Power amplifier backoff adaptation

Abstract

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A user equipment (UE) may be capable of assisting a network entity to mitigate non-linearity distortion introduced by a reduction in backoff at a power amplifier (PA) of the network entity. The UE may use a non-linearity cancellation (NLC) algorithm to perform an NLC procedure on one or more downlink signals received from the network entity. The UE may signal to the network entity iterative recommendations of adjustments to the PA backoff according to performance of the NLC procedure. The UE 115 may continue signal to the network entity recommended adjustments to the PA backoff until the PA backoff associated with one of the one or more downlink signals satisfies a threshold level.

Description

Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 1 POWER AMPLIFIER BACKOFF ADAPTATION CROSS REFERENCE

[0001] The present Application for Patent claims priority to Israel Patent Application No.313216 by MOSES et al., entitled “POWER AMPLIFIER BACKOFF ADAPTATION,” filed May 30, 2024, assigned to the assignee hereof, and expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

[0002] The following relates to wireless communications, including power amplifier (PA) backoff adaptation. BACKGROUND

[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE). SUMMARY

[0004] The systems, methods, and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 2

[0005] A method for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE) is described. The method may include receiving, from a network entity, a first message in accordance with a power amplifier (PA) backoff that is associated with a first PA backoff level, performing a PA backoff correction procedure based on the first message, and transmitting, to the network entity, a second message indicating a backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, where the backoff adjustment value is based on the PA backoff correction procedure.

[0006] A UE for wireless communications is described. The UE may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the UE to receive, from a network entity, a first message in accordance with a PA backoff that is associated with a first PA backoff level, perform a PA backoff correction procedure based on the first message, and transmit, to the network entity, a second message indicating a backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, where the backoff adjustment value is based on the PA backoff correction procedure.

[0007] Another UE for wireless communications is described. The UE may include means for receiving, from a network entity, a first message in accordance with a PA backoff that is associated with a first PA backoff level, means for performing a PA backoff correction procedure based on the first message, and means for transmitting, to the network entity, a second message indicating a backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, where the backoff adjustment value is based on the PA backoff correction procedure.

[0008] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to receive, from a network entity, a first message in accordance with a PA backoff that is associated with a first PA backoff level, perform a PA backoff correction procedure based on the first message, and transmit, to the network entity, a second message indicating a backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, where the backoff adjustment value is based on the PA backoff correction procedure. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 3

[0009] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving, from the network entity, an indication of a capability for PA backoff adjustment, where the PA backoff correction procedure may be performed based on the indication of the capability for PA backoff adjustment.

[0010] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving, from the network entity, a third message based on a PA backoff that may be associated with a second PA backoff level, where the second PA backoff level may be based on an adjustment of the first PA backoff level by the backoff adjustment value.

[0011] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing, based on the third message, the PA backoff correction procedure and transmitting, to the network entity, a fourth message indicating a second backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, where the second backoff adjustment value may be based on the PA backoff correction procedure, and where the second backoff adjustment value satisfies a backoff adjustment threshold.

[0012] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the second backoff adjustment value may be less than the backoff adjustment value.

[0013] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing, based on the third message, the PA backoff correction procedure and refraining from transmitting a fourth message indicating a second backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff based on the second backoff adjustment value failing to satisfy a backoff adjustment threshold.

[0014] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, transmission of the second message may be based on the backoff adjustment value satisfying a backoff adjustment threshold. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 4

[0015] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, performing the PA backoff correction procedure may include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing a non-linear cancellation procedure to obtain an error vector magnitude (EVM), where the backoff adjustment value may be based on the EVM satisfying an EVM threshold.

[0016] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, , when the first PA backoff level associated with the first message includes an initial backoff level, performing the PA backoff correction procedure may include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing a coarse estimation of an amount of adjustment to the PA backoff to mitigate non-linear distortion.

[0017] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, performing the coarse estimation may include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing the coarse estimation based on a lookup table including information indicating performance of a non-linearity cancellation algorithm on each of a set of multiple different PAs.

[0018] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, , when the first PA backoff level associated with the first message may be based on an adjustment of a previous backoff level, performing the PA backoff correction procedure may include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing a fine estimation of an amount of adjustment to the PA backoff to mitigate non-linear distortion.

[0019] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. Note that the relative dimensions of the following figures may not be drawn to scale. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 5 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] FIG.1 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports power amplifier (PA) backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG.2 shows an example of a portion of a wireless communications system that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG.3 shows examples of graphs illustrating performance of a non-linear cancellation procedure that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG.4 shows an example of a process flow that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIGs.5 and 6 show block diagrams of devices that support PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0025] FIG.7 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG.8 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0027] FIGs.9 and 10 show flowcharts illustrating methods that support PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] Various aspects of the present disclosure relate to techniques for adaptive power amplifier (PA) backoff based on recommendations or information from a user equipment (UE). In some implementations, one or more components (such as at a PA) of a transmitting device, such as a network entity, may experience non-linear behavior (such as operating outside of a linearity region), which may negatively impact the quality of communications between the transmitting device and a receiving device, such as a UE. To mitigate such non-linear behavior, in some cases, the network entity may adjust, e.g., lower, its PA backoff based on a recommendation received from a UE. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 6

[0029] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to PA backoff adaptation.

[0030] FIG.1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network entities 105), one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0031] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some examples, network entities 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link(s) 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link). For example, a network entity 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network entity 105 may establish the communication link(s) 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network entity 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs).

[0032] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG.1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UEs 115 or network entities 105), as shown in FIG.1. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 7

[0033] As described herein, a node of the wireless communications system 100, which may be referred to as a network node, or a wireless node, may be a network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein), a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein), a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be a UE 115. As another example, a node may be a network entity 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a network entity 105. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a node. For example, disclosure that a UE 115 is configured to receive information from a network entity 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.

[0034] In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with a core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via backhaul communication link(s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocol). In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via backhaul communication link(s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130). In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol), or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication link(s) 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) or one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link), among other Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 8 examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.

[0035] One or more of the network entities 105 or network equipment described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB), a 5G NB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB), a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology). In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within one network entity (e.g., a network entity 105 or a single RAN node, such as a base station 140).

[0036] In some examples, a network entity 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture), which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among multiple network entities (e.g., network entities 105), such as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance), or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN)). For example, a network entity 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU), such as a CU 160, a distributed unit (DU), such as a DU 165, a radio unit (RU), such as an RU 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC), such as an RIC 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC), a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC)), a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, such as an SMO system 180, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio unit (RRU), or a transmission reception point (TRP). One or more components of the network entities 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations). In some examples, one or more of the network entities 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU), a virtual DU (VDU), a virtual RU (VRU)). Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 9

[0037] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3), layer 2 (L2)) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)). The CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may be connected to a DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or an RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs), or some combination thereof, and the DUs 165, RUs 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or multiple different RUs, such as an RU 170). In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165 or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170). A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to a DU 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u), and a DU 165 may be connected to an RU 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface). In some examples, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities (e.g., one or more of the network entities 105) that are in communication via such communication links. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 10

[0038] In some wireless communications systems (e.g., the wireless communications system 100), infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130). In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more of the network entities 105 (e.g., network entities 105 or IAB node(s) 104) may be partially controlled by each other. The IAB node(s) 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. A DU 165 or an RU 170 may be partially controlled by a CU 160 associated with a network entity 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network entity or a donor base station). The one or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node(s) 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link(s) 120). IAB node(s) 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may be equipped with an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115 or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of IAB node(s) 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node(s) 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT)). In some examples, the IAB node(s) 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node(s) 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream). In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., the IAB node(s) 104 or components of the IAB node(s) 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.

[0039] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support test as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., components such as an IAB node, a DU 165, a CU 160, an RU 170, an RIC 175, an SMO system 180).

[0040] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 11 suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters, among other examples.

[0041] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as UEs 115 that may sometimes operate as relays, as well as the network entities 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in FIG.1.

[0042] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via the communication link(s) 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting the communication link(s) 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link(s) 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP)) that is operated according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information), control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network entity 105. For example, the terms “transmitting,” “receiving,” or “communicating,” when referring to a network entity 105, may refer to any portion of a Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 12 network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more of the network entities 105).

[0043] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)). In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both), such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam), and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.

[0044] The time intervals for the network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a samplingperiod of ^^^ = 1⁄ ൫∆^^^^௫ ∙ ^^^൯ seconds, for which ∆^^^^௫ may represent a supportedsubcarrier spacing, and ^^^may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)). Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023).

[0045] Each frame may include multiple consecutively-numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 13 prefix prepended to each symbol period). In some wireless communications systems, such as the wireless communications system 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., ^^^) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.

[0046] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI). In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs)).

[0047] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET)) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs)) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to UEs 115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or may include UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a UE 115 (e.g., a specific UE). Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 14

[0048] In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area, such as the coverage area 110. In some examples, coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) associated with different technologies may overlap, but the coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network entity (e.g., a network entity 105). In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas, such as a coverage area 110, associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., the network entities 105). The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network entities 105 support communications for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) using the same or different RATs.

[0049] Some UEs 115, such as MTC or IoT devices, may be relatively low cost or low complexity devices and may provide for automated communication between machines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication). M2M communication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with one another or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communication or MTC may include communications from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay such information to a central server or application program that uses the information or presents the information to humans interacting with the application program. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.

[0050] Some UEs 115 may be configured to employ operating modes that reduce power consumption, such as half-duplex communications (e.g., a mode that supports one-way communication via transmission or reception, but not transmission and reception concurrently). In some examples, half-duplex communications may be performed at a reduced peak rate. Other power conservation techniques for the UEs 115 may include entering a power saving deep sleep mode when not engaging in active Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 15 communications, operating using a limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowband communications), or a combination of these techniques. For example, some UEs 115 may be configured for operation using a narrowband protocol type that is associated with a defined portion or range (e.g., set of subcarriers or resource blocks (RBs)) within a carrier, within a guard-band of a carrier, or outside of a carrier.

[0051] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.

[0052] In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs (e.g., one or more of the UEs 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link, such as a D2D communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P), D2D, or sidelink protocol). In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170), which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network entity 105. In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network entity 105. In some examples, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to- many (1:M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more of the UEs 115 in the group. In some examples, a network entity 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network entity 105. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 16

[0053] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC), which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management function (AMF)) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet(s), an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.

[0054] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.

[0055] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA), LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 17 medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA). Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.

[0056] A network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network entity 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network entity 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network entity 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.

[0057] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 18 The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation).

[0058] In some implementations, a UE 115 may be capable of assisting a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) to mitigate non-linearity distortion introduced by a reduction in backoff at a PA of the network entity 105. For example, the UE 115 may use a non-linearity cancellation (NLC) algorithm at the UE 115 to perform an NLC procedure on one or more downlink signals received from the network entity 105. The UE 115 may transmit to the network entity 105 iterative recommendations of adjustments to the PA backoff according to performance of the NLC procedure. For instance, after making a first recommendation to adjust the PA backoff at the network entity 105, the UE 115 may receive from the network entity 105 a second downlink signal according to the recommended adjustment to the PA backoff and the UE 115 may again use its NLC algorithm to perform the NLC procedure on the second downlink signal. The UE 115 may transmit to the network entity 105 an additional recommendation for further adjustment of the PA backoff based on performance of the NLC procedure on the second downlink signal. The network entity 105 may adjust the PA backoff accordingly and transmit another downlink signal to the UE 115 according to the adjusted PA backoff. The UE 115 may continue to recommend adjustments to the PA backoff or provide other information to the network entity 105 until the PA backoff associated with a received downlink signal satisfies (e.g., is below or is above) a threshold level.

[0059] FIG.2 shows an example of a portion of a wireless communications system 200 that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 200 may include a network entity 105-a and a UE 115-a, which may be examples of network entities 105 and UEs 115, respectively, as described with reference to FIG.1. The network entity 105-a and UE 115-a may communicate using communication links (e.g., a Uu link) over which the UE 115-a may transmit uplink communications, such as uplink transmission 220, to the network entity 105-a, via an uplink channel 225-a; and which the network entity 105-a Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 19 may transmit downlink communications, such as downlink transmission 215, to the UE 115-a, via a downlink channel 225-b.

[0060] As some wireless communications systems, such as wireless communications system 200, support increased bandwidth ranges, it may be helpful to reduce power consumption at a UE, such as UE 115-a, and a network entity, such as network entity 105-a, of the wireless communications system 200 as power consumption at these devices becomes more prominent as the associated bandwidth increases. One component of the UE 115-a that consumes more power as the bandwidth increases is the PA. Accordingly, enabling a PA of the UE 115-a to operate with lower power consumption may be help reduce overall power consumption at the UE 115-a. One approach to enabling the PA of the UE 115-a to operate with lower power consumption is to reduce the PA’s supply voltage. Another approach is to improve the PA’s efficiency. For instance, adjusting compression at a PA of the network entity 105-a may improve a link budget of a communication link used for communication between the UE 115-a and network entity 105-a. Both methods may impact PA backoff at the network entity 105-a, which may have trade-offs. For example, a smaller PA backoff may lead to increased output power, consequently improving coverage and PA efficiency. However, a smaller PA backoff may also increase signal distortion, reducing coverage due to poorer linearity. On the other hand, a larger PA backoff may lead to improved Error Vector Magnitude (EVM), which may be a measure of an overall quality of a received signal. Accordingly, there may be a relationship between input and output power associated with a network entity PA and PA backoff.

[0061] In some cases, the UE 115-a may be capable of assisting the network entity 105-a to mitigate non-linearity distortion introduced by a reduction of the PA backoff, such as by performing an NLC procedure using an NLC algorithm of the UE 115-a. For instance, the UE 115-a may utilize an NLC algorithm to estimate an expected EVM improvement for a generic or general network entity PA. After performance of the NLC procedure on a downlink signal, such as downlink transmission 215, received from the network entity 105-a, the UE 115-a may further approximate the original EVM prior to performance of the NLC procedure (e.g., the pre-NLC EVM). Accordingly, by optimizing or adjusting PA backoff, it may be possible to strike a balance between power efficiency and link performance. That is, the network entity 105-a may achieve a Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 20 sufficient PA backoff by adjusting (e.g., lowering) the PA backoff in such a way that the post-NLC procedure results at the UE 115-a mitigate EVM that may negatively impact demodulation at the UE 115-a. One way to accomplish this optimization may be for the network entity 105-a to obtain information (e.g., parameters) about the NLC algorithm at the UE 115-a and of the NLC algorithm’s performance. However, because such information might be proprietary to the vendor associated with the UE 115-a and because different UE’s may have different processing capabilities, and thus different NLC performance results, such a solution may not be practical. Accordingly, it may be advantageous for the UE 115-a to assist the network entity 105-a in adjusting its PA backoff.

[0062] In some implementations, one or more components of the UE 115-a, such as a PA of the UE 115-a, may experience non-linearity behavior causing non-linear distortion at the UE 115-a. The non-linear distortion may impact a quality of communication between the network entity 105-a and the UE 115-a. To mitigate the impact of the non-linear distortion at the UE 115-a, the UE 115-a may perform an NLC procedure. The NLC procedure may utilize an NLC algorithm, such as a digital post- distortion (DPoD) algorithm, on a downlink signal received at the UE 115-a to cancel or mitigate the non-linear distortion.

[0063] In some implementations, a DPoD process (in the case of use of the DPoD algorithm) may be implemented at the UE 115-a in involve multiple stages. For instance, during an initial stage, the DPoD process may be performed to estimate the non-linear distortion (e.g., impairment) experienced at the UE 115-a, and during a subsequent stage, the DPoD process may use or apply the estimated non-linear distortion to a downlink transmission 215 received at the UE 115-a to mitigate or cancel the non-linear distortion.

[0064] Accordingly, during the initial stage of the DPoD process, referred to as DPoD on the DMRS, a PA coefficients estimation model may be estimated to determine non-linearity. The non-linearity may be estimated jointly and iteratively with channel estimation. Accordingly, the PA coefficients estimation may be performed over DMRS pilots to determine an estimated non-linear distortion (e.g., impairment). For instance, the UE 115-a may utilize the DMRS pilots to estimate the channel and the noise. In Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 21 some cases, due to the non-linearity impairment of the observed signal, the initial channel estimation might be relatively inaccurate.

[0065] The non-linearity impairment may be represented as an infinite odd polynomial expression referred to as a PA coefficients estimation model:

[0066] The PA coefficients estimation model may assume no memory terms, however, in the case that there are memory components, the expression, in some cases,may include the following components:^^^^^^ ∙ |^^^^^ − ^^^^|2 , ^^^^^^ ∙ ^^^^^ − ^^ଶ^ ∗ ^^^^^^^^(^^^^^ − ^^2^), ^^[^^] ∙ |^^[^^ − ^^3]|2where ^^^is the time delay of the components.

[0067] The PA coefficients estimation model may utilize a DPoD algorithm to estimate non-linearity characteristics in each transmission (Tx) antenna as a finite degree polynomial. For example, the non-linearity characteristics may be approximated by:where t is the Tx antenna index and K is the size of the kernel set.

[0068] Thus, estimating the non-linearity coefficients ^^^^௧,^^^ୀ^for each Tx antenna t yields an estimation of the corresponding non-linearity distortion. In this example, the estimation and the correction of the non-linearity distortion may be for asingle-input single-output (SISO) communication system, and ^^ = 2, (e.g., theparameters’ set is ^^^^^ଶ^ୀ^ = {^^^, ^^^, ^^ଶ}). However, the PA coefficients estimationmodel may be utilized for a MIMO system, for ^^ > 2, or for an estimation which alsoincludes memory components.

[0069] The observed signal ^^(^^), with the non-linearity impairment, may be approximated by the following polynomial model: Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 22 noise(t)where * is the convolution operator, h(^^), ^^(^^), and ^^^^൫^^(^^)൯ are the time domain(TD) representations of the channel, the transmitted signal, and the non-linearity distortion, respectively.

[0070] For ^^ = 2:where h^(^^)is the channel estimation.

[0071] The network entity 105-a may apply the channel estimation on the DMRSpilots to generate h^(^^) ∗ ^^(^^). For instance, the network entity 105-a may apply thechannel estimation on the DMRS pilots and may perform the PA coefficients estimation to find the PA model coefficients for the UE 115-a, by comparing the observed signal with the generated signal.

[0072] After performing the PA coefficients estimation, the non-linear distortionmay be subtracted (e.g., canceled) from the observed signal. For instance, h^(^^) ∗ ^^(^^)may be subtracted from the observed ^^(^^) to generate ^^(^^) − the observed non-linearityimpairment after the channel influence:^^(^^) = ^^(^^) − ℎ^(^^) ∗ ^^(^^)

[0073] For the previous presented equation, it may be concluded that:^^^^^^^^^^(^^)where {^^^(^^)}ଶ^ୀ^is the PA’s estimated polynomial components after the channel influence. For instance, assuming that ^^(^^)includes N samples:

[0074] Thus, the least squares estimation may be expressed as: Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 23

[0075] After estimating the coefficients, the estimated non-linearity estimation may be expressed as:

[0076] The estimation may be expressed as:

[0077] In some cases, the channel and non-linearity model estimation process at the DMRS may iterate until a threshold error level on the DMRS pilots is satisfied.

[0078] After performing the DPoD process on the DMRS, in a subsequent stage, referred to as DPoD on the PDSCH (e.g., correction), the DPoD process may be performed on a downlink transmission 215, such as a PDSCH. During this stage, data received in the downlink transmission 215 may be corrected from the non-linearity distortion by subtracting (e.g., canceling) the estimated non-linearity distortion from the data signal. The non-linearity distortion may be reconstructed by applying the estimated PA coefficients model on the hard decisions on the received equalized (e.g., corrected) data.

[0079] The NLC performance may be influenced by both the capabilities of the UE 115-a and the PA at the network entity 105-a. The UE 115-a may use its own NLC algorithm to estimate both the EVM before NLC processing (e.g., the pre-NLC EVM) and the expected EVM improvement after NLC processing (e.g., post-NLC EVM) based on an assumed generic PA implemented at the network entity 105-a.

[0080] FIG.3 shows examples of graphs illustrating performance of a non-linear cancellation procedure that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The non-linear cancellation procedure may be performed by the UE 115-a based one or more downlink signals, such as the downlink transmission 215, received from the network entity 105-a. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 24

[0081] To achieve improved efficiency from the PA at the UE 115-a, the network entity 105-a may adjust the backoff of the PA at the network entity 105-a. For instance, the PA backoff may be adjusted (e.g., lowered) in a manner that after an NLC procedure is performed at the UE 115-a, the results minimize EVM that might degrade demodulation at the UE 115-a. The PA backoff may be adjusted by the network entity 105-a with the assistance of the UE 115-a. For instance, the UE 115-a may determine a minimum target EVM, such as to achieve an EVM that supports a corresponding modulation coding scheme (MCS) (e.g., 256-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (256- QAM)) and, based on performing the NLC procedure on a downlink signal received from the network entity 105-a, may determine the EVM post-NLC. Based on the post- NLC EVM, the UE 115-a may recommend to the network entity 105-a an adjustment to the current PA backoff. The recommendation may be to adjust (e.g., lower or reduce) the PA backoff at the network entity 105-a by a determined backoff adjustment value. The backoff adjustment value may be a value estimated by the UE 115-a to cause the post-NLC EVM to approach the target EVM. However, because the UE 115-a may not have knowledge of the specific PA implemented at the network entity 105-a (as different network entities may implement different PAs), the recommendation from the UE 115-a may be a coarse recommendation (e.g., a coarse correction to the PA backoff) that assumes a generic PA with factory calibration.

[0082] For instance, graph 300-a illustrates pre-NLC EVM versus post-NLC EVM associated with a downlink signal received from two different types of PAs. For instance, curve 310 may represent the EVM results associated with a downlink signal received from a generic PA with factory calibration, and curve 320 may represent the EVM results associated with a downlink signal received from an actual PA implemented at the network entity 105-a. By way of example, if the NLC procedure is performed at the UE 115-a assuming the generic PA with factory calibration and the EVM post-NLC is 40dB, as shown at point A 310-a on curve 310, and if the minimum target EVM post-NLC is 30dB, as shown at point B 310-b on curve 310, there may be a difference of 10db between the actual and the target EVM results. Based on the EVM results associated with the generic PA, to achieve the minimum target post-NLC EVM of 30db, an adjustment 330 of 4dB to the pre-NLC EVM (e.g., the EVM of a received downlink transmission prior to NLC performance) may be appropriate. Accordingly, the Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 25 UE 115-a may send to the network entity 105-b a recommendation for a coarse correction to the PA backoff in a manner that allows adjustment of the pre-NLC EVM of a downlink transmission by 4dB. The network entity 105-a may adjust the PA backoff to achieve an adjustment of the pre-NLC EVM of a downlink transmission by 4dB. Subsequently, the UE 115-a may receive another downlink signal that was output by the network entity 105-a with a PA backoff adjusted based on the recommendation from the UE 115-a. For example, the UE 115-a may expect, based on its NLC estimations (such as shown in graph 300-a), that a 4db adjustment to pre-NLC EVM may yield a 10db adjustment to post-NLC EVM, which may be sufficient to achieve the minimum target post-NLC EVM of 30db.

[0083] However, because the actual PA implemented at the network entity 105-a may be different from the assumed generic PA, the post-NLC EVM results after implementing the recommended adjustment to the PA backoff may be different than the post-NLC EVM results expected based on the generic PA. For instance, referring to graph 300-b, which illustrates the curves 310 and 320 shown in graph 300-a, it may be illustrated that the PA backoff adjustment made at the network entity 105-a to achieve the post-NLC EVM adjustment of 10dB to the initial post-NLC EVM of 40dB, shown at point C 320-c on curve 320, actually may result in a post-NLC EVM of 32 dB, shown at point D 320-d, instead of the minimum target post-NLC EVM of 30 dB, shown at point E 320-e. Accordingly, further refinement to the post-NLC EVM may be sufficient to achieve the minimum target post-NLC EVM. Thus, to further refine the post-NLC EVM, the UE 115-a may send one or more additional recommended corrections to the network entity 105-a, recommending that the network entity 105-a again adjust its PA backoff. The additional recommended corrections may be fine recommendations (e.g., a fine correction to the PA backoff). The fine recommendations may be in smaller values than the initial coarse recommendation and the UE 115-a may continue to recommend fine corrections until the difference between the minimum target EVM and the actual post-NLC EVM is less than a predetermined tolerance threshold.

[0084] For instance, based on the EVM results associated with the actual PA implemented at the network entity 105-a after adjustment based on the initial coarse recommendation, to achieve the minimum target post-NLC EVM of 30db, an additional adjustment 340 of 1dB to the pre-NLC EVM may be sufficient. Accordingly, the UE Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 26 115-a may send to the network entity 105-b a recommendation for a fine correction to the PA backoff in a manner that would adjust the pre-NLC EVM by 1dB. The network entity 105-a may adjust the PA backoff in a manner that would result in an adjustment of pre-NLC EVM by 1dB. Subsequently, the UE 115-a may receive another downlink signal that was output by the network entity 105-a with a PA backoff adjusted based on the fine recommendation from the UE 115-a.

[0085] The UE 115-a may, thereafter, make iterative fine recommendations to the network entity 105-a for adjustment to the PA backoff. After one or more of the fine corrections to the PA backoff, the PA backoff may converge to an efficient point that may not degrade the demodulation at the UE 115-a. This adaptive backoff recommendation procedure between the UE 115-a and the network entity 105-a, may result in improved PA efficiency at the UE 115-a while maintaining system and link performance.

[0086] FIG.4 shows an example of a process flow 400 that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, process flow 400 may implement aspects of wireless communications system 100 or 200 or the graphs 300-a and 300-b, as described with reference to FIGs.1, 2, and 3, respectively. Process flow 400 may be implemented by a UE 115-b and network entity 105-b. UE 115-b may be an example of UE 115 and UE 115-a, as described with reference to FIGs.1 and 2, respectively. Network entity 105-b may be an example of network entity 105 and network entity 105-a, as described with reference to FIGs.1 and 2, respectively.

[0087] In the following description of the process flow 400, the communications between the UE 115-b and the network entity 105-b may be transmitted in a different order than the example order shown, or the operations performed by the UE 115-b and the network entity 105-b may be performed in different orders or at different times. Some operations may also be omitted from the process flow 400, and other operations may be added to the process flow 400. In some examples, the operations illustrated in process flow 400 may be performed by hardware (e.g., including circuitry, processing blocks, logic components, and other components), code (e.g., software or firmware) executed by a processor, or any combination thereof. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 27

[0088] At step 405, the UE 115-b may configure an NLC lookup table. For example, the UE 115-b may perform an offline calculation of pre- and post-NLC EVM values based on performance of its NLC procedure assuming one or more generic PAs with factory calibration. The UE 115-b may store the results in an internal lookup table that includes associations of the pre- and post-NLC EVM values for each of the one or more generic PAs.

[0089] At step 410, the network entity 105-b may signal to the UE 115-b a capability for adaptive PA backoff adjustment. For example, the network entity 105-b may transmit, and the UE 115-b may receive, a capability message indicating a capability for PA backoff adjustment based on a recommendation from the UE 115-b. The capability message may be transmitted to the UE 115-b via control signaling, such as via a MAC-control element (MAC-CE), at a start of communication with the UE 115-b (e.g., during cell attachment).

[0090] At step 415, the network entity 105-b may send a downlink transmission with a current PA backoff level. For example, the network entity 105-b may send, and the UE 115-b may receive, a standard downlink slot output by the network entity 105-b at a current PA backoff level.

[0091] At step 420, the UE 115-b may perform a PA backoff correction procedure. For example, based on receiving the downlink transmission from the network entity 105-b, the UE 115-b may perform the NLC procedure on the received downlink slot to calculate the post-NLC EVM.

[0092] At step 425, the UE 115-b may send a PA backoff adjustment recommendation to the network entity 105-b. For example, if the difference between the (e.g., the actual) post-NLC EVM and the target post-NLC EVM (e.g., for a corresponding MCS) satisfies a threshold (e.g., is equal to or exceeds a predetermined tolerance threshold), the UE 115-b may send, and the network entity 105-b may receive, a message including a recommendation to adjust the PA backoff level at the network entity 105-b. For instance, based on the actual post-NLC EVM and the target post-NLC EVM satisfying the tolerance threshold, the UE 115-b may calculate a pre-NLC EVM adjustment for achieving the target post-NLC EVM. That is, the UE 115-b may calculate an amount of adjustment to pre-NLC EVM (e.g., EVM of a received downlink Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 28 transmission before performance of the NLC procedure) that might yield the target post- NLC EVM. In some cases, the amount of adjustment may be determined based on the lookup table that includes the associations of the pre- and post-NLC EVM values calculated based on NLC performance assuming a generic PA. In some cases, this adjustment may be a coarse correction adjustment or recommendation. In other cases, this adjustment may be a fine correction adjustment or recommendation. For instance, when the UE 115-b performs the PA backoff correction procedure during an initial iteration of the process flow 400, the adjustment may be a coarse correction adjustment or recommendation because the UE 115-b may not have knowledge of the PA implemented at the network entity 105-b and thus might perform its non-linearity estimations based on a generic PA model. While during subsequent iterations of the process flow 400, the adjustment may be a fine correction adjustment or recommendation. The fine correction adjustment may be of an amount that is smaller than the coarse correction adjustment and may be based on EVM results after some previous adjustment to the PA backoff has been made at the network entity 105-b.

[0093] As a result, the UE 115-b may send, and the network entity 105-b may receive, a message including a recommendation to adjust the PA backoff level at the network entity 105-b based on the determined coarse or fine correction adjustment. The message may include a PA backoff adjustment value. In some cases, the backoff adjustment value may be a coarse adjustment value (such as in the case of the coarse correction adjustment). In other cases, the backoff adjustment value may be a fine adjustment value (such as in the case if the fine correction adjustment). The message may be an indication for the network entity 105-b to perform a correction to the PA backoff in a manner that would cause the pre-NLC EVM to be adjusted by the PA backoff adjustment value. In some cases, the message may be an indication for the network entity 105-b to adjust the current PA backoff level by the backoff adjustment value (e.g., reduce the current PA backoff level by the indicated backoff adjustment value). In some cases, the message may be an indication for the network entity 105-b to use the backoff adjustment value as the new PA backoff value or level. The UE 115-b may send the message to the network entity 105-b via control signaling, such as via a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 29

[0094] At step 430, the network entity 105-b may adjust the PA backoff. That is, based on receiving the PA backoff adjustment recommendation from the UE 115-b, the network entity 105-b may adjust its PA backoff level in a manner that would adjust the pre-NLC EVM of a downlink transmission. For example, the network entity 105-b may output non-linearity distortion according to the recommendation from the UE 115-b. For instance, the network entity 105-b may perform a correction to the PA backoff in a manner that would cause the pre-NLC EVM of a downlink transmission to be adjusted by the PA backoff adjustment value indicated in the received message. Alternatively, the network entity 105-b may adjust the current PA backoff level by the backoff adjustment value (e.g., reduce the current PA backoff level by the indicated backoff adjustment value) indicated in the received message. Alternatively, the network entity 105-b may use the backoff adjustment value indicated in the message as the new PA backoff value or level.

[0095] At step 435, the process flow may return to step 415, where the process may iterate. For instance, another downlink transmission may be transmitted to the UE 115-b by the network entity 105-b with the current PA backoff. In this case, the current PA backoff level used by the network entity 105-b to output the downlink transmission may be the backoff level after an adjustment triggered by the PA backoff adjustment recommendation from the UE 115-b. As a result, the downlink transmission may have a different amount of non-linearity distortion than a previous downlink transmission. Accordingly, at step 420, the UE 115-b may again perform the PA backoff correction procedure on the received downlink transmission. For example, the UE 115-b may perform the NLC procedure on the received downlink transmission to calculate the new post-NLC EVM. At step 425, if the difference between the new post-NLC EVM and the target post-NLC EVM satisfies the predetermined tolerance threshold, the UE 115-b may send, and the network entity 105-b may receive, a message including an additional recommendation to adjust the PA backoff level at the network entity 105-b. The additional recommendation may be a fine recommendation (e.g., a fine correction). The fine recommendation may be in a smaller value than the initial coarse recommendation. For instance, because the actual PA implemented at the network entity 105-a may be different from the generic PA assumed in the NLC procedure, the new post-NLC EVM results after implementing a recommended adjustment to the PA backoff may be Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 30 different than the post-NLC EVM results expected based on the generic PA. As a result, further refinement to the post-NLC EVM may be sufficient to achieve the target post- NLC EVM. Such refinements or fine adjustments may be made in smaller increments than an initial coarse adjustment. In some cases, the fine adjustment values may be pre- configured at the UE 115-b. In other cases, the fine adjustment value may be signaled to the UE 115-b from the network entity 105-b. At step 430, the network entity 105-b may again adjust the PA backoff based on the recommendation message from the UE 115-b. For instance, the network entity 105-b may adjust its PA backoff level in accordance with the fine recommendation to adjust the output non-linearity distortion. At step 435, the UE 115-a and the network entity 105-b may repeat steps 415 to 430 until the difference between the actual post-NLC EVM and the target post-NLC EVM satisfies the tolerance threshold. For instance, the UE 115-a may continue to recommend fine corrections until the difference between the actual post-NLC EVM and the target post- NLC EVM satisfies the tolerance threshold.

[0096] At step 440, the network entity 105-b may detect a change in the signal-to- noise ratio (SNR), and based on detecting the change to the SNR, at step 445, the process may return to step 415, where the network entity 105-b may again transmit a downlink transmission that is output with a current PA backoff level and the process may repeat.

[0097] FIG.5 shows a block diagram 500 of a device 505 that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 505 may be an example of aspects of a UE 115 as described herein. The device 505 may include a receiver 510, a transmitter 515, and a communications manager 520. The device 505, or one or more components of the device 505 (e.g., the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, the communications manager 520), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0098] The receiver 510 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to PA backoff adaptation). Information may be passed on to other Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 31 components of the device 505. The receiver 510 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0099] The transmitter 515 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 505. For example, the transmitter 515 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to PA backoff adaptation). In some examples, the transmitter 515 may be co-located with a receiver 510 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 515 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0100] The communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of PA backoff adaptation as described herein. For example, the communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0101] In some examples, the communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a central processing unit (CPU), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory).

[0102] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code). If Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 32 implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure).

[0103] In some examples, the communications manager 520 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or both. For example, the communications manager 520 may receive information from the receiver 510, send information to the transmitter 515, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0104] The communications manager 520 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a network entity, a first message in accordance with a PA backoff that is associated with a first PA backoff level. The communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing a PA backoff correction procedure based at least in part on the first message. The communications manager 520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the network entity, a second message indicating a backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, where the backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure.

[0105] By including or configuring the communications manager 520 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 505 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, the communications manager 520, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced power consumption and improved communication reliability. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 33

[0106] FIG.6 shows a block diagram 600 of a device 605 that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 605 may be an example of aspects of a device 505 or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 605 may include a receiver 610, a transmitter 615, and a communications manager 620. The device 605, or one or more components of the device 605 (e.g., the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, the communications manager 620), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0107] The receiver 610 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to PA backoff adaptation). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 605. The receiver 610 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0108] The transmitter 615 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 605. For example, the transmitter 615 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to PA backoff adaptation). In some examples, the transmitter 615 may be co-located with a receiver 610 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 615 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0109] The device 605, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of PA backoff adaptation as described herein. For example, the communications manager 620 may include a message manager 625 a backoff correction manager 630, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 620 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 520 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 620, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or both. For example, the communications manager 620 may receive information from the receiver 610, send information to the Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 34 transmitter 615, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0110] The communications manager 620 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The message manager 625 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a network entity, a first message in accordance with a PA backoff that is associated with a first PA backoff level. The backoff correction manager 630 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing a PA backoff correction procedure based at least in part on the first message. The message manager 625 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the network entity, a second message indicating a backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, where the backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure.

[0111] FIG.7 shows a block diagram 700 of a communications manager 720 that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 720 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 520, a communications manager 620, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 720, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of PA backoff adaptation as described herein. For example, the communications manager 720 may include a message manager 725, a backoff correction manager 730, a capability manager 735, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0112] The communications manager 720 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The message manager 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a network entity, a first message in accordance with a PA backoff that is associated with a first PA backoff level. The backoff correction manager 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing a PA backoff correction procedure based at least in part on the first message. In some examples, the message manager 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the network entity, a Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 35 second message indicating a backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, where the backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure.

[0113] In some examples, the capability manager 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from the network entity, an indication of a capability for PA backoff adjustment, where the PA backoff correction procedure is performed based at least in part on the indication of the capability for PA backoff adjustment.

[0114] In some examples, the message manager 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from the network entity, a third message based at least in part on a PA backoff that is associated with a second PA backoff level, where the second PA backoff level is based at least in part on an adjustment of the first PA backoff level by the backoff adjustment value.

[0115] In some examples, the backoff correction manager 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing, based at least in part on the third message, the PA backoff correction procedure. In some examples, the message manager 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the network entity, a fourth message indicating a second backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, where the second backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure, and where the second backoff adjustment value satisfies a backoff adjustment threshold.

[0116] In some examples, the second backoff adjustment value is less than the backoff adjustment value.

[0117] In some examples, the backoff correction manager 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing, based at least in part on the third message, the PA backoff correction procedure. In some examples, the message manager 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for refraining from transmitting a fourth message indicating a second backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff based at least in part on the second backoff adjustment value failing to satisfy a backoff adjustment threshold. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 36

[0118] In some examples, transmission of the second message is based at least in part on the backoff adjustment value satisfying a backoff adjustment threshold.

[0119] In some examples, to support performing the PA backoff correction procedure, the backoff correction manager 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing a non-linear cancellation procedure to obtain an EVM, where the backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the EVM satisfying an EVM threshold.

[0120] In some examples, when the first PA backoff level associated with the first message includes an initial backoff level, to support performing the PA backoff correction procedure, the backoff correction manager 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing a coarse estimation of an amount of adjustment to the PA backoff to mitigate non-linear distortion.

[0121] In some examples, to support performing the coarse estimation, the backoff correction manager 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing the coarse estimation based at least in part on a lookup table including information indicating performance of an NLC algorithm on each of a set of multiple different PAs.

[0122] In some examples, when the first PA backoff level associated with the first message is based at least in part on an adjustment of a previous backoff level, to support performing the PA backoff correction procedure, the backoff correction manager 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing a fine estimation of an amount of adjustment to the PA backoff to mitigate non-linear distortion.

[0123] FIG.8 shows a diagram of a system 800 including a device 805 that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 805 may be an example of or include components of a device 505, a device 605, or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 805 may communicate (e.g., wirelessly) with one or more other devices (e.g., network entities 105, UEs 115, or a combination thereof). The device 805 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 820, an input / output (I / O) Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 37 controller, such as an I / O controller 810, a transceiver 815, one or more antennas 825, at least one memory 830, code 835, and at least one processor 840. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 845).

[0124] The I / O controller 810 may manage input and output signals for the device 805. The I / O controller 810 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 805. In some cases, the I / O controller 810 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 810 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, MS-DOS®, MS-WINDOWS®, OS / 2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 810 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 810 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 840. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 805 via the I / O controller 810 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 810.

[0125] In some cases, the device 805 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 805 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 815 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 825 using wired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 815 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 815 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 825 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 825. The transceiver 815, or the transceiver 815 and one or more antennas 825, may be an example of a transmitter 515, a transmitter 615, a receiver 510, a receiver 610, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.

[0126] The at least one memory 830 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The at least one memory 830 may store computer- readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 835. The code 835 may include instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 38 840, cause the device 805 to perform various functions described herein. The code 835 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 835 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 840 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 830 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0127] The at least one processor 840 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs)), one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the at least one processor 840 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 840. The at least one processor 840 may be configured to execute computer- readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 830) to cause the device 805 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting PA backoff adaptation). For example, the device 805 or a component of the device 805 may include at least one processor 840 and at least one memory 830 coupled with or to the at least one processor 840, the at least one processor 840 and the at least one memory 830 configured to perform various functions described herein.

[0128] In some examples, the at least one processor 840 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 830 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 840 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 840) and memory circuitry (which may include Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 39 the at least one memory 830)), or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 840 or a processing system including the at least one processor 840 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 805 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to,” being “configurable to,” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code 835 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 830 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0129] The communications manager 820 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a network entity, a first message in accordance with a PA backoff that is associated with a first PA backoff level. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing a PA backoff correction procedure based at least in part on the first message. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the network entity, a second message indicating a backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, where the backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure.

[0130] By including or configuring the communications manager 820 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 805 may support techniques for improved communication reliability and reduced power consumption.

[0131] In some examples, the communications manager 820 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 815, the one or more antennas 825, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 820 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 820 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 840, the at least one memory 830, the code 835, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 835 may include instructions executable by the at least Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 40 one processor 840 to cause the device 805 to perform various aspects of PA backoff adaptation as described herein, or the at least one processor 840 and the at least one memory 830 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.

[0132] FIG.9 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 900 that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 900 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 900 may be performed by a UE 115 as described with reference to FIGs.1 through 8. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0133] At 905, the method may include receiving, from a network entity, a first message in accordance with a PA backoff that is associated with a first PA backoff level. The operations of 905 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 905 may be performed by a message manager 725 as described with reference to FIG.7.

[0134] At 910, the method may include performing a PA backoff correction procedure based at least in part on the first message. The operations of 910 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 910 may be performed by a backoff correction manager 730 as described with reference to FIG.7.

[0135] At 915, the method may include transmitting, to the network entity, a second message indicating a backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, where the backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure. The operations of 915 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 915 may be performed by a message manager 725 as described with reference to FIG.7.

[0136] FIG.10 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1000 that supports PA backoff adaptation in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1000 may be implemented by a UE or its components as Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 41 described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1000 may be performed by a UE 115 as described with reference to FIGs.1 through 8. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0137] At 1005, the method may include receiving, from a network entity, a first message in accordance with a PA backoff that is associated with a first PA backoff level. The operations of 1005 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1005 may be performed by a message manager 725 as described with reference to FIG.7.

[0138] At 1010, the method may include performing a PA backoff correction procedure based at least in part on the first message. The operations of 1010 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1010 may be performed by a backoff correction manager 730 as described with reference to FIG.7.

[0139] At 1015, the method may include transmitting, to the network entity, a second message indicating a backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, where the backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure. The operations of 1015 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1015 may be performed by a message manager 725 as described with reference to FIG.7.

[0140] At 1020, the method may include receiving, from the network entity, a third message based at least in part on a PA backoff that is associated with a second PA backoff level, where the second PA backoff level is based at least in part on an adjustment of the first PA backoff level by the backoff adjustment value. The operations of 1020 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1020 may be performed by a message manager 725 as described with reference to FIG.7.

[0141] At 1025, the method may include performing, based at least in part on the third message, the PA backoff correction procedure. The operations of 1025 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 42 of the operations of 1025 may be performed by a backoff correction manager 730 as described with reference to FIG.7.

[0142] At 1030, the method may include transmitting, to the network entity, a fourth message indicating a second backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, where the second backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure, and where the second backoff adjustment value satisfies a backoff adjustment threshold. The operations of 1030 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1030 may be performed by a message manager 725 as described with reference to FIG.7.

[0143] The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:

[0144] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communications by a UE, comprising: receiving, from a network entity, a first message in accordance with a power amplifier (PA) backoff that is associated with a first PA backoff level; performing a PA backoff correction procedure based at least in part on the first message; and transmitting, to the network entity, a second message indicating a backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, wherein the backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure.

[0145] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, further comprising: receiving, from the network entity, an indication of a capability for PA backoff adjustment, wherein the PA backoff correction procedure is performed based at least in part on the indication of the capability for PA backoff adjustment.

[0146] Aspect 3: The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the network entity, a third message based at least in part on a PA backoff that is associated with a second PA backoff level, wherein the second PA backoff level is based at least in part on an adjustment of the first PA backoff level by the backoff adjustment value.

[0147] Aspect 4: The method of claim 3, further comprising: performing, based at least in part on the third message, the PA backoff correction procedure; and transmitting, to the network entity, a fourth message indicating a second backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, wherein the second backoff adjustment value is Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 43 based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure, and wherein the second backoff adjustment value satisfies a backoff adjustment threshold.

[0148] Aspect 5: The method of aspect 4, wherein the second backoff adjustment value is less than the backoff adjustment value.

[0149] Aspect 6: The method of claim 3, further comprising: performing, based at least in part on the third message, the PA backoff correction procedure; and refraining from transmitting a fourth message indicating a second backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff based at least in part on the second backoff adjustment value failing to satisfy a backoff adjustment threshold.

[0150] Aspect 7: The method of any of aspects 1 through 6, wherein transmission of the second message is based at least in part on the backoff adjustment value satisfying a backoff adjustment threshold.

[0151] Aspect 8: The method of claim 1, wherein performing the PA backoff correction procedure comprises: performing a non-linear cancellation procedure to obtain an error vector magnitude (EVM), wherein the backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the EVM satisfying an EVM threshold.

[0152] Aspect 9: The method of claim 1, wherein, when the first PA backoff level associated with the first message comprises an initial backoff level, performing the PA backoff correction procedure comprises: performing a coarse estimation of an amount of adjustment to the PA backoff to mitigate non-linear distortion.

[0153] Aspect 10: The method of claim 9, wherein performing the coarse estimation comprises: performing the coarse estimation based at least in part on a lookup table comprising information indicating performance of a non-linearity cancellation algorithm on each of a plurality of different PAs.

[0154] Aspect 11: The method of claim 1, wherein, when the first PA backoff level associated with the first message is based at least in part on an adjustment of a previous backoff level, performing the PA backoff correction procedure comprises: performing a fine estimation of an amount of adjustment to the PA backoff to mitigate non-linear distortion. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 44

[0155] Aspect 12: A UE for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 11.

[0156] Aspect 13: A UE for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 11.

[0157] Aspect 14: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 11.

[0158] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations. The operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.

[0159] Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0160] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0161] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, a GPU, a NPU, an FPGA or other programmable Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 45 logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general- purpose processor may be a microprocessor but, in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration). Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.

[0162] The functions described herein may be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored as or transmitted using one or more instructions or code of a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.

[0163] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one location to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 46 website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc. Disks may reproduce data magnetically, and discs may reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a memory may be performed by multiple memories that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.

[0164] As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of”) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on.”

[0165] As used herein, including in the claims, the article “a” before a noun is open- ended and understood to refer to “at least one” of those nouns or “one or more” of those nouns. Thus, the terms “a,” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. For example, if a claim recites “a component” that performs one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “a component” having characteristics or performing functions may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent reference to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” may be understood to mean “one or more components,” and referring to “the component” subsequently in the claims may Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 47 be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components.” Similarly, subsequent reference to a component introduced as “one or more components” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, referring to “the one or more components” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components.”

[0166] The term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure), ascertaining, and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in memory), and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, obtaining, selecting, choosing, establishing, and other such similar actions.

[0167] In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label or other subsequent reference label.

[0168] The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples.” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some figures, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.

[0169] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 48 apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)

Claims

Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 49 CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A user equipment (UE), comprising: one or more processors; and a memory coupled with the one or more processors, wherein the memory comprises instructions executable by the one or more processors to cause the UE to: receive, from a network entity, a first message in accordance with a power amplifier (PA) backoff that is associated with a first PA backoff level; perform a PA backoff correction procedure based at least in part on the first message; and transmit, to the network entity, a second message indicating a backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, wherein the backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure.

2. The UE of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: receive, from the network entity, an indication of a capability for PA backoff adjustment, wherein the PA backoff correction procedure is performed based at least in part on the indication of the capability for PA backoff adjustment.

3. The UE of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: receive, from the network entity, a third message based at least in part on a PA backoff that is associated with a second PA backoff level, wherein the second PA backoff level is based at least in part on an adjustment of the first PA backoff level by the backoff adjustment value.

4. The UE of claim 3, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: perform, based at least in part on the third message, the PA backoff correction procedure; and transmit, to the network entity, a fourth message indicating a second backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, wherein the second backoff adjustment Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 50 value is based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure, and wherein the second backoff adjustment value satisfies a backoff adjustment threshold.

5. The UE of claim 4, wherein the second backoff adjustment value is less than the backoff adjustment value.

6. The UE of claim 3, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: perform, based at least in part on the third message, the PA backoff correction procedure; and refrain from transmitting a fourth message indicating a second backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff based at least in part on the second backoff adjustment value failing to satisfy a backoff adjustment threshold.

7. The UE of claim 1, wherein transmission of the second message is based at least in part on the backoff adjustment value satisfying a backoff adjustment threshold.

8. The UE of claim 1, wherein, to perform the PA backoff correction procedure, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: perform a non-linear cancellation procedure to obtain an error vector magnitude (EVM), wherein the backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the EVM satisfying an EVM threshold.

9. The UE of claim 1, wherein, when the first PA backoff level associated with the first message comprises an initial backoff level, to perform the PA backoff correction procedure, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: perform a coarse estimation of an amount of adjustment to the PA backoff to mitigate non-linear distortion.

10. The UE of claim 9, wherein, to perform the coarse estimation, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 51 perform the coarse estimation based at least in part on a lookup table comprising information indicating performance of a non-linearity cancellation (NLC) algorithm on each of a plurality of different PAs.

11. The UE of claim 1, wherein, when the first PA backoff level associated with the first message is based at least in part on an adjustment of a previous backoff level, to perform the PA backoff correction procedure, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to: perform a fine estimation of an amount of adjustment to the PA backoff to mitigate non-linear distortion.

12. A method for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving, from a network entity, a first message in accordance with a power amplifier (PA) backoff that is associated with a first PA backoff level; performing a PA backoff correction procedure based at least in part on the first message; and transmitting, to the network entity, a second message indicating a backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, wherein the backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: receiving, from the network entity, an indication of a capability for PA backoff adjustment, wherein the PA backoff correction procedure is performed based at least in part on the indication of the capability for PA backoff adjustment.

14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: receiving, from the network entity, a third message based at least in part on a PA backoff that is associated with a second PA backoff level, wherein the second PA backoff level is based at least in part on an adjustment of the first PA backoff level by the backoff adjustment value.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 52 performing, based at least in part on the third message, the PA backoff correction procedure; and transmitting, to the network entity, a fourth message indicating a second backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, wherein the second backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure, and wherein the second backoff adjustment value satisfies a backoff adjustment threshold, wherein the second backoff adjustment value is less than the backoff adjustment value.

16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: performing, based at least in part on the third message, the PA backoff correction procedure; and refraining from transmitting a fourth message indicating a second backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff based at least in part on the second backoff adjustment value failing to satisfy a backoff adjustment threshold.

17. The method of claim 12, wherein performing the PA backoff correction procedure comprises: performing a non-linear cancellation procedure to obtain an error vector magnitude (EVM), wherein the backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the EVM satisfying an EVM threshold, and wherein transmission of the second message is based at least in part on the backoff adjustment value satisfying a backoff adjustment threshold.

18. The method of claim 12, wherein, when the first PA backoff level associated with the first message comprises an initial backoff level, performing the PA backoff correction procedure comprises: performing, based at least in part on a lookup table comprising information indicating performance of a non-linearity cancellation (NLC) algorithm on each of a plurality of different PAs, a coarse estimation of an amount of adjustment to the PA backoff to mitigate non-linear distortion.

19. The method of claim 12, wherein, when the first PA backoff level associated with the first message is based at least in part on an adjustment of a previous backoff level, performing the PA backoff correction procedure comprises: Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)Qualcomm Ref. No.2402323WO 53 performing a fine estimation of an amount of adjustment to the PA backoff to mitigate non-linear distortion.

20. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to: receive, from a network entity, a first message in accordance with a power amplifier (PA) backoff that is associated with a first PA backoff level; perform a PA backoff correction procedure based at least in part on the first message; and transmit, to the network entity, a second message indicating a backoff adjustment value for the PA backoff, wherein the backoff adjustment value is based at least in part on the PA backoff correction procedure. Attorney Docket No. PY2251IL.WO (114958.4503)

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