Antibacterial compounds and methods of use thereof
Compounds targeting the RNAP-NusG interaction inhibit bacterial transcription, providing effective antibacterial activity against resistant strains while sparing human cells, addressing the specificity challenge in current antibacterial agents.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/095726
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-05-31
- Filing Date
- 2025-05-19
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-04
AI Technical Summary
Current antibacterial agents lack specificity in targeting bacterial transcription processes without affecting human cells, limiting their effectiveness and potential for drug resistance.
Development of compounds that target the RNAP-NusG protein-protein interaction (PPI) to inhibit bacterial transcription, utilizing a series of inhibitors designed to selectively interfere with bacterial transcription without affecting human cells.
The compounds demonstrate strong antimicrobial activity against various bacterial strains, including antibiotic-resistant strains, with minimal impact on human cells, highlighting their potential as effective antibacterial agents.
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Abstract
Description
ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOFCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 654,205, filed on May 31, 2024, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to compounds useful as antibacterial agents, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, and methods of use thereof.BACKGROUND
[0003] Bacterial transcription is a key biological process in prokaryotic organisms, encompassing the initiation, elongation, and termination stages. It involves the synthesis of an RNA molecule complementary to the DNA strand of the bacterial genome, orchestrated by the primary enzyme RNA polymerase (RNAP) . The RNA product serves as a template for ensuing protein synthesis, shaping the cellular physiology and metabolic activities of the bacteria.
[0004] Bacterial transcription is an essential biological process in prokaryotic organisms, encompassing the initiation, elongation, and termination stages. It involves the synthesis of an RNA molecule complementary to the DNA template strand of the bacterial genome, orchestrated by the primary enzyme RNA polymerase (RNAP) . The RNA product further serves as a template for ensuing protein synthesis, shaping the cellular physiology and metabolic activities of the bacteria.
[0005] A group of small proteins called transcription factors are essential for regulating the transcription steps, such as σ, NusB, NusE, and NusG. NusG is one of the essential bacterial transcription factors, forming a critical and ubiquitous component of bacterial transcription machinery, with determinable roles in both transcription elongation and termination processes. Several studies have revealed that NusG augments the overall efficiency and regulation of transcription by bridging communications between the elongating RNAP and downstream elements or factors. In terms of transcription termination, NusG has been shown to facilitate the function of Rho, a termination factor that disrupts the transcription complex. NusG interacts with Rho to accelerate its function, enhancing the Rho-dependent termination. Additionally, NusG is found to be involved in the orchestration of transcription-translation coupling, thereby safeguarding the integrity of the mRNA molecule.
[0006] The structure of NusG highlights a two-domain architecture, with an N-terminal domain (NTD) and a C-terminal Kyrpides-Ouzounis-Woese (KOW) domain. Intricate structural analyses elucidated that the NTD of NusG adopts a beta-barrel fold, while the C-terminal KOW domain is represented by a three-stranded beta-sheet flanked by two alpha-helices on one side. Indeed, NusG interacts directly with the RNAP primarily via the N-terminal domain. Structural studies have revealed that the association between NusG and RNAP occurs predominantly at the β’ subunit of the RNAP, specifically on the region known as the clamp-helix (CH) (Fig. 1A left) . This conformational structure facilitates the NusG-RNAP protein-protein interaction (PPI) and brings about a movement in the “clamp” region to establish a stable elongation complex, thus aiding in securing the transcription bubble and effectively enhancing the transcriptive engagement of RNAP with the DNA template.
[0007] In addition, the homologous protein of NusG, known as Spt5 in archaea and eukaryotes, is the only conserved transcription factor found among all three domains of life. Unlike bacteria, where NusG acts as a monomeric transcription factor, in archaea and eukaryotes, Spt5 forms a heterodimeric complex with Spt4 via the NTD. This complex couples RNA processing and chromatin modification to transcription elongation. In humans, the Spt4-Spt5 complex is called DSIF (DRB-sensitivity-inducing factor) , and it regulates the processivity of RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) and activates transcription. Despite the shared roles, sequences and structures of NusG homologs across all domains of life, NusG theoretically represents a viable target for inhibiting bacterial growth without affecting human cells. This is because the binding site and amino acid sequence we have selected for drug design are only conserved in bacteria exclusively, making it practically a selective target for antibacterial drug discovery.
[0008] In summary, bacterial transcription is a pivotal biological process, fundamental to gene expression in prokaryotic organisms, while NusG serves as an indispensable modulator, furnishing the means to enhance efficiency during transcription while also facilitating sequence-specific termination of the process. Considering the important role of NusG in bacterial transcription, we designed and synthesized a series of inhibitors targeting RNAP-NusG PPI in this study and validated their target specificity and antimicrobial activity.SUMMARY
[0009] In a first aspect, provided herein is a compound of Formula 1: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, wherein: m is a whole number selected from 1-4; n is a whole number selected from 1-4; X1 is -O-, -S-, -OCH2-, -SCH2-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -; X2 is -O-, -S-, -OCH2-, -SCH2-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -; Ar1 is selected from the group consisting of: Ar2 is selected from the group consisting of: R for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl; R1 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -SR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -N (R5) C (O) OR5, -OC (O) N (R5) -, -OC (O) OR5, -N (R5) C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, and -N (R5) S (O) 2R5; R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -SR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -N (R5) C (O) OR5, -OC (O) N (R5) -, -OC (O) OR5, -N (R5) C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, and -N (R5) S (O) 2R5; R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, or -S (O) 2N (R5) 2; R4 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, or -P (O) (OR5) 2; and R5 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R5 together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl.
[0010] In certain embodiments, m is a whole number selected from 1-2; and n is a whole number selected from 1-2.
[0011] In certain embodiments, X1 is -O-, -S-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -.
[0012] In certain embodiments, Ar1 is selected from the group consisting of: Ar2 is:
[0013] In certain embodiments, at least one R1 is CF3; and at least one R2 is CF3.
[0014] In certain embodiments, the compound has Formula 2: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: m is a whole number selected from 1-4; n is a whole number selected from 1-4; X1 is -O-, -S-, -OCH2-, -SCH2-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -; X2 is -O-, -S-, -OCH2-, -SCH2-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -; Ar1 is selected from the group consisting of: Ar2 is selected from the group consisting of: R for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl; R1 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -SR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -N (R5) C (O) OR5, -OC (O) N (R5) -, -OC (O) OR5, -N (R5) C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, and -N (R5) S (O) 2R5; R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -SR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -N (R5) C (O) OR5, -OC (O) N (R5) -, -OC (O) OR5, -N (R5) C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, and -N (R5) S (O) 2R5; R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, or -S (O) 2N (R5) 2; R4 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, or -P (O) (OR5) 2; and R5 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R5 together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl.
[0015] In certain embodiments, Ar1 is selected from the group consisting of: Ar2 is:
[0016] In certain embodiments, at least one R1 is CF3; and at least one R2 is CF3.
[0017] In certain embodiments, R3 is hydrogen and R4 is hydrogen.
[0018] In certain embodiments, the compound has Formula 3: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: m is a whole number selected from 1-2; n is a whole number selected from 1-2; A is C, C-H, or N; X1 is -O-, -S-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -; X2 is -O-, -S-, - (NR5) -, -OCH2-, or -SCH2-; R for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl; R1 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -SR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -N (R5) C (O) OR5, -OC (O) N (R5) -, -OC (O) OR5, -N (R5) C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, and -N (R5) S (O) 2R5; R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -SR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -N (R5) C (O) OR5, -OC (O) N (R5) -, -OC (O) OR5, -N (R5) C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, and -N (R5) S (O) 2R5; R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, or -S (O) 2N (R5) 2; R4 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, or -P (O) (OR5) 2; and R5 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R5 together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl.
[0019] In certain embodiments, R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or aralkyl.
[0020] In certain embodiments, R3 is hydrogen.
[0021] In certain embodiments, R4 is hydrogen.
[0022] In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein m is a whole number selected from 1-2; and n is a whole number selected from 1-2.
[0023] In certain embodiments, m is 1 and n is 1.
[0024] In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0025] In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0026] In a second aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described herein and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0027] In a third aspect, provided herein is a method of treating a bacterial infection in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein to the subject.
[0028] In certain embodiments, the bacterial infection results from a Gram-positive bacterium.
[0029] In certain embodiments, the bacterial infection results from a Gram-negative bacterium.
[0030] In certain embodiments, the bacterial infection results from a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. pyogenes, and S. agalactiae.
[0031] In certain embodiments, the bacterial infection results from a bacterium selected from the group consisting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, aminoglycoside-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, macrolide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and fluoroquinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0032] The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated and understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0033] Figure 1 depicts structural and sequence analysis of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase core enzyme and NusG. (A) Crystal structure of E. coli RNA polymerase core enzyme (subunits ααββ’) bound to NusG (PDB 5TBZ) . Left: the overall structure of a bacterial transcription complex, highlighting the key components of the core enzyme (Blue: RNAP β’ subunit; Reddish orange: NusG) . Right: the key hydrogen bond interactions between NusG and the β’CH region.
[0034] Figure 2 Left: AW00783 structure; middle, AW00783 docking to the pharmacophore model (Green spheres: hydrogen bond donor; Gray spheres: exclusive areas) ; Right: AW00783 docking to β’CH (Surface view) .
[0035] Figure 3 depicts Scheme 1. Synthetic Route to Compounds 1-39a. aReagents and conditions: (a) N, N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) , EtOH, reflux, 8h.
[0036] Figure 4 depicts Scheme 2. Synthetic Route to Substrates A1-A18a. aReagents and conditions: (a) for A1-A9: ethylenediamine monohydrate, K2CO3, THF, reflux, overnight; for A10-A15: ethylenediamine monohydrate, CuCl, Cs2CO3, DMSO, 120 ℃, 8 h; for A16: ethylenediamine monohydrate, triethylamine (Et3N) , DCM, rt, overnight; for A17-A18: 2- (Boc-amino) ethyl bromide, K2CO3, DMF, 65 ℃, 8 h; (b) CF3COOH, DCM, reflux, 8 h.
[0037] Figure 5 depicts Scheme 3. Synthetic Route to Substrates B1-B17a. aReagents and conditions: (a) for B1-B10: epichlorohydrin, KI, Cs2CO3, DMF, 80 ℃, overnight; for B11: (i) epichlorohydrin, Zn (SO3CF3) 2, CHCl3, 60 ℃, 12 h; (ii) KI, MeCN, 80 ℃, 6 h; for B12: epichlorohydrin, K2CO3, MeCN, 85 ℃, 8 h; for B13-B16: epichlorohydrin, TBAB, 1M NaOH aqueous solution, rt, 18 h; for B17: epichlorohydrin, KOH, water : dioxane = 1: 1, rt, 8 h.
[0038] Figure 6 depicts Table 1: Antimicrobial activity of the Lead Compound and Compounds 1-24 (MIC μg / mL) .
[0039] Figure 7 depicts Table 2: Antimicrobial activity of the Compounds 25-29 (MIC μg / mL) .
[0040] Figure 8 depicts Table 3: Antimicrobial activity of the Compounds 30-34 (MIC μg / mL) .
[0041] Figure 9 depicts Table 4: Antimicrobial activity of the Compounds 35-39 (MIC μg / mL) .
[0042] Figure 10 depicts Table 5: Antimicrobial activity evaluation of derivatives against representative pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. SEPI: S. epidermidis 12228, SSAP: S. saprophyticus 15305, SPYO: S. pyogenes (group A Streptococcus) 19615, SAGA: S. agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) 12386. Van: Vancomycin, Cip: Ciprofloxacin, Oxa: Oxacillin, Gen: Gentamicin.
[0043] Figure 11 depicts Table 6: Antimicrobial activity evaluation of derivatives against an array of S. pneumoniae strains, including clinical isolates. SPNEa: S. pneumoniae 49619, SPNEb: S. pneumoniae strain TCH8431 (HM-145) , SPNEc: S. pneumoniae strain NP112 (NR-19213) . Van: Vancomycin, Cip: Ciprofloxacin, Oxa: Oxacillin, Gen: Gentamicin.
[0044] Figure 12 depicts a heatmap of MIC (μg / mL) of compounds and marketed antibiotics against a panel of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus. Our compounds exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against an array of MRSA and VRSA strains, with MIC values comparable to the type strains. Van: vancomycin; Oxa: oxacillin; Cip: ciprofloxacin; Gen: gentamicin.
[0045] Figure 13 depicts a table showing the MIC and MBC values of compound 38 and control drugs against S. aureus strains.
[0046] Figure 14 depicts the effect of compound 38 on the time-kill kinetics of (A) S. aureus 25923 and (B) CA-MRSA strain USA300 at 1 / 4×, 1×, 4× and 16× MIC in CA-MHB media. Experiments were performed in triplicates. 25923: S. aureus 25923; USA300: CA-MRSA strain USA300.
[0047] Figure 15 depicts inhibitory curves of compound 38 measured by protein complement assay. The IC50 was calculated to be 166.9 ± 47.24 μM.
[0048] Figure 16 depicts fluorescence microscopy images of B. subtilis cells expressing transcription-related proteins of (A) NusG-GFP and (B) RpoC-GFP in the presence of rifampicin, chloramphenicol, and compound 38. GFP fluorescence (green) , nucleoids stained with DAPI (red) , and overlays of GFP and DAPI signals are shown. Scale bar: 4 μm.
[0049] Figure 17 depicts fluorescence microscopy images of B. subtilis cells expressing proteins of (A) AtpA-GFP and (B) RpsB-GFP in the presence of rifampicin, chloramphenicol, colistin and compound 38. GFP fluorescence (green) , nucleoids stained with DAPI (red) , and overlays of GFP and DAPI signals are shown. Scale bar: 4 μm.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0050] Definitions
[0051] The following terms shall be used to describe the present invention. In the absence of a specific definition set forth herein, the terms used to describe the present invention shall be given their common meaning as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.
[0052] Throughout the present disclosure, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. It is also noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and / or paragraphs, terms such as “comprises” , “comprised” , “comprising” and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes” , “included” , “including” , and the like; and that terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the present invention.
[0053] Furthermore, throughout the present disclosure and claims, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “include” or variations such as “includes” or “including” , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers, but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.
[0054] The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term "about" is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term "about" refers to a ±10%, ±7%, ±5%, ±3%, ±1%, or ±0%variation from the nominal value unless otherwise indicated or inferred.
[0055] As used herein, the terms “treat” , "treating" , "treatment" , and the like refer to reducing or ameliorating a disorder / disease and / or symptoms associated therewith. It will be appreciated, although not precluded, treating a disorder or condition does not require that the disorder, condition, or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated. In certain embodiments, treatment includes prevention of a disorder or condition, and / or symptoms associated therewith. The term “prevention” or “prevent” as used herein refers to any action that inhibits or at least delays the development of a disorder, condition, or symptoms associated therewith. Prevention can include primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels, wherein: a) primary prevention avoids the development of a disease; b) secondary prevention activities are aimed at early disease treatment, thereby increasing opportunities for interventions to prevent progression of the disease and emergence of symptoms; and c) tertiary prevention reduces the negative impact of an already established disease by restoring function and reducing disease-related complications.
[0056] The term "subject" as used herein, refers to an animal, typically a mammal or a human, that will be or has been the object of treatment, observation, and / or experiment. When the term is used in conjunction with administration of a compound described herein, then the subject has been the object of treatment, observation, and / or administration of the compound described herein.
[0057] The term "therapeutically effective amount" as used herein, means that amount of the compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits a biological and / or medicinal response in a cell culture, tissue system, subject, animal, or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, clinician, or physician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease, condition, or disorder being treated.
[0058] The term "composition" is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product that results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
[0059] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" refers to a medium that is used to prepare a desired dosage form of a compound. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can include one or more solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicles; dispersion or suspension aids; surface active agents; isotonic agents; thickening or emulsifying agents; preservatives; solid binders; lubricants; and the like. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fifteenth Edition, E.W. Martin (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1975) and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Third Edition, A.H. Kibbe ed. (American Pharmaceutical Assoc. 2000) , disclose various carriers used in formulating pharmaceutical compositions and known techniques for the preparation thereof.
[0060] As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term “halo” or “halide” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
[0061] As used herein, "alkyl" refers to a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl-, ethyl-, propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl) , butyl (e.g., n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl) , pentyl groups (e.g., 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, iso-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 1, 2-dimethylpropyl, neopentyl, and 1-ethylpropyl) , hexyl groups, and the like. In various embodiments, an alkyl group can have 1 to 40 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-40 alkyl group) , for example, 1-30 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-30 alkyl group) . In certain embodiments, an alkyl group can have 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and can be referred to as a "lower alkyl group. " Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl) , and butyl groups (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl) . In certain embodiments, alkyl groups can be optionally substituted as described herein. An alkyl group is generally not substituted with another alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or an alkynyl group.
[0062] As used herein, "alkenyl" refers to a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples of alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, hexadienyl groups, and the like. The one or more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butene) or terminal (such as in 1-butene) . In various embodiments, an alkenyl group can have 2 to 40 carbon atoms (i.e., C2-40 alkenyl group) , for example, 2 to 20 carbon atoms (i.e., C2-20 alkenyl group) . In certain embodiments, alkenyl groups can be substituted as described herein. An alkenyl group is generally not substituted with another alkenyl group, an alkyl group, or an alkynyl group.
[0063] As used herein, "cycloalkyl" by itself or as part of another substituent means, unless otherwise stated, a monocyclic hydrocarbon having between 3-12 carbon atoms in the ring system and includes hydrogen, straight chain, branched chain, and / or cyclic substituents. Exemplary cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and the like.
[0064] As used herein, "heteroatom" refers to an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen and includes, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, and selenium.
[0065] The term "heterocycloalkyl” as used herein includes reference to a saturated heterocyclic moiety having 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 ring carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. The group may be a polycyclic ring system but more often is monocyclic. This term includes reference to groups such as azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, oxiranyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, indolizidinyl, piperazinyl, thiazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, quinolizidinyl and the like.
[0066] As used herein, "aryl" refers to an aromatic monocyclic hydrocarbon ring system or a polycyclic ring system in which two or more aromatic hydrocarbon rings are fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) together or at least one aromatic monocyclic hydrocarbon ring is fused to one or more cycloalkyl and / or heterocycloalkyl rings. An aryl group can have 6 to 24 carbon atoms in its ring system (e.g., C6-24 aryl group) , which can include multiple fused rings. In certain embodiments, a polycyclic aryl group can have 8 to 24 carbon atoms. Any suitable ring position of the aryl group can be covalently linked to the defined chemical structure. Examples of aryl groups having only aromatic carbocyclic ring (s) include phenyl, 1-naphthyl (bicyclic) , 2-naphthyl (bicyclic) , anthracenyl (tricyclic) , phenanthrenyl (tricyclic) , pentacenyl (pentacyclic) , and like groups. Examples of polycyclic ring systems in which at least one aromatic carbocyclic ring is fused to one or more cycloalkyl and / or cycloheteroalkyl rings include, among others, benzo derivatives of cyclopentane (i.e., an indanyl group, which is a 5, 6-bicyclic cycloalkyl / aromatic ring system) , cyclohexane (i.e., a tetrahydronaphthyl group, which is a 6, 6-bicyclic cycloalkyl / aromatic ring system) , imidazoline (i.e., a benzimidazolinyl group, which is a 5, 6-bicyclic cycloheteroalkyl / aromatic ring system) , and pyran (i.e., a chromenyl group, which is a 6, 6-bicyclic cycloheteroalkyl / aromatic ring system) . Other examples of aryl groups include benzodioxanyl, benzodioxolyl, chromanyl, indolinyl groups, and the like. In certain embodiments, aryl groups can be optionally substituted.
[0067] The term "aralkyl" refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group.
[0068] As used herein, "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic monocyclic ring system containing at least one ring heteroatom selected from oxygen (O) , nitrogen (N) , sulfur (S) , silicon (Si) , and selenium (Se) or a polycyclic ring system where at least one of the rings present in the ring system is aromatic and contains at least one ring heteroatom. Polycyclic heteroaryl groups include those having two or more heteroaryl rings fused together, as well as those having at least one monocyclic heteroaryl ring fused to one or more aromatic carbocyclic rings, non-aromatic carbocyclic rings, and / or non-aromatic cycloheteroalkyl rings. A heteroaryl group, as a whole, can have, for example, 5 to 24 ring atoms and contain 1-5 ring heteroatoms (i.e., 5-20 membered heteroaryl group) . The heteroaryl group can be attached to the defined chemical structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure. Generally, heteroaryl rings do not contain O-O, S-S, or S-O bonds. However, one or more N or S atoms in a heteroaryl group can be oxidized (e.g., pyridine N-oxide thiophene S-oxide, thiophene S, S-dioxide) . Examples of heteroaryl groups include, for example, the 5-or 6-membered monocyclic and 5-6 bicyclic ring systems shown below: where T is O, S, NH, N-alkyl, N-aryl, N- (arylalkyl) (e.g., N-benzyl) , SiH2, SiH (alkyl) , Si (alkyl) 2, SiH (arylalkyl) , Si (arylalkyl) 2, or Si (alkyl) (arylalkyl) . Examples of such heteroaryl rings include pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, quinolyl, 2-methylquinolyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalyl, quinazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, cinnolinyl, lH-indazolyl, 2H-indazolyl, indolizinyl, isobenzofuyl, naphthyridinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, pyridopyrimidinyl, pyridopyrazinyl, pyridopyridazinyl, thienothiazolyl, thienoxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl groups, and the like. Further examples of heteroaryl groups include 4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydroindolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, benzothienopyridinyl, benzofuropyridinyl groups, and the like. In certain embodiments, heteroaryl groups can be substituted as described herein. In certain embodiments, heteroaryl groups can be optionally substituted.
[0069] The term "optionally substituted" refers to a chemical group, such as alkyl, cycloalkyl aryl, and the like, wherein one or more hydrogen may be replaced with a substituent as described herein, for example, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, -CF3, -CN, or the like
[0070] The term "nitro" is art-recognized and refers to -NO2; the term "halogen" is art-recognized and refers to -F, -Cl, -Br or -I; the term "sulfhydryl" is art-recognized and refers to -SH; the term "hydroxyl" means -OH; and the term "sulfonyl" and “sulfone” is art-recognized and refers to -SO2-. "Halide" designates the corresponding anion of the halogens.
[0071] The symbol in a chemical structure represents a position from where the specified chemical structure is bonded to another chemical structure.
[0072] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of subjects without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al. describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66: 1-19. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds provided herein include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, besylate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. In certain embodiments, organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like.
[0073] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N+ (C1-4alkyl) 4 salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions, such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate. Organic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, and ethanolamine. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt is chosen from ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts.
[0074] The present disclosure provides a compound of Formula 1: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: m is a whole number selected from 1-4; n is a whole number selected from 1-4; X1 is -O-, -S-, -OCH2-, -SCH2-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -; X2 is -O-, -S-, -OCH2-, -SCH2-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -; Ar1 is selected from the group consisting of: Ar2 is selected from the group consisting of: R for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl; R1 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -SR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -N (R5) C (O) OR5, -OC (O) N (R5) -, -OC (O) OR5, -N (R5) C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, and -N (R5) S (O) 2R5; R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -SR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -N (R5) C (O) OR5, -OC (O) N (R5) -, -OC (O) OR5, -N (R5) C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, and -N (R5) S (O) 2R5; R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, or -S (O) 2N (R5) 2; R4 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, or -P (O) (OR5) 2; and R5 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R5 together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl.
[0075] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula 1 does not include:
[0076] The compounds described herein can encompass different positional isomers indicated by a bond that is not attached to the vertex of a chemical structure, such as illustrated using the model structure below:
[0077] In this model structure, the group R can be connected to any atom on the ring structure, valency permitting, i.e., carbons 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 in the structure above.
[0078] In certain embodiments, m is a whole number selected from 1-4, 1-3, 2-3, 3-4, and 1-2. In certain embodiments, m is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
[0079] In certain embodiments, n is a whole number selected from 1-4, 1-3, 2-3, 3-4, and 1-2. In certain embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
[0080] In certain embodiments, X1 is -O-, -S-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -. In certain embodiments, X1 is - (NR5) -, wherein R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or aralkyl. In certain embodiments, X1 is - (NH) -.
[0081] In certain embodiments, X2 is -O-, -S-, - (NR5) -, -OCH2-, or -SCH2-. In certain embodiments, X2 is -O-, -S-, - (NR5) -, -OCH2-, or -SCH2-, wherein R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or aralkyl. In certain embodiments, X2 is -O-, -S-, - (NH) -, -OCH2-, or -SCH2-.
[0082] In certain embodiments, Ar1 is:
[0083] In certain embodiments, Ar1 is:
[0084] In certain embodiments, Ar1 is:
[0085] In certain embodiments, Ar1 is:
[0086] In certain embodiments, Ar1 is:
[0087] In certain embodiments, Ar2 is:
[0088] In certain embodiments, Ar2 is:
[0089] In certain embodiments, Ar2 is:
[0090] R for each instance can be independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; or two instances of R together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl. In certain embodiments, R for each instance is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R for each instance is independently hydrogen or alkyl. In certain embodiments, R is hydrogen.
[0091] R1 for each instance can independently be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, and -C (O) N (R5) 2. In certain embodiments, R1 for each instance is independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, and -C (O) N (R5) 2. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R1 is -CF3.
[0092] R2 for each instance can independently be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, and -C (O) N (R5) 2. In certain embodiments, R2 for each instance is independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, and -C (O) N (R5) 2. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R2 is -CF3.
[0093] R3 can be hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, or -S (O) 2N (R5) 2. In certain embodiments, R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl. In certain embodiments, R3 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C3 alkyl, or C1-C2 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R3 is hydrogen.
[0094] R4 can be hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, or -P (O) (OR5) 2. In certain embodiments, R4 is hydrogen, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, or -P (O) (OR5) 2. In certain embodiments, R4 is hydrogen or -P (O) (OH) 2. In certain embodiments, R4 is hydrogen.
[0095] R5 for each instance can independently be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R5 together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6, 4-6, or 5-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl. In certain embodiments, R5 for each instance is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or aralkyl.
[0096] In certain embodiments, the compound has Formula 2: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar1, Ar2, X1, X2, R3, and R4 are each independently as defined in any embodiment described herein.
[0097] In certain embodiments the compound has Formula 3: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: A is C, C-H, or N and m, n, X1, X2, R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently as defined in any embodiment described herein. In instances in which A in the compound of Formula 3 is C, when C is bonded, to R1 or CF3, it will exist as C-R1 or C-CF3, whereas when C is not bonded to either R1 or CF3, it will exist as C-H.
[0098] In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein m is a whole number selected from 1-2; n is a whole number selected from 1-2 and R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently as defined in any embodiment described herein. In certain embodiments, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen.
[0099] In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein m is a whole number selected from 1-2; n is a whole number selected from 1-2 and R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently as defined in any embodiment described herein. In certain embodiments, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen.
[0100] In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0101] In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0102] The present disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described herein and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and / or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0103] The compounds described herein and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be administered to a subject either alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents in a pharmaceutical composition according to standard pharmaceutical practice. The compound can be administered parenterally. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and topical.
[0104] Accordingly, the present disclosure provides pharmaceutically acceptable compositions, which comprise a therapeutically-effective amount of the compound described herein, formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (additives) and / or diluents. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be specially formulated for administration in liquid form, including those adapted for the following: (1) parenteral administration, for example, by intravenous as, for example, a sterile solution or suspension.
[0105] As set out herein, certain embodiments of the compound described herein may contain a basic functional group, such as amino, and are, thus, capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with pharmaceutically-acceptable acids. The term "pharmaceutically-acceptable salts" in this respect, refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of the compound of the present disclosure. These salts can be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed during subsequent purification. Representative salts include the bromide, chloride, sulfate, bisulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like.
[0106] The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present disclosure include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds, e.g., from nontoxic organic or inorganic acids. For example, such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.
[0107] In other cases, the compound described herein may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with pharmaceutically-acceptable bases. The term "pharmaceutically-acceptable salts" in these instances refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of the compound of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically-acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically-acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine. Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like. Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like.
[0108] Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives, solubilizing agents, buffers and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
[0109] Methods of preparing the pharmaceutical comprising the compound include the step of bringing into association a compound described herein with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound described herein with liquid carriers (liquid formulation) , liquid carriers followed by lyophilization (powder formulation for reconstitution with sterile water or the like) , or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping or packaging the product.
[0110] Pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more compounds described herein in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain sugars (such as sucrose) , alcohols, non-ionic surfactants (such as 20) , antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, chelating agents, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
[0111] Examples of suitable aqueous and non-aqueous carriers which may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like) , and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
[0112] These compositions may also contain adjuvants, such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms upon the compounds of the present disclosure may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
[0113] In another aspect, provided herein is a method of treating a bacterial infection in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein to the subject.
[0114] Exemplary bacterial infections include, but are not limited to, pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitus, bronchitis, tonsillitis, and mastoiditis related to infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, E. casselflavus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, or Peptostreptococcus spp.; pharyngitis, rheumatic fever, and glomerulonephritis related to infection by Streptococcus pyogenes, Groups C and G streptococci, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, or Actinobacillus haemolyticum; respiratory tract infections related to infection by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Chlamydia pneumoniae; blood and tissue infections, including endocarditis and osteomyelitis, caused by S. aureus, S. haemolyticus, E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, including strains resistant to known antibacterials such as, but not limited to, beta-lactams, vancomycin, aminoglycosides, quinolones, chloramphenicol, tetracylines and macrolides; uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections and abscesses, and puerperal fever related to infection by Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (i.e., S. epidermidis, S. hemolyticus, etc. ) , Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcal groups C-F (minute-colony streptococci) , viridans streptococci, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Clostridium spp., or Bartonella henselae; uncomplicated acute urinary tract infections related to infection by Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococcal species, or Enterococcus spp.; urethritis and cervicitis; sexually transmitted diseases related to infection by Chlamydia trachomatis, Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, or Neiserria gonorrheae; toxin diseases related to infection by S. aureus (food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome) , or Groups A, B, and C streptococci; ulcers related to infection by Helicobacter pylori; systemic febrile syndromes related to infection by Borrelia recurrentis; Lyme disease related to infection by Borrelia burgdorferi; conjunctivitis, keratitis, and dacrocystitis related to infection by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, or Listeria spp.; disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease related to infection by Mycobacterium avium, or Mycobacterium intracellulare; infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. leprae, M. paratuberculosis, M. kansasii, or M. chelonei; gastroenteritis related to infection by Campylobacter jejuni; intestinal protozoa related to infection by Cryptosporidium spp.; odontogenic infection related to infection by viridans streptococci; persistent cough related to infection by Bordetella pertussis; gas gangrene related to infection by Clostridium perfringens or Bacteroides spp.; and atherosclerosis or cardiovascular disease related to infection by Helicobacter pylori or Chlamydia pneumoniae. Bacterial infections and disorders related to such infections, which may be treated or prevented in animals include the following: bovine respiratory disease related to infection by P. haemolytica, P. multocida, Mycoplasma bovis, or Bordetella spp.; cow enteric disease related to infection by E. coli or protozoa (i.e., coccidia, cryptosporidia, etc. ) ; dairy cow mastitis related to infection by S. aureus, Strep. uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Klebsiella spp., Corynebacterium, or Enterococcus spp.; swine respiratory disease related to infection by A. pleuro., P. multocida, or Mycoplasma spp.; swine enteric disease related to infection by E. coli, Lawsonia intracellularis, Salmonella, or Serpulina hyodysinteriae; cow footrot related to infection by Fusobacterium spp.; cow metritis related to infection by E coli; cow hairy warts related to infection by Fusobacterium necrophorum or Bacteroides nodosus; cow pink-eye related to infection by Moraxella bovis; cow premature abortion related to infection by protozoa (i.e. neosporium) ; urinary tract infection in dogs and cats related to infection by E. coli; skin and soft tissue infections in dogs and cats related to infection by S. epidermidis, S. intermedius, coagulase neg. Staphylococcus or P. multocida; and dental or mouth infections in dogs and cats related to infection by Alcaligenes spp., Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp., Enterobacter spp., Eubacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, or Prevotella. Other bacterial infections and disorders related to such infections, which may be treated or prevented in accord with the method of the present invention are referred to in J. P. Sanford et al., “The Sanford Guide To Antimicrobial Therapy, ” 26 th Edition, (Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc., 1996) .
[0115] In certain embodiments, the bacteria is Gram-positive bacteria. In certain embodiments, the bacteria is Gram-negative bacteria.
[0116] In certain embodiments, the bacteria is an antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In certain embodiments, the antibiotic-resistant bacteria is selected from the group consisting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, aminoglycoside-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, macrolide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and fluoroquinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
[0117] In certain embodiments, the bacteria is selected from the group consisting of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. pyogenes, and S. agalactiae. In certain embodiments, the bacteria is Enterococcus faecalis 19433, Staphylococcus aureus 25923, Staphylococcus aureus 29213, Streptococcus pneumonia 49619, Enterobacter cloacae 13047, Acinetobacter baumannii 19606, Enterobacter cloacae 13047, Escherichia coli 25922, S. epidermidis 12228, S. pyogenes 19615, S. agalactiae 12386, W-231 ST45, BAA-43, BAA-44, ST239, W-45 ST59, W-47 ST30, ST22, USA300, SA-RN4220-pUL5054, or SA-1199B.
[0118] The subject can be a canine, feline, bovine, equine, non-human primate, or human. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human.
[0119] In certain embodiments, the compounds described herein are bactericidal or bacteriostatic.
[0120] In another aspect, provided herein is the use of a compound described herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a bacterial infection.
[0121] In another aspect, provided herein is a method of treating a bacterial infection in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising the step of co-administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein and an antibacterial agent to the subject. The antibacterial agent can be any antibacterial agent known in the art.
[0122] Design and in silico screening The X-ray crystal structure of E. coli NusG in complex with RNAP (PDB: 5TBZ) was used to generate the pharmacophore model. Studies showed that the binding of NusG to β’CH is an important interaction site in RNAP-NusG PPI, in which NusG interacts with β’CH at the site in close proximity to or even overlaps with σ. NusG uses the carbonyl groups of G17, T24 and T46 in the main chain for binding to the guanine residues of R281, R278, and R270 of β’CH (Fig. 1A right) . Our previous study has shown that the three arginine residues are critical for RNAP binding to σ, the essential transcription initiation factor. We considered these hydrogen bonding interactions also important for the interaction for the NusG function in transcription and thus selected G17, T24 and T46 of NusG to create the pharmacophore model, supplemented by exclusive areas to avoid steric clashes.
[0123] Structure-Activity Relationship Studies
[0124] According to the docking model of AW00783 fitting to the pharmacophore model (Fig. 2 right) , we decided first to modify the two terminal aryl rings by changing diverse common and available substituents in pharmaceuticals, followed by isosteric variations in the middle linear chain, especially the heteroatoms that can affect the conformation of molecular structures.
[0125] A panel of bacteria was used for the antimicrobial activity evaluation on compounds 1-39, including eight pathogens from the “WHO priority pathogens list for guiding R&D of new antibiotics” . The panel consisted of four Gram-positive strains: Enterococcus faecalis 19433 (EFAE) , S. aureus 25923 (SAURa) and 29213 (SAURb) , S. pneumonia 49619 (SPNE) ; and five Gram-negative ones: Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 (KPNE) , Acinetobacter baumannii 19606 (ABAU) , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 (PAER) , Enterobacter cloacae 13047 (ECLO) , and Escherichia coli 25922 (ECOL) . To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the tested compounds, a broth microdilution assay was conducted following the guidelines established by the Clinical &Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) . The lead compound AW00783 exhibited mild antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and S. pneumoniae, with MICs ranged between 128 to 256 μg / mL.
[0126] As shown in Table 1, modifications were initially carried out on the two terminal aromatic rings of the lead compound. Compound 1, lacking substitution groups on Ar1, exhibited no antimicrobial activities. This result suggests that the presence of the trifluoromethyl group on Ar1 of AW00783 might contribute to the interaction with R281 rather than the nitrogen atom of pyrimidine. This hypothesis was validated by the moderate activities of compound 8 containing a trifluoromethyl group on the benzene ring as Ar1 which lacks nitrogen of pyrimidine. Furthermore, compounds 2 to 6, with a trifluoromethyl substitution on the pyridine ring at different positions, indicated that the relative position of the trifluoromethyl group on the aromatic ring was also influential to antimicrobial activity. Among these derivatives, 4 and 8 exhibited promising activity and were selected for further modifications. Simultaneously, the evaluation of derivatives with different substitution groups on Ar2 demonstrated that trifluoromethyl remained the preferred choice compared to other hydrogen bond acceptors, as shown in Table 1 (Figure 6) . The unimproved activities of compounds 10 to 13, with alternative hydrogen bond acceptors, suggested that other substituents might not be compatible for binding to R270. Although the nitro group contributed to both hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, it exhibited a weaker affinity for the β’CH compared to the trifluoromethyl group, as observed in the binding model of AW00783. Additionally, three compounds 4, 8 and 14 demonstrated some antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative bacteria.
[0127] Further modifications were conducted on the substitution group of Ar1 when it was substituted with trifluoromethyl on Ar2. Compounds 17 and 19 with with trifluoromethyl at the para-and ortho-positions of the benzene ring in Ar1 demonstrated the greatest activity in this group of analogues, particularly 19. This compound exhibited the most potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly with a MIC value of 4 μg / mL against S. pneumoniae. It also possessed improved activity against Gram-negative bacteria such as A. baumannii, E. cloacae and E. coli, with MICs around 16 μg / mL (Table 1, Figure 6) . In contrast, when the cyano group, known for its role as a hydrogen bond acceptor and commonly used in rational drug design, was substituted for the same position, antimicrobial activities of compound 21 dropped. Meanwhile, modifications of the CF3 position of Ar2 from compound 19 to 22 and 23 did not yield more promising derivatives. This finding suggests that the trifluoromethyl group acting as a hydrogen bond acceptor at para-or ortho-position in Ar1 and para-position in Ar2 is the optimal substitution on the terminal aromatic rings.
[0128] In addition to the modifications on Ar1 and Ar2, we also investigated the length of the X2 linker. Compound 25 with X2 as NH slightly improved the activity compared to 15. As indicated in Table 2 (Figure 7) , one methylene group was inserted between the oxygen and Ar2. Compared to phenyl ether 17, benzyl ether 27 showed 2-fold superior activity against A. baumannii and comparable activity against other gram-positive and -negative bacteria. In addition, modification of Ar2 by changing substituted positions of CF3 led to activity change (27-29) , showing that para-substitution was favored as a similar trend to previously synthesized analogues (19, 22, 23) . While deletion of CF3 diminished the activity (26) .
[0129] When we changed X2 from methylene ether to thioether. Compound 30 showed superior antimicrobial activity to 15, exhibiting the best antimicrobial activities among the pyridine derivatives. This improved activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was comparable to compounds 19, as shown in Table 3 (Figure 8) . Other modifications of CF3 positions on Ar1 (32-34) while maintaining X2 as methylene ether showed similar effects to the activity as 27-29.
[0130] With the SAR data in hand, we envisaged that isosteric change in the middle chain may further improve antimicrobial activity. By respectively maintaining Ar1 and Ar2 as ortho-and para-CF3, isosteric modifications on X1 and X2 were conducted. As shown in Table 4 (Figure 9) , when X1 was changed from N in compound 19 to O or S, the antimicrobial activity of 36 or 37 against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria was retained, except the activity of 37 against E. cloacae. Similar to compound 30, compound 38 with X2 changed from O to S demonstrated the greatest activity against Gram-positive bacteria, especially S. pneumoniae with an MIC value of 1 μg / mL. When both X1 and X2 changed to S, 39 maintained antimicrobial activity compared to compound 37 against Gram-positive bacteria.
[0131] Antimicrobial Activity against Representative Bacterial Pathogens
[0132] After evaluating the preliminary antimicrobial activity of our compounds, we further screened the selected compounds against a panel of clinically relevant pathogens to validate their clinical prospect. Among the tested pathogens, S. pneumoniae exhibited particular susceptibility to our compound series, prompting us to expand our antimicrobial activity testing to include groups A and B Streptococci: Streptococcus pyogens (Group A Streptococcus, GAS) , known to cause strep throat, localized skin infection, and necrotizing fasciitis, and Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus: GBS) , responsible for neonatal infections. In addition, we evaluated the effects of our compounds on clinically significant Gram-positive pathogens, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. To further validate the antimicrobial activity of our compounds against S. pneumoniae, we included several clinical isolates of this bacterium denoted as CUHK-X01-04. The identities of these isolates have been confirmed using Bruker MALDI and are listed in the Supporting Information.
[0133] The results in Table 5 (Figure 10) demonstrate the promising antimicrobial activity of our compounds against clinically challenging pathogens, with MICs ranging from 2 μg / mL to 16 μg / mL. Notably, compound 38 presented robust antimicrobial activity against S. saprophyticus, with a MIC comparable to vancomycin (2 μg / mL) . Furthermore, all the other compounds showed antimicrobial activity against the listed pathogens, with MICs comparable to those of other Gram-positive bacteria shown in Tables 1-4 (Figures 6-9) .
[0134] We expanded our investigation to include a panel of drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, encompassing both methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) . MRSA strains, in particular, pose significant therapeutic challenges due to their resistance to multiple antibiotics, including vancomycin, a “last-resort” antimicrobial agent widely used in clinical settings. To assess the efficacy of our compounds against MRSA, we tested their activity against a diverse collection of clinically relevant strains representing both hospital-acquired (HA-MRSA) and community-acquired (CA-MRSA) lineages, as well as VRSA isolates.
[0135] The HA-MRSA strains included W-231 ST45, ATCC BAA-43, ATCC BAA-44, and ST239, while the CA-MRSA strains consisted of W-45 ST59, W-47 ST30, ST22, and USA300. Additionally, we evaluated our compounds against laboratory strains characterized by specific resistance mechanisms, including SA-APH2” -AAC6’, SA-APH3’, and SA-ANT4’, which exhibit aminoglycoside resistance due to aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) . Similarly, we included SA-RN4220-pUL5054, a strain resistant to macrolides, and SA-1199B, a strain exhibiting resistance to fluoroquinolones.
[0136] Our findings demonstrated that our compounds exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of both MRSA and VRSA strains, achieving MIC values comparable to or better than those of reference strains. Notably, the efficacy of these compounds surpassed commonly used antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and oxacillin, particularly against strains resistant to these agents. For example, most MRSA strains tested were resistant to oxacillin, the first-line treatment for MRSA infections in the U.S., as well as gentamicin, a protein synthesis inhibitor. These results indicate that our compounds likely operate via distinct mechanisms of action, minimizing cross-resistance with existing antibiotics.
[0137] For the evaluation of VRSA, we utilized strains provided by the Network on Antimicrobial Resistance in S. aureus (NARSA) , distributed by BEI Resources, NIAID, NIH, and administered by ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) . The VRSA strains tested included NR-46410 (HIP11714, VRS1) , NR-46413 (HIP13419, VRS3b) , NR-46419 (AIS 080003, VRS9) , and NR-46423 (1002434, VRS12) . As illustrated in Fig. 12, our compounds exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against these VRSA strains, with MIC values as low as 4 μg / mL. In contrast, these strains displayed resistance or reduced sensitivity to conventional cell wall synthesis inhibitors, such as vancomycin and oxacillin.
[0138] Compounds that were effective against MRSA strains consistently demonstrated antimicrobial activity against VRSA strains, with MIC values ranging from 4 to 16 μg / mL. This broad efficacy against VRSA strains harboring multiple resistance mechanisms underscores the potential of our compounds as promising candidates for further development. These findings highlight their potential utility as novel therapeutic agents to combat severe, drug-resistant S. aureus infections, particularly those caused by VRSA.
[0139] Bactericidal Properties
[0140] To determine whether compound 38 exhibited bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity, a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assay was performed. Fig. 13 summarizes the MIC and MBC values of compound 38 against S. aureus 25923 and CA-MRSA USA300. The results confirmed that compound 38 exerted bactericidal effects against both strains, consistent with the bactericidal activity observed in the time-kill kinetic assays.
[0141] Time-Kill Kinetics
[0142] The time-kill kinetic assay, performed in accordance with the guidelines set by the CLSI, was employed to assess the in vitro activity of the antimicrobial agent against a specific bacterial strain within a defined timeframe. In this study, the time-kill kinetics of compound 38 were measured against S. aureus subtypes, 25923 (Fig. 14A) and community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) strain USA300 (Fig. 14B) in liquid culture to simplify the experimental requirement for testing against S. pneumoniae. Notably, treatment with compound 38 at 1× MIC concentration demonstrated growth inhibition after 2 hours, followed by a gradual reduction in bacterial count with prolonged treatment at 4 and 6 hours. Moreover, when higher concentrations of compound 38 (4× and 16× MIC) were used in the experiment, both subtypes of S. aureus were completely and efficiently eradicated below the theoretical level of detection (200 CFU / mL) over 6 hours. Specifically, it reduced bacterial counts below the detectable threshold within 2 hours for S. aureus 25923, while the USA300 strain required 4 hours to achieve the same level of bacterial elimination. Overall, our findings indicate that compound 38 exhibits growth inhibition of bacteria at 1× MIC concentration, while higher compound concentrations can effectively eliminate bacteria below the detectable threshold.
[0143] NusG-β’CH PPI Inhibition
[0144] To validate the disruptive effect of compound 38 on the interaction between β’CH and NusG from Bacillus subtilis strain 168, we employed an in-house developed competitive protein complement assay to determine the 50%inhibition concentration (IC50) of the compound. In the assay, NusG and β’CH were fused with two complementation fragments of Nano-Luc luciferase. When a specific inhibitor targeting the NusG-β’CH PPI was introduced to the reaction, the efficient reformation of the natural luciferase complex was hindered. Consequently, the catalytic reaction of the reconstituted luciferase was inhibited, leading to changes in luminescence levels. These changes served as a measure of inhibitory activity exhibited by the tested compound. As depicted in Fig. 15, compound 38 demonstrated inhibitory activity against the NusG-β’CH PPI, with an IC50 value of 167 ± 47.24 μM. This protein complement assay confirms that compound 38 disrupts the interaction between NusG and β’CH. Note that inhibitors targeting PPI usually exhibited high IC50 values due to weak interactions, which is sufficient to interrupt the biological process associated to the specific PPI.
[0145] Epifluorescence Microscopy
[0146] To confirm that compound 38 acts as a transcription inhibitor targeting the NusG-β’CH interaction, bacterial cytological profiling was performed using a panel of Bacillus subtilis reporter strains. These strains expressed GFP-tagged proteins involved in key cellular processes, including transcription (transcription factor NusG and RNA polymerase β’subunit, RpoC) , translation (ribosome subunit RpsB7) , and ATP synthase (AtpA) . Cells were treated with compound 38 at 1×MIC or control antibiotics, followed by incubation for 30 minutes. To visualize the nucleoid, 4’, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was added to a final concentration of 1 μg / mL, and epifluorescence microscopy was used to examine the cellular localization of the tagged proteins.
[0147] Analysis of the reporter strains revealed that compound 38 disrupted bacterial transcription, as evidenced by the delocalization of GFP-tagged NusG (Fig. 16A) and RpoC (Fig. 16B) . This delocalization pattern was similar to that observed with rifampicin, a known RNA polymerase inhibitor that targets bacterial transcription.
[0148] To investigate the impact of compound 38 on membrane morphology, ATP synthase (AtpA-GFP) , localized in the membrane, was used as a reporter. Neither rifampicin nor compound 38 induced membrane invaginations or delocalization of AtpA (Fig. 17A) . In contrast, colistin, a membrane-targeting antibiotic, caused AtpA-GFP to delocalize from the membrane, leading to the loss of its fluorescence signal in the membrane region.
[0149] When the ribosomal protein RpsB-GFP was examined, compound 38 and rifampicin both caused similar protein delocalization effects (Fig. 17B) . This observation aligns with previous studies showing that rifampicin treatment in B. subtilis results in nucleoid expansion, producing a diffuse structure that extends throughout the cell. In contrast, protein synthesis inhibitors, such as tetracycline and chloramphenicol, altered RpsB localization by shifting it from the cell poles to the mid-cell (Fig. 17B) .
[0150] Interestingly, no significant nucleoid expansion was observed in cells treated with compound 38. This may be due to the short treatment duration, as transcription inhibitors are known to cause nucleoid condensation initially, followed by expansion at later stages. However, the precise mechanism through which transcription inhibitors induce nucleoid expansion remains unclear.
[0151] Overall, the bacterial cytological profiling results suggest that compound 38 primarily targets transcription by disrupting the interaction between NusG and RNA polymerase. The subcellular delocalization of NusG, RpoC, and RpsB –without affecting ATP synthase localization or membrane morphology –indicates that compound 38 exerts its effects on transcription rather than inducing membrane disruption.
[0152] Chemistry
[0153] Scheme 1 (Figure 3) depicts the general synthetic procedure for the synthesis of target compounds 1-39, which were obtained by nucleophilic substitution reactions between specific amines A and epoxides B, respectively. Four series of amine substrates A were separately prepared through substitution reactions with diverse aromatic rings Ar1 and amine side chains (Scheme 2, Figure 4) . Commercially available chloroarenes reacted with ethylenediamine to form diamines A1-A15. For the synthesis of sulfonamide A16, a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction was carried out to form the sulfonamide structure. Ether A17 and thioether A18 were synthesized by a nucleophilic substitution using phenol and thiophenol, respectively, followed by deprotection of the BOC group.
[0154] The epoxide substrates B were prepared through nucleophilic substitution reactions of substituted phenols, aniline, thiophenol, benzyl alcohols and mercaptan with epichlorohydrin (Scheme 3, Figure 5) . To synthesize amine B11, the weak nucleophile para-trifluoromethylaniline preferably reacted with the epoxide group of epichlorohydrin. In the presence of a substoichiometric amount of zinc salt, the intermediate 1-chloro-3- ( (4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl) amino) propan-2-ol was obtained first. Subsequently, intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction took place to provide the desired compound.
[0155] Conclusion
[0156] In the past research, we adopted structure-based drug design, and successfully discovered two series of PPI inhibitors targeting RNAP-σ and NusB-NusE PPIs and optimized the antimicrobial activity to a level comparable to marketed antibiotics. In this study, we present the discovery and evaluation of novel analogues of inhibitors targeting bacterial RNAP and the transcription factor NusG. Through a rational design approach based on a pharmacophore model, followed by the synthesis of analogues, we successfully identified a series of compounds with inhibitory activity against the interaction between RNAP β’CH and NusG. These compounds, particularly compound 38, exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Notably, they displayed remarkable efficacy in inhibiting the growth of S. pneumoniae, with a MIC as low as 1 μg / mL. The time-kill kinetics also revealed that compound 38 gradually eradicated bacteria at a concentration of 1× MIC or higher, showing a bactericidal character. Lastly, the protein-protein inhibition assay and fluorescent microscopy images confirmed that compound 38 interacted with NusG and β’CH, validating its mechanism of action. Based on these findings, we concluded that our transcription inhibitor effectively halted bacterial transcription by disrupting the interaction between β’CH and NusG, leading to the inhibition of bacterial growth.
[0157] Experimental Section
[0158] General
[0159] Unless otherwise stated, chemicals and reagents being utilized in synthesis were in commercial grade and required no purification. All reactions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on glass sheets (Silica gel F254) , which were visualized under UV light. Flash chromatography purification was conducted using silica gel (200-300 mesh) column. 1H-NMR (400 MHz or 600 MHz) , 13C-NMR (100 MHz or 150 MHz) and 19F-NMR (565 MHz) spectra were measured on Bruker Advance-III spectrometer with TMS as an internal standard. Chemical shifts were presented in δ (ppm) and coupling constants (J) in Hz. High resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) spectra were measured by Agilent 6540 liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization (LC-EI) QTOF Mass spectrometer. The purity of all product compounds tested for biological activities was >95%, determined by analytical HPLC being performed on Waters HPLC system including 2535 quaternary gradient module, 2707 autosampler and 2998 photodiode array (PDA) detector with an XBridge C18, 4.6×100 mm, 5 mM particle size.
[0160] Synthetic procedures for Scheme 2 (Figure 4)
[0161] General procedure for the synthesis of compound A1-A17. Four different procedures were used to obtain the titled compounds:
[0162] Method A: N1- (pyrimidin-2-yl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (A1) . To a solution of 2-chloropyrimidine (50 mg, 0.44 mmol) and K2CO3 (72.4 mg, 0.52 mmol) in THF, ethylenediamine monohydrate (177.6 mL, 2.18 mmol) was added at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at reflux overnight and monitored to react completely. After cooling to room temperature and filtration, the filtrate was concentrated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (50: 1-20: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) to provide A1, pale yellow oil, 50.1 mg, 83.1%yield. 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.24 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H) , 7.24 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H) , 6.53 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.30 (q, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.72 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H) .
[0163] N1- (5- (trifluoromethyl) pyrimidin-2-yl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (A2) . The titled compound was prepared from 2-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl) pyrimidine (50 mg, 0.27 mmol) and ethylenediamine monohydrate (111.5 mL, 1.37 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound A1. The elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (50: 1-20: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 49.7 mg, 87.9%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.62-8.52 (m, 2H) , 8.12 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H) , 3.37 (s, 2H) , 2.74 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 2H) .
[0164] N1- (4- (trifluoromethyl) pyrimidin-2-yl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (A3) . The titled compound was prepared from 2-chloro-4- (trifluoromethyl) pyrimidine (50 mg, 0.27 mmol) and ethylenediamine monohydrate (111.5 mL, 1.37 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound A1. The elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (50: 1-20: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 48.2 mg, 85.4%yield. 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.59 (d, J = 26.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.87 (d, J = 29.7 Hz, 1H) , 6.95 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.58 (s, 4H) .
[0165] N1- (6- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (A4) . The titled compound was prepared from 2-chloro-6- (trifluoromethyl) pyridine (50 mg, 0.28 mmol) and ethylenediamine monohydrate (112.1 mL, 1.38 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound A1. The elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-30: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 48.1 mg, 85.1%yield. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ7.52 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 6.92 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.57 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H) , 5.18 (s, 1H) , 3.42 (q, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.97 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H) .
[0166] N1- (5- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (A5) . The titled compound was prepared from 2-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl) pyridine (50 mg, 0.28 mmol) and ethylenediamine monohydrate (112.1 mL, 1.38 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound A1. The elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-30: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 47.6 mg, 84.2%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ8.34 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.58 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.46 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.38 (s, 1H) , 3.45 (q, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.99 (s, 2H) .
[0167] N1- (4- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (A6) . The titled compound was prepared from 2-chloro-4- (trifluoromethyl) pyridine (50 mg, 0.28 mmol) and ethylenediamine monohydrate (112.1 mL, 1.38 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound A1. The elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-30: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 48.4 mg, 85.6%yield. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ8.22 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.75 (dd, J = 5.3, 1.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.61 (s, 1H) , 5.23 (s, 1H) , 3.43 (q, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.99 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H) .
[0168] N1- (3- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (A7) . The titled compound was prepared from 2-chloro-3- (trifluoromethyl) pyridine (50 mg, 0.28 mmol) and ethylenediamine monohydrate (112.1 mL, 1.38 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound A1. The elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-30: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 46.4 mg, 82.2%yield. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ8.28-8.24 (m, 1H) , 7.66 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 6.63 (dd, J = 7.5, 5.0 Hz, 1H) , 5.38 (s, 1H) , 3.58 (q, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H) , 2.98 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H) .
[0169] N1- (5-fluoropyridin-2-yl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (A8) . The titled compound was prepared from 2-chloro-5-fluoropyridine (50 mg, 0.38 mmol) and ethylenediamine monohydrate (154.7 mL, 1.9 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound A1. The elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-30: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 46.1 mg, 78.2%yield.
[0170] N1- (5-nitropyridin-2-yl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (A9) . The titled compound was prepared from 2-chloro-5-nitropyridine (50 mg, 0.32 mmol) and ethylenediamine monohydrate (128.3 mL, 1.58 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound A1. The elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-30: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) was used for chromatography. Yellow oil, 49.2 mg, 85.6%yield. 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.91 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.15-8.05 (m, 1H) , 6.62 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.50 (s, 2H) , 2.85 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H) .
[0171] Method B: N1- (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (A10) . To a solution of 1-iodo-2- (trifluoromethyl) benzene (50 mg, 0.18 mmol) , CuCl (3.6 mg, 0.038 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (119.8 mg, 0.37 mmol) in DMSO, ethylenediamine monohydrate (74.6 mL, 0.92 mmol) was added at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at 120 ℃ for 8 hours and monitored to react completely. After cooling to room temperature and filtration, water was added and the filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate for three times and washed with saturated brine. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) to provide A10, pale yellow oil, 26.4 mg, 70.3%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.46 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.38 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 6.79-6.71 (m, 2H) , 4.79 (s, 1H) , 3.27 (q, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H) , 3.02 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H) .
[0172] N1- ( [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-yl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (A11) . The titled compound was prepared from 4-iodo-1, 1'-biphenyl (50 mg, 0.18 mmol) and ethylenediamine monohydrate (72.6 mL, 0.89 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound A10. The elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 28.5 mg, 75.2%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.26 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.57-7.54 (m, 2H) , 7.49-7.46 (m, 2H) , 7.42 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H) , 7.31 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 2H) , 6.75-6.70 (m, 2H) , 3.62 (q, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.40 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) .
[0173] N1- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (A12) . The titled compound was prepared from 1-iodo-4- (trifluoromethyl) benzene (50 mg, 0.18 mmol) and ethylenediamine monohydrate (74.8 mL, 0.92 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound A10. The elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 27.1 mg, 72.2%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ8.27 (s, 1H) , 7.43 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.64 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 5.89 (s, 1H) , 4.50 (s, 1H) , 3.61 (q, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.37 (q, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H) .
[0174] N1- (3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (A13) . The titled compound was prepared from 1-iodo-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzene (50 mg, 0.18 mmol) and ethylenediamine monohydrate (74.8 mL, 0.92 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound A10. The elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 28.1 mg, 74.8%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ7.26 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 6.95 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.84 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.79 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 4.34 (s, 1H) , 3.22 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.00 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) .
[0175] N1- (2-nitrophenyl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (A14) . The titled compound was prepared from 1-iodo-2-nitrobenzene (50 mg, 0.2 mmol) and ethylenediamine monohydrate (79.6 mL, 1 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound A10. The elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) was used for chromatography. Yellow oil, 27.8 mg with 76.4%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.27 (s, 1H) , 8.18 (dt, J = 8.6, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.44 (m, J = 8.9, 5.3, 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 6.88 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.65 (m, J = 8.8, 7.3, 3.5 Hz, 1H) , 3.44-3.36 (m, 2H) , 3.07 (td, J = 6.1, 3.1 Hz, 2H) .
[0176] 2- ( (2-aminoethyl) amino) benzonitrile (A15) . The titled compound was prepared from 2-iodobenzonitrile (50 mg, 0.22 mmol) and ethylenediamine monohydrate (86.6 mL, 1.1 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound A10. The elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 27.6 mg with 78.5%yield. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.40 (td, J = 7.6, 1.5 Hz, 2H) , 6.72-6.68 (m, 2H) , 3.40 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.07 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) .
[0177] Method C: N- (2-aminoethyl) -2- (trifluoromethyl) benzenesulfonamide (A16) . To a solution of ethylenediamine monohydrate (16.7 mL, 0.2 mmol) and triethylamine (61.4 mL, 0.61 mmol) in DCM, 2- (trifluoromethyl) benzenesulfonyl chloride (50 mg, 0.2 mmol) was added dropwise in ice bath. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for overnight. After being monitored to react completely, the mixture was concentrated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) to provide A16, yellow oil, 50.5 mg, 92.1%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.23-8.17 (m, 1H) , 7.98 (dd, J = 6.9, 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.83 (m, J = 6.1, 5.3, 2.7 Hz, 2H) , 3.05 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.78 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H) .
[0178] Method D: 2- (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) ethan-1-amine (A17) . To a solution of 2- (trifluoromethyl) phenol (50 mg, 0.31 mmol) and K2CO3 (426.3 mg, 3.08 mmol) in DMF, tert-butyl (2-bromoethyl) carbamate (82.9 mg, 0.37 mmol) was added at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at 65 ℃ for 8 hours and monitored to react completely. After cooling to room temperature and filtration, water was added and the filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate for three times and washed with saturated brine. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of Hexane / EA (10: 1-5: 1) to achieve tert-butyl (2- (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) ethyl) carbamate, pale yellow solid, 83.6 mg, 88.8%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.55 (m, J = 14.0, 7.7, 1.7 Hz, 2H) , 7.16 (d, J =8.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.06 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 4.13 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H) , 3.48 (m, J = 5.9, 4.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.45 (s, 9H) .
[0179] To a solution of tert-butyl (2- (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) ethyl) carbamate (50 mg, 0.16 mmol) in DCM, TFA (110.1 mL, 1.64 mmol) was added at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at reflux for overnight and monitored to react completely. After cooling to room temperature, NaOH aqueous (1M) solution was added in ice bath to regulate the pH value ranging from 8 to 10. The mixture was extracted with DCM for three times and washed with saturated brine. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated to give the titled compound A17. Pale yellow oil, 32.1 mg, 95.6%yield. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.62 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.56-7.52 (m, 1H) , 7.11 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.01 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H) , 4.22 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.86 (q, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H) .
[0180] 2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) thio) ethan-1-amine (A18) . The titled compound was prepared in an analogous fashion as described for compound A17, using (trifluoromethyl) benzenethiol (50 mg, 0.28 mmol) and tert-butyl (2-bromoethyl) carbamate (75.5 mg, 0.34 mmol) to provide tert-butyl (2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) thio) ethyl) carbamate. The elution fluid of Hexane / EA (10: 1-5: 1) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow solid, 58.8 mg, 65.2%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.67 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H) , 7.55 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.33 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.85 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.32-3.24 (m, 2H) , 3.11 (dd, J = 8.3, 6.1 Hz, 2H) , 1.44 (s, 9H) . Compound A18 was prepared from tert-butyl (2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) thio) ethyl) carbamate (50 mg, 0.15 mmol) through the de-protection by trifluoroacetic acid (104.6 mL, 1.56 mmol) . Pale yellow oil, 33.1 mg, 96.3%yield. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.67-7.63 (m, 1H) , 7.53 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.47 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.29 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.07 (td, J = 6.3, 1.6 Hz, 2H) , 2.92 (td, J = 6.3, 1.7 Hz, 2H) .
[0181] Synthetic procedures for Scheme 3 (Figure 5)
[0182] General procedure for the synthesis of compound B1-B17. Four different procedures were used to obtain the titled compounds:
[0183] Method A: 2- ( (4-nitrophenoxy) methyl) oxirane (B1) . The solution of 4-nitrophenol (50 mg, 0.36 mmol) , Cs2CO3 (175.7 mg, 0.54 mmol) and KI (11.9 mg, 0.072 mmol) in DMF being stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (84.5 mL, 1.08 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at 80 ℃ for overnight and monitored to react completely. After cooling to room temperature and filtration, water was added and the filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate for three times and washed with saturated brine. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-50: 1) to give the compound B1, pale yellow oil, 57.9 mg, 82.6%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.25-8.19 (m, 2H) , 7.22-7.16 (m, 2H) , 4.53 (dd, J = 11.5, 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 4.00 (dd, J = 11.5, 6.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.39 (m, J = 6.8, 5.0, 2.6 Hz, 1H) , 2.88 (t, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H) , 2.75 (dd, J = 5.1, 2.6 Hz, 1H) .
[0184] 2- (phenoxymethyl) oxirane (B2) . The titled compound was prepared from phenol (50 mg, 0.53 mmol) and 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (124.9 mL, 1.59 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound B1. The elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-50: 1) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 67.2 mg, 84.2%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.36-7.30 (m, 2H) , 7.04-6.94 (m, 3H) , 4.25 (dd, J = 11.0, 3.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.97 (dd, J = 11.0, 5.7 Hz, 1H) , 3.38 (m, J = 5.7, 4.1, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 2.92 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H) , 2.78 (dd, J = 5.0, 2.7 Hz, 1H) .
[0185] methyl 4- (oxiran-2-ylmethoxy) benzoate (B3) . The titled compound was prepared from methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (50 mg, 0.33 mmol) and 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (77.2 mL, 0.99 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound B1. The elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-50: 1) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 54 mg, 78.9%yield. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.00-7.98 (m, 2H) , 6.95-6.92 (m, 2H) , 4.30 (dd, J = 11.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.98 (dd, J = 11.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.88 (s, 3H) , 3.38 (m, J = 5.7, 4.0, 2.7 Hz, 1H) , 2.93 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H) , 2.77 (dd, J = 4.9, 2.6 Hz, 1H) .
[0186] 2- ( (4-fluorophenoxy) methyl) oxirane (B4) . The titled compound was prepared from 4-fluorophenol (50 mg, 0.45 mmol) and 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (104.8 mL, 1.34 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound B1. The elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-50: 1) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 62.6 mg, 83.5%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.56 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 7.00 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 4.32 (m, J = 11.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.98 (m, J = 11.1, 6.0, 1.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.38 (m, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 2.98-2.91 (m, 1H) , 2.78 (m, J = 4.6, 2.1 Hz, 1H) .
[0187] 2- ( (3, 4-difluorophenoxy) methyl) oxirane (B5) . The titled compound was prepared from 3, 4-difluorophenol (50 mg, 0.38 mmol) and 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (90.3 mL, 1.15 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound B1. The elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-50: 1) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 58.6 mg, 81.9%yield. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.07 (q, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.76 (m, J = 11.9, 6.5, 3.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.63 (m, J = 8.5, 3.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.23 (dd, J = 11.0, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.87 (dd, J = 11.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.35 (m, J = 6.0, 4.0, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 2.93 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H) , 2.76 (dd, J = 4.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H) .
[0188] 2- ( (4-methoxyphenoxy) methyl) oxirane (B6) . The titled compound was prepared from 4-methoxyphenol (50 mg, 0.4 mmol) and 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (94.6 mL, 1.21 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound B1. The elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-50: 1) was used for chromatography. Yellow oil, 55.3 mg, 76.2%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.28 (t, J = 3.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.92-6.87 (m, 2H) , 4.23 (dd, J = 11.1, 3.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.96 (dd, J = 11.1, 5.7 Hz, 1H) , 3.39-3.33 (m, 1H) , 2.93 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H) , 2.77 (dd, J = 4.9, 2.7 Hz, 1H) , 2.47 (s, 3H) .
[0189] 2- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) methyl) oxirane (B7) . The titled compound was prepared from 4- (trifluoromethyl) phenol (50 mg, 0.31 mmol) and 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (72.5 mL, 0.93 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound B1. The elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-50: 1) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 57.4 mg, 85.3%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.60-7.49 (m, 2H) , 7.04-6.93 (m, 2H) , 4.30 (m, J = 11.1, 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 3.94 (m, J = 10.9, 5.9, 3.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.35 (m, J = 5.6, 4.1, 2.6 Hz, 1H) , 2.90 (dd, J = 5.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H) , 2.75 (m, J = 4.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H) .
[0190] 2- ( (3- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) methyl) oxirane (B8) . The titled compound was prepared from 3- (trifluoromethyl) phenol (50 mg, 0.31 mmol) and 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (72.5 mL, 0.93 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound B1. The elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-50: 1) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 55 mg, 81.8%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.41 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.25 (s, 1H) , 7.17 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.12 (dd, J = 8.3, 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 4.31 (dt, J = 10.9, 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 3.97 (m, J = 11.1, 5.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H) , 3.39 (m, J = 8.7, 4.4, 2.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 2.94 (td, J = 4.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H) , 2.79 (dt, J = 4.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H) .
[0191] 2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) methyl) oxirane (B9) . The titled compound was prepared from 2- (trifluoromethyl) phenol (50 mg, 0.31 mmol) and 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (72.5 mL, 0.93 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound B1. The elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-50: 1) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 56.2 mg, 83.5%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.59 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.50 (td, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.05 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 4.35 (dd, J = 11.2, 2.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.12 (dd, J = 11.2, 5.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.39 (m, J = 5.0, 2.9 Hz, 1H) , 2.92 (t, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H) , 2.85 (dd, J = 5.0, 2.6 Hz, 1H) .
[0192] 4- (oxiran-2-ylmethoxy) benzonitrile (B10) . The titled compound was prepared from 4-hydroxybenzonitrile (50 mg, 0.42 mmol) and 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (98.6 mL, 1.26 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound B1. The elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-50: 1) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 60.9 mg, 82.8%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.63-7.54 (m, 2H) , 7.02-6.95 (m, 2H) , 4.34 (dd, J = 11.1, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.96 (dd, J = 11.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.37 (m, J = 6.8, 5.5, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 2.93 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H) , 2.77 (dd, J = 4.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H) .
[0193] Method B: N- (oxiran-2-ylmethyl) -4- (trifluoromethyl) aniline (B11) . The solution of 4- (trifluoromethyl) aniline (50 mg, 0.31 mmol) and Zn (SO3CF3) 2 (13.3 mg, 0.062 mmol) in CHCl3, 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (24.3 mL, 0.31 mmol) was added dropwise in ice bath. After warming to room temperature, the solution was stirred at 60 ℃ for 12 hours and monitored to react completely. After cooling to room temperature and filtration, water was added and the filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate for three times and washed with saturated brine. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated to achieve the crude product. The solution of 1-chloro-3- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) amino) propan-2-ol (67.3 mg, 0.27 mmol) and KI (8 mg, 0.05 mmol) in MeCN was stirred at 80 ℃ for 6 hours. and monitored to react completely. After cooling to room temperature and filtration, water was added and the filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate for three times and washed with saturated brine. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1) to give compound B11. Yellow oil, 42.5 mg, 73.8%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.44 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 6.67 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 4.23 (s, 1H) , 3.63 (m, J = 13.8, 5.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H) , 3.35-3.18 (m, 2H) , 2.86 (t, J = 4.3 Hz, 1H) , 2.71 (dd, J = 4.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H) .
[0194] Method C: 2- ( ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) thio) methyl) oxirane (B12) . The solution of 4- (trifluoromethyl) benzenethiol (50 mg, 0.28 mmol) and K2CO3 (58.2 mg, 0.42 mmol) in acetonitrile, 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (43.9 mL, 0.56 mmol) was added at room temperature. The solution was stirred at 85 ℃ for 8 hours and monitored to react completely. After cooling to room temperature and filtration, water was added and the filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate for three times and washed with saturated brine. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-50: 1) to give compound B12. Yellow oil, 53.8 mg, 81.8%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ7.55 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 7.48 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 3.25-3.18 (m, 2H) , 3.12 (dd, J = 15.5, 6.5 Hz, 1H) , 2.86-2.82 (m, 1H) , 2.64 (dd, J = 4.9, 2.3 Hz, 1H) .
[0195] Method D: 2- ( (benzyloxy) methyl) oxirane (B13) . The solution of 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (43.4 mL, 0.56 mmol) and TBAB (16.3 mg, 0.023 mmol) in 50%NaOH aqueous solution, benzyl alcohol (50 mg, 0.46 mmol) was added dropwise in ice bath. The solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 18 hours and monitored to react completely. The reaction was quenched with iced water and extracted with ethyl acetate for three times and washed with saturated brine. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-100: 1) to provide compound B13. Pale yellow oil, 68.1 mg, 89.7%yield.
[0196] 2- ( ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl) oxy) methyl) oxirane (B14) . The titled compound was prepared from 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (26.7 mL, 0.34 mmol) and (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) methanol (50 mg, 0.28 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound B13. The elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-50: 1) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 59.5 mg, 90.2%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.56 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.00 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 4.31 (dd, J = 11.1, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.99-3.91 (m, 1H) , 3.38 (m, J = 5.5, 3.9, 2.7 Hz, 1H) , 2.93 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H) , 2.78 (dd, J = 4.9, 2.6 Hz, 1H) .
[0197] 2- ( ( (3- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl) oxy) methyl) oxirane (B15) . The titled compound was prepared from 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (26.7 mL, 0.34 mmol) and (3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) methanol (50 mg, 0.28 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound B13. The elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-50: 1) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 57.7 mg, 87.6%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.56 (tt, J = 24.8, 5.9 Hz, 4H) , 4.66 (m, J = 12.3, 5.2 Hz, 2H) , 3.86 (m, J = 11.5, 2.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.47 (dt, J = 11.4, 5.7 Hz, 1H) , 3.23 (m, J = 6.1, 3.0 Hz, 1H) , 2.84 (q, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H) , 2.65 (dt, J = 5.1, 2.7 Hz, 1H) .
[0198] 2- ( ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl) oxy) methyl) oxirane (B16) . The titled compound was prepared from 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (26.7 mL, 0.34 mmol) and (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) methanol (50 mg, 0.28 mmol) in a similar manner as described for compound B13. The elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-50: 1) was used for chromatography. Pale yellow oil, 60.1 mg, 91.2%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.78-7.55 (m, 3H) , 7.40 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.85-4.73 (m, 2H) , 3.86 (dd, J = 11.3, 3.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.52 (dd, J = 11.4, 5.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.25 (m, J = 5.9, 4.1, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 2.85 (t, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H) , 2.68 (dd, J = 5.0, 2.7 Hz, 1H) .
[0199] Method D: 2- ( ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl) thio) methyl) oxirane (B17) . The solution of 2- (chloromethyl) oxirane (61.1 mL, 0.78 mmol) and KOH (43.8 mg, 0.78 mmol) in dioxane and water (1: 1) , (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) methanethiol (50 mg, 0.26 mmol) was added dropwise in ice bath. The solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 8 hours and monitored to react completely. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate for three times and washed with saturated brine. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of Hexane / EA (200: 1-100: 1) to provide compound B17. Yellow oil, 52.8 mg, 81.8%yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.60 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.49 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.93-3.82 (m, 2H) , 3.14 (m, J = 6.3, 4.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H) , 2.79 (t, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H) , 2.66-2.51 (m, 3H) .
[0200] Synthetic Procedures
[0201] General procedure for the Synthesis of Compounds 1 to 39. To a solution of selected compound A1-A17 (1 equiv) and compounds B1-B17 (1 equiv) in EtOH, DIPEA (2 equiv) was added. The solution was stirred at reflux for 8 hours and monitored to react completely. After warming to room temperature, the mixture was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to provide the titled compounds.
[0202] 1- (4-nitrophenoxy) -3- ( (2- (pyrimidin-2-ylamino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (1) . The titled compound was prepared from A1 (30 mg, 0.22 mmol) and B1 (42.4 mg, 0.22 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Pale yellow solid, 52.9 mg, 73.2%yield, mp 144-146℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) d 8.27 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H) , 8.23-8.18 (m, 2H) , 7.00-6.95 (m, 2H) , 6.55 (dd, J = 5.4, 4.3 Hz, 1H) , 5.46 (s, 1H) , 4.11-4.08 (m, 3H) , 3.57 (q, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.97-2.91 (m, 3H) , 2.86-2.80 (m, 1H) ; 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) d 163.6, 162.5, 158.1, 141.8, 125.9, 114.6, 110.8, 71.1, 68.2, 51.3, 49.1, 41.2. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C15H19N5O4, [M + H] +334.1515; found, 334.1514. HPLC purity: 97.06%.
[0203] 1- (4-nitrophenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (5- (trifluoromethyl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (2) . The titled compound was prepared from A2 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B1 (28.4 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Yellow solid, 41.5 mg, 70.8%yield, mp 133-134℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.47 (s, 2H) , 8.25-8.17 (m, 2H) , 7.01-6.95 (m, 2H) , 6.01 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.07 (m, 3H) , 3.62 (q, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.95 (m, J = 9.5, 3.8, 3.0 Hz, 3H) , 2.84 (dd, J = 12.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H) , 2.39 (s, 2H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ163.5, 163.4, 155.8, 155.8, 155.8, 155.7, 141.8, 125.9, 125.3, 114.5, 114.2, 71.0, 68.3, 51.3, 48.6, 41.2.19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -59.26. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C16H18F3N5O4, [M + H] +402.1389; found, 402.1382. HPLC purity: 97.06%.
[0204] 1- (4-nitrophenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (6- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (3) . The titled compound was prepared from A4 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B1 (28.5 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Yellow solid, 38.9 mg, 66.2%yield, mp 110-111℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.18 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H) , 7.50 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 6.94 (dd, J = 15.7, 8.1 Hz, 3H) , 6.54 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H) , 5.16 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H) , 4.09 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H) , 3.48 (q, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.93 (dd, J = 9.6, 4.4 Hz, 3H) , 2.82 (dd, J = 12.3, 7.2 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 163.6, 158.6, 146.6, 146.3, 141.7, 138.1, 125.9, 123.0, 120.3, 114.5, 110.3, 109.1, 109.1, 71.1, 68.2, 51.3, 48.8, 41.5.19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -67.29. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C17H19F3N4O4, [M + H] + 401.1437; found, 401.1431. HPLC purity: 98.85%.
[0205] 1- (4-nitrophenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (5- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (4) . The titled compound was prepared from A5 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B1 (28.5 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Yellow solid, 37.7 mg, 64.7%yield, mp 131-132℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.29 (s, 1H) , 8.15 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H) , 7.55 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.93 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H) , 6.42 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.59 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.19-4.04 (m, 3H) , 3.49 (q, J = 5.3, 4.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.97-2.89 (m, 3H) , 2.83 (dd, J = 12.3, 7.9 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 163.6, 160.3, 145.9, 145.8, 141.7, 134.4, 125.9, 123.2, 115.6, 115.3, 114.5, 106.6, 71.2, 68.3, 51.5, 48.6, 41.4.19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -59.18. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C17H19F3N4O4, [M + H] + 401.1437; found, 401.1433. HPLC purity: 96.36%.
[0206] 1- (4-nitrophenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (5) . The titled compound was prepared from A6 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B1 (28.5 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Yellow solid, 42.1 mg, 71.9%yield, mp 120-122℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.25-8.16 (m, 3H) , 6.97 (dd, J = 9.0, 1.5 Hz, 2H) , 6.75 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.58 (s, 1H) , 5.15 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.07 (m, 3H) , 3.49 (q, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H) , 3.00-2.91 (m, 3H) , 2.84 (dd, J = 12.4, 7.1 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ163.5, 158.9, 149.4, 141.8, 139.8, 139.5, 125.9, 124.4, 121.6, 114.5, 108.2, 108.2, 71.0, 68.3, 51.4, 48.7, 41.7.19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -64.04. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C17H19F3N4O4, [M +H]+ 401.1437; found, 401.1431. HPLC purity: 98.44%.
[0207] 1- (4-nitrophenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (3- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (6) . The titled compound was prepared from A7 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B1 (28.5 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Yellow solid, 40.1 mg, 68.5%yield, mp 115-117℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.28-8.15 (m, 3H) , 7.65 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.00-6.93 (m, 2H) , 6.62 (dd, J = 7.6, 5.0 Hz, 1H) , 5.41 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.11 (q, J = 3.9 Hz, 3H) , 3.63 (q, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H) , 2.97 (m, J = 12.4, 10.4, 4.8 Hz, 3H) , 2.84 (dd, J = 12.3, 6.5 Hz, 1H) , 2.57 (s, 2H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 163.6, 154.7, 151.6, 141.7, 135.2, 135.1, 135.1, 135.0, 125.9, 125.8, 123.1, 120.4, 114.5, 111.5, 108.8, 108.5, 108.2, 71.0, 68.3, 51.1, 48.6, 40.9. 19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -62.80. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C17H19F3N4O4, [M + H] +401.1437; found, 401.143. HPLC purity: 98.7%.
[0208] 1- ( (2- ( (5-fluoropyridin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) -3- (4-nitrophenoxy) propan-2-ol (7) . The titled compound was prepared from A8 (30 mg, 0.19 mmol) and B1 (37.7 mg, 0.19 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Yellow solid, 47.1 mg, 69.5%yield, mp 139-141℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.25-8.13 (m, 4H) , 7.01-6.94 (m, 2H) , 5.50 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.09 (s, 3H) , 3.53 (q, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.96-2.90 (m, 3H) , 2.82 (dd, J = 12.3, 6.8 Hz, 1H) , 2.30 (s, 2H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 163.6, 159.5, 153.4, 150.9, 145.7, 145.4, 141.8, 125.9, 114.5, 71.1, 68.2, 51.3, 48.9, 41.8.19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -157.53. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C15H18FN5O4, [M + H] + 352.1469; found, 352.1478. HPLC purity: 95.72%.
[0209] 1- (4-nitrophenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (8) . The titled compound was prepared from A10 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B1 (28.7 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Yellow solid, 42.8 mg, 73.1%yield, mp 102-103℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.25-8.17 (m, 2H) , 7.46 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.39 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.01-6.95 (m, 2H) , 6.76 (dd, J = 8.2, 5.2 Hz, 2H) , 4.91 (s, 1H) , 4.13 (s, 3H) , 3.30 (m, J = 6.8, 3.4 Hz, 2H) , 3.08-2.94 (m, 3H) , 2.89-2.82 (m, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 163.6, 145.7, 145.7, 141.8, 133.2, 129.3, 126.8, 126.7, 126.7, 126.6, 125.9, 123.9, 121.2, 116.1, 114.5, 114.0, 113.7, 113.4, 113.1, 111.9, 71.0, 68.5, 51.0, 48.0, 42.8.19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -61.42. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C18H20F3N3O4, [M + H] + 400.1484; found, 400.1491. HPLC purity: 95.37%.
[0210] 1-phenoxy-3- ( (2- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (9) . The titled compound was prepared from A3 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B2 (21.9 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Pale yellow solid, 38.6 mg, 74.5%yield, mp 113-115℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) d 8.44 (s, 1H) , 7.27 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H) , 6.99-6.84 (m, 3H) , 6.77 (s, 1H) , 6.53 (s, 1H) , 4.15 (s, 1H) , 3.98 (s, 2H) , 3.59 (s, 2H) , 2.96-2.80 (m, 4H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) d 162.5, 160.4, 158.6, 156.9, 156.5, 156.2, 155.8, 129.5, 121.9, 121.1, 119.2, 116.4, 114.5, 105.3, 70.6, 68.7, 51.8, 48.6, 41.1.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -70.83. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C16H19F3N4O2, [M + H] + 357.1538; found, 357.153. HPLC purity: 97.91%.
[0211] methyl 4- (2-hydroxy-3- ( (2- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propoxy) benzoate (10) . The titled compound was prepared from A3 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B3 (30.3 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Pale yellow solid, 41.4 mg, 68.3%yield, mp 124-125℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) d 8.40 (s, 1H) , 7.91 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 6.84 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 6.74 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 6.50 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.12 (m, J =9.3, 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.02-3.95 (m, 2H) , 3.84 (s, 3H) , 3.56 (q, J = 5.8 Hz, 4H) , 2.92-2.83 (m, 3H) , 2.79 (dd, J = 12.1, 8.1 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) d 166.7, 162.5, 162.3, 160.3, 156.8, 156.5, 156.1, 131.5, 122.8, 121.8, 119.1, 114.0, 105.4, 105.3, 105.3, 70.7, 68.4, 51.8, 51.6, 48.6, 41.0.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -70.83. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C18H21F3N4O4, [M +H]+ 415.1593; found, 415.1586. HPLC purity: 98.5%.
[0212] 1- (4-fluorophenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (11) . The titled compound was prepared from A3 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B4 (24.5 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Pale yellow solid, 39.4 mg, 72.1%yield, mp 116-117℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.46 (s, 1H) , 6.96 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.90-6.72 (m, 3H) , 6.17 (s, 1H) , 4.15-4.04 (m, 1H) , 3.95 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H) , 3.60 (q, J =6.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.10-2.52 (m, 6H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 162.5, 160.4, 158.6, 157.0, 156.6, 156.2, 155.9, 154.7, 154.7, 121.9, 119.1, 116.4, 115.9, 115.7, 115.6, 115.5, 105.5, 105.5, 71.2, 68.6, 51.6, 48.6, 41.1.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -70.82, -123.52. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C16H18F4N4O2, [M + H] + 375.1444; found, 375.1438. HPLC purity: 98.74%.
[0213] 1- (3, 4-difluorophenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (12) . The titled compound was prepared from A3 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B5 (27.1 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Pale yellow solid, 42.2 mg, 73.3%yield, mp 109-111℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.46 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.04 (q, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.81 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 6.72 (m, J = 12.1, 6.6, 3.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.60 (dd, J = 8.9, 4.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.18 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.09 (m, J = 9.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H) , 3.93 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 3.60 (q, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.95-2.70 (m, 6H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 162.5, 160.4, 157.0, 156.6, 156.2, 154.9, 154.9, 154.9, 154.8, 151.7, 151.6, 149.2, 149.1, 146.4, 146.3, 144.0, 143.9, 124.6, 121.8, 119.1, 117.3, 117.3, 117.1, 117.1, 116.4, 109.8, 109.8, 109.8, 109.7, 105.6, 105.5, 105.5, 104.3, 104.1, 71.3, 68.4, 51.5, 48.6, 41.1.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -70.84, -135.30 (d, J = 21.4 Hz) , -147.81 (d, J = 21.5 Hz) . HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C16H17F5N4O2, [M + H] +393.135; found, 393.1343. HPLC purity: 98.98%.
[0214] 1- (4-methoxyphenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (13) 45. The titled compound was prepared from A3 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B6 (26.2 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Pale yellow solid, 40.1 mg, 71.3%yield, mp 116-117℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) d 8.52-8.41 (m, 1H) , 6.82 (m, J = 11.8, 3.7 Hz, 5H) , 6.14 (s, 1H) , 4.09 (m, J = 9.0, 5.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.94 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H) , 3.77 (s, 3H) , 3.59 (q, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.95-2.87 (m, 3H) , 2.81 (m, J = 12.1, 7.8 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) d 162.5, 160.4, 156.6, 156.2, 154.1, 152.7, 121.9, 119.1, 115.5, 114.7, 105.5, 105.5, 71.3, 68.8, 55.7, 51.7, 48.6, 41.2.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -70.83. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C17H21F3N4O3, [M + H] + 387.1644; found, 387.1644. HPLC purity: 99.02%.
[0215] 1- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (14) . The titled compound was prepared from A3 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B7 (31.8 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Pale yellow solid, 41.5 mg, 67.2%yield, mp 105-107℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.46 (s, 1H) , 7.53 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 6.96 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 6.81 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 6.20 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.14 (m, J =9.2, 5.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.03 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 3.61 (q, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H) , 3.08-2.74 (m, 6H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 162.5, 161.0, 160.4, 156.6, 156.2, 127.0, 126.9, 126.9, 126.9, 125.7, 123.4, 123.1, 123.0, 121.8, 119.1, 114.5, 105.6, 105.5, 70.6, 68.4, 51.5, 48.7, 41.1.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -61.54, -70.84. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C17H18F6N4O2, [M + H] + 425.1412; found, 425.1406. HPLC purity: 96.47%.
[0216] 1- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (5- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (15) . The titled compound was prepared from A5 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B7 (31.9 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Pale yellow solid, 42.2 mg, 68.7%yield, mp 118-120℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.36-8.27 (m, 1H) , 7.55 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 3H) , 6.96 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 6.41 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.28 (s, 1H) , 4.10 (m, J = 10.0, 5.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.06-4.00 (m, 2H) , 3.49 (q, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H) , 2.97-2.89 (m, 3H) , 2.82 (dd, J =12.2, 7.7 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 161.0, 160.3, 146.1, 146.1, 146.0, 146.0, 134.4, 134.4, 134.3, 130.9, 127.0, 127.0, 126.9, 126.9, 125.9, 125.7, 123.5, 123.2, 123.0, 115.8, 115.4, 114.5, 106.6, 70.5, 68.5, 51.4, 48.6, 41.5.19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -59.20, -59.77. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C18H19F6N3O2, [M + H] + 424.146; found, 424.1454. HPLC purity: 99.4%.
[0217] 1- ( (2- ( [1, 1'-biphenyl] -4-ylamino) ethyl) amino) -3- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) propan-2-ol (16) . The titled compound was prepared from A11 (30 mg, 0.14 mmol) and B7 (30.8 mg, 0.14 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 42.2 mg, 70.6%yield, mp 149-151℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.56 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 4H) , 7.47 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.43 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H) , 7.29 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.99 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.73 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 4.16-4.03 (m, 4H) , 3.33 (q, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 3.01-2.91 (m, 3H) , 2.85 (dd, J = 12.2, 7.5 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 161.0, 147.6, 141.1, 130.6, 128.7, 128.0, 127.0, 127.0, 127.0, 126.9, 126.3, 126.1, 125.7, 123.5, 123.1, 123.0, 114.5, 113.2, 70.6, 68.5, 51.5, 48.8, 43.7. 19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -59.72. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C24H25F3N2O2, [M + H] +431.1946; found, 431.1939. HPLC purity: 99.02%.
[0218] 1- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (17) . The titled compound was prepared from A12 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B7 (32.1 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 42.2 mg, 68.8%yield, mp 108-109℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.54 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.39 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 6.95 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 6.61 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 4.47 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H) , 4.12 (m, J = 9.9, 7.8, 4.3 Hz, 1H) , 4.06-3.98 (m, 2H) , 3.28 (q, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.97-2.87 (m, 3H) , 2.82 (dd, J = 12.2, 7.8 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 160.9, 150.7, 128.4, 127.0, 127.0, 127.0, 126.9, 126.7, 126.6, 126.6, 126.6, 126.3, 125.7, 123.6, 123.5, 123.2, 123.0, 119.1, 118.7, 114.5, 111.9, 70.5, 68.5, 51.5, 48.4, 43.0.19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -58.81, -59.75. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H20F6N2O2, [M + H] + 423.1507; found, 423.1503. HPLC purity: 97.3%.
[0219] 1- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (18) . The titled compound was prepared from A13 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B7 (32.1 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 44.3 mg, 71.1%yield, mp 89-91℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.57 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.29 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.98 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 3H) , 6.88-6.74 (m, 2H) , 4.29 (s, 1H) , 4.17-4.02 (m, 3H) , 3.30 (s, 2H) , 3.06-2.81 (m, 4H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 161.0, 148.4, 131.8, 131.4, 131.1, 129.6, 128.4, 127.0, 127.0, 126.9, 126.9, 125.7, 123.5, 123.2, 123.0, 116.0, 114.5, 114.0, 113.9, 113.9, 113.9, 108.9, 108.9, 108.9, 70.5, 68.5, 51.4, 48.5, 43.3.19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -59.74, -61.33. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H20F6N2O2, [M + H] + 423.1507; found, 423.1520. HPLC purity: 98.83%.
[0220] 1- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (19) . The titled compound was prepared from A10 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B7 (32.1 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 41.3 mg, 66.1%yield, mp 65-66℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.56 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.46 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.39 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.99 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 6.76 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H) , 4.93 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.15-4.05 (m, 3H) , 3.30 (q, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.07-2.93 (m, 3H) , 2.85 (dd, J =12.3, 6.6 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 161.0, 145.7, 133.1, 127.0, 126.9, 116.1, 114.5, 111.9, 70.5, 68.7, 51.2, 48.1, 42.9.19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -59.75, -61.46. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H20F6N2O2, [M + H] + 423.1507; found, 423.1503. HPLC purity: 98.13%.
[0221] 1- ( (2- ( (2-nitrophenyl) amino) ethyl) amino) -3- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) propan-2-ol (20) . The titled compound was prepared from A14 (30 mg, 0.17 mmol) and B7 (36.1 mg, 0.17 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Yellow solid, 41.9 mg, 63.9%yield, mp 97-99℃. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.40 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H) , 8.19 (dd, J = 8.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.55 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.45 (m, J = 8.5, 7.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.01 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 6.86 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.67 (m, J = 8.4, 6.9, 1.1 Hz, 1H) , 4.12 (m, J = 16.0, 8.2, 4.4 Hz, 3H) , 3.44 (q, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H) , 3.13-2.97 (m, 3H) , 2.88 (dd, J = 12.2, 6.2 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 161.0, 145.4, 136.2, 132.1, 127.0, 127.0, 126.9, 126.9, 125.7, 123.4, 123.1, 123.0, 115.4, 114.5, 113.8, 70.4, 68.7, 51.1, 47.9, 42.4.19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -59.74. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C18H20F3N3O4, [M + H] + 400.1484; found, 400.1490. HPLC purity: 99.68%.
[0222] 2- ( (2- ( (2-hydroxy-3- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) propyl) amino) ethyl) amino) benzonitrile (21) . The titled compound was prepared from A15 (30 mg, 0.19 mmol) and B7 (40.6 mg, 0.19 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 47.4 mg, 66.4%yield, mp 157-158℃. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.56 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.40 (m, J = 7.5, 5.9, 1.8 Hz, 2H) , 7.02 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 6.73-6.67 (m, 2H) , 5.13 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.12 (m, J = 13.1, 4.1 Hz, 3H) , 3.33 (m, J = 5.6, 2.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.06-2.95 (m, 3H) , 2.86 (dd, J = 12.2, 6.5 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 161.0, 150.4, 134.3, 132.8, 127.0, 127.0, 126.9, 126.9, 125.3, 123.5, 123.4, 123.2, 118.0, 116.7, 114.6, 110.8, 96.0, 70.5, 68.8, 51.2, 48.1, 42.7. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H20F3N3O2, [M + H] + 380.1586; found, 380.1593. HPLC purity: 98.38%.
[0223] 1- (3- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (22) . The titled compound was prepared from A10 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B8 (32.1 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 42.4 mg, 68.6%yield, mp 119-121℃. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.49-7.44 (m, 1H) , 7.40 (m, J = 10.6, 7.9 Hz, 2H) , 7.27 (d, J = 20.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.17 (t, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.10 (dd, J = 8.3, 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 6.78-6.73 (m, 2H) , 4.93 (s, 1H) , 4.15-4.05 (m, 3H) , 3.31 (m, J = 5.8, 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 3.06-2.94 (m, 3H) , 2.85 (dd, J = 12.2, 6.9 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 158.7, 145.7, 133.1, 132.1, 131.7, 130.0, 127.9, 126.8, 126.7, 126.6, 126.6, 125.2, 123.9, 122.5, 121.2, 117.9, 117.8, 117.8, 117.7, 116.0, 114.0, 113.7, 113.5, 111.9, 111.4, 111.4, 111.4, 111.3, 70.6, 68.7, 51.2, 48.1, 42.9.19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -61.18, -61.52. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H20F6N3O2, [M + H] + 423.1507; found, 423.1518. HPLC purity: 96.63%.
[0224] 1- (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (23) . The titled compound was prepared from A10 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B9 (32.1 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 40.6 mg, 65.2%yield, mp 78-80℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.59 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.51 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.45 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.38 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.08-7.00 (m, 2H) , 6.74 (t, J =8.3 Hz, 2H) , 4.96 (s, 1H) , 4.14 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 3H) , 3.29 (q, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H) , 3.04-2.94 (m, 3H) , 2.90 (dd, J = 10.9, 4.1 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 156.4, 145.8, 133.4, 133.1, 129.3, 127.1, 127.1, 127.0, 127.0, 126.7, 126.6, 126.6, 126.5, 125.1, 123.9, 122.4, 120.5, 118.9, 118.6, 115.9, 113.7, 113.4, 113.1, 112.9, 111.9, 71.0, 68.6, 51.0, 48.1, 42.8.19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -60.89, -61.55. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H20F6N3O2, [M + H] + 423.1507; found, 423.1509. HPLC purity: 96.79%.
[0225] 4- (2-hydroxy-3- ( (2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) amino) ethyl) amino) propoxy) benzonitrile (24) . The titled compound was prepared from A10 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B10 (25.7 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 42.1 mg, 75.4%yield, mp 128-130℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.63-7.57 (m, 2H) , 7.46 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.39 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.00-6.95 (m, 2H) , 6.79-6.72 (m, 2H) , 4.91 (s, 1H) , 4.15-4.06 (m, 3H) , 3.34-3.25 (m, 2H) , 3.07-2.93 (m, 3H) , 2.84 (dd, J = 12.3, 6.3 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 161.8, 145.7, 145.7, 134.0, 133.2, 126.8, 126.7, 126.7, 126.6, 123.9, 119.1, 116.1, 115.2, 113.7, 113.4, 111.9, 104.4, 70.6, 68.5, 51.1, 48.1, 42.9.19F NMR (565 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -61.43. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H20F3N3O2, [M + H] + 380.1586; found, 380.1590. HPLC purity: 96.25%.
[0226] 1- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) amino) -3- ( (2- ( (5- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (25) . The titled compound was prepared from A5 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B11 (31.8 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Pale yellow solid, 36.2 mg, 58.8%yield, mp 130-132℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.32 (s, 1H) , 7.59 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.40 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 6.62 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 6.42 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 5.40 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.58 (s, 1H) , 3.94 (m, J = 8.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.48 (q, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.30 (dd, J = 12.9, 3.7 Hz, 1H) , 3.13 (dd, J = 12.8, 7.1 Hz, 1H) , 2.99-2.39 (m, 6H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 160.3, 150.7, 146.0, 146.0, 145.9, 134.5, 134.4, 128.9, 126.7, 126.6, 126.6, 126.6, 126.2, 125.9, 123.6, 123.2, 119.3, 119.0, 118.6, 115.9, 115.5, 115.2, 112.1, 106.5, 68.3, 52.8, 52.8, 48.7, 47.3, 47.3, 41.6.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -61.05, -61.18. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C18H21F6N4O, [M + H] + 423.1620; found, 423.1614. HPLC purity: 98.89%.
[0227] 1- (benzyloxy) -3- ( (2- ( (5- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (26) . The titled compound was prepared from A5 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B13 (24 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50:1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Pale yellow solid, 39.9 mg, 73.3%yield, mp 64-69℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.33 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.57 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.41-7.29 (m, 5H) , 6.42 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.42 (s, 1H) , 4.57 (s, 2H) , 3.94 (m, J = 7.6, 4.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.57-3.44 (m, 4H) , 2.91 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.75 (m, J = 12.2, 5.8 Hz, 2H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 160.3, 146.0, 146.0, 145.9, 137.8, 134.3, 134.2, 134.2, 134.2, 128.5, 127.9, 127.8, 125.9, 123.3, 115.6, 115.3, 106.8, 73.5, 72.7, 69.0, 51.7, 48.5, 41.3. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C18H22F3N3O2, [M + H] + 370.1742; found, 370.1734. HPLC purity: 95.09%.
[0228] 1- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl) oxy) -3- ( (2- ( (5- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (27) . The titled compound was prepared from A5 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B14 (33.9 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Pale yellow solid, 37.1 mg, 58.7%yield, mp 90-91℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.32 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.65-7.53 (m, 3H) , 7.44 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 6.41 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.50 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H) , 4.61 (s, 2H) , 3.95 (m, J = 7.8, 6.1, 3.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.58-3.49 (m, 2H) , 3.45 (q, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H) , 2.90 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.80-2.69 (m, 2H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 160.3, 146.0, 145.9, 142.0, 134.3, 134.3, 130.1, 129.8, 127.6, 125.9, 125.4, 125.4, 125.4, 125.3, 123.2, 122.7, 115.6, 115.2, 106.6, 73.2, 72.6, 69.1, 51.7, 48.5, 41.4.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -61.16, -62.53. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H21F6N3O2, [M + H] + 438.1616; found, 438.1612. HPLC purity: 97.4%.
[0229] 1- ( (3- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl) oxy) -3- ( (2- ( (5- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (28) . The titled compound was prepared from A5 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B15 (33.9 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Pale yellow solid, 33.8 mg, 53.5%yield, mp 66-67℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.33 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.61-7.46 (m, 5H) , 6.42 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.36 (s, 1H) , 4.62 (s, 2H) , 3.95 (m, J = 7.9, 6.3, 3.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.59-3.52 (m, 2H) , 3.47 (q, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H) , 2.92 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.83-2.69 (m, 2H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 160.3, 139.0, 130.8, 128.9, 124.6, 124.2, 115.3, 73.1, 72.7, 69.1, 51.7, 48.5, 41.4. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H21F6N3O2, [M + H] + 438.1616; found, 438.1629. HPLC purity: 95.18%
[0230] 1- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl) oxy) -3- ( (2- ( (5- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (29) . The titled compound was prepared from A5 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B16 (33.9 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Pale yellow solid, 34.2 mg, 54.1%yield, mp 71-73℃. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.33-8.30 (m, 1H) , 7.66 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H) , 7.58-7.53 (m, 2H) , 7.40 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H) , 6.42 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.49 (s, 1H) , 4.74 (s, 2H) , 3.97 (m, J = 10.1, 7.5, 3.2 Hz, 1H) , 3.59 (dd, J = 9.6, 3.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.55 (dd, J = 9.6, 6.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.48-3.44 (m, 2H) , 2.91 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.79 (dd, J = 12.2, 3.7 Hz, 1H) , 2.74 (dd, J = 12.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 160.3, 146.0, 146.0, 146.0, 145.9, 136.5, 134.3, 134.2, 134.2, 134.2, 132.0, 129.1, 128.0, 127.8, 127.6, 127.4, 127.3, 127.0, 125.9, 125.9, 125.9, 125.8, 125.5, 125.2, 123.7, 123.4, 121.9, 121.6, 115.7, 115.5, 115.2, 115.0, 73.4, 69.5, 69.1, 51.7, 48.5, 41.4.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -60.07, -62.64. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H21F6N3O2, [M + H] + 438.1616; found, 438.1628. HPLC purity: 95.9%
[0231] 1- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl) thio) -3- ( (2- ( (5- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (30) . The titled compound was prepared from A5 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B17 (36.3 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Yellow solid, 43.7 mg, 65.9%yield, mp 64-66℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.38-8.28 (m, 1H) , 7.58 (dd, J =8.6, 3.2 Hz, 3H) , 7.45 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 6.43 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.38 (s, 1H) , 3.81 (s, 3H) , 3.46 (q, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H) , 2.89 (m, J = 5.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H) , 2.78 (dd, J = 12.1, 3.3 Hz, 1H) , 2.65-2.51 (m, 3H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 160.3, 146.1, 146.0, 146.0, 146.0, 142.3, 134.4, 134.3, 134.3, 134.3, 129.6, 129.3, 129.2, 125.9, 125.6, 125.5, 125.5, 125.5, 125.4, 123.2, 122.7, 115.7, 115.3, 106.6, 68.7, 53.9, 48.5, 41.5, 36.3, 36.2.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -61.16, -62.48. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H21F6N3OS, [M + H] + 454.1388; found, 454.1385. HPLC purity: 97.15%.
[0232] 1- ( (2- ( (5-nitropyridin-2-yl) amino) ethyl) amino) -3- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl) oxy) propan-2-ol (31) . The titled compound was prepared from A9 (30 mg, 0.16 mmol) and B14 (38.2 mg, 0.16 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . Yellow solid, 43.1 mg, 69.7%yield, mp 80-81℃. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 9.02 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.18 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.63 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.46 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H) , 6.38 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H) , 5.95 (s, 1H) , 4.63 (s, 2H) , 3.96 (m, J = 10.4, 3.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.59-3.50 (m, 4H) , 2.95 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.81 (dd, J = 12.2, 3.7 Hz, 1H) , 2.74 (dd, J = 12.2, 7.9 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 161.1, 147.0, 141.9, 135.8, 130.2, 129.9, 127.6, 125.5, 125.4, 125.4, 125.4, 125.0, 123.2, 121.4, 73.1, 72.7, 69.2, 51.6, 48.2, 41.5.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -62.52. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C18H21F3N4O4, [M + H] + 415.1593; found, 415.1601. HPLC purity: 98.35%.
[0233] 1- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl) oxy) -3- ( (2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (32) . The titled compound was prepared from A10 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B14 (34.1 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 39.9 mg, 62.2%yield, mp 67-69℃. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.61 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.46 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H) , 7.41-7.36 (m, 1H) , 6.75 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H) , 4.94 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.62 (s, 2H) , 3.94 (m, J = 6.8, 4.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.56 (m, J = 9.7, 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 3.27 (q, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.00-2.92 (m, 2H) , 2.81 (m, J = 11.9, 4.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H) , 2.73 (m, J = 12.1, 7.3, 1.1 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 145.8, 142.1, 133.1, 120.0, 129.8, 127.6, 126.7, 126.7, 126.6, 126.6, 126.1, 125.4, 125.4, 125.4, 125.3, 125.0, 124.3, 123.2, 115.9, 113.6, 113.4, 111.9, 73.1, 72.6, 69.3, 51.4, 48.0, 42.9.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -62.51, -62.58. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C20H22F6N2O2, [M + H] + 437.1664; found, 437.1669. HPLC purity: 95.05%.
[0234] 1- ( (3- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl) oxy) -3- ( (2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (33) . The titled compound was prepared from A10 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B15 (34.1 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 38.1 mg, 59.4%yield, mp 77-79℃. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.62 (s, 1H) , 7.57 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.53 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.49-7.44 (m, 2H) , 7.40-7.36 (m, 1H) , 6.74 (t, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H) , 4.94 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H) , 4.61 (s, 2H) , 3.94 (m, J = 7.9, 6.5, 4.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.57 (m, J = 9.7, 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 3.26 (q, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H) , 2.96 (m, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H) , 2.81 (dd, J = 12.1, 4.1 Hz, 1H) , 2.72 (dd, J =12.1, 7.3 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 145.8, 145.8, 145.8, 139.1, 133.1, 130.8, 130.6, 128.9, 128.8, 126.7, 126.6, 126.6, 126.5, 125.5, 124.6, 124.5, 124.5, 124.5, 124.4, 124.3, 124.3, 124.2, 124.2, 123.9, 122.8, 115.9, 113.9, 113.7, 113.6, 113.4, 113.3, 113.1, 111.9, 111.8, 73.1, 72.7, 69.2, 51.4, 48.0, 42.8.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -62.61, -62.62. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C20H22F6N2O2, [M + H] + 437.1664; found, 437.1664. HPLC purity: 98.51%.
[0235] 1- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl) oxy) -3- ( (2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) amino) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (34) . The titled compound was prepared from A10 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B16 (34.1 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 42.9 mg, 67.6%yield, mp 64-65℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.67 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H) , 7.56 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.42 (m, J = 24.0, 7.9 Hz, 3H) , 6.74 (t, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H) , 4.94 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 4.76 (s, 2H) , 3.96 (m, J = 6.2, 4.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.60 (m, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.27 (q, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H) , 2.97 (m, J = 5.7, 2.0 Hz, 2H) , 2.86-2.71 (m, 2H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 145.8, 145.8, 145.8, 136.7, 136.7, 133.1, 132.0, 129.3, 129.1, 128.4, 128.2, 127.9, 127.6, 127.3, 126.7, 126.7, 126.6, 126.6, 126.5, 125.9, 125.9, 125.8, 125.8, 125.7, 123.9, 123.0, 120.2, 115.9, 114.0, 113.7, 113.4, 113.1, 111.9, 73.3, 69.5, 69.2, 51.5, 48.0, 42.9.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -60.07, -62.64. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C20H22F6N2O2, [M + H] + 437.1664; found, 437.1663. HPLC purity: 99.4%.
[0236] N- (2- ( (2-hydroxy-3- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) propyl) amino) ethyl) -2- (trifluoromethyl) benzenesulfonamide (35) . The titled compound was prepared from A16 (30 mg, 0.11 mmol) and B7 (24.4 mg, 0.11 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (100: 1-50: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 37.7 mg, 69.3%yield, mp 95-97℃. 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.11 (dd, J = 8.1, 3.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.98 (dd, J = 8.1, 2.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.89 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.83 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.63 (dd, J = 9.0, 2.8 Hz, 2H) , 7.11 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 5.06 (s, 1H) , 4.02 (m, J = 9.9, 4.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.93 (m, J = 9.3, 6.2, 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 3.84 (m, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H) , 2.99-2.93 (m, 2H) , 2.61 (m, J = 12.9, 5.1, 4.2 Hz, 3H) , 2.54 (m, J = 10.7, 6.5, 3.7 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 162.0, 140.0, 133.7, 133.7, 133.2, 133.2, 130.4, 128.9, 128.9, 128.8, 128.8, 127.4, 127.3, 127.3, 127.3, 126.7, 126.5, 126.5, 126.1, 125.9, 124.3, 124.1, 122.5, 121.8, 121.5, 121.3, 121.3, 115.4, 71.4, 68.5, 52.3, 49.2, 43.3.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -57.95, -61.54. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H20F6N2O4S, [M + H] + 487.1126; found, 487.1132. HPLC purity: 99.23%.
[0237] 1- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) -3- ( (2- (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (36) . The titled compound was prepared from A17 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B7 (31.9 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 37.4 mg, 60.3%yield, mp 83-85℃. 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.62 (dd, J = 16.9, 8.2 Hz, 4H) , 7.27 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.10 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 3H) , 5.09 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.16 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H) , 4.04 (dd, J = 9.8, 4.5 Hz, 1H) , 3.96 (dd, J = 9.8, 6.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.90 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 1H) , 2.94 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H) , 2.76 (dd, J = 12.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 2.68 (dd, J = 11.9, 6.7 Hz, 1H) . 113C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ162.0, 156.9, 134.7, 130.1, 127.4, 127.4, 127.3, 127.3, 127.1, 127.1, 127.1, 126.0, 125.2, 124.2, 123.4, 121.5, 121.3, 120.7, 117.8, 117.6, 117.4, 115.4, 114.1, 71.4, 69.0, 68.5, 52.5, 48.6.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -61.51, -62.26. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H19F6NO3, [M + H] +424.1347; found, 424.1355. HPLC purity: 95.69%.
[0238] 1- (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy) -3- ( (2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) thio) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (37) . The titled compound was prepared from A18 (30 mg, 0.14 mmol) and B7 (29.6 mg, 0.14 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 34.5 mg, 58.1%yield, mp 77-78℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.68 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.59-7.46 (m, 4H) , 7.33 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.99 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 4.08-4.01 (m, 3H) , 3.17 (m, J =6.4, 2.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.99-2.87 (m, 3H) , 2.83-2.76 (m, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ161.1, 135.4, 132.0, 131.6, 130.6, 130.3, 127.0, 127.0, 127.0, 126.9, 126.9, 126.9, 126.3, 125.7, 125.1, 123.4, 123.1, 123.0, 122.4, 120.3, 114.5, 70.5, 68.2, 51.1, 47.9, 35.2. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H19F6NO2S, [M + H] + 440.1119; found, 440.1120. HPLC purity: 98.46%.
[0239] 1- ( (2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) amino) ethyl) amino) -3- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) thio) propan-2-ol (38) . The titled compound was prepared from A10 (30 mg, 0.15 mmol) and B12 (34.4 mg, 0.15 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 34.3 mg, 70.7%yield, mp 65-66℃. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.53 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.42 (m, J = 15.6, 7.9 Hz, 4H) , 6.75 (dd, J = 8.1, 5.4 Hz, 2H) , 4.87 (s, 1H) , 3.86 (m, J = 7.3, 3.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.34-3.22 (m, 2H) , 3.20-3.09 (m, 2H) , 3.03-2.88 (m, 3H) , 2.72 (dd, J = 12.2, 7.5 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 145.7, 145.7, 141.3, 133.1, 128.4, 128.1, 128.0, 127.7, 126.8, 126.7, 126.7, 126.6, 126.6, 125.8, 125.8, 125.7, 125.7, 125.4, 123.9, 122.7, 116.1, 113.7, 113.4, 111.9, 68.5, 53.4, 48.0, 42.9, 37.7.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -62.48, -62.55. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H20F6N2OS, [M + H] + 439.1279; found, 439.1279. HPLC purity: 96.13%.
[0240] 1- ( (4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) thio) -3- ( (2- ( (2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) thio) ethyl) amino) propan-2-ol (39) . The titled compound was prepared from A18 (30 mg, 0.14 mmol) and B12 (31.8 mg, 0.14 mmol) , purified by column chromatography on silica gel with the elution fluid of DCM / MeOH (200: 1-100: 1, with additional drops of aqueous ammonia) . White solid, 46.8 mg, 66.4%yield, mp 73-75℃. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.70 -7.67 (m, 1H) , 7.54 (t, J =8.6 Hz, 3H) , 7.49 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.43 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.33 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.82 (m, J = 12.0, 6.1, 3.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.18-3.10 (m, 4H) , 2.93-2.84 (m, 3H) , 2.65 (dd, J = 12.2, 8.1 Hz, 1H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 141.5, 135.4, 132.0, 131.6, 130.6, 130.4, 127.9, 127.9, 127.7, 127.5, 127.0, 127.0, 126.9, 126.9, 126.3, 125.8, 125.8, 125.7, 125.7, 125.0, 124.6, 123.2, 122.8, 68.2, 53.3, 47.8, 37.5, 35.2.19F NMR (565 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ -60.78, -62.46. HRMS (ESI) : calcd for C19H19F6NOS2, [M + H] + 456.0890; found, 456.0893. HPLC purity: 95.63%.
[0241] Determination of MIC
[0242] Previously established protocols were used for protein overproduction, purification, and inhibitor testing. Briefly, C-SmBiT-CH (40 μL, 100 nM in PBS) was added to 96-well plates and then mixed with 20 μL of compound at desired concentrations. The mixture was incubated for 10 minutes at 37 ℃. N-LgBiT-NusG (40 μL, 100 nM in PBS) was then added to each well, followed by incubation for 10 minutes at 37 ℃. After the final incubation step, an equal volume of Promega Luciferase Assay Substrate (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin, United States) was added to the reaction mixture. The emitted luminescence was measured using a Victor X3 Multilabel plate reader (Waltham, Massachusetts, United States) . The experiment was performed in triplicates with technical repeats for consistent results.
[0243] Determination of MBC
[0244] MBC values were determined following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. After establishing the MIC, solutions ranging from 1× MIC to 16× MIC were prepared, and 10 μL aliquots were spotted onto Columbia blood agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37 ℃ for 24 hours, and viable bacterial colonies were enumerated to calculate colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU / mL) . By comparing CFU / mL values to untreated controls, the MBC was established. All experiments were performed in duplicate to ensure reproducibility.
[0245] Binding Inhibition Assay
[0246] Previously established protocols were used for protein overproduction, purification, and inhibitor testing. Briefly, C-SmBiT-CH (40 μL, 100 nM in PBS) was added to 96-well plates and then mixed with 20 μL of compound at desired concentrations. The mixture was incubated for 10 minutes at 37 ℃. N-LgBiT-NusG (40 μL, 100 nM in PBS) was then added to each well, followed by incubation for 10 minutes at 37 ℃. After the final incubation step, an equal volume of Promega Luciferase Assay Substrate (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin, United States) was added to the reaction mixture. The emitted luminescence was measured using a Victor X3 Multilabel plate reader (Waltham, Massachusetts, United States) . The experiment was performed in triplicates with technical repeats for consistent results.
[0247] Time-Kill Kinetics
[0248] The dose-and time-dependent antimicrobial effects of compounds on S. aureus strains under aerobic conditions were assessed by adapting from relevant CLSI guidelines. S. aureus cells were suspended to approximately 1.5 × 106 CFU / mL (colony forming unit per mL) at log growth phase in CA-MHB broth supplemented with varying concentrations of compounds (i.e., 1 / 4×, 1×, 4×, and 16× MICs) . As an untreated control, bacteria were incubated in CA-MHB broth without the compounds. The cultures were grown at 37 ℃ with shaking at 180 rpm. At defined time intervals (i.e., 0, 2, 4, 6 h) , 20 μL samples were taken from each treatment group, followed by a 10-fold serial dilution in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) . From each dilution, 5 μL samples were spotted on Columbia blood agar plates. The plates were then incubated at 37 ℃ overnight, after which the number of viable bacteria in each sample was counted and expressed as CFU / mL. The entire experiment was performed in triplicate.
[0249] Epifluorescence Microscopy
[0250] Multiple strains of Bacillus subtilis were cultured overnight on selective LB agar plates (Lennox formulation) at 37 ℃. A single colony from each plate was inoculated into LB medium containing the appropriate selective antibiotic and incubated overnight at 37 ℃ with shaking at 180 rpm. The overnight cultures were diluted to an OD600 of 0.05 and grown at 37 ℃ with agitation until reaching an OD600 of 0.50. At this point, antibiotics and compound 38 (at 1× MIC) were added to the cultures in conjunction with xylose, followed by incubation at 37 ℃ with shaking for 30 minutes. To visualize the nucleoid, 4’, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was added at a final concentration of 1 μg / mL.
[0251] For microscopic analysis, 2.5 μL of the treated cell culture was placed on a freshly prepared 1.2%agarose pad and covered with a coverslip prior to imaging. Fluorescence images were captured using an ECLIPSE Ti2-E live-cell fluorescence imaging system (Nikon) equipped with a 100× / 1.45 oil immersion objective. The GFP signal was visualized with a FITC filter (525 / 50 emission) , and the DAPI signal was visualized using a DAPI filter (460 / 50 emission) . Digital images were processed and analyzed using ImageJ software.
Claims
1.A compound of Formula 1: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, wherein:m is a whole number selected from 1-4;n is a whole number selected from 1-4;X1 is -O-, -S-, -OCH2-, -SCH2-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -;X2 is -O-, -S-, -OCH2-, -SCH2-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -;Ar1 is selected from the group consisting of:Ar2 is selected from the group consisting of:R for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl;R1 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -SR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -N (R5) C (O) OR5, -OC (O) N (R5) -, -OC (O) OR5, -N (R5) C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, and -N (R5) S (O) 2R5;R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -SR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -N (R5) C (O) OR5, -OC (O) N (R5) -, -OC (O) OR5, -N (R5) C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, and -N (R5) S (O) 2R5;R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, or -S (O) 2N (R5) 2;R4 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, or -P (O) (OR5) 2; andR5 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R5 together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl.2.The compound of claim 1, wherein m is a whole number selected from 1-2; and n is a whole number selected from 1-2.3.The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein X1 is -O-, -S-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -.4.The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Ar1 is selected from the group consisting of: andAr2 is:5.The compound of any one of claims 1-4, wherein at least one R1 is CF3; and at least one R2 is CF3.6.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has Formula 2: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:m is a whole number selected from 1-4;n is a whole number selected from 1-4;X1 is -O-, -S-, -OCH2-, -SCH2-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -;X2 is -O-, -S-, -OCH2-, -SCH2-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -;Ar1 is selected from the group consisting of:Ar2 is selected from the group consisting of:R for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl;R1 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -SR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -N (R5) C (O) OR5, -OC (O) N (R5) -, -OC (O) OR5, -N (R5) C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, and -N (R5) S (O) 2R5;R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -SR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -N (R5) C (O) OR5, -OC (O) N (R5) -, -OC (O) OR5, -N (R5) C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, and -N (R5) S (O) 2R5;R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, or -S (O) 2N (R5) 2;R4 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, or -P (O) (OR5) 2; andR5 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R5 together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl.7.The compound of claim 6, wherein Ar1 is selected from the group consisting of: andAr2 is:8.The compound of claim 6 or 7, wherein at least one R1 is CF3; and at least one R2 is CF3.9.The compound of any one of claims 6-8, wherein R3 is hydrogen and R4 is hydrogen.10.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has Formula 3: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:m is a whole number selected from 1-2;n is a whole number selected from 1-2;A is C, C-H, or N;X1 is -O-, -S-, - (NR5) -, or -SO2 (NR5) -;X2 is -O-, -S-, - (NR5) -, -OCH2-, or -SCH2-;R for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl;R1 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -SR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -N (R5) C (O) OR5, -OC (O) N (R5) -, -OC (O) OR5, -N (R5) C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, and -N (R5) S (O) 2R5;R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, perhaloalkoxyl, halogen, nitrile, nitro, azido, -OR5, -SR5, -N (R5) 2, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -OC (O) R5, -N (R5) C (O) R5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -N (R5) C (O) OR5, -OC (O) N (R5) -, -OC (O) OR5, -N (R5) C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, and -N (R5) S (O) 2R5;R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, or -S (O) 2N (R5) 2;R4 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, -C (O) R5, -C (O) OR5, -C (O) N (R5) 2, -S (O) 2R5, -S (O) 2N (R5) 2, or -P (O) (OR5) 2; andR5 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and aralkyl; or two instances of R5 together with the atom they are covalently bonded form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyloalkyl.11.The compound of claim 10, wherein R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or aralkyl.12.The compound of claim 10, wherein R3 is hydrogen.13.The compound of claim 12, wherein R4 is hydrogen.14.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein m is a whole number selected from 1-2; and n is a whole number selected from 1-2.15.The compound of claim 14, wherein m is 1 and n is 1.16.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.17.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.18.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of claims 1-17 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.19.A method of treating a bacterial infection in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1-17 to the subject.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the bacterial infection results from a Gram-positive bacterium.21.The method of claim 19, wherein the bacterial infection results from a Gram-negative bacterium.22.The method of claim 19, wherein the bacterial infection results from a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. pyogenes, and S. agalactiae.23.The method of claim 19, wherein the bacterial infection results from a bacterium selected from the group consisting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, aminoglycoside-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, macrolide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and fluoroquinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Bacterial efflux pump inhibitors and methods of use
WO2023014431A1