Multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit, multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial and method
The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit addresses the challenge of high fabrication costs and limited broadband absorption by using parallel sub-units with unequal areas and series absorbers, achieving efficient and cost-effective sound absorption across a wide frequency range.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/097091
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-03
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-11
AI Technical Summary
Existing sound-absorbing metamaterials face challenges in achieving broadband sound absorption while maintaining low fabrication costs, as current designs often require complex manufacturing processes like 3D printing and manual work, leading to high costs.
A multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit composed of N sub-units connected in parallel, each sub-unit absorbing a sub-bandwidth of frequencies, with at least some sub-units having unequal areas and multiple acoustic absorbers in series, forming J layers, allowing for efficient broadband sound absorption.
The multilayer design achieves wide frequency bandwidth absorption with reduced fabrication costs by utilizing inexpensive manufacturing methods and optimizing volume utilization, providing improved sound absorption performance.
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Figure CN2024097091_11122025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
MULTILAYER SOUND-ABSORBING METAMATERIAL UNIT, MULTILAYER SOUND-ABSORBING METAMATERIAL AND METHODTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to a multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit based on microperforated panels, a multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial and a method for designing a multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit based on microperforated panels.BACKGROUND
[0002] The sound that people feel in daily lives comes from the mechanical waves formed by the vibration of air particles. Mechanical vibrations of solids and fluids also transmit sound waves. The intensity of sound waves is measured by the “sound pressure” or “sound power” . Sound pressure is the representation of air particles’ disturbance vibration, so its physical meaning amounts to the excessive pressure compared to the barometric pressure. Sound power is the energy transmitted by the sound waves per second, which is the macroscopic measurement of sound waves’ intensity in a given area. Furthermore, Sound Absorption Coefficient (SAC) is the ratio of the dissipated sound power to the incident (initial) sound power, whose value ranges from 0 to 1. The higher the sound absorption coefficient is, the less reflected or scattered sound waves become.
[0003] Sound-absorbing materials (SAMs) are designed to dissipate incident sound power via the thermal-viscous and resonant effects. Numerous resonant SAMs, such as panel-resonant absorbers, microperforated-panel (MPP) absorbers, and their combination with porous materials, have resulted in abundant effective designs in mid-and high-frequencies. Recently, the sound-absorbing meta-materials (SAMMs) are proposed for higher-efficiency and more tunable sound absorption performance than SAMs. SAMMs are artificially structured materials of subwavelength thickness. Precisely, a typical and widely-used SAMM is to fill the given volume with many MPP absorbers in parallel, which is cost-controllable and has a robust broadband sound absorption efficiency. MPP absorbers consist of a microperforated panel (MPP) backed by a cavity, which is cleaner to fabricate and may be used in high-temperature conditions. The MPP provides the sound mass and resistance, while the cavity provides the sound capacitance. When the MPP absorber’s resonance occurs at the target frequency, the incident sound power is dissipated by resistance, resulting in a large absorption coefficient. MPP absorbers require a less transverse size than panel absorbers. Furthermore, MPP absorbers are inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and may effectively eliminate noise and echo.
[0004] The superposition of multiple resonance peaks may be realized to achieve broadband sound absorption if each MPP unit is overdamped, whereas the underdamped and critically damped units perform poorly. There have been three main designs to realize a wideband SAMM using MPP absorbers. The first one is a multilayer design, which means there exists sub-MPP absorbers in series within a MPP unit and all the MPP units are in parallel. Currently, the main implementation method of this design is to divide the absorbing surfaces equally or slightly differently. For example, broadband sound absorption in 300-6400 Hz with average absorption coefficients greater than 0.9 is achieved using a 10 cm thick SAMM. As for such multilayer design, however, unequal cavity depths are usually adopted to maintain the consistency of the sound resistance and resonance frequency for a wideband absorption. This design usually relates to 3D print or much manual work, which substantially increases the fabricating cost. The second one is a single-layer design, which means there exists only one-layer MPP absorbers in parallel. The depths of each MPP absorber may be different for different central frequencies. In addition, the depths of each MPP absorber should be equal to the maximum usable thickness for full use of given volume. However, one-layer design has difficulties in broadening frequency band if available thicknesses are sufficient. The third design is a mixture of multi-and single-layer design, which has the same principle as the above two designs. Multilayer MPP units are mainly for low and middle frequencies, while single-layer MPP units are mainly for high frequencies. For example, a broadband sound absorption in 100-1000 Hz with SAC of 0.8 is achieved using a 18.2 cm thick SAMM. However, the cavity depth of the single-layer units for high-frequency band, might be less than the available depth for perfect absorption. So the mixture design results in a low utilization of the volume, while its fabricating costs are also considerable in view of 3D print.
[0005] Therefore, there are needs for a sound-absorbing metamaterial that may be produced with a low cost while maintaining a good performance for a broadband sound absorption.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial (SAMM) unit based on microperforated panels (MPPs) for absorbing incident sound in a wide frequency bandwidth, comprising N sub-units connected in parallel, each sub-unit being used for absorbing a sub-bandwidth of the frequency bandwidth, and at least some of the sub-units each having a plurality of acoustic absorbers connected in series such that the multilayer SAMM unit is formed with J layers, and wherein at least two of the sub-units have areas unequal to each other.
[0007] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a multilayer SAMM comprising a plurality of multilayer SAMM units according to the present disclosure arranged in parallel.
[0008] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for designing such multilayer SAMM unit based on MPPs, wherein number of layers, layer heights of each layer, and area and parameters of each sub-unit are determined based on a given thickness of the multilayer SAMM unit and a given frequency bandwidth of the sound to be absorbed.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] The present disclosure will be better understood by reference to the following drawings and description. The components shown in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, instead, emphasis should be placed upon the principles illustrated by the disclosure. Moreover, in the figures, like reference numerals designate like parts throughout the drawings.
[0010] Fig. 1A illustrates a schematic view of a MPP monolithic piece of a multilayer SAMM unit according to one embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0011] Fig. 1B illustrates a schematic view of a multilayer SAMM unit according to one embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0012] Fig. 1C illustrates a schematic view of a FEM model to a multilayer SAMM unit in a rigid waveguide in COMSOL;
[0013] Fig. 2A shows a schematic view of a MPP sub-unit in a single-layer SAMM unit;
[0014] Fig. 2B shows a schematic view of a MPP sub-unit in a double-layer SAMM unit;
[0015] Fig. 2C shows a schematic view of a MPP sub-unit in a three-layer SAMM unit;
[0016] Fig. 2D shows a schematic view of a MPP sub-unit in a four-layer SAMM unit;
[0017] Fig. 3 shows a profile of sound absorption efficiencies of single-layer SAMM unit (SAMM1, 10 cm, 9 sub-units) ;
[0018] Fig. 4A shows a profile of sound absorption efficiencies of double-layer SAMM unit (SAMM2, 10 cm, 9 sub-units) ;
[0019] Fig. 4B shows a profile of sound absorption efficiencies of three-layer SAMM unit (SAMM3, 10 cm, 9 sub-units) ;
[0020] Fig. 4C shows a profile of sound absorption efficiencies of four-layer SAMM unit (SAMM4, 10 cm, 9 sub-units) ;
[0021] Fig. 4D shows a profile of sound absorption efficiencies of four-layer SAMM unit (SAMM5, 10 cm, 16 sub-units) ;
[0022] Fig. 5 shows a profile of sound absorption efficiencies of four-layer SAMM unit (SAMM5, 10 cm, 16 sub-units, without certain depth reductions) ;
[0023] Fig. 6 shows a comparison of the sound absorption efficiencies of Original SAMM5 and Arranged SAMM5;
[0024] Fig. 7 shows a profile of sound absorption efficiencies of four-layer SAMM unit (SAMM6, 18.2 cm, 9 sub-units) ;
[0025] Fig. 8A shows comparison of theory calculation and simulation of sound absorption efficiencies of SAMM4;
[0026] Fig. 8B shows comparison of theory calculation and simulation of sound absorption efficiencies of SAMM5;
[0027] Fig. 9 shows experimental results of sound absorption efficiencies of four-layer SAMM unit (SAMM4, 10 cm, 9 sub-units) with and without glass wool as an additional sound absorption material.
[0028] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0029] Embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail below, and examples of the embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, with the same or similar labeling in each drawing denoting the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions. The embodiments described below by reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are used only for the purpose of explaining the present disclosure and are not to be construed as a limitation of the present disclosure.
[0030] Unless otherwise defined, technical terms or scientific terms used herein shall have the ordinary meaning understood by a person of ordinary skill in the field to which this disclosure belongs. In the description of the present disclosure, it is to be understood that the terms "center, " "vertical, " "lateral, " "up " , "bottom" , "front" , "back" , "left" , "right" , "vertical" , "horizontal" , "top" , "bottom " "inside, " "outside, " and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the accompanying drawings, solely for the purpose of facilitating a description of the present disclosure and simplifying the description, and not to indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore is not to be construed as a limitation of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance. When the number of a component or element is not specifically specified in the following embodiments of this disclosure, it means that the component or element can be one or multiple, or can be understood as at least one. “At least one” refers to one or more, and “a plurality of” or “multiple” refers to at least two.
[0031] The present disclosure in a first aspect provides a multilayer SAMM unit based on MPPs for absorbing incident sound in a wide frequency bandwidth, comprising N sub-units connected in parallel, each sub-unit being used for absorbing a sub-bandwidth of the frequency bandwidth, and at least some of the sub-units each having a plurality of acoustic absorbers connected in series such that the multilayer SAMM unit is formed with J layers, and wherein at least two of the sub-units have areas unequal to each other. Herein, N and J are independent of each other, both being greater than or equal to 2. Herein, the wide frequency bandwidth may be any desired range, e.g. from 20Hz to 20000Hz, or from 100Hz to 10000Hz. These values are just some examples to explain the present disclosure and shall not be construed as limitation to the scope of the present disclosure.
[0032] The present disclosure in a second aspect a multilayer SAMM comprising a plurality of multilayer SAMM units according to the present disclosure arranged in parallel.
[0033] The present disclosure in a third aspect provides a method for designing a multilayer SAMM unit based on MPPs, wherein number of layers, layer heights of each layer, and area and parameters of each sub-unit are determined based on a given thickness of the multilayer SAMM unit and a given frequency bandwidth of the sound to be absorbed. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, wherein the larger the area of a sub-unit, the lower the corresponding frequency of the sound absorption. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the method comprises the steps of: a) determining a total area of the multilayer SAMM unit; b) dividing the entire frequency bandwidth into N sub-bandwidths and determining the area of each sub-unit based on a frequency of each sub-bandwidth and the determined total area of the multilayer SAMM unit; c) determining number of layers, layer height of each layer, and parameters of each sub-unit, based on the frequency of each sub-bandwidth, the given thickness, and the determined area of each sub-unit, wherein the parameters of each sub-unit include number of MPPs, number and diameter of perforations of the respective MPP.
[0034] In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the determination of the total area in step a) is carried out taking into account the target sound absorption area or taking into account a maximum size limit, wherein the maximum size limit is that the size of the unit is not greater than half of the corresponding wavelength of the upper limit of the frequency bandwidth. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the frequency of each sub-bandwidth in step b) is the center frequency of each sub-bandwidth. Here, the “target sound absorption area” means the actual area of any products that needs to be protected from sound pressure, and may be larger than the maximum size limit. Therefore, the determined total area may be larger or smaller than the maximum size limit, depending on practical needs.
[0035] In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the parameters of each sub-unit comprise the length of at least one extension tube when the corresponding MPP is provided with at least one extension tube for low frequency sound absorption. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the bottommost layer is designed with unequal cavity depths to minimize the effect of intra-cavity resonance. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the volume reduction caused by the unequal cavity depths of the bottommost layer is allocated to the sub-unit for absorption of the lowest frequency.
[0036] In the present disclosure, the “N sub-units connected in parallel” means that the N sub-units absorb incident sound independently, side by side, and the “acoustic absorbers connected in series” of each sub-unit means that the acoustic absorbers (also called absorbers) absorb incident sound in sequence. An acoustic absorber may comprise a MPP and a corresponding cavity or may only comprise a cavity without a MPP. The “area” of a sub-unit means the area of an absorber receiving the incident sound. The “size” of a sub-unit with a rectangular shape is the side length of a single side, while for a circular shape it refers to diameter, and for irregular shapes it refers to equivalent diameter. Here, the “thickness” of a multilayer SAMM unit is the dimension of the unit in a direction perpendicular to the extension direction of the MPPs. In the present disclosure, the diameter or size of the pores or perforations of MPPs may be any value suitable for design requirements, for example, in the range of 0.2-5mm, and may or may not be in the micrometer range.
[0037] The above embodiment of multilayer SAMM unit according to the present disclosure is especially suitable for portable and small audio products that allow limited volume and thickness. In such applications, it is necessary not only to make the best use of the given volume, but also to achieve smooth broadband absorption in the target frequency range. Further, the reduction of fabrication cost should also be taken into consideration. The above embodiment of multilayer SAMM unit according to the present disclosure addresses the above requirements by providing N sub-units connected in parallel, and at least some of the sub-units each having a plurality of acoustic absorbers connected in series such that the multilayer SAMM unit is formed with J layers, and wherein at least two of the sub-units have areas unequal to each other. In this way, the multilayer SAMM unit may absorb at least a combined frequency bandwidth of two sub-bandwidths. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the N sub-units have areas unequal to each other such that the multilayer SAMM unit is capable of absorbing the entire frequency bandwidth of incident sound. This is to say, each of the sub-units is configured to have its own unique area, which is different from the areas of other sub-units, so that each sub-unit may absorb an unique sub-bandwidth among the whole bandwidth of incident sound. The absorption to the whole bandwidth of incident sound may then be realized by the combination of all sub-units of this multilayer SAMM unit of the present disclosure.
[0038] By decomposing the multilayer SAMM unit into several modules of MPPs and corresponding cavities, the SAMM can be fabricated by combining these inexpensive modules. For mass production, it can be manufactured with etching and molds instead of costly means such as 3D printing and much manual work. In addition to the low cost and simplicity of the manufacturing process, the structure of this multilayer SAMM unit makes good use of the limited volume and thickness to achieve broadband sound absorption in the target frequency bandwidth.
[0039] In the following, embodiments of the present disclosure will be explained in combination with some basic physical concepts for the calculation of SAC of a sound absorbing structure.
[0040] As for a sound absorption structure, whose surface area is S, the sound absorption coefficient A is:
[0041] In Eq. (1) , A (f) is the frequency-dependent absorption coefficient, Win is the incident acoustic power, Wr is the reflected acoustic power, r (f) is the reflection coefficient, Za is the acoustic impedance of the sound absorbing surface, and Z0 is the characteristic acoustic impedance rate of the air, i.e., ρ0c0. One embodiment of a multilayer SAMM unit according to the present disclosure is displayed in Fig. 1A to 1C.
[0042] Fig. 1A illustrates a schematic view of a MPP monolithic piece 100 of a multilayer SAMM unit 300 (see Fig. 2) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. 1B illustrates a schematic view of a multilayer SAMM unit 300 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. 1C illustrates a schematic view of a FEM (Finite Element Method) model to a multilayer SAMM unit 300 in a rigid waveguide in COMSOL (A simulation software) .
[0043] As shown in Fig. 1A, the MPP monolithic piece 100 is a one-piece molded part of 9 MPPs 100a-100i each having different numbers and distributions of perforated micropores 102. The boundaries between the 9 MPPs is invisible in Fig. 1A due to the molding process, but may be seen in Fig. 1B in the background formed by a backing member 200. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the MPPs of N sub-units may be aligned to each other in each layer or slightly misaligned to each other.
[0044] As shown in Fig. 1B, the multilayer SAMM unit 300 have four layers of MPP monolithic piece 100 each backed with a backing member 200. Each backing member 200 comprises baffles 202 extending perpendicular to the MPP monolithic piece 100 to form 9 cavities. Therefore, the multilayer SAMM unit have N (here is 9) sub-units connected in parallel, while each sub-unit has J (here is 4) layers and thus has J acoustic absorbers (or called as MPP absorbers) in series. Each acoustic absorber here is formed by a MPP and a corresponding cavity. The total layer number J differs for the different bandwidth demand. It may be noted that the area of the 9 sub-units is designed according to the frequency range of the sound to be absorbed, wherein the larger the area of the absorbing surface of the sub-units, the lower the corresponding frequency of the sound to be absorbed.
[0045] It shall be mentioned that due to the volume occupation of baffles 202, the total number of sub-units in one unit is not the more the better and, in one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, may be for example in the range of 2-50, preferably 4-16. Besides, these sub-units are closely arranged to form one SAMM unit 300. Thereby full utilization of volume and material can be achieved. In one or more other embodiments of the present disclosure, the N sub-units may not be closely aligned.
[0046] It shall be mentioned that in Figs 1A to 1C all sub-units having J acoustic absorbers connected in series such that the multilayer SAMM unit is formed with J layers. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, some of the sub-units may each have J or less than J acoustic absorbers connected in series such that the multilayer SAMM unit is formed with J layers. For example, the multilayer SAMM unit according to the present disclosure may be a structure with a total of 4 layers in which two of the sub-units each lack a MPP on a different layer, i.e., each has 3 layers of MPPs.
[0047] According to Figs. 1A to 1C, the N sub-units of each layer are formed by the same MPP monolithic piece 100, and each layer is provided with a backing member 200 having baffles 202 to form N cavities. The backing member 200 for the bottommost layer is closed by a back plate 204 on the side of the backing member opposite to the last MPP monolithic piece 100. Therefore, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the N sub-units may have the same cavity depth in the same layer, starting from the first layer through which the incident sound passes to the J-1st layer, here, the third layer. In this case, in the bottommost layer, here the 4th layer, the N sub-units have unequal cavity depths to reduce intracavity resonance. It is clearly shown in Fig. 1B and 1C that the N absorbers in the Jth layer have unequal cavity depths as indicated by arrow 206. This may for example be realized by molding a back plate 204 with corresponding solid protrusions. To reduce production cost, this back plate 204 may be molded in one piece with the last backing member 200 and then be pasted together with the MPP monolithic piece 100 in an air-tight manner.
[0048] Here, the “same” or “equal” thickness / depth does not require that the thicknesses / depths are absolutely the same, but may be substantially the same. For example, the above “substantially” can indicate that the difference between the compared objects is 10%of the average value of the compared objects, or within 5%.
[0049] In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one sub-unit for medium and high frequency absorption may have a number of MPPs less than J or no MPPs at all. In this case, the N sub-units may have equal cavity depths in the bottommost layer through which the incident sound passes. Therefore, from the first layer to the bottommost layer, the N sub-units may each have equal cavity depths in the same layer. In other words, sub-units with smaller areas may be provided in the absence of at least one MPP or may be provided with even completely empty cavities without any MPPs, which also achieves good performances of sound absorption and avoids wasting volume by providing a solid structure in the bottommost layer. That is to say, by reducing the number of MPPs of sub-units for medium and high frequency absorption, the N cavities located in the bottommost layer may have the same cavity depth. With this design, the SAMM unit can be manufactured at lower cost and higher efficiency.
[0050] It shall be denoted that the design of the bottommost layer being unequal in height or cavity depth is a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure when all sub-units have J perforated panels, and the design of bottommost layer being equal in height is also within the scope of the present disclosure, but is a less preferred embodiment. The present disclosure is intended to protect the embodiment where all sub-units have J perforated panels, as well as the embodiment where some of the sub-units are missing at least one perforated panel or have no perforated panels. In the latter embodiment, the bottommost layer may preferably be designed to be of equal height thereby improving volume utilization. Besides, in the latter embodiment, although the overall volume utilization is slightly higher, e.g., by about 5%, the sound absorption bandwidth is not as wide as the former embodiment. These two designs may be determined based on actual design needs.
[0051] In the present disclosure, the incident sound of a frequency bandwidth may pass through the perforations 102 in each of MPPs 100a-100i of the first MPP monolithic piece 100 and enter into the corresponding cavity, and then pass through the perforations 102 of the second MPP monolithic piece 100 and enter into the corresponding cavity and so on, so that the absorption of the incident sound may be realized through the resonance of the perforations 102 of the J layers of MPPs 100 and the air inside each cavity.
[0052] In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the respective area of the N sub-units is designed according to the frequency of the sound to be absorbed, wherein the larger the area of the sub-units, the lower the corresponding frequency of the sound to be absorbed. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the size of the multilayer SAMM unit may be not larger than half of the corresponding wavelength of the upper limit of the frequency bandwidth of the sound to be absorbed so as to fully utilize the volume. It may be denoted that such limitation of the size of SAMM unit to the half of the corresponding wavelength of the upper limit of the frequency bandwidth is only a preferred maximum size limit in theory. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the actual size of multilayer SAMM unit depends on a target absorption area of products that need sound absorption and may be larger than the maximum size limit. For example, the maximum size limit is a side length of no more than 3 cm for one multilayer SAMM unit, but the target absorption area corresponds to a unit with a side length of 4 cm, so it is better to design a multilayer SAMM unit with a side length of 4 cm, whose sound absorption effect will be only slightly worse at high frequencies, but also acceptable. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, it is also possible to design a 2cm-sized unit, where the target absorption area may be covered by four of the 2cm-sized units. However, the 2cm-sized unit may have more volume wasted by the baffles due to its small size, and ultimately this 2cm-sized unit may not be necessarily better than the 4cm-sized unit.
[0053] The sound impedance of the total structure Za is calculated using Eq. (2) :
[0054] The acoustic impedance Zan of each sound-absorbing sub-unit may be connected in parallel to obtain the acoustic impedance Za of the total structure. The multilayer structures of the n-th sub-unit are displayed in Fig. 2A to 2D, in which Pan is the sound pressure on the n-th sub-unit surface and Uan is the corresponding volume velocity. P′an is the sound pressure on the end wall of the n-th sub-unit, where the velocity is 0. is the length of the tubes in the j-th MPP of the n-th sub-unit, dnj is the diameter of the holes on the j-th MPP, is length of the cavity, while the similar parameters with the subscript “ln" correspond to the lateral cavity.
[0055] The sound impedance may be derived as Pan=ZanUan, while the ratio of Pan to Uan may be calculated using impedance transfer method as below:
[0056] In Eq. (3) , Zan is the total impedance matrix to calculate sound acoustic impedance Zan:
[0057] As in Eq. 4 (b) , the total impedance matrix Zan is obtained by multiplying the sub-MPP absorber’s impedance matrix in order. As for it mainly consists of five parts: the modified terminal impedance matrices (forward orifice) and (backward orifice) , the impedance matrix of micro-tubes the impedance matrices of the cavity and the lateral cavity Furthermore, offers the main acoustic mass, while offers the main acoustic capacitance. When the acoustic mass is equal to capacitance and resonance generates, the sound resistance offered by all the matrices decides the sound absorption coefficient.
[0058] The impedance matrices in Eq. 4 are given in Eqs. (6) ~ (8) :
[0059] In Eq. (6) , are the effective air density, sound velocity, wave number and length of the tubes in the j-th MPP of the n-th unit. In Eq. (7) , are the effective air density, sound velocity, sound velocity and length of the cavity, while the similar parameters with the subscript “ln" in Eq. (8) correspond to the lateral cavity. is the total area of the tubes on the j-th panel in the n-th unit, while mnj and dnj are the number and diameter of the tubes, respectively. is the cross-section area of the j-th cavity (usually the same in the same n-th unit) , and rnj is the hydraulic diameter. is the cross-section area of the j-th lateral cavity, and do is the diameter of the extended tubes’ outside wall in the cavity. Direct use of represents the situations where tubes on the same panel are parallel without mutual radiation, while modified terms should be introduced if the tubes’ radiation interactions are not neglectable.
[0060] The equivalent parameters in Eq. (6) are calculated below:
[0061] In Eq. (9a) , it may be deduced that and are determined by the effective volume modulus and density The effective volume modulus is influenced by the thermal effect Gk, while is modified by the viscous effect Gp. In Eqs. (9b) ~ (9d) , P0 and η represent the atmospheric pressure and air sheer viscosity; γ, ka and Cv are the air heat ratio, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, respectively; J0 and J1 denote the Bessel function of the 0th and 1st order, respectively. Furthermore, the equivalent parameters in Eqs. (7) ~ (8) may be calculated using wide-tube model, or be derived from Eq. (9) by substituting rnj and rlnj for dnj.
[0062] According to Ingard and Relay’s theory, the modified terminal impedance matrices and are expressed as:
[0063] In Eqs. (10) ~ (11) , and are the modified lengths of tubes at the forward and backward orifices, corresponding to the radiating sound reactance. The expressions of and are as below:
[0064] In addition, causality universally governs the evolution of linear time-invariant wave systems, which results in the minimal structural thickness Lmin for a designated bandwidth of impedance modulation. So Lmin is determined by accumulating the dissipation on the lower-half plane:
[0065] In Eq. (5) , λ=c0 / f is the wavelength of the acoustic wave, and φ is the ratio of the cavity volume to the total structural volume. A (λ) is the absorption coefficient that varies with the wavelength, which may be obtained by substitution of A (f) . Considering that the total volume Vmin=LminS, the optimal design is to achieve a smooth maximum value of A (λ) in the target frequency range, within the constraints of a finite volume Vmin and a minimum thickness Lmin . It is noteworthy that the integral value in Eq. (5) is mainly determined by the lower-frequency limit and the smooth absorption coefficient, which correspond to the maximum wavelength λmax and respectively.
[0066] It is known that a broadband absorption may be obtained by superposition of multiple overdamped sub-units. In addition, according to the present disclosure, each sub-unit corresponds to one or more resonance peaks in different frequencies, so the parameters of MPP absorbers tend to differ when the serial numbers j and n change. Furthermore, it is necessary to increase the sub-unit area in order to decrease the sound capacitance in low-frequency MPP sub-units. In contrast, the sub-unit area should be reduced to increase the sound capacitance in high-frequencies MPP sub-units. Therefore, it may be deduced that the sub-unit area and resonance frequency is negatively correlated, which is why the present disclosure adopts the design of equal height but not equal area.
[0067] Fig. 3 shows a profile of sound absorption efficiencies of single-layer SAMM unit (SAMM1, 10 cm, 9 sub-units) . Fig. 4A to 4D show profiles of sound absorption efficiencies of a double-layer SAMM unit (SAMM2, 10 cm, 9 sub-units) , a three-layer SAMM unit (SAMM3, 10 cm, 9 sub-units) , a four-layer SAMM unit (SAMM4, 10 cm, 9 sub-units) and another four-layer SAMM unit (SAMM5, 10 cm, 16 sub-units) according to the present disclosure. Fig. 5 shows a profile of sound absorption efficiencies of four-layer SAMM unit (SAMM5, 10 cm, 16 sub-units, without certain depth reductions) . Fig. 6 shows a comparison of the sound absorption efficiencies of Original SAMM5 and Arranged SAMM5. Fig. 7 shows a profile of sound absorption efficiencies of four-layer SAMM unit (SAMM6, 18.2 cm, 9 sub-units) . Fig. 8A shows comparison of theory calculation and simulation of sound absorption efficiencies of SAMM4. Fig. 8B shows comparison of theory calculation and simulation of sound absorption efficiencies of SAMM5.
[0068] The MPP parameters of the SAMM units shown in Figs 3~8 are given in Table 2~7, while the cavity depths of different layers are summarized in Table 1. It shall be mentioned that the results are calculated using MATLAB, which is a typical computational software, but other computational software may also be used or even no computational software has to be used for obtaining these parameters of SAMM units.
[0069] Table 1: Cavity Depths of different layers of SAMM1 ~ SAMM6
[0070] Table 2: Parameters of SAMM1 (Single-layer SAMM unit: 10 cm depth and 9 sub- units)
[0071] Table 3: Parameters of SAMM2 (Double-layer SAMM unit: 10 cm depth and 9 sub-units)
[0072] Table 4: Parameters of SAMM3 (Three-layer SAMM unit: 10 cm depth and 9 sub- units)
[0073] Table 5: Parameters of SAMM4 (Four-layer SAMM unit: 10 cm depth and 9 sub-units)
[0074] Table 6: Parameters of SAMM5 (Four-layer SAMM unit: 10 cm depth and 16 sub-units)
[0075] Table 7: Parameters of SAMM6 (Four-layer SAMM unit: 18.2 cm depth and 9 sub-units)
[0076] SAMM1 is the single-layer SAMM unit, whose MPP panel is 0.8 mm thick. SAMM2~SAMM6 are multilayer SAMM units, whose first layer panels are all 0.3 mm thick and the other panels are 0.8 mm thick. As for the multilayer SAMM unit, the first layer is the upmost layer and have a direct interaction with the incident sound wave. The parameters of each MPP absorbers in the same sub-unit are arranged in the same cell from left to right as the layer serial number, that is J, increases. The parameters not reflected in the tables below are the same by default: the lengths of the tubes are the same as their MPPs, and the cavity depths are consistent with the parameters in Table 1.
[0077] As shown by the parameters in Table 1, the layer heights or cavity depths may be same or different from each other from the first layer through which the incident sound passes to the bottommost layer. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the layer heights increase from the first layer to the bottommost layer.
[0078] In Fig. 3, the upper line is the SAC curve, while the lower resonance curves are the MPP absorbers if each one is used separately. It is found that an average SAC of 0.95 is accomplished in 320 ~ 850 Hz. The parameters of this SAMM unit is given in Table 1. However, it is difficult to extend its sound absorption to higher frequencies, since the tiny-area sub-units used for high-frequency sound still have the length of 10 cm.In that case, according to the present disclosure, the single-layer SAMM unit is cut into multilayer SAMMs with the same total depth of 10 cm for a wider absorption, and the SAC results of SAMM2 to SAMM5 are shown in Figs. 4A to 4D.
[0079] As shown in Figs. 4A, 4B and 4C, SAMM’s sound absorption bandwidth gradually increases as the number of layers increases. This phenomenon is actually based on more resonances in high-frequencies with more layers. In addition, more sub-units may further increase the high frequency bandwidth as in Figs. 4C and 4D. However, too many sub-units are not recommended, because partition panels, i.e., baffles 202, among the MPP cavities would make a significant loss of total volume and thus the absorption efficiencies. The parameters of these four multilayer SAMM units are given in Tables 2~5. It could be found in these tables that the last 3 or 4 MPP cavities in the bottommost layer, have a reduced depth. This approach is designed to counteract the intra-cavity resonances, while the messy resonance peaks in Figs. 4A to 4D are also caused by the intra-cavity resonances. It is also clear from Tables 6 and 7 that a part of the absorbers comprises an extension tube (i.e., see Tube Length) for extending the length of the perforations to absorb low frequency sound.
[0080] As a comparison, the SAC of the same Four-layer SAMM5 (16 sub-units) in Fig. 4D without the reduction in the depths of certain cavities, are shown in Fig. 5. As shown in Fig. 5, the resonance peaks in 800 ~ 1000 Hz are forced to concentrate before 800 Hz, while the resonance peaks in 2300 ~ 2700 Hz are also influenced. This is due to the cavity resonance itself (cot (kL) =0, kL= (2n+1) π, n=0, 1, ... ) , which makes it difficult to realize the resonances near one-fourth wavelength frequency.
[0081] It is worth pointing out that the reduction of certain heights corresponds to the high-frequency sub-unit with small cross-sectional areas, so the loss of volume is small. In addition, the reduction of the MPP cavities’ volume may be assigned to the lowest frequency MPP sub-unit for a better cut-off frequency as shown in Fig. 6, in which the Original SAMM5 denotes to the Four-layer SAMM5 in Fig. 4D and Table 6, while the Arranged SAMM5 denotes to the Original SAMM5 optimized by utilizing the abandoned volume, i.e. by assigning this volume to one or more cavity corresponding to sub-units for low frequency absorption. The low frequency response is improved while mid-and high-frequency responses are hardly influenced.
[0082] Furthermore, the design of multilayer SAMM unit may be extended to other situations. Fig. 7 gives an example of Four-layer SAMM unit with a depth of 18.2 cm. In Fig. 7, it is found that the SAMM unit has an average SAC of 0.85 in 140 ~ 2800 Hz, which covers over 4 octaves. As a comparison, C. Shao et al. (C. Shao, Y. Zhu, H. Long, C. Liu, Y. Cheng, X. Liu, Metasurface absorber for ultra-broadband sound via over-damped modes coupling, Applied Physics Letters 120 (8) (2022) . doi: 10.1063 / 5.0080930) design a mixture of single-layer and multilayer 18.2 cm SAMM unit, having an average SAC of 0.8 in 100 ~ 1000 Hz. In short, multilayer SAMM units according to the present disclosure are applicable to different situations and may have a wider-band efficiency with more layers. The examples given in Figs. 2~ 7 just demonstrate that our multilayer design method is a systematical solution for a wider frequency band of sound absorption.
[0083] Figs. 8A and 8B shows the simulation results in COMSOL of Four-layer SAMM units shown in Fig. 4C (SAMM4) and Fig. 4D (SAMM5) , are displayed as well as the theoretical results. In Figs. 8A and 8B, it could be deduced that the simulation results are consistent with theory, while the simulation results are flatter. It is noteworthy that Thermo-Viscous Acoustic Module is used to model the micro-holes of the MPPs in COMSOL, while the boundary condition of the MPP cavities should be isothermal and with no slippage. It shall be mentioned that COMSOL, which is a typical simulation software, is used here to conduct the simulation, but other simulation software may also be used.
[0084] Fig. 9 shows experimental results of sound absorption efficiencies of four-layer SAMM unit (SAMM4, 10 cm, 9 sub-units) with and without glass wool as an additional sound absorption material. The experiment is carried out with an Impedance Tube method using a SAMM4 with a side length of 2.5mm. It is clearly demonstrated by these experimental results that the multilayer SAMM unit such as SAMM4 alone can already realize a wide sound absorption. Meanwhile, it is clearly seen from the Fig. 9 that, when the multilayer SAMM unit is further connected in series with an additional layer of glass wool, the smoothness and bandwidth of sound absorption can be increased. The glass wool here is only used as an example of conventional sound absorption material.
[0085] It should be noted that the multiple SAMM unit 300 as well as the MPP monolithic piece 100 and the backing member 200 illustrated in Figs. 1A to 1C have a rectangular shape. The present disclosure, however, is not limited to this, and may be realized by other embodiments of any shape, such as a circle or hexagonal shape, for example.
[0086] As demonstrated above, the multilayer SAMM unit of the present disclosure has a wide-band sound absorption and a better performance than a single-layer SAMM unit with the same total depth. More layers in series and more units in parallel both help the SAMM unit to broaden the sound absorption bandwidth. Multilayer SAMMs may be a substitute of porous material, especially when the temperature is extreme or environmental protection is pursued. The multilayer SAMM unit of the present disclosure is applicable for any scenario where a noise reduction is required, especially applicable to audio products like headphones, loudspeakers and so on for improving the sound absorption performances. It is not only applicable to the audio products whose volume and thickness are limited, but also applicable to the situations when the volume and thickness are sufficient. The same advantages or benefits apply to the multilayer SAMM fabricated from the unit according to the present disclosure as well as the design method according to the present disclosure.
[0087] According to one or more embodiments of the disclosure, the present disclosure may be implemented as follows.
[0088] Item 1: A multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit based on microperforated panels for absorbing incident sound in a wide frequency bandwidth, comprising N sub-units connected in parallel, each sub-unit being used for absorbing a sub-bandwidth of the frequency bandwidth, and at least some of the sub-units each having a plurality of acoustic absorbers connected in series such that the multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit is formed with J layers, and wherein at least two of the sub-units have areas unequal to each other.
[0089] Item 2: The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to item 1, wherein the N sub-units have areas unequal to each other such that the multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit is capable of absorbing the entire frequency bandwidth of incident sound.
[0090] Item 3: The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to one of items 1 to 2, wherein the respective microperforated panels of N sub-units in each layer are aligned with each other.
[0091] Item 4: The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to one of items 1 to 3, wherein the respective microperforated panels of each layer form a monolithic piece molded in one piece.
[0092] Item 5: The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to one of items 1 to 4, wherein each layer has a backing member airtightly connected to the corresponding monolithic piece of microperforated panels to form N cavities.
[0093] Item 6: The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to one of items 1 to 5, wherein the backing member for the bottommost layer is closed by a back plate on the side of the backing member opposite to the corresponding monolithic piece of microperforated panels.
[0094] Item 7: The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to one of items 1 to 6, wherein at least one sub-unit for medium and high frequency absorption has a number of microperforated panels less than J or no microperforated panels, and wherein in the bottommost layer through which the incident sound passes, the N sub-units have equal cavity depths.
[0095] Item 8: The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to one of items 1 to 7, wherein the N sub-units each have J microperforated panels and wherein in the bottommost layer through which the incident sound passes, the N sub-units have unequal cavity depths to reduce intracavity resonance.
[0096] Item 9: The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to one of items 1 to 8, wherein at least a portion of the acoustic absorbers comprises at least one extension tube for extending length of corresponding perforation for absorbing low-frequency sound.
[0097] Item 10: The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to one of items 1 to 9, wherein the multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit has a size no larger than half of the corresponding wavelength of the upper limit of the frequency bandwidth.
[0098] Item 11: The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to one of items 1 to 10, wherein the respective area of the N sub-units is designed according to the frequency of the sound to be absorbed, wherein the larger the area of the sub-units, the lower the corresponding frequency of the sound to be absorbed.
[0099] Item 12: A multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial comprising a plurality of multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial units according to one of items 1 to 11 arranged in parallel.
[0100] Item 13: A method for designing a multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to one of the items 1 to 11, wherein number of layers, layer heights of each layer, and area and parameters of each sub-unit are determined based on a given thickness of the multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit and a given frequency bandwidth of the sound to be absorbed.
[0101] Item 14: The method according to item 13, wherein the larger the area of a sub-unit, the lower the corresponding frequency of the sound absorption.
[0102] Item 15: The method according to one of items 13 to 14, wherein the method comprises the steps of a) determining a total area of the multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit; b) dividing the entire frequency bandwidth into N sub-bandwidths and determining the area of each sub-unit based on a frequency of each sub-bandwidth and the determined total area of the multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit; c) determining number of layers, layer height of each layer, and parameters of each sub-unit, based on the frequency of each sub-bandwidth, the given thickness, and the determined area of each sub-unit, wherein the parameters of each sub-unit include number of microperforated panels, number and diameter of perforations of the respective microperforated panel.
[0103] Item 16: The method according to one of items 13 to 15, wherein the determination of the total area in step a) is carried out taking into account the target sound absorption area or taking into account a maximum size limit, wherein the maximum size limit is that the size of the unit is not greater than half of the corresponding wavelength of the upper limit of the frequency bandwidth.
[0104] Item 17: The method according to one of items 13 to 16, wherein the parameters of each sub-unit comprise the length of at least one extension tube when the corresponding microperforated panel is provided with at least one extension tube for low frequency sound absorption.
[0105] Item 18: The method according to one of items 13 to 17, wherein the bottommost layer is designed with unequal cavity depths to minimize the effect of intra-cavity resonance.
[0106] Item 19: The method according to one of items 13 to 18, wherein the volume reduction caused by the unequal cavity depths of the bottommost layer is assigned to the sub-unit for absorption of the lowest frequency.
[0107] Systems and methods have been described in general terms as an aid to understanding details of the disclosure. In some instances, well-known structures, materials, and / or operations have not been specifically shown or described in detail to prevent obscuring aspects of the disclosure. In other instances, specific details have been given to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosure. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms, for example to adapt to a particular system or apparatus or situation or material or component, without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. Therefore, the disclosures and descriptions herein are intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure is not to be restricted except considering the attached claims and their equivalents.
Claims
1.A multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit based on microperforated panels for absorbing incident sound in a wide frequency bandwidth, comprising N sub-units connected in parallel, each sub-unit being used for absorbing a sub-bandwidth of the frequency bandwidth, and at least some of the sub-units each having a plurality of acoustic absorbers connected in series such that the multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit is formed with J layers, and wherein at least two of the sub-units have areas unequal to each other.2.The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to claim 1, wherein the N sub-units have areas unequal to each other such that the multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit is capable of absorbing the entire frequency bandwidth of incident sound.3.The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to claim 1, wherein the respective microperforated panels of N sub-units in each layer are aligned with each other.4.The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to claim 3, wherein the respective microperforated panels of each layer form a monolithic piece molded in one piece.5.The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to claim 4, wherein each layer has a backing member airtightly connected to the corresponding monolithic piece of microperforated panels to form N cavities.6.The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to claim 5, wherein the backing member for the bottommost layer is closed by a back plate on the side of the backing member opposite to the corresponding monolithic piece of microperforated panels.7.The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to claim 3, wherein at least one sub-unit for medium and high frequency absorption has a number of microperforated panels less than J or no microperforated panels, and wherein in the bottommost layer through which the incident sound passes, the N sub-units have equal cavity depths.8.The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to claim 3, wherein the N sub-units each have J microperforated panels and wherein in the bottommost layer through which the incident sound passes, the N sub-units have unequal cavity depths to reduce intracavity resonance.9.The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the acoustic absorbers comprises at least one extension tube for extending length of corresponding perforation for absorbing low-frequency sound.10.The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to claim 1, wherein the multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit has a size no larger than half of the corresponding wavelength of the upper limit of the frequency bandwidth.11.The multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to claim 1, wherein the respective area of the N sub-units is designed according to the frequency of the sound to be absorbed, wherein the larger the area of the sub-units, the lower the corresponding frequency of the sound to be absorbed.12.A multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial comprising a plurality of multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial units according to one of claims 1 to 11 arranged in parallel.13.A method for designing a multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit according to one of the claims 1 to 11, wherein number of layers, layer heights of each layer, and area and parameters of each sub-unit are determined based on a given thickness of the multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit and a given frequency bandwidth of the sound to be absorbed.14.The method according to claim 13, wherein the larger the area of a sub-unit, the lower the corresponding frequency of the sound absorption.15.The method according to claim 13, wherein the method comprises the steps ofa) determining a total area of the multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit;b) dividing the entire frequency bandwidth into N sub-bandwidths and determining the area of each sub-unit based on a frequency of each sub-bandwidth and the determined total area of the multilayer sound-absorbing metamaterial unit;c) determining number of layers, layer height of each layer, and parameters of each sub-unit, based on the frequency of each sub-bandwidth, the given thickness, and the determined area of each sub-unit,wherein the parameters of each sub-unit include number of microperforated panels, number and diameter of perforations of the respective microperforated panel.16.The method according to claim 15, wherein the determination of the total area in step a) is carried out taking into account the target sound absorption area or taking into account a maximum size limit, wherein the maximum size limit is that the size of the unit is not greater than half of the corresponding wavelength of the upper limit of the frequency bandwidth.17.The method according to claim 15, wherein the parameters of each sub-unit comprise the length of at least one extension tube when the corresponding microperforated panel is provided with at least one extension tube for low frequency sound absorption.18.The method according to one of claims 13 to 17, wherein the bottommost layer is designed with unequal cavity depths to minimize the effect of intra-cavity resonance when the N sub-units each have J microperforated panels.19.The method according to claim 18, wherein the volume reduction caused by the unequal cavity depths of the bottommost layer is assigned to the sub-unit for absorption of the lowest frequency.
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