure 6C) . Anti-CD44E CAR-T cells showed strong antitumor activity against HCC in-vivo
[0104] To determine the in-vivo efficacy of anti-CD44E CAR-T cells against HCC progression, NOD-scid-IL2Rγ- / - (NSI) immunodeficient mice were subcutaneously injected with Huh7-GLCD44E+ cells. Two weeks post initial injection, mice were randomized and treated with PBS or different CAR-T cells, separately (Figure 7A) . Compared with control CAR-T group, anti-CD44E CAR-T significantly suppressed the xenograft growth in NSI mice (Figure 7B) . Anti-CD44E CAR-T significantly prolonged the long-term survival of tumor-bearing mice, indicating a strong antitumor activity of anti-CD44E CAR-T in-vivo (Figure 7C) . DISCUSSIONS
[0105] The present invention is based on the seminal generation of anti-CD44E scFv and conjugates thereof including a biologically active molecule. Such conjugates may comprise a chimeric receptor to direct T cells to respond to CD44E expressing cancer cells. Thus, the scFv may be used to target cells expressing CD44E for therapeutic purposes.
[0106] We have generated the anti-CD44E scFv that can specifically bind with the CD44E protein. Our in-vitro and in vivo data show that the human T cells expressing the anti-CD44E CAR molecule possess significant cytotoxicity against CD44E-positive tumor cells without any self-destruction. Our invention thus provides a highly effective and targeted solution for anti-tumor immunotherapy. REFERENCES [1] . Siegel R, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023; 73 (1) : 17-48. doi: 10.3322 / caac. 21763. [2] . Lo CW, Chan CKW, Yu J, He M, Choi CHJ, Lau JYW, Wong N. Development of CD44E / sdual-targeting DNA aptamer as nanoprobe to deliver treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nanotheranostics. 2022; 6 (2) : 161-174. doi: 10.7150 / ntno. 62639. [3] . Chen H, Gao F, He M, Ding XF, Wong AM, Sze SC, Yu AC, Sun T, Chan AW, Wang X, Wong N. Long-Read RNA Sequencing Identifies Alternative Splice Variants in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Tumor-Specific Isoforms. Hepatology. 2019; 70 (3) : 1011-1025. doi: 10.1002 / hep. 30500. [4] . Azevedo R, Gaiteiro C, Peixoto A, Relvas-Santos M, Lima L, Santos LL, Ferreira JA. CCD44 glycoprotein in cancer: a molecular conundrum hampering clinical applications. Clin Proteomics. 2018; 15: 22. doi: 10.1186 / s12014-018-9198-9. [5] . Ponta H, Sherman L, Herrlich PA. CD44: from adhesion molecules to signalling regulators. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2003; 4 (1) : 33-45. doi: 10.1038 / nrm1004. [6] . Prochazka L, Tesarik R, Turanek J. Regulation of alternative splicing of CD44 in cancer. Cell Signal. 2014; 26 (10) : 2234-9. doi: 10.1016 / j. cellsig. 2014.07.011. [7] . Ishimoto T, Nagano O, Yae T, Tamada M, Motohara T, Oshima H, Oshima M, Ikeda T, Asaba R, Yagi H, Masuko T, Shimizu T, Ishikawa T, Kai K, Takahashi E, Imamura Y, Baba Y, Ohmura M, Suematsu M, Baba H, Saya H. CD44 variant regulates redox status in cancer cells by stabilizing the xCT subunit of system xc (-) and thereby promotes tumor growth. Cancer Cell. 2011; 19 (3) : 387-400. doi: 10.1016 / j. ccr. 2011.01.038. [8] . Brown RL, Reinke LM, Damerow MS, Perez D, Chodosh LA, Yang J, Cheng C. CD44 splice isoform switching in human and mouse epithelium is essential for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and breast cancer progression. J Clin Invest. 2011; 121 (3) : 1064-74. doi: 10.1172 / JCI44540. [9] . Zhao S, Chen C, Chang K, Karnad A, Jagirdar J, Kumar AP, Freeman JW. CD44 Expression Level and Isoform Contributes to Pancreatic Cancer Cell Plasticity, Inv asiveness, and Response to Therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2016; 22 (22) : 5592-5604. doi: 10. 1158 / 1078-0432. CCR-15-3115.
[0107] All patents, patent applications, and other publications, including GenBank Accession Numbers or similar sequence identification numbers, cited in this application are incorporated by reference in the entirety of their contents for all purposes. INFORMAL SEQUENCE LISTING SEQ ID NO: 1 amino acid sequence of anti-CD44E scFv (signaling peptide underlined) SEQ ID NO: 2 polynucleotide sequence encoding anti-CD44E scFv with signaling peptide SEQ ID NO: 3 amino acid sequence of signaling peptide SEQ ID NO: 4 polynucleotide sequence encoding the signaling peptide SEQ ID NO: 5 partial sequence of light chain variable region (VL) , CDRs underlined SEQ ID NO: 6 polynucleotide sequence encoding partial sequence of VL SEQ ID NO: 7 amino acid sequence of linker SEQ ID NO: 8 polynucleotide sequence encoding the linker SEQ ID NO: 9 partial sequence of heavy chain variable region (VH) , CDRs underlined SEQ ID NO: 10 polynucleotide sequence encoding partial VH sequence: SEQ ID NO: 11 amino acid sequence of anti-CD44E CAR (signaling peptide underlined) SEQ ID NO: 12 polynucleotide sequence encoding anti-CD44E CAR with signaling peptide SEQ ID NO: 13 amino acid sequence of light chain CDR1 SEQ ID NO: 14 amino acid sequence of light chain CDR2 SEQ ID NO: 15 amino acid sequence of light chain CDR3 SEQ ID NO: 16 amino acid sequence of heavy chain CDR1 SEQ ID NO: 17 amino acid sequence of heavy chain CDR2 SEQ ID NO: 18 amino acid sequence of heavy chain CDR3 SEQ ID NO: 19 amino acid sequence of anti-CD44E scFv (without signaling peptide) SEQ ID NO: 20 polynucleotide sequence encoding anti-CD44E scFv (without signaling peptide) SEQ ID NO: 21 amino acid sequence of anti-CD44E CAR (without signaling peptide) SEQ ID NO: 22 polynucleotide sequence encoding anti-CD44E CAR (without signaling peptide)
Claims
1.A CD44E antibody construct that specifically binds CD44E and comprises antibody light chain and heavy chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs) having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-18, respectively.2.The CD44E antibody construct of claim 1, comprising antibody light chain variable region (VL) and heavy chain variable region (VH) , each comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 9, respectively.3.The CD44E antibody construct of claim 1 or 2, which is an anti-CD44E single chain variable fragment (scFv) .4.The CD44E antibody construct of any one of claims 1-3, comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 19.5.The CD44E antibody construct of claim 1, which is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising, from its N-terminus, an anti-CD44E scFv, a CD28 transmembrane domain, and a CD3ζ T cell activating domain.6.The CD44E antibody construct of claim 5, comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 or 21.7.A nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the CD44E antibody construct any one of claims 1-6.8.The nucleic acid of claim 7, which is an expression cassette comprising a promoter operably linked to the polynucleotide sequence.9.The nucleic acid of claim 7 or 8, which is a plasmid or a viral vector.10.A host cell comprising the nucleic acid of any one of claims 7-9 or the CD44E antibody construct of any one of claims 1-6.11.The host cell of claim 10, which is a T cell or natural killer (NK) cell.12.The host cell of claim 11, wherein the CD44E antibody construct is a CAR.13.The host cell of claim 12, which is a T cell expressing a CAR comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 or 21.14.A conjugate comprising the CD44E antibody construct of any one of claims 1-6 and a solid support, a detectable moiety, or a therapeutic agent.15.The conjugate of claim 14, wherein the CD44E antibody construct is a CD44E scFv, and wherein the therapeutic agent comprises an anti-cancer therapeutic agent.16.A composition comprising the CD44E antibody construct of any one of claims 1-6, the nucleic acid of any one of claims 7-9, the host cell of any one of claims 10-13, or the conjugate of claim 14 or 15.17.A method for killing a cell expressing CD44E, comprising contacting cancer cells with a composition comprising an adequate number of T cells expressing the CD44E antibody construct of claim 5 or 6.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the cell expressing CD44E is a cancer cell.19.The method of claim 18, wherein the cancer cell is a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell.20.The method of claim 18 or 19, wherein the cancer cell is located in a patient’s body.21.The method of claim 17, further comprising, prior to the contacting step, (i) isolating T cells from a patient; (ii) transfecting the T cells with the nucleic acid of any one of claims 7-9; (iii) cultivating the T cells ex vivo to expanding T cells expressing a CAR comprising, from its N-terminus, a CD44E scFv, a CD28 transmembrane domain, and a CD3ζ T cell activating domain, and (iv) administering the expanded T cells back into the patient’s body.22.The method of claim 21, wherein the CAR comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 or 19.23.The method of claim 21, wherein step (iv) comprises subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intratumoral injection.24.A kit for treating cancer, comprising(1) a first container containing a first composition comprising an adequate number of T cells expressing a CAR comprising, from its N-terminus, a CD44E scFv, a CD28 transmembrane domain, and a CD3ζ T cell activating domain; and(2) a second container containing a second composition comprising an effective amount of another anti-cancer therapeutic agent.25.The kit of claim 24, wherein the cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma.26.The kit of claim 24 or 25, wherein the CAR comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 or 19.27.The kit of any one of claims 24-26, wherein the first composition is formulated for injection.28.The kit of claim 27, wherein the injection is subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intratumoral injection.29.The kit of any one of claims 24-28, further comprising an instruction manual for using the kit.
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