Compositions and uses thereof
A composition of arachidonic acid and acetylsalicylic acid addresses myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and microvascular obstruction in AMI, enhancing microcirculation and reducing gastric bleeding, providing a synergistic cardioprotective benefit.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/092279
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-04-30
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-30
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-06
AI Technical Summary
Current therapies for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are limited by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, microvascular obstruction, and the side effects of antiplatelet drugs like gastric hemorrhage, which are challenging to address effectively.
A composition comprising arachidonic acid (AA) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is administered to improve microcirculation, reduce inflammation, and protect coronary vasoreactivity, while minimizing gastric damage, by enhancing PGI2 and PGE2 production and reducing platelet aggregation.
The combination of AA and ASA effectively reduces infarct size, improves heart function, and minimizes gastric bleeding, offering a synergistic cardioprotective effect in AMI patients undergoing reperfusion therapy.
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Figure CN2025092279_06112025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COMPOSITIONS AND USES THEREOF
[0001] CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] This application claims the priority of PCT Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 090889 filed on April 30, 2024 and titled with “COMPOSITIONS AND USES THEREOF” , and the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.FIELD
[0003] The present invention relates to the field of biomedicine, particularly to a composition and use thereof.BACKGROUND
[0004] Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) caused by occlusion of the coronary artery has a high rate of mortality and morbidity. Timely and complete restoration of coronary blood flow by revascularization is the most efficient therapy. However, the efficacy is limited by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI / R) injury, which involves calcium overload, oxidative stress, and excessive inflammation, resulting in cardiomyocyte death that could be otherwise salvageable. Recanalization of infarct-related arteries may not progress to complete restoration of perfusion of the ischemic myocardium4. This often results in no or low reflow phenomena that is due to microcirculatory dysfunction. Microvascular obstruction, which is characterized by microembolization, vasoconstriction, inflammatory cell adhesion / infiltration, and hyperpermeability, restrains myocardial reperfusion and contributes to myocardium injury. Microvascular obstruction predicts adverse clinical outcome independently from infarct size (IS) , representing a valid target for cardioprotection. Despite extensive efforts that have been advanced to limit MI / R injury, successful clinical translation has been challenging.
[0005] Antiplatelet drugs are drugs used for inhibiting blood platelet aggregation and preventing the formation of blood clots. One notable side effect of antiplatelet drugs is gastric hemorrhage and / or gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are drugs used for relieving pain, reducing inflammation, and lowering fever. One side effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is also gastric hemorrhage and / or gastrointestinal bleeding.SUMMARY
[0006] The present invention provides the following technical solutions.
[0007] 1. A composition comprising arachidonic acid (AA) , an antiplatelet drug and / or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) , for example, a composition comprising arachidonic acid and an antiplatelet drug, a composition comprising arachidonic acid and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, or a composition comprising arachidonic acid, an antiplatelet drug and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
[0008] In an embodiment, the composition comprises arachidonic acid (AA) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) . Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid with the chemical name 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid. In cellular contexts, it is primarily found within the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes. AA is synthesized in cells via the enzymatic conversion of dietary precursors such as linoleic acid, involving key enzymes like delta-6 desaturase and delta-5 desaturase. Dietary sources rich in AA include animal-based foods like red meat, poultry, fish, and eggs.
[0009] Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) is the standard antiplatelet therapy for patients with AMI undergoing reperfusion therapy, which also confers an increased risk of bleeding. Aspirin is also part of a well-established treatment plan for people with a history of heart attack or stroke. One notable side effect of Aspirin is gastric and / or gastrointestinal damages, for example, gastric and / or gastrointestinal bleeding.
[0010] In the present invention, the terms “gastric and / or gastrointestinal hemorrhage” and “gastric and / or gastrointestinal bleeding” are interchangeable, referring to gastric bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding or gastric and gastrointestinal bleeding.
[0011] 2. The composition according to section 1, wherein the arachidonic acid includes a precursor and / or a derivative of arachidonic acid,
[0012] for example, the precursor of arachidonic acid is a compound which is able to be converted to arachidonic acid, and
[0013] the derivative of arachidonic acid is a compound which has a similar structure as arachidonic acid and has an equivalent function as arachidonic acid.
[0014] The precursor of arachidonic acid may be dietary precursors such as linoleic acid, which is found in plant-based oils like soybean oil and corn oil. In cells, arachidonic acid is synthesized via the enzymatic conversion of these precursors, involving key enzymes like delta-6 desaturase and delta-5 desaturase.
[0015] In the present invention, the term “equivalent function as arachidonic acid” refers to a function of preventing and / or treating gastric and / or gastrointestinal damages, for example, gastric and / or gastrointestinal bleeding, particularly gastric and / or gastrointestinal bleeding caused by drugs (for example ASA) .
[0016] In the present invention, the term “similar structure as arachidonic acid” refers to a structure of AA that is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with a 20-carbon chain and four cis double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14. Its backbone is a straight-chain fatty acid. The following groups may be substituted while still maintaining functionality: the carboxyl group can be esterified to form esters or converted into amides; the methylene groups can undergo hydrogenation, halogenation, or other reactions to form different substituents; the double bonds can undergo hydrogenation, epoxidation, or other reactions. Substitutions at these groups allow for the formation of various AA derivatives, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, etc. However, the substituents should not significantly disrupt the overall structure and electronic distribution of the molecule.
[0017] 3. The composition according to section 1 or 2, wherein the acetylsalicylic acid includes a precursor or a derivative of acetylsalicylic acid.
[0018] 4. The composition according to any one of sections 1 to 3, which is an oral preparation or an injection.
[0019] 5. An acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) preparation comprising acetylsalicylic acid and a pharmaceutical excipient, wherein the excipient is arachidonic acid (AA) ,
[0020] preferably, the acetylsalicylic acid preparation further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0021] AA is used as an excipient (for example a food supplementation) and its safety is known in the art. For example, it has been reported that the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has provided scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae, which includes arachidonic acid as one of the components, indicating its recognized safety and utility in food products intended for infants (Forsyth, Stewart et al. “Dietary Intakes of Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Early Life - With a Special Focus on Complementary Feeding in Developing Countries. ” Annals of nutrition & metabolism vol. 70, 3 (2017) : 217-227. ) . Additionally, other studies have also supported the safety of AA supplementation in infant formulas without expressing concerns regarding its safety (Forsyth, Stewart et al. “Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid in Early Life: What Is the Best Evidence for Policymakers? . ” Annals of nutrition & metabolism vol. 72, 3 (2018) : 210-222. ) . These studies suggest that AA may also be a safe pharmaceutical excipient.
[0022] 6. The acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to section 5, wherein the arachidonic acid includes a precursor and derivative of arachidonic acid.
[0023] 7. The acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to section 5, wherein the acetylsalicylic acid includes a precursor and derivative of acetylsalicylic acid.
[0024] 8. The acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of sections 5 to 7, which is an oral preparation or an injection.
[0025] 9. A method of treating and / or preventing myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of sections 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of sections 5 to 8. For example, the myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury is an injury in a treatment of myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome. For example, the treatment is stent implantation, coronary artery bypass surgery, intravenous thrombolysis or cardiac surgery extracorporeal circulation.
[0026] 10. A method of improving microcirculation in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of sections 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of sections 5 to 8.
[0027] 11. A method of inhibited inflammation in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of sections 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of sections 5 to 8.
[0028] 12. A method of protected coronary vasoreactivity in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of sections 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of sections 5 to 8.
[0029] 13. A method of increasing PGI2 and PGE2 production in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of sections 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of sections 5 to 8.
[0030] 14. A method of treating and / or preventing a heart attack and / or stroke, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of sections 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of sections 5 to 8.
[0031] 15. The method according to any one of sections 9 to 14, wherein the subject is a subject who has suffered from a heart attack and / or stroke, a subject who is suffering a heart attack and / or stroke, or a subject at risk of a heart attack and / or stroke.
[0032] 16. A method of treating and / or preventing stomach and / or intestinal damage caused by acetylsalicylic acid in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of sections 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of sections 5 to 8.
[0033] 17. The method according to section 16, wherein the subject is a subject with myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury.
[0034] 18. The method according to any one of sections 16 to 17, wherein the subject is a subject who has suffered from a heart attack and / or stroke, a subject who is suffering a heart attack and / or stroke, or a subject at risk of a heart attack and / or stroke.
[0035] 19. The method according to any one of sections 16 to 18, wherein the intestinal damage is intestinal bleeding.
[0036] 20. The method according to any one of sections 9 to 19, wherein the composition or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation is administered orally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally or intravenously.
[0037] 21. A method of treating and / or preventing myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of arachidonic acid (AA) .
[0038] 22. A method of improving microcirculation in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of arachidonic acid (AA) .
[0039] 23. A method of inhibited inflammation in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of arachidonic acid (AA) .
[0040] 24. A method of protected coronary vasoreactivity in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of arachidonic acid (AA) .
[0041] 25. A method of increasing PGI2 and PGE2 production in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of arachidonic acid (AA) .
[0042] 26. A method of treating and / or preventing a heart attack and / or stroke, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of arachidonic acid (AA) .
[0043] 27. The method according to any one of sections 21 to 26, wherein the subject is a subject who has suffered from a heart attack and / or stroke, a subject who is suffering a heart attack and / or stroke, or a subject at risk of a heart attack and / or stroke.
[0044] 28. A method of treating and / or preventing stomach and / or intestinal damage caused by acetylsalicylic acid in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of arachidonic acid (AA) . For example, the subject is a subject with thrombosis, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, auto-immune diseases (such as antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus) , fever, pain, inflammatory conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis, pericarditi, Kawasaki disease.
[0045] 29. The method according to section 28, wherein the subject is a subject with myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury.
[0046] 30. The method according to any one of sections 21 to 29, wherein the subject is a subject who has suffered from a heart attack and / or stroke, a subject who is suffering a heart attack and / or stroke, or a subject at risk of a heart attack and / or stroke.
[0047] 31. The method according to any one of sections 28 to 30, wherein the intestinal damage is intestinal bleeding.
[0048] 32. The method according to any one of sections 21 to 31, wherein the arachidonic acid is administered orally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally or intravenously.
[0049] 33. The method according to any one of sections 9 to 32, wherein the arachidonic acid includes a precursor and derivative of arachidonic acid,
[0050] for example, the precursor of arachidonic acid is a compound which is able to be converted to arachidonic acid in vitro and / or in vivo, and
[0051] the derivative of arachidonic acid is a compound which has a similar structure as arachidonic acid and has equivalent functions as arachidonic acid.
[0052] 34. Use of the composition according to any one of sections 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of sections 5 to 8 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating and / or preventing myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury, heart attack and / or stroke, heart failure, atherosclerosis.
[0053] 35. Use of the composition according to any one of sections 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of sections 5 to 8 in the manufacture of a medicament for improving microcirculation, inhibited inflammation, protected coronary vasoreactivity and / or increasing PGI2 and PGE2 production.
[0054] 36. Use of arachidonic acid in the manufacture of a medicament for treating and / or preventing myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury, heart attack and / or stroke, heart failure, atherosclerosis.
[0055] 37. Use of arachidonic acid in the manufacture of a medicament for improving microcirculation, inhibited inflammation, protected coronary vasoreactivity and / or increasing PGI2 and PGE2 production.
[0056] 38. A method of treating and / or preventing heart failure in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of sections 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of sections 5 to 8.
[0057] 39. A method of treating and / or preventing atherosclerosis in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of sections 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of sections 5 to 8.
[0058] 40. A method of treating and / or preventing a vascular disease or a condition of vascular disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition of the present invention, the acetylsalicylic acid preparation of the present invention or arachidonic acid;
[0059] for example, the vascular disease is atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, coronary heart disease, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, stroke, thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, chronic coronary syndrome, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, diabetic cardiomyopathy, heart failure;
[0060] for example, the condition of the vascular disease is Ischemia reperfusion injury, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, endothelium dysfunction, microvascular dysfunction, vascular inflammation.
[0061] 41. A composition comprising arachidonic acid (AA) , an antiplatelet drug and / or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) .
[0062] Antiplatelet drugs are drugs used for treating and preventing atherothrombotic diseases. The indications for these drugs, as per the guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and the American Heart Association, include: acute coronary syndrome (ACS) , ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) , peripheral arterial disease (PAD) , stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) . The antiplatelet drugs include but not limit to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) , clopidogrel, ticagrelor, prasugrel, abciximab, eptifibatide, and tirofiban.
[0063] Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are drugs used for treating a variety of conditions. They are primarily used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. Common indications include: pain relief, inflammatory conditions and ever reduction.
[0064] The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs include but not limit to ibuprofen, aspirin, naproxen, diclofenac, celecoxib, etc.
[0065] 42. A method of treating and / or preventing gastric and / or gastrointestinal hemorrhage, which comprises administering the composition of section 41 to a subject in need thereof.
[0066] For example, the subject is suffering from a disease which needs to be treated by an antiplatelet drug and / or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. For example, the gastric hemorrhage is caused by an antiplatelet drug and / or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. For example, the gastrointestinal hemorrhage is caused by an antiplatelet drug and / or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
[0067] 43. An antiplatelet preparation comprising an antiplatelet drug and arachidonic acid (AA) , preferably, the antiplatelet preparation further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0068] In some embodiments, the antiplatelet drug is ASA, clopidogrel, ticagrelor, or a mixture thereof.
[0069] 44. An non-steroidal anti-inflammatory preparation comprising a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and arachidonic acid (AA) , preferably, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory preparation further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0070] In some embodiments, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug is ASA, diclofenac, or a mixture thereof.
[0071] In the present invention, the components of the composition (for example, antiplatelet drug and AA, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and AA) might be formulated in the same or different dosage forms, and might be administered simultaneously or sequentially.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0072] Figure 1. Cardiac protection of AA on MI / R. Mice were injected via retro-orbital vein with 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 mg / Kg AA or vehicle (1% v / v DMSO in saline, 100 μL) after LAD ligation, followed by reperfusion. The success of the ligation was confirmed by ST-segment elevation on the electrocardiogram (ECG) . Mice were euthanized 24hr after reperfusion, and hearts were harvested. a, Experimental protocol (top) and representative ECG images of basal and post-MI (bottom) . b, Representative images of TTC-Evans blue staining of 5 consecutive heart cross sections for each group. Bar=1 mm. c, Percentage of IS in the AAR. d, AAR. n=7-16 mice / group. Statistical analysis was done using 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett multiple comparisons test, with P-values shown for comparison of the two groups connected by line (c, d) .
[0073] Figure 2. Synergistic cardioprotection by AA and ASA in MI / R. a and b, Naive mice (without MI / R operation) were injected with vehicle (2% v / v DMSO in saline, 100 μL) , 5 or 10 mg / Kg ASA via retro-orbital vein, then heparinized venous blood was collected at 5min and 24hr after dosing for platelet aggregation assay. Representative aggregation curves of 0.5 mM AA stimulated platelet aggregation (a) and quantitation of platelet aggregation (b) . n=6 mice / group. c, Schematic illustration of the MI / R study protocol: mice were administered intravenously with vehicle, AA (0.1 mg / Kg) , ASA (10 mg / Kg) , or both (0.1 mg / Kg AA + 10 mg / Kg ASA) . d, Plasma TxA2 was determined by measuring its stable metabolite TXB2 at 30min of reperfusion. n=6 mice / group. e, Representative images of TTC-Evans blue staining of 5 consecutive heart cross sections for the heart harvested from Evans blue-perfused mice at 24hr of MI / R. Bar=1 mm. f and g, Percentage of IS in AAR (f) and AAR (g) . n=12-15 mice / group. h, Representative echocardiographs of left ventricular M-mode short axis (top row) and coronary blood flow (middle row; blue lines and numbers represent the average coronary blood flow velocity under anesthesia with 3% isoflurane) at 24hr of MI / R. The two echocardiographs in the bottom row represent left coronary artery blood flow Doppler imaging under 1.5% (left) and 3% (right) isoflurane anesthesia, respectively. i-k, Quantification of EF (%) (i) , FS (%) (j) and heart rate (BPM: beats per minute) (k) , respectively. n=10-11 mice / group. l, Quantification of CFR. n=6 mice / group. Statistical analysis was done using 2-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett multiple comparisons test (b) , 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s T3 (d) or Tukey multiple comparisons test (f, g, i-l) . P-values shown are for comparisons between groups connected by the line.
[0074] Figure 3. Dual treatment with AA and ASA improved microvascular perfusion and inhibited inflammation in MI / R. a, Representative cardiac blood perfusion images at different time points during MI / R. Microvascular blood perfusion in the ischemic (below the black dashed line) and non-ischemic (above the black dashed line) region of the heart was monitored at the indicated time points of MI / R in a blinded manner, as detailed in Methods. b and c, Relative change (percentage change relative to baseline) of blood flow in response to MI / R in ischemic area (b) and non-ischemic area (c) . Cumulative reperfusion was compared by determining the area under curve (from the end of ischemia to 30min of reperfusion) . P-values are for comparisons between groups connected by line (b) . No difference in blood perfusion was observed between groups in non-ischemic area (c) . n=6 mice / group. d, Representative photos of hearts of anesthetized mice at 30min of reperfusion. The well-perfused region of the heart appeared red and the poorly-perfused region appeared pale. The area below the yellow dashed lines demarks left ventricular region at ischemic risk. e, Quantitative analysis of AAR microvascular blood perfusion in hearts at 24hr of MI / R. n=14-18 mice / group. f, Evans blue was extracted from ischemic heart and quantified for vascular permeability comparison at 24hr of MI / R. n=8 mice / group. g, Representative immunofluorescent staining of vWF (red, a marker of endothelial cell) , SMA-α (green, smooth muscle cell marker) and cell nucleus (blue stained by DAPI) in the AAR of mouse hearts at 24hr of MI / R. n=5 mice / group. Bar=50 μm. h, Quantitation of ratio of endothelium length to vascular inner wall length. n=5 mice / group. i, Representative images of HE staining of mouse heart sections harvested at 3d of MI / R. The line-circled area demarks cardiac inflamed region. Bar=1 mm. j, Quantitation of inflamed region. n=6 mice / group. k-l, Leukocytes infiltrating the heart were identified with antibodies against CD45 at 30min post-MI / R. Representative flow cytometric plots (k) and counts (l) of CD45+ leucocytes in the ischemic heart tissue are shown. See Methods for details. n=8 mice / group. m-p, Myeloid cells infiltrated to the hearts were further identified with antibodies against CD11b and Ly6G at 30min post-MI / R. Representative flow cytometric plots (m) and counts of CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils (n) , CD11b+Ly6G- monocytes (o) and CD11b-Ly6G- lymphocytes (p) are shown. n=8 mice / group. Statistical analysis was performed using 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey (b, c, e, f, j, l, and n-p) and Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (h) . P-values shown are for comparisons between groups connected by the line.
[0075] Figure 4. AA or its combination with ASA ameliorated coronary vasomotor reactivity. Coronary arteries were isolated from mice that underwent 24hr-MI / R and naive mice (without MI / R surgery) for vasomotor reactivity measurement. a and b, Representative concentration-contraction curves for KCl (a) - and U46619 (b) -induced vasoconstriction. c and d, Quantitative analysis of coronary arteries contraction induced by KCI (c) and U46619 (d) . n=6 mice / group. e and f, Coronary vasorelaxation was analyzed using vessels that were precontracted with 100 nmol / L U46619: concentration-relaxation curves for acetylcholine (ACh, e) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, an endothelium-independent vasorelaxant, f) . n=6 mice / group. Cumulative relaxation responses were compared by determining the area under curve. Statistical analysis was done using 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s T3 multiple comparisons test (c and d [dual treatment group vs. mono-treatment and vehicle group] ) and unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test (c and d [mono-treatment group vs. vehicle group] ) , 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test (e and f) . P-values shown are for comparisons between groups connected by the line.
[0076] Figure 5. Augmentation of PGI2 and PGE2 by dual treatment with AA and ASA and their correlation with cardioprotection in MI / R. The systematic biosynthesis of PGI2, PGE2 and TxA2 was determined by measuring their stable metabolites in the mouse urine collected over the 24hr of reperfusion. a and b, Urinary metabolite levels for PGI2 (a, PGIM) and PGE2 (b, PGEM) . n=13-19 mice / group. c and d, the augmentation of PGIM (c) and PGEM (d) by AA treatment was further enhanced by ASA treatment. Data are rederived from those in panels a and b by subtracting the values of the vehicle group from those of the AA group and the values of the ASA group from those of the dual treatment group. e, Urinary metabolite levels for TxA2 (TxM) . n=15-20 mice / group. f and g, Representative aggregation curves of 0.5 mM AA stimulated platelet aggregation at 24hr post-MI / R (f) and the quantitation of platelet aggregation (g) . n=6 mice / group. h-k, Correlation of urinary metabolites for PGIM (h, j) and PGEM (i, k) with the percentage of IS in the AAR and with EF (%) . The r and P-values for the correlation analysis were shown in the upper right corner of relevant panels. The role of cyclooxygenase in mediating the synergistic effect of AA and ASA in MI / R was examined by administration of celecoxib (cele) , a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. l, Representative images of TTC-Evans blue staining of 5 consecutive heart cross sections for the heart harvested from Evans blue-perfused mice at 24hr of MI / R. Bar=1 mm. m and n, Percentage of IS in AAR (m) and AAR (n) . n=4-5 mice / group. Quantification of EF (%) (o) and FS (%) (p) of each treatment group. n=4-5 mice / group. Statistical analysis was performed using 1-way ANOVA with Dunn’s (a and b) and Tukey multiple comparisons test (e, m-p) , unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test (c and d) , and Mann-Whitney U test (g) . Pearson correlation analysis was performed (h-k) .
[0077] Figure 6. Oral co-administration of AA and ASA mitigated gastric bleeding while protecting against MI / R injury. A combination of 40 mg / kg ASA (dissolved in 8% v / v DMSO in saline) and a serial increasing dose of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 5, 50, 100 and 200 mg / kg AA or vehicle (8% v / v DMSO in saline) was administered via intragastric injection within 5 minutes after LAD ligation. Mice were euthanized 24hr after reperfusion, and samples were harvested. The experimental protocol was presented in a. b, Representative images of the gastric tissues from different groups. Red arrows indicate hemorrhagic spots on the inner surface of the stomach. n=5-9 mice / group. Bar=1 mm. c, Gastric bleeding index of each group. d, Representative images of TTC-Evans blue staining of 5 consecutive heart cross sections for the heart harvested from Evans blue-perfused mice at 24hr of MI / R. Bar=1 mm. e and f, Percentage of IS in AAR (e) and AAR (f) . n=5-9 mice / group. Quantification of EF (%) (g) and FS (%) (h) of each treatment group. n=5-9 mice / group. Statistical analysis was performed using 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. P-values shown are for comparisons between groups connected by the line.
[0078] Figure 7. Synergistic cardioprotection by AA and ASA in AMI with reperfusion treatment. Cardioprotection in the setting of AMI with reperfusion treatment remains a substantial unmet medical need. MI / R injury is a main cause of poor outcomes of revascularization in AMI. Both coronary microcirculatory obstruction and infarct size predict clinical morbidity and mortality, and constitute therapeutic targets of intensive investigation. Previous studies by us and others reported that PGI2 and PGE2, which are formed via the COX metabolism of AA, are protective against MI / R injury. In this study, supplementation of AA increased PGI2 and PGE2, but not TxA2, and ameliorated MI / R injury. Strikingly, combination of AA with ASA further reduced infarct size and improved heart function compared to either treatment alone. This is consistent with the enhanced generation of PGI2 and PGE2, possibly through substrate redirection from platelet COX-1 to vascular COX-2. ASA protected against MI / R-triggered coronary microvascular obstruction through anti-platelet effect, while AA exhibited microvascular protection through improving vasodilatation. Meanwhile, the dual treatment also substantially reduced endothelium leakage and neutrophil inflammation. Together, AA synergizes with ASA to protect microcirculation and suppress inflammation, limiting MI / R injury. Given that the clinical translation of cardioprotection in AMI remains largely unsuccessful, the importance of multi-targeting approach is increasingly being appreciated. Here, combination of AA (an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid for human body) with ASA (a cornerstone anti-thrombosis therapy for AMI) , reduces both infarct size and microvascular obstruction and bears a promise to treat patients with AMI designated for reperfusion therapy. Furthermore, post-MI oral delivery of AA with ASA minimizes gastric bleeding risk in addition to their synergistic cardioprotection. This additional benefit is particularly desirable, since AMI patients treated with the standard dual anti-platelet therapy are at increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, which constitutes another unmet medical need. → denotes ‘activation’ ; denotes ‘inhibition’ .
[0079] Figure 8. Antiplatelet drugs induce gastric bleeding in mice. a. Schematic of the experimental design; b. Representative images of gastric hemorrhage in mice (scale bar: 1 mm) ; c. Hemorrhage score quantification. Mann-Whitney U test. **p < 0.01; *p <0.05.
[0080] Figure 9. AA reduces ticagrelor-aspirin-induced gastric hemorrhage. a. Schematic of the experimental design; b. Representative images of gastric hemorrhage in mice (scale bar: 1 mm) ; c. Hemorrhage score quantification. Mann-Whitney U test.
[0081] Figure 10. AA mitigates ticagrelor- and aspirin-induced gastric hemorrhage. a. Schematic of the experimental design; b. Representative images of gastric hemorrhage in mice (scale bar: 1 mm) ; c. Hemorrhage score quantification. Mann-Whitney U test.
[0082] Figure 11. AA reduces NSAID -induced gastric hemorrhage. a. Schematic of the experimental design; b. Representative images of gastric hemorrhage in mice (scale bar: 1 mm) ; c. Hemorrhage score quantification. Mann-Whitney U test.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0083] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials are known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
[0084] Although the numerical ranges and parameter approximations are shown in the broad scope of the present disclosure, the numerical values shown in the specific examples are described as accurately as possible. However, any numerical value inherently must contain a certain amount of error caused by the standard deviation present in their respective measurements. In addition, all ranges disclosed herein are understood to cover any and all subranges contained therein. For example, a range of “1 to 10” should be considered, including any and all subranges between a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 10 (inclusive) ; that is, all subranges beginning with a minimum of 1 or greater, such as 1 to 6.1, and subranges ending with a maximum of 10 or less, such as 5.5 to 10.
[0085] As used herein, the term “containing” or “comprising” means that various ingredients can be used together in the mixture or composition of the present invention. Therefore, the terms “mainly consisting of” or “consisting of” are included in the term "containing" or “comprising” .
[0086] As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably throughout the specification and describe an animal, human or non-human, to whom treatment according to the methods of the present invention is provided. Veterinary and non-veterinary applications are contemplated by the present invention. Human patients can be adult humans or juvenile humans (e.g., humans below the age of 18 years old) . In addition to humans, patients include but are not limited to mice, rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cats, dogs, and primates. Included are, for example, non-human primates (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like) , rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, rabbits) , lagomorphs, swine (e.g., pig, miniature pig) , equine, canine, feline, bovine, and other domestic, farm, and zoo animals.
[0087] Herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable" means that the compound is physiologically acceptable when the compound is administered to a human, and does not cause an allergic reaction such as a gastrointestinal disorder, dizziness or other allergic reaction, or a systemic allergic reaction similar to these allergic reactions.
[0088] In the present disclosure, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" includes, but is not limited to, binders (such as microcrystalline cellulose, alginates, gelatin and polyvinylpyrrolidone) , fillers (such as starch, sucrose, glucose and anhydrous lactic acid) , disintegrants (such as cross-linked PVP, cross-linked carboxymethyl sodium starch, croscarmellose sodium and low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose) , lubricants (magnesium stearate, aluminum stearate, talc, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate) , wetting agent (such as glycerin) , surfactants (such as cetyl alcohol) , and absorption enhancers, flavoring agents, sweeteners, diluents, coating agents, etc.
[0089] It should also be noted that, as used in this specification, singular forms include plural forms of their referents unless clearly and unambiguously defined. The term "or" can be used interchangeably with the term "and / or" unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0090] In the following, some preferred embodiments and aspects of the present invention will be further described in conjunction with specific examples, and these examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
[0091] Methods
[0092] Mice and drug administration
[0093] Wild-type C57BL / 6 mice (8-10 weeks old, male) used in this study were purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. Mice are small in body size, easy to breed and commonly used to establish human disease models. The C57BL / 6J strain is widely used for the study of heart disease. Male mice were chosen because male animals generally weigh more than female animals of the same age, so there is less stress on the animal during MI / R surgery. No significant gender-dependent impact was reported on MI / R injury measurements. For the ASA dose selection experiment, mice were randomly injected with 5 mg / Kg, 10 mg / Kg ASA (dissolved in 2% v / v DMSO in saline) or vehicle (2% v / v DMSO in saline) via retro-orbital vein, followed immediately by left anterior descending (LAD) ligation, and then heparinized venous blood was collected for platelet aggregation assay 5min and 24hr after injection. In the MI / R experiment, mice were intravenously injected with 10 mg / Kg ASA before or after surgery. For the AA dose selection experiment, mice were randomized to receive a gradient dose of 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg / Kg of AA (dissolved with 1% v / v DMSO in saline) or vehicle (1% v / v DMSO in saline) via retro-orbital vein immediately after LAD ligation, and then hearts were harvested for quantifying IS and AAR after MI / R-24hr. For the dosing regimen of celecoxib, mice received 10 mg / Kg of celecoxib (dissolved with 1% v / v DMSO in saline) or vehicle (1% v / v DMSO in saline) via intraperitoneal injection 12hr before and again upon LAD ligation. For the MI / R experiment with oral administration, mice were fasted 16hr before MI / R surgery. A combination of 40 mg / kg ASA (dissolved in 8% v / v DMSO in saline) and an increasing dose of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 5, 50, 100 and 200 mg / kg AA or vehicle (8% v / v DMSO in saline) was administered via oral gavage within 5 minutes of LAD ligation.
[0094] All animal protocols complied with all relevant ethical regulations and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, the Experimental Animal Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, China. Welfare-related assessments, measurements and interventions were carried out before, during, and after the experiment. Animals were randomly assigned to all experimental groups. The experimental performers were blind to treatment grouping information during the experimental conduction and quantification.
[0095] Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model
[0096] Induction of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI / R) injury was conducted without artificial ventilation as we previously reported34. Briefly, mice were anesthetized with 3%isoflurane inhalation and 1.5% for anesthesia maintenance. The mice were placed in a supine position. The skin on the left thorax was slit, and the thoracic muscle was separated. Then, the thoracic cage was promptly exposed via thoracotomy through the 3-4th intercostal space on the left. After the pericardium was opened, the mouse heart was exposed, and the LAD coronary artery was ligated with a slipknot at about 3 mm from the origin using a 7-0 silk suture. The success of the ligation was confirmed by the anterior wall of the LV turning pale coincident with ST-segment elevation on the electrocardiogram (ECG) . The heart was then quickly placed back into the thoracic space, followed by manual air evacuation, and the chest closed with a 4-0 suture. The internal end of the slipknot suture was cut as short as possible, and the other was about 0.8 cm long and remained outside of the chest. Anesthesia was then stopped, and the animals were allowed to recover. After 30min of ischemia, mice were re-anesthetized, and the slipknot was released by pulling the long end of the suture smoothly and gently until a feeling of release was sensed. At that time, the myocardial reperfusion began. The suture was removed to avoid prolonged tissue injury. Animals with successful reperfusion will be included in subsequent studies, while animals that die or are injured at any of the above stages (including but not limited to major bleeding, shock, hypothermia, decreased activity, no eating, no excretion, etc. ) will be excluded. At 24hr post MI / R, cardiac function and the ventricular structure were determined via echocardiography (Visual Sonics Vevo 2100 Imaging System) by evaluating the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF%) , fractional shortening (FS%) and coronary flow reserve (CFR) . CFR is an index reflecting coronary hemodynamics, and the value of CFR is calculated as the ratio of blood flow velocity under maximum dilation state (3% isoflurane inhalation) to resting state (1.5% isoflurane inhalation) blood flow velocity. Mortality was similar across the groups, at about 10%. At 24hr post-MI / R, the LAD was reoccluded in the previous position, and 2% Evans blue dye (Sigma, Darmstadt, Germany) injected through the retrograde of the ascending aorta into the coronary artery. The mouse was then euthanized, and its heart was harvested and rinsed in PBS. The heart was frozen at -80℃ for 30min and cut transversely into 5 slices below the ligature. The slices were incubated with 1% TTC (Amresco, USA) at 37℃ for 10min in the dark room and then fixed with 10% formalin for 2hr. TTC is reduced to a brick-red formazan dye in viable cells with an active metabolism, whereas non-viable cells lose reducing equivalents and remain unstained. Therefore, the infarcted area is not stained by TTC. The AAR of infarction was assessed using a blue dye (Evans blue) injected into the heart after re-occlusion of the coronary artery at the same site where it was occluded. The lack of blue dye identified the AAR. A stereomicroscope (Zeiss, Germany) was used to take pictures. The areas of the ischemic region, infarcted tissue, and LV were measured and calculated using the Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software (Media Cybernetics) .
[0097] Detection of microcirculatory perfusion in MI / R
[0098] To determine microcirculatory blood flow immediately following MI / R, mice were anesthetized using pentobarbital sodium (70 mg / Kg, i. p. ) , intubated and ventilated with a positive-pressure respirator. After removing the thoracic muscle, the thoracic cage was opened via thoracotomy through the fourth intercostal space on both sides and the mid-sternum. The heart was then completely exposed by cutting off 2-4 ribs on both sides and removing the anterior thorax wall. The LAD coronary artery was ligated with a 7-0 silk suture 2-3 mm from the origin to induce heart ischemia. 30min later, the ligature was removed to allow reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium. To monitor microcirculatory perfusion, hearts were scanned using laser Doppler flowmetry (Peri Cam PSI System, Peri-med, Sweden) at baseline (prior to ligation) , 0 and 30min post-ligation, and 2, 10, 20, and 30min post-reperfusion, and mice were then euthanized. Left ventricular epicardial microvascular blood perfusion in the ischemic (AAR, below the black dashed line in Figure 3A) and non-ischemic (above the black dashed line in Figure 3A) region was determined and analyzed blindly. The anatomic position of the analyzed region was matched for each animal. To determine microcirculatory perfusion of hearts at 24hr of MI / R, the mice that underwent MI / R surgery were anesthetized again and ventilated with a positive pressure respirator (the same method as above) . Then the area below the ligation line was scanned using the laser Doppler flow meter for 3min and the average perfusion volume was taken for statistical analysis.
[0099] Isometric vessel tension measurement by wire myography
[0100] Mice were euthanized by CO2 overexposure and coronary arteries were isolated for vessel tension experiments. Briefly, the arteries were cut into vessel rings, with each ring ~2.5 mm in length, in ice-cold Krebs Ringer bicarbonate solution (Krebs solution; 130 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 1.18 mM KH2PO4, 1.17 mM MgSO4, 24.9 mM NaHCO3, 5.5 mM glucose, 0.026 mM EDTA and 1.6 mM CaCl2) . The arterial rings were suspended in the chambers of a multi-myograph (620 M, Danish, Myo Technology A / S, Aarhus, Denmark) using two tungsten wires. Each chamber contained 5 mL Krebs solution, maintained at 37℃ and constantly bubbled with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. At the beginning of the experiments, each ring was brought to its optimal tension (~1 mN for coronary arteries) . After 60min equilibration, the arteries were first contracted with 60 mM KCl, followed by three washes in warmed Krebs solution. To determine the endothelium-dependent relaxations, the arteries were contracted with 100 nM U46619, followed by cumulative concentrations (10 nM-30 μM) of ACh. The arteries were then rewashed three times; after 30min incubation, the arteries were contracted by 100 nM U46619, and the endothelium-independent vasorelaxation induced by different concentrations (1 nM-3 μM) of SNP was measured.
[0101] Analysis of cardiac neutrophils by flow cytometry
[0102] Mice hearts were isolated post-MI / R (I-30min / R-30min) , and approximately 20 mg of myocardial tissue was cut from the cardiac apex below the ligation line. The minced tissue was digested with collagenase (0.895 mg / mL, Type II, Sigma, USA) and protease (0.5 mg / mL, Type XIV, Sigma, USA) in a 37℃ shaker for 7min. The digestion mix was filtered using a 74 μm strainer and centrifuged at 200 g for 5min at 4℃. The cell pellet was resuspended by 100 μL FACS buffer, 50 μL was stained with an antibody mixture (PE Rat Anti-Mouse CD45, 1: 50, 553081; FITC Rat Anti-Mouse CD11 b, 1: 50, 553310; BV421 Rat Anti-Mouse Ly6G, 1: 50, 560600; BD Biosciences, New York, USA) for 30min on ice in dark. Then, each sample was added with 150 μL FACS buffer, filtered with a 74 μm nylon membrane, analyzed by flow cytometer, and 50k FSC-SSC gated cells were acquired in each sample. Leukocytes (CD45+) , neutrophils (CD45+ / CD11b+ / Ly6G+) , monocytes (CD45+ / CD11b+ / Ly6G-) , and lymphocytes (CD45+ / CD11b-) were identified. Flow cytometric analysis was performed on a FAC Scan cytometer (BD Biosciences) , and data was analyzed with FlowJo-V10 Software.
[0103] Detection of platelet aggregation
[0104] The electrical impedance method was used to assess platelet aggregation on a platelet aggregometer (CHRONO-LOG 700 device, located in Havertown, PA, USA) . A total of 600 μL of inferior vena cava blood, which contained 0.1 volumes of 2 U / mL heparin sodium, was incubated at 37℃ and continuously stirred at 800 rpm. Following addition of 0.5 mM arachidonic acid, aggregation was recorded, with changes in the electrical impedance of blood indicating the progression of platelet aggregation. Prior to each experiment, the blood was stabilized at 37℃ for 3min, and responses to the aggregating agent were assessed at both 5 min and 24hr after administration of the ASA.
[0105] Histological and immunofluorescence staining
[0106] Heart tissue samples were obtained from mice and were subjected to histological and immunofluorescence staining procedures. The samples were collected, frozen, embedded with OCT compound, and serially sectioned at a thickness of 10 μm. The obtained sections were then gathered at 200 μm intervals below the ligature for four layers. Standard HE staining was performed on sections for each of the four layers to assess the area of inflammatory cell infiltration. The total positive area of each of the four layers was added together to obtain a single heart's total inflammatory infiltration area, which was then normalized relative to the vehicle group. Histopathological images were obtained using the Pannoramic SCAN II digital pathology slide scanner (3DHISTECH, Hungary) . For immunofluorescence analyses, the tissue sections were fixed with 95% ethanol for 15min and then incubated at room temperature for 60min, with a goat serum containing 0.3% Triton X-100 for blocking and membrane rupture. For dual staining, the heart sections were incubated at 4℃ overnight in a mixture of sheep anti-Von Willebrand factor (vWF) antibody (1: 100; Abcam, ab11713, Cambridge, UK, for endothelial cell delineation) and rabbit antibody against SMA-α(1:100; Abcam, ab5694, Cambridge, UK, for smooth muscle cell delineation) . The secondary antibodies used were FITC 488 goat anti-rabbit antibody and Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-sheep IgG (1: 200; Invitrogen, A-11016, California, USA) . Coverslips were mounted with a Vecta Shield medium containing DAPI to stain nuclei. The sections were imaged using a Zeiss inverted fluorescence microscope (AXI0; Zeiss, Germany) with Zen software. Select heart slices with the same layer for each group, and compare their endothelial length to the circumference of the inner wall of the upper blood vessel using the Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) for statistics.
[0107] Prostanoids determination
[0108] Prostanoid metabolites were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC / MS / MS) as previously described23. EDTA-anticoagulated plasma samples were collected post-MI / R (I-30min / R-30min) and used for determining the biosynthesis of plasma TXB2. Mouse urine collected over the 24hr of reperfusion was measured for stable metabolites of PGI2 (PGIM) , PGE2 (PGEM) , and TxA2 (TxM) .
[0109] Vascular permeability test
[0110] Mice were subjected to coronary artery ligation for 30min, and 1% Evans blue (200 μL) was injected intravenously by retro-orbital injection before reperfusion. Mice were euthanized 24hr after reperfusion and perfused through the aorta with citrate buffer (pH=4.0) . The AAR of left ventricular (below the ligation) , including the ventricular septum, was dissected, and Evans blue was extracted in 1 mL of formamide for 18hr at 70℃. After centrifugation, absorbance was measured at 620 nm by using a spectrophotometer. The amount of extravasated Evans blue (μg / mL) was determined from a standard curve and normalized to heart tissue weight (g) .
[0111] Evaluation of gastric bleeding
[0112] Stomach was harvested at 24 hr post MI / R and was dissected along the greater curvature and thoroughly washed with pre-chilled saline. Subsequently, the emptied and flattened stomach samples were photographed for analysis. The gastric bleeding index was scored based on existence of bleeding dot (1.0) and hemorrhagic streak (2.0) .
[0113] Statistical analysis
[0114] Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 9 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, California, USA) . All data were checked for normality before analysis by the Shapiro-Wilk test. For normally distributed data, an unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test was used for comparisons between two groups, 1-way ANOVA with Tukey or Dunnett’s test for comparisons between multiple groups, and 2-way ANOVA for comparisons between multiple groups when there were 2 experimental factors. If the data are not normally distributed, Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparisons between two groups, and 1-way ANOVA with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test for comparisons between multiple groups. Pearson correlation analysis for measuring the linear correlation between two variables. The precise P-values were stated in the figure legends. All data were presented as means ± standard error of the mean (SEM) . P-values of <0.05 was considered significant.
[0115] Examples
[0116] Example 1 Low Dose Arachidonic Acid Protected against MI / R Injury in Mice
[0117] To explore the effect of AA and its potential interaction with ASA on MI / R injury, we set out to find an optimal dose of AA. Wild-type C57BL / 6 mice were subjected to 30min ischemia by ligating the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery followed by 24hr reperfusion (same MI / R protocol was used throughout this study unless otherwise noted) (Figure 1a) . Administration of 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg / Kg of AA after ligation differentially affected the myocardial IS in the area at risk (AAR) as stained by 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) and Evans blue (Figure 1 b) . While all groups had similar AAR, AA at 0.1 mg / Kg provided a maximal cardioprotection, with no protection at doses of 1 mg / Kg or higher (Figure 1c-1d) . Therefore, we chose AA dose of 0.1 mg / Kg for the rest of this study.
[0118] Example 2 Arachidonic Acid Synergized with Aspirin in Protection against MI / R Injury
[0119] To determine a dosage of ASA that provides sufficient anti-platelet effect, mice were given 5 or 10 mg / Kg of ASA intravenously, and blood was collected for platelet aggregation assay after 5min and 24hr of ASA administration (Figure 2a) . Both doses of ASA completely inhibited AA-induced platelet aggregation at 5min of injection, whereas 10 mg / Kg of ASA maintained anti-platelet efficacy up to 24hr post-dosing (Figure 2b) . Thus, 10 mg / Kg ASA was chosen to investigate the impact of the combination of AA plus ASA on MI / R injury. Mice were randomized to receive either ASA or vehicle solution, then subjected to LAD ligation (the administration regimen of ASA before MI / R was intended to mimic the routine use of ASA in patients at MI risk) , followed by AA or vehicle solvent treatment, and assessed for MI / R injury at 24hr after reperfusion (Figure 2c) . The administration of ASA essentially abolished the generation of circulating TXB2 (a stable metabolite of TxA2) following MI / R, and the addition of AA treatment (0.1 mg / Kg) did not increase plasma TxB2 (Figure 2d) .
[0120] Both AA and ASA reduced IS, and compared to either single treatment, the combination treatment further significantly reduced IS (vehicle: 62.43%±2.13%; AA: 49.26%±2.66%; ASA: 50.42±3.29%; AA+ASA: 38.35%±2.60%) (Figure 2e-2f) . AAR was similar among all groups (Figure 2g) . Meanwhile, AA treatment improved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF%) and fractional shortening (FS%) , and its combination with ASA further improved LV function (Figure 2i-2j) . Heart rate was unchanged with single or dual treatment (Figure 2k) . The coronary flow reserve (CFR) , which reflects the potential capacity of maximum blood supply of coronary circulation, was improved by AA, and dual treatment amplified this beneficial effect (Figure 2l) .
[0121] Example 3 Arachidonic Acid and Aspirin Synergistically Improved the Microcirculation and Inhibited Inflammation in MI / R
[0122] AMI impairs microvascular perfusion in ischemic areas, and revascularization may not necessarily restore microcirculation, which is closely related to adverse clinical prognosis. Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to monitor cardiac microvascular blood perfusion during MI / R. ASA, not AA, prominently promoted microcirculation recovery in the ischemic area upon release of the coronary ligation, and the co-administration of ASA and AA further improved the microcirculation (Figure 3a-3b) . There was no difference in blood perfusion of the non-ischemic area (Figure 3c) . The improved microvascular perfusion by ASA was discernible even with naked eyes (Figure 3d) . Although AA treatment failed to improve initial cardiac reperfusion, it led to better microvascular perfusion at 24hr of MI / R, with further improvement by its combination with ASA (Figure 3e) . MI / R disrupts endothelium integrity and increases vascular hyperpermeability, leading to microvascular obstruction10. Here, cardiac vascular permeability after MI / R was ameliorated by AA or the dual treatment (Figure 3f) . Endothelium staining revealed varied endothelial destruction by MI / R, and the co-treated mice retained more continuous coronary endothelium (Figure 3g-3h) .
[0123] Histochemical staining revealed extensive cardiac inflammation after MI / R, and the inflamed region was substantially reduced by the dual treatment with AA and ASA (Figure 3i-3j) . Flow cytometric analysis of early cardiac infiltration of leukocytes at 30min of reperfusion showed much fewer leukocytes (CD45+) following the dual treatment (Figure 3k-3l) , which was mainly due to reduced infiltration of neutrophils (Figure 3m-3p) .
[0124] Taken together, these data are consistent with the combined rapid onset of ASA and delayed action of AA in improving microcirculation in MI / R. Furthermore, neutrophil inflammation was mitigated with the dual treatment, underscoring an integrated, synergistic protection of both the microcirculation and the inflammatory injury.
[0125] Example 4 Arachidonic Acid Protected Coronary Vasoreactivity in MI / R
[0126] MI / R injury results in vascular dysfunction. We investigated vasoreactivity of the coronary arteries isolated from mice at 24hr of MI / R. Coronary vasocontractility and vasodilatation were substantially impaired by MI / R (Figure 4) . Treatment with AA (not ASA) improved KCl- or U46619-induced vasoconstriction, compared to that for mice given vehicle, and the combination of AA and ASA further improved vasocontractility (Figure 4a-4d) . MI / R markedly impaired relaxations of coronary arteries in response to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) , while the combined administration of AA plus ASA ameliorated this impact (Figure 4e-4f) .
[0127] Example 5 Arachidonic Acid Augmented PGI2 and PGE2 in MI / R and Aspirin Amplified this Effect
[0128] The impact of AA and ASA administration on prostanoids formation was determined by measuring stable metabolites in 24hr-MI / R urine with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS) . AA administration increased biosynthesis of PGI2 and PGE2, while ASA administration did not alter these PGs (Figure 5a-5b) . Impressively, the combination of AA with ASA significantly increased PGI2 and PGE2 levels relative to AA mono-treatment (Figure 5c-5d) . ASA reduced, while AA left unaltered, the urinary metabolite of TxA2 (Figure 5e) . The ASA treatment, with or without AA, remained potently inhibiting platelet aggregation at 24hr post-MI / R (Figure 5f-5g) .
[0129] The relation of biosynthesis of PGI2 and PGE2 with MI / R injury was then assessed. Both PGI2 and PGE2 levels correlated negatively with IS (Figure 5h-5i) and positively with EF (%) (Figure 5j-5k) , underscoring a mechanism of cardioprotection by co-administration of AA and ASA in MI / R.
[0130] To directly address whether the cardioprotective benefits of AA is mediated by endogenous biosynthesis of prostaglandins, mice were intraperitoneally injected with celecoxib (10 mg / kg) , a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor that inhibits synthesis of PGI2 and PGE2, not TxA2. Then, mice were subjected to MI / R surgery and given ASA and AA sequentially after ligation. Similar to the effect of pre-ligation dosing strategy (Figure 2e) , the combined post-ligation dosing of ASA and AA also reduced the myocardial IS in the AAR and enhanced LV function (Figure 5l-5p) . However, when celecoxib was administered prior to the dual treatment, this cardioprotective effect was significantly attenuated.
[0131] Example 6 Oral Co-administration of Arachidonic Acid and Aspirin Minimized Bleeding Risk While Protecting against MI / R Injury
[0132] Aspirin predisposes gastrointestinal bleeding due to suppression of mucosal protective PGs. This side effect constitutes a major concern in clinical management of patients with AMI, a population at high risk of bleeding. We examined the gastric and cardiac effects of aspirin and AA in MI / R injured mice, when orally administered after the LAD ligation (Figure 6a) . Oral aspirin caused substantial gastric bleeding, as evidenced by existence of hemorrhagic dots, while co-administration with AA dose-dependently attenuated the gastric injury, with doses above 50 mg / kg virtually abolished this side effect (Figure 6b-6c) . On the other hand, oral administration of aspirin protected against MI / R injury, and this cardioprotection was further enhanced by AA (Figure 6d-6h) .
[0133] In the present disclosure, administration of a low dose of AA, the precursor of prostanoid synthesis reduced myocardial infarction and improved cardiac function after MI / R injury, and the combination of AA with ASA conferred further cardioprotection compared to either treatment alone. These cardioprotective effects were associated with increased conversion of AA to PGI2 and PGE2, which was further enhanced by additional treatment with ASA. The AA administration in the presence or absence of ASA did not modulate TxA2 formation. This selective augmentation of PGI2 and PGE2, not TxA2, may reflect an integral physiology and pharmacology: 1) ASA has a short half-life (about 15min) and it permanently inhibits platelet COX-1, a major source of TxA2, which may allow more AA available to COX-2, a major source of PGI2 and PGE2 in vivo; 2) COX-2 is upregulated by ischemia episodes and mediated cardioprotection (Figure 5l-p) ; 3) higher substrate affinity / activity of COX-2 relative to COX-1; 4) the maximal circulating concentration of the AA intravenously dosed is below 5 μM, far less (over 100 fold) than the concentration required to activate platelets and, meanwhile, increased PGI2 (and PGE2) might potently inhibit platelet activation and TxA2 formation. Consistent with our observation, a previous study reports that reduced release of endogenous AA in response to ischemia favors a selective metabolism of exogenously administered AA to PGE2. PGI2 and PGE2 restrain MI / R injury. Here, the accumulated PGI2 and PGE2 following AA administration, particularly when co-administered with ASA, may thus confer cardioprotection against MI / R injury, underscoring the synergistic benefits of AA and ASA.
[0134] AA and ASA differentially protected coronary microcirculation in MI / R. MI / R substantially impaired microvascular perfusion following release of coronary ligation (Figure 3a-d) . ASA administration ameliorated such microvascular obstruction (Figure 3b) , coincident with complete blockade of TxA2 (Figure 2d) and reduced platelet activation (Figure 2d) . Platelet activation occurred quickly upon MI / R, as detected at 30min of reperfusion, and ASA suppressed this MI / R-triggered platelet activation and improved microcirculation, suggesting that platelet activation might be the key determinant of coronary microvascular obstruction following MI / R. While the intravenous administration of ASA had an early onset of action in microcirculation protection, AA administration improved coronary flow recovery only at a later stage of MI / R injury (Figure 3e) . This slow onset of microcirculatory protection by AA is consistent with the improved vasodilatation (Figure 4) consequent to increased PGI2 and PGE2 formation, and / or with ameliorated neutrophil inflammation (Figure 3n) . Taken together, the data support an early-onset action of ASA and an accumulative / slow action of AA in microcirculation salvage in MI / R, rendering a complementary / synergistic effect of the dual treatment against microvascular obstruction.
[0135] AA at sub-micromolar concentrations has diverse physiological activities. It regulates cell membrane fluidity, inflammation, blood cell function and vascular elasticity. During the first hours of AMI, neutrophils massively infiltrate from the circulation into the infarct area, where they drive excessive inflammation, exacerbating cardiomyocyte death. Here, combination of AA and ASA markedly suppressed activation and infiltration of neutrophils in MI / R. We and others report that PGE2 / EP4, PGI2, and cAMP signaling inhibit neutrophil activation and constrain MI / R injury. PGI2 also attenuates oxidative damage of myocytes by opening mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channels. While other effects of AA and ASA may contribute to the cardioprotection, its attenuation by COX-2 inhibition further supports that selective augmentation of PGI2 and PGE2 is a key mechanism for the synergistic cardioprotection by AA and ASA (Figure 5) .
[0136] ASA carries a risk of upper gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding, mainly due to inhibition of platelets (all antiplatelet drugs increase bleeding risk) and suppression of cytoprotective PGE2 and PGI2. This becomes a particular concern in patients with AMI undergoing reperfusion therapy, because ASA and another anti-platelet drug (P2Y12 antagonist) are both used as the standard treatment, further increasing gastrointestinal bleeding hazards. In this regard, oral delivery of AA with ASA after myocardial ischemia (Figure 6) represents a new strategy to improve cardioprotection and gastrointestinal safety in these patients who are at increased risks of both thrombosis and bleeding.
[0137] In summary, supplementing AA synergizes with ASA, protecting against MI / R injury. Mechanistically, this is attributable to augmentation of PGI2 and PGE2 biosynthesis, underscoring improved coronary microcirculation and suppressed inflammation. With the importance of multi-targeting strategy for cardioprotection being increasingly appreciated, AA, an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid for human body, might be a promising treatment adjunct to the standard ASA therapy for patients with AMI designated to reperfusion therapy: reducing both infarct size and microvascular obstruction, with additional gastrointestinal protection.
[0138] Example 7 Antiplatelet drugs induce gastric bleeding in mice
[0139] 8-week-old male mice were fasted overnight and then randomly divided into 8 groups. Mice were administered 12.5 mg / kg clopidogrel (C-12.5) , 100 mg / kg clopidogrel (C-100) , 15 mg / kg ticagrelor (Tig-15) , 30 mg / kg ticagrelor (Tig-30) , 10 mg / kg aspirin (ASA-10) , 40 mg / kg aspirin (ASA-40) , 15 mg / kg ticagrelor plus 40 mg / kg aspirin (Tig-15+ASA-40) , or 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (wt / vol ) as vehicle control (Vehicle) by oral gavage. Clopidogrel and aspirin were dosed once; ticagrelor was administered twice at 12-hour intervals. After 24 hours, mice were euthanized, and gastric tissues were collected to observe hemorrhage. Results demonstrated that clopidogrel, ticagrelor, and aspirin all induced gastric hemorrhage in mice. Ticagrelor at clinically relevant doses induced more severe bleeding than clopidogrel, and dual antiplatelet therapy (ticagrelor and aspirin) led to the most severe gastric hemorrhage. The results are shown in Figure 8.
[0140] Example 8 Arachidonic acid (AA) effectively attenuates gastric hemorrhage induced by ticagrelor-aspirin co-administration
[0141] 8-week-old male and female mice were fasted overnight and then randomly divided into 6 groups. Mice were administered: 40 mg / kg aspirin plus 30 mg / kg ticagrelor (ASA+TIG) , 40 mg / kg aspirin plus 30 mg / kg ticagrelor plus 200 mg / kg AA (ASA+TIG+AA) , or 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (wt / vol) as vehicle control (Vehicle) by oral gavage. Aspirin and AA were dosed once; ticagrelor was administered twice (12-hour interval) . After 24 hours, mice were euthanized, and gastric tissues were collected to observe hemorrhage. The results demonstrated that combination therapy with ticagrelor and aspirin induced gastric bleeding in both male and female mice, whereas AA significantly mitigated the gastric hemorrhage caused by the ticagrelor - aspirin combination. The results are shown in Figure 9.
[0142] Example 9: Arachidonic acid (AA) mitigates gastric hemorrhage caused by ticagrelor and / or aspirin
[0143] 8-week-old male mice were fasted overnight and then randomly divided into 8 groups. Mice were administered: 200 mg / kg AA, 40 mg / kg aspirin (ASA) , 30 mg / kg ticagrelor (TIG) , 15 mg / kg ticagrelor plus 40 mg / kg aspirin (ASA+TIG) , 200 mg / kg AA plus 40 mg / kg aspirin (ASA+AA) , 200 mg / kg AA plus 30 mg / kg ticagrelor (TIG+AA) , 15 mg / kg ticagrelor plus 40 mg / kg aspirin plus 200 mg / kg AA (ASA+TIG+AA) , or 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (wt / vol) as vehicle control (Vehicle) by oral gavage. AA and aspirin were dosed once; ticagrelor was administered twice (12-hour interval) . On day 7, gastric tissues were collected to observe hemorrhage. AA markedly lowered gastric hemorrhage induced by ticagrelor, aspirin, or their combination. The results are shown in Figure 10.
[0144] Example 10: Arachidonic acid (AA) effectively attenuates non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) -induced gastric hemorrhage
[0145] 8-week-old male mice were fasted overnight and then randomly divided into three groups. Mice were administered: 100 mg / kg diclofenac (DCF) , 100 mg / kg diclofenac plus 200 mg / kg AA (DCF+AA) , or 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (wt / vol) as vehicle control (Vehicle) via oral gavage once daily. After three days, gastric tissues were collected to observe hemorrhage. Results showed that AA could effectively reduce gastric hemorrhage induced by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (diclofenac) . The results are shown in Figure 11.
Claims
1.A composition comprising arachidonic acid (AA) , an antiplatelet drug and / or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.2.The composition according to claim 1, wherein the arachidonic acid includes a precursor and / or a derivative of arachidonic acid,for example, the precursor of arachidonic acid is a compound which is able to be converted to arachidonic acid, andthe derivative of arachidonic acid is a compound which has a similar structure as arachidonic acid and has equivalent functions as arachidonic acid.3.The composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the acetylsalicylic acid includes a precursor and a derivative of acetylsalicylic acid.4.The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, which is an oral preparation or an injection.5.An acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) preparation comprising acetylsalicylic acid and a pharmaceutical excipient, wherein the excipient is arachidonic acid (AA) ,preferably, the acetylsalicylic acid preparation further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.6.The acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to claim 5, wherein the arachidonic acid includes a precursor and derivative of arachidonic acid.7.The acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to claim 5, wherein the acetylsalicylic acid includes a precursor and derivative of acetylsalicylic acid.8.The acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of claims 5 to 7, which is an oral preparation or an injection.9.A method of treating and / or preventing myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of claims 5 to 8;for example, the myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury is an injury in a treatment of myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome;for example, the treatment is stent implantation, coronary artery bypass surgery, intravenous thrombolysis or cardiac surgery extracorporeal circulation.10.A method of improving microcirculation in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of claims 5 to 8.11.A method of inhibited inflammation in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of claims 5 to 8.12.A method of protected coronary vasoreactivity in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of claims 5 to 8.13.A method of increasing PGI2 and PGE2 production in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of claims 5 to 8.14.A method of treating and / or preventing a heart attack and / or stroke, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of claims 5 to 8.15.The method according to any one of claims 9 to 14, wherein the subject is a subject who has suffered from a heart attack and / or stroke, a subject who is suffering a heart attack and / or stroke, or a subject at risk of a heart attack and / or stroke.16.A method of treating and / or preventing stomach and / or intestinal damage caused by acetylsalicylic acid in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of claims 5 to 8.17.The method according to claim 16, wherein the subject is a subject with myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury.18.The method according to any one of claims 16 to 17, wherein the subject is a subject who has suffered from a heart attack and / or stroke, a subject who is suffering a heart attack and / or stroke , or a subject at risk of a heart attack and / or stroke.19.The method according to any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the intestinal damage is intestinal bleeding.20.The method according to any one of claims 9 to 19, wherein the composition or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation is administered orally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally or intravenously.21.A method of treating and / or preventing myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of arachidonic acid (AA) .22.A method of improving microcirculation in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of arachidonic acid (AA) .23.A method of inhibited inflammation in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of arachidonic acid (AA) .24.A method of protected coronary vasoreactivity in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of arachidonic acid (AA) .25.A method of increasing PGI2 and PGE2 production in myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of arachidonic acid (AA) .26.A method of treating and / or preventing a heart attack and / or stroke, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of arachidonic acid (AA) .27.The method according to any one of claims 21 to 26, wherein the subject is a subject who has suffered from a heart attack and / or stroke, a subject who is suffering a heart attack and / or stroke, or a subject at risk of a heart attack and / or stroke.28.A method of treating and / or preventing stomach and / or intestinal damage caused by acetylsalicylic acid in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of arachidonic acid (AA) ;for example, the subject is a subject with thrombosis, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, auto-immune diseases (such as antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus) , fever, pain, inflammatory conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis, pericarditi, Kawasaki disease.29.The method according to claim 28, wherein the subject is a subject with myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury.30.The method according to any one of claims 21 to 29, wherein the subject is a subject who has suffered from a heart attack and / or stroke, a subject who is suffering a heart attack and / or stroke, or a subject at risk of a heart attack and / or stroke.31.The method according to any one of claims 28 to 30, wherein the intestinal damage is intestinal bleeding.32.The method according to any one of claims 21 to 31, wherein the composition or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation is administered orally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally or intravenously.33.The method according to any one of claims 9 to 32, wherein the arachidonic acid includes a precursor and derivative of arachidonic acid,for example, the precursor of arachidonic acid is a compound which is able to be converted to arachidonic acid in vitro and / or in vivo, andthe derivative of arachidonic acid is a compound which has a similar structure as arachidonic acid and has equivalent functions as arachidonic acid.34.Use of the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of claims 5 to 8 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating and / or preventing myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury, heart attack and / or stroke, heart failure, atherosclerosis.35.Use of the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of claims 5 to 8 in the manufacture of a medicament for improving microcirculation, inhibited inflammation, protected coronary vasoreactivity and / or increasing PGI2 and PGE2 production.36.Use of arachidonic acid in the manufacture of a medicament for treating and / or preventing myocardial ischemia / reperfusion (MI / R) injury, heart attack and / or stroke, heart failure, atherosclerosis.37.Use of arachidonic acid in the manufacture of a medicament for improving microcirculation, inhibited inflammation, protected coronary vasoreactivity and / or increasing PGI2 and PGE2 production.38.A method of treating and / or preventing heart failure in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of claims 5 to 8.39.A method of treating and / or preventing atherosclerosis in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of claims 5 to 8.40.A method of treating and / or preventing a vascular disease or a condition of vascular disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or the acetylsalicylic acid preparation according to any one of claims 5 to 8;for example, the vascular disease is atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, coronary heart disease, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, stroke, thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, chronic coronary syndrome, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, diabetic cardiomyopathy, heart failure;for example, the condition of the vascular disease is Ischemia reperfusion injury, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, endothelium dysfunction, microvascular dysfunction, vascular inflammation.41.A composition comprising arachidonic acid (AA) , an antiplatelet drug and / or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) , for example, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) .42.A method of treating and / or preventing gastric and / or gastrointestinal hemorrhage, comprising administering the composition of claim 41 to a subject in need thereof.43.An antiplatelet preparation comprising an antiplatelet drug and arachidonic acid (AA) , preferably, the antiplatelet preparation further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.44.An non-steroidal anti-inflammatory preparation comprising a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and arachidonic acid (AA) , preferably, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory preparation further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
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