Use of interleukin-21 and interleukin-15 for enhancing serial killing of natural killer cell for cell therapy against target cell
The cytokine combination of IL15 and IL21, with optional IL12 or IL18, enhances NK cell serial killing efficacy, addressing the limitations of existing therapies by prolonging the cytotoxicity of NK cells against tumor or cancer cells.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/097606
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-05
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-11
AI Technical Summary
Existing technologies face challenges in enhancing the serial killing potential of natural killer (NK) cells for effective cell therapy against tumor or cancer cells, as they often result in reduced cytotoxicity and lower NK cell numbers, which are associated with higher cancer risks.
A method involving a cytokine combination of IL15 or its functional variant and IL21 or its functional variant, optionally with IL12 or IL18, is used to enhance the serial killing capability of NK cells by exposing them to this combination during cell therapy.
The cytokine combination significantly prolongs the serial killing efficacy of NK cells, allowing them to sustain target cell elimination for extended periods without exhaustion, enhancing the effectiveness of NK cell therapy against tumor or cancer cells.
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Figure PCTCN2024097606-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024097606-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024097606-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
USE OF INTERLEUKIN-21 AND INTERLEUKIN-15 FOR ENHANCING SERIAL KILLING OF NATURAL KILLER CELL FOR CELL THERAPY AGAINST TARGET CELLTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure belongs to the field of cell-based immunotherapy, and specifically relates to a method of enhancing the serial killing of a natural killer (NK) cell for cell therapy against a target cell such as tumor cell or cancer cell as well as associated pharmaceutical composition and drug combination.
[0002] INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING
[0003] The Sequence Listing in an XML file, named as “P30059-PCT. Sequence Listing” of 21, 449 bytes, created on May 16, 2024, is incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND
[0004] Natural killer (NK) cells are a population of immune effector cells in the innate immune system and have been discovered for more than 40 years. NK cells have an intrinsic ability to kill virus-infected cells or tumor cells without prior antigen sensitization. Lower NK cell number and reduced cytotoxicity may be associated with higher cancer risks.
[0005] Cell-based immunotherapy has been demonstrated to be a powerful strategy for cancer treatment. Early studies have shown that NK cells are safe without causing significant side effects, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) , as compared to T cell therapy. With these advantages, NK cells have been promising as a cellular immunotherapy. In order to put NK cells into clinical applications, many efforts have been made to improve the anti-tumor capacity of the NK cells. Nevertheless, there remains an enormous challenge to enhance the serial killing potential of NK cells and few existing technologies can provide a feasible solution.SUMMARY
[0006] A first aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of enhancing the serial killing of a NK cell for cell therapy against a target cell, comprising: providing a cytokine combination comprising both IL15 or its functional variant and IL21 or its functional variant; and exposing the NK cell to the cytokine combination while applying the NK cell for killing the target cell.
[0007] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination further comprises IL12 or its functional variant.
[0008] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination further comprises IL18 or its functional variant.
[0009] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination consists of the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant.
[0010] In some embodiments, each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination is interleukin.
[0011] In some embodiments, the method is carried out in vivo, in vitro, or ex vivo.
[0012] In some embodiments, the NK cell is a primary NK cell or an induced NK (iNK) cell.
[0013] In some embodiments, the NK cell is a wild type NK cell or an engineered NK cell.
[0014] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell comprises knock-in of at least one exogenous gene and / or knock-out of at least one endogenous gene.
[0015] In some embodiments, at least the cytokines other than one of the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination are externally added in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.
[0016] In some embodiments, all cytokines in the cytokine combination are externally added in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.
[0017] In some embodiments, only one of the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is expressed by the engineered NK cell, and the other cytokines in the cytokine combination are externally added in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.
[0018] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell expresses a membrane-bound IL15 (mbIL15) and the cytokine combination consists of the mbIL15 as well as a soluble IL21 (sIL21) and a soluble IL12 (sIL12) , both of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.
[0019] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination consists of a soluble IL15 (sIL15) , a soluble IL21 (sIL21) , and a soluble IL18 (sIL18) , all of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.
[0020] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell expresses a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , a T cell receptor (TCR) , a Fc receptor, an antibody, a protein having safety switch function, or any combination thereof.
[0021] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell co-expresses a CAR targeting Claudin18.2 (CLDN18.2) and a membrane-bound IL15 or its functional variant.
[0022] In some embodiments, the NK cell is a fresh NK cell or a cryopreserved and thawed NK cell.
[0023] In some embodiments, the method further comprises recovering the cryopreserved and thawed NK cell before exposing it to the cytokine combination.
[0024] In some embodiments, the NK cell is a mature NK cell.
[0025] In some embodiments, the NK cell is an immature NK cell, and the method further comprises expanding and maturing the immature NK cell before exposing it to the cytokine combination.
[0026] In some embodiments, the immature NK cell is expanded and matured in the presence of at least one cytokine comprising IL15 or its functional variant.
[0027] In some embodiments, the immature NK cell is expanded and matured in the presence of IL15 or its functional variant.
[0028] In some embodiments, the immature NK cell is subjected to the expansion and maturation for one round.
[0029] In some embodiments, each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination has a concentration of about 0.5 to about 200 ng / mL.
[0030] In some embodiments, the method sustains the serial killing of the NK cell against the target cell for at least 9, 12, 14, 16, or 18 days.
[0031] In some embodiments, the target cell is a tumor cell, a cancer cell or an infected cell.
[0032] A second aspect of the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition for NK cell therapy, comprising: a cytokine combination comprising both IL15 or its functional variant and IL21 or its functional variant; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the concentration of each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination is such that the serial killing efficacy of the NK cell therapy is enhanced.
[0033] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination further comprises IL12 or its functional variant.
[0034] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination further comprises IL18 or its functional variant.
[0035] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination consists of the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant.
[0036] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination consists of a membrane-bound IL15 (mbIL15) , a soluble IL21 (sIL21) , and a soluble IL12 (sIL12) , all of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.
[0037] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination consists of a soluble IL15 (sIL15) , a soluble IL21 (sIL21) , and a soluble IL18 (sIL18) , all of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.
[0038] In some embodiments, each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination is interleukin.
[0039] In some embodiments, each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination has a concentration of about 0.5 to about 200 ng / mL.
[0040] A third aspect of the present disclosure provides a drug combination comprising: a therapeutically effective amount of NK cell; and a therapeutically effective amount of cytokine combination comprising both IL15 or its functional variant and IL21 or its functional variant.
[0041] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination further comprises IL12 or its functional variant.
[0042] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination further comprises IL18 or its functional variant.
[0043] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination consists of the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant.
[0044] In some embodiments, each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination is interleukin.
[0045] In some embodiments, the drug combination is in the form of a single formulation which comprises both the NK cell and the cytokine combination.
[0046] In some embodiments, the drug combination is in the form of two separate formulations, one of which comprises the NK cell and the other of which comprises the cytokine combination.
[0047] In some embodiments, the NK cell is a primary NK cell or an induced NK (iNK) cell.
[0048] In some embodiments, the NK cell is a wild type NK cell or an engineered NK cell.
[0049] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell comprises knock-in of at least one exogenous gene and / or knock-out of at least one endogenous gene.
[0050] In some embodiments, only one of the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is expressed by the engineered NK cell.
[0051] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell expresses a membrane-bound IL15 (mbIL15) and the cytokine combination consists of the mbIL15 as well as a soluble IL21 (sIL21) and a soluble IL12 (sIL12) , both of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.
[0052] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination consists of a soluble IL15 (sIL15) , a soluble IL21 (sIL21) , and a soluble IL18 (sIL18) , all of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.
[0053] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell expresses a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , a T cell receptor (TCR) , a Fc receptor, an antibody, a protein having safety switch function, or any combination thereof.
[0054] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell co-expresses a CAR targeting CLDN18.2 and a membrane-bound IL15 or its functional variant.
[0055] In some embodiments, the NK cell is a fresh NK cell, a NK cell without recovery after cryopreservation and thawing, or a NK cell with recovery after cryopreservation and thawing.
[0056] In some embodiments, the NK cell is a mature NK cell.
[0057] In some embodiments, each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination has a concentration of about 0.5 to about 200 ng / mL.
[0058] A fourth aspect of the present disclosure provides any one of the above-mentioned drug combinations for use in preventing or treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein the disease is susceptible to the NK cell-mediated immunity.
[0059] A fifth aspect of the present disclosure provides use of any one of the above-mentioned drug combinations in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein the disease is susceptible to the NK cell-mediated immunity.
[0060] A sixth aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for preventing or treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject any one of the above-mentioned drug combinations, wherein the disease is susceptible to the NK cell-mediated immunity.
[0061] In some embodiments, the disease is a tumor, a cancer or a viral infection.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0062] FIG. 1A shows the effect of individual cytokine on the proliferation of the mature iNK cells.
[0063] FIG. 1B shows the effect of individual cytokine on the short-term (8 hrs) cytotoxicity of the mature iNK cells.
[0064] FIG. 2A shows the effect of individual IL15, NeoIL2 or IL2, or its combination with one of other cytokines on the proliferation of the mature iNK cells.
[0065] FIG. 2B shows the effect of individual IL15, NeoIL2 or IL2, or its combination with one of other cytokines on the short-term (4 hrs or 24 hrs) cytotoxicity of the mature iNK cells.
[0066] FIGS. 3A and 3B show the plasmid profiles of PB-EE vector and PBase vector for constructing the K562-Antares2 cells co-cultured with the iNK cells, respectively.
[0067] FIG. 3C shows the effect of individual IL15 or its combination with IL2, IL12, IL18 or IL21 on the serial killing capability of the mature iNK cells, where the case with K562 cells only was used as control.
[0068] FIG. 4 shows the effect of IL15+IL18, IL15+IL12+IL18, IL15+IL21, IL15+IL21+IL12, or IL15+IL21+IL18 on the serial killing capability of the mature iNK cells, where the same case with IL15 only was used as control.
[0069] FIGS. 5A and 5B show the plasmid profiles of Cas-template vector and pKI-Antares2 vector for constructing CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 hiPSCs, respectively.
[0070] FIG. 5C shows the plasmid profile of PB-PNEE vector for constructing KG1-18.2 cells co-cultured with CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells.
[0071] FIG. 5D shows the effect of self-sustaining mbIL15 in combination with foreign IL21, IL21+IL12 or IL21+IL18 in the absence or presence of foreign IL15 on the serial killing capability of the mature CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells, where the same case with mbIL15 and without foreign IL15 and the same case with mbIL15 and foreign IL15 were used as controls, respectively.
[0072] FIG. 6 shows the effect of self-sustaining mbIL15 in combination with foreign IL21, IL21+IL12 or IL21+IL18 on the first-and second-round expansion / maturation of the immature CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells as well as the effect of foreign IL15 in combination with foreign IL21, IL21+IL12 or IL21+IL18 on the first-and second-round expansion / maturation of the immature wild type (WT) iNK cells, where the same case with mbIL15 only and the same case with foreign IL15 only were used as controls, respectively.
[0073] FIG. 7 shows the effect of IL15+IL21, IL15+IL21+IL12, or IL15+IL21+IL18 added only during first-round expansion / maturation of the immature wild-type iNK cells on the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, where the same case with IL15 only was used as control.
[0074] FIG. 8 shows the effect of IL15+IL21, IL15+IL21+IL12, or IL15+IL21+IL18 added only during first-and second-round expansion / maturation of the immature wild-type iNK cells on the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, where the same case with IL15 only was used as control.
[0075] FIG. 9 shows the effect of self-sustaining mbIL15 in combination with foreign IL21 added only during first-round expansion / maturation of the immature CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells on the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, where the same case without foreign IL21 was used as control.
[0076] FIG. 10 shows the effect of IL15+IL21 added during both the first-round expansion / maturation of the immature iNK cells and the lysis of the K562-Antares2 cells or only during the lysis of the K562-Antares2 cells on the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, where the same case with only IL15 added during both the expansion / maturation and the lysis was used as control.
[0077] FIG. 11 shows the effect of IL15+IL21 added during both the first-and second-round expansion / maturation of the immature iNK cells and the lysis of the K562-Antares2 cells or only during the lysis of the K562-Antares2 cells on the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, where the same case with only IL15 added during both the expansion / maturation and the lysis was used as control.
[0078] FIG. 12 shows the percentage of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells on Day 16 of lysis in the case of mbIL15 in combination with IL21, IL21+IL12 or IL21+IL18 added during both the first-round expansion / maturation of the immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells and the lysis of the KG1-18.2 cells, or in the case of mbIL15 in combination with IL21 added only during the lysis of the KG1-18.2 cells, where the same case with mbIL15 only in both the expansion / maturation and the lysis was used as control.
[0079] FIG. 13 shows the numbers of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells and CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells on Day 16 of lysis in the case of mbIL15 in combination with IL21, IL21+IL12 or IL21+IL18 added during both the first-round expansion / maturation of the immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells and the lysis of the KG1-18.2 cells, or in the case of mbIL15 in combination with IL21 added only during the lysis of the KG1-18.2 cells, where the same case with mbIL15 only in both the expansion / maturation and the lysis was used as control.
[0080] FIG. 14 shows the percentage of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells on Day 9 of lysis in the case of mbIL15 in combination with IL21, IL21+IL12 or IL21+IL18 during both the first-and second-round expansion / maturation of the immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells and the lysis of the KG1-18.2 cells, or in the case of mbIL15 in combination with IL21 added only during the lysis of the KG1-18.2 cells, where the same case with mbIL15 only in both the expansion / maturation and the lysis was used as control.
[0081] FIG. 15 shows the numbers of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells and CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells on Day 9 of lysis in the case of mbIL15 in combination with IL21, IL21+IL12 or IL21+IL18 during both the first-and second-round expansion / maturation of the immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells and the lysis of the KG1-18.2 cells, or in the case of mbIL15 in combination with IL21 added only during the lysis of the KG1-18.2 cells, where the same case with mbIL15 only in both the expansion / maturation and the lysis was used as control.
[0082] Various objects and advantages of the reagents, compositions and methods as provided herein will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein are set forth, by way of illustration and example, certain embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0083] It is to be appreciated that some aspects, modes, embodiments, variations and features of the present disclosure are described below in various levels of detail in order to provide a substantial understanding of the present technology.
[0084] Reference throughout this specification to “first, ” “second, ” “third, ” “fourth, ” “fifth, ” “sixth, ” “seventh, ” “eighth, ” or “ninth” does not mean the order or sequence of the feature, structure (e.g., cell population, or pharmaceutic composition) or characteristic described in connection with the reference and can be used only for the purpose of distinction.
[0085] Reference throughout this specification to “a first aspect, ” “a second aspect, ” “a third aspect, ” “a fourth aspect, ” “a fifth aspect, ” “a sixth aspect, ” “a seventh aspect, ” “an eighth aspect, ” or “a ninth aspect” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the aspect is included in at least one or more aspects of the present disclosure. Also, the particular feature (s) , structure (s) , characteristic (s) or embodiment (s) in one aspect may be combined with those in one or more other aspects in any suitable manner.
[0086] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” “a preferred embodiment (s) , ” or “certain embodiments” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment (s) is included in at least one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Also, the particular feature (s) , structure (s) , or characteristic (s) in one embodiment may be combined with those in one or more other embodiments in any suitable manner.
[0087] It is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to particular uses, methods, reagents, compounds, compositions or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.
[0088] Definitions
[0089] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which this disclosure belongs. The following references provide one of skill with a general definition of many of the terms used in the present disclosure. Singleton et al., Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (2nd ed. 1994) ; The Cambridge Dictionary of Science and Technology (Walker ed., 1988) ; The Glossary of Genetics, 5th Ed., R. Rieger et al. (eds. ) , Springer Verlag (1991) ; and Hale &Marham, The Harper Collins Dictionary of Biology (1991) . As used herein, the following terms have the meanings ascribed to them below, unless specified otherwise. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure.
[0090] Unless otherwise specified, “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, i.e., mean “one or more. ”
[0091] As used herein, “about” means plus or minus 10%, or plus or minus 5%, or plus or minus 4%, or plus or minus 3%, or plus or minus 2%, or plus or minus 1%, as well as the specified number.
[0092] As used herein, the term "substantially" or "essentially" refers to a quantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length that is more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 95%, or higher compared to a reference quantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length. In some embodiments, the terms "essentially the same" or "substantially the same" refer a range of quantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length that is about the same as a reference quantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length.
[0093] As used herein, the term “comprising” is intended to mean that the compositions and methods include the recited elements, but not excluding others. “Consisting essentially of” when used to define compositions and methods, shall mean excluding other elements of any essential significance to the composition or method. “Consisting of” shall mean excluding more than trace elements of other ingredients for claimed compositions and substantial method steps. Embodiments defined by each of these transition terms are within the scope of this disclosure. Accordingly, it is intended that the methods and compositions can include additional steps and components (comprising) or alternatively including steps and compositions of no significance (consisting essentially of) or alternatively, intending only the stated method steps or compositions (consisting of) . Further, in each instance herein any of the terms “comprising, ” “consisting essentially of, ” and “consisting of’ may be replaced with either of the other two terms.
[0094] As used herein, the term “enhance” or grammatical variation thereof refers to increase or prolong duration of a desired effect, such as serial killing efficacy of a NK cell or a population of NK cell in case with both the cytokine combination and the exposure timing as described herein, as compared to that in case without the cytokine combination and / or the exposure timing. In some embodiments, the serial killing time of the NK cell is prolonged by at least 8 days, such as 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 or more days.
[0095] As used herein, the term “serial killing, ” “serial killing efficacy” or “serial killing capability” refers to the ability of immune cells (e.g., NK cells or a NK cell population) to continuously kill target cells substantially without exhaustion over multiple days or weeks or months or years.
[0096] As used herein, the term “exhaustion” refers to that immune cells (e.g., NK cells) undergo apoptosis or death, or loses their effector function.
[0097] As used herein, the term “natural killer cell” or “NK cell” refers to a subpopulation of lymphocytes that mediate the innate immune response and are defined by the marker expression and function / activity thereof. Human NK cells may be characterized by the presence of the cell-surface marker CD56, and the absence of the T cell receptor (CD3) .
[0098] As used herein, the term “effector function” refers to the biological activity exhibited by an immune effector cell (e.g., a NK cell) in response to the immune stimulus. The effector function of a NK cell may comprise cytotoxicity involving antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) , release of perforin and granzyme, factor-associated suicide (Fas) and Fas ligand (FasL) interaction, and / or the production of cytokine (such as IFN-γ) .
[0099] As used herein, the term “cytokine” is a class of small molecular proteins with a wide range of biological activities synthesized or secreted by immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells, and NK cells and certain non-immune cells such as endothelial cells, epidermal cells, and fibroblasts. Cytokines can comprise interleukins (ILs) , interferons, tumor necrosis factor superfamily, colony-stimulating factors, chemokines and growth factors. The term “cytokine” includes a wild-type cytokine and a functional variant thereof. Examples of the ILs include, but are not limited to IL2, NeoIL2, IL4, IL6, IL7, IL9, IL10, IL11, IL12, IL15, IL18, or IL21.
[0100] As used herein, the term “wild-type” or “WT” means that the referenced substance, material or product is naturally occurring (e.g., has not been genetically modified) as it is found in nature.
[0101] As used herein, the term “functional variant” , in the context of proteins or polypeptides (such as the cytokine herein) , includes a polypeptide or protein having a sequence identity of at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%with a parental polypeptide or protein and having the same or substantially same function as the parental polypeptide or protein. A functional variant of parental polypeptide or protein may also include a polypeptide or protein that has one or more (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more) amino acids added, deleted and / or substituted as compared to the parental polypeptide or protein and has the same or substantially same function as the parental polypeptide or protein. The term “functional variant” of a parental polypeptide or protein may also include any suitable fragments of the parental polypeptide or protein, or a fusion of the polypeptide or protein or fragment thereof or a variant having the above sequence identity to that parental polypeptide or protein with another polypeptide or protein, provided that said fragment or fusion protein or polypeptide has the same or substantially same function as the parental polypeptide or protein.
[0102] As used herein, the term “sequence identity” refers to the percentage of identical nucleotide or amino acid residues at corresponding positions in two or more sequences when the sequences are aligned to maximize sequence matching, i.e., taking into account gaps and insertions. The alignment of the sequences and the calculation of percentage of the sequence identity can be carried out with suitable computer programs known in the art. Such programs include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, ClustalW, EMBOSS Needle, etc. An example of a local alignment program is BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) , which is available from the webpage of National Center for Biotechnology Information. Examples of a global alignment program (which optimizes the alignment over the full-length of the sequences) are EMBOSS Needle and EMBOSS Stretcher programs based on the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm.
[0103] As used herein, the term “isolated” is intended to mean that a polynucleotide, a polypeptide or protein is removed from its original source and artificially purified. In some emdodiments, membrane-bound or soluble cytokine can be provided as an isolated protein. Method for isolating the membrane-bound or soluble cytokine is known in the art.
[0104] As used herein, the term “peptide, ” “polypeptide, ” and “protein” are used interchangeably and refer to a molecule having amino acid residues covalently linked by peptide bonds. A polypeptide must contain at least two amino acids, and no limitation is placed on the maximum number of amino acids of a polypeptide. As used herein, the terms refer to both short chains, which are also commonly referred to in the art as peptides, oligopeptides and oligomers, for example, and to longer chains, which generally are referred to in the art as polypeptides or proteins. “Polypeptides” include, for example, biologically active fragments, substantially homologous polypeptides, oligopeptides, homodimers, heterodimers, variants of polypeptides, modified polypeptides, derivatives, analogs, fusion proteins, among others. The polypeptides include natural polypeptides, recombinant polypeptides, synthetic polypeptides, or a combination thereof. In the present disclosure, the term when used in reference to sequence includes any sequence having at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or at least 99%identity to the referred sequence.
[0105] As used herein, the term “primary NK cells” refers to NK cells that are directly isolated from a tissue or organ of the body of human or mammalian (such as umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood, or bone marrow) .
[0106] As used herein, the term “pluripotent stem cell” (PSC) refers to cells that have the capability to self-renew in an undifferentiated state and to differentiate into almost any cell type in the body. Pluripotent stem cells can be pluripotent and give rise during development to all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Pluripotent stem cells can be of human origin (e.g., human PSC or hPSC) . Pluripotent stems cells can be induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or embryonic stem cells (ESCs) . Pluripotent stems cells can also comprise PSC cells (NPSCs) and extended pluripotent stem cells (EPSCs) . In some embodiments, the pluripotent stem cells are human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) . ESCs (e.g., hESCs) and iPSCs (e.g., hiPSCs) are known in the art and can be readily obtained using conventional methods, for example, those described in the existing technologies, or commercially available products.
[0107] As used herein, the term “embryonic stem cells, ” or “ESCs” refers to naturally occurring pluripotent stem cells of the inner cell mass of the embryonic blastocyst. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and give rise during development to all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. They do not contribute to the extraembryonic membranes or the placenta, i.e., are not totipotent. When used in the present disclosure, the embryonic stem cells or ESCs are sourced from commercially established human embryonic stem cell lines or human embryonic stem cells isolated or acquired from early embryos that have developed in vitro for not more than 14 days from fertilization.
[0108] As used herein, the term “induced pluripotent stem cells” or “iPSCs” means that the stem cells are produced from differentiated adult, neonatal or fetal cells that have been induced or changed, i.e., reprogrammed into cells capable of differentiating into tissues of all three germ or dermal layers: mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm. The iPSCs produced do not refer to cells as they are found in nature. Suitable methods for the generation of iPSCs from somatic or multipotent stem cells are well known to those of skill in the art. For example, iPSCs may be reliably generated from somatic cells by conventional reprogramming technologies. For example, a method for reprogramming erythrocyte progenitor cells to generate hiPSCs has been described in detail in CN108373998B, which is owned by the present applicant and the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0109] As used herein, the term “pluripotency” or “pluripotent” refers to the developmental potential of a cell to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers (Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) . Pluripotency can be determined, at least in part, by assessing pluripotency characteristics of the cells. Pluripotency characteristics include, but are not limited to: (i) pluripotent stem cell morphology; (ii) the potential for unlimited self-renewal; (iii) expression of pluripotent stem cell markers including, but not limited to SSEA1 (mouse only) , SSEA3 / 4, SSEA5, TRA1-60 / 81, TRAl-85, TRA2-54, GCTM-2, TG343, TG30, CD9, CD29, CD133 / prominin, CD140a, CD56, CD73, CD90, CD105, OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, CD30 and / or CD50; (iv) ability to differentiate to all three somatic lineages (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) ; (v) teratoma formation consisting of the three somatic lineages; and (vi) formation of embryoid bodies consisting of cells from the three somatic lineages.
[0110] As used herein, the term “reprogramming” refers to a method of increasing the potency of a cell or dedifferentiating a cell to a less differentiated state. For example, a cell that has an increased cell potency can have more developmental plasticity (i.e., can differentiate into more cell types) compared to the same cell in the non-reprogrammed state. That is, a reprogrammed cell is one that is in a less differentiated state than the same cell in a non-reprogrammed state. “Reprogramming” can refer to de-differentiating a somatic cell, or a multipotent stem cell, into a pluripotent stem cell, also referred to as an induced pluripotent stem cell, or iPSC.
[0111] As used herein, the term “induced NK cells (iNK cells) ” refers to natural killer cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells (e.g., hPSCs) and expanded and matured. The iNK cells may be, for example, iPSC-derived iNK cells or ESC-derived iNK cells.
[0112] As used herein, the term “differentiation” refers to the process by which an unspecialized ( “uncommitted” ) or less specialized cell acquires the features of a specialized cell such as, for example, a blood cell or an immune cell. In some embodiments, a differentiated or differentiation-induced cell is one that has taken on a more specialized ( “committed” ) position within the lineage of a cell. For example, a human Pluripotent Stem Cell (hPSCs) can be differentiated into various more differentiated cell types, for example, a neural progenitor cell (e.g., midbrain dopaminergic progenitor) , a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) , a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a lymphocyte, a cardiomyocyte, an immune cell, and other cell types, upon treatment with suitable differentiation factors in the cell culture medium. In some embodiments, the term “committed” is applied to the process of differentiation to refer to a cell that has proceeded through a differentiation pathway to a point where, under normal circumstances, it would or will continue to differentiate into a specific cell type or subset of cell types, and cannot, under normal circumstances, differentiate into a different cell type (other than a specific cell type or subset of cell types) nor revert to a less differentiated cell type. The term “differentiation” herein is also referred to as “directed differentiation” .
[0113] As used herein, the term “autologous” with reference to NK cells denotes that the NK cells are derived from the same individual as that of the target cell, target tissue or target organ, or a subject to be treated.
[0114] As used herein, the term “allogeneic” with reference to NK cells denotes that the NK cells are derived from a different individual from that of the target cell, target tissue or target organ, or a subject to be treated.
[0115] As used herein, the term “engineered” or “genetically modified” means that there is at least one alteration in the DNA sequence in a cell. The alteration may comprise introduction of an exogenous nucleic acid sequence into the cell and / or deletion of an endogenous nucleic acid sequence from the cell.
[0116] As used herein, the term “gene” refers to a polynucleotide encoding a functional product (e.g., RNA or protein) .
[0117] As used herein, the term “exogenous” is intended to mean that the referenced molecule or material or the referenced activity is introduced into the host cell. The molecule can be introduced, for example, by introduction of an encoding nucleic acid into the host genetic material such as by integration into a host chromosome or as non-chromosomal genetic material such as a plasmid. Therefore, the term as it is used in reference to expression of an encoding nucleic acid refers to introduction of the encoding nucleic acid in an expressible form into the cell.
[0118] As used herein, the term “endogenous” refers to a referenced molecule or material or activity that is present in the host cell. Similarly, the term when used in reference to expression of an encoding nucleic acid refers to expression of an encoding nucleic acid contained within the cell and not exogenously introduced.
[0119] As used herein, the term “knock-in” refers to introduction of a gene or a DNA sequence into the genome of a cell at a pre-selected target site.
[0120] As used herein, the term “knock-out” refers to the elimination of a gene or a DNA sequence from the genome of a cell at a pre-selected target site. For example, a gene can be knocked out by either a deletion or an addition of a nucleic acid sequence that leads to a disruption of the reading frame. As another example, a gene may be knocked out by replacing a part of the gene with an irrelevant sequence.
[0121] As used herein, the term “knock-down” refers to reduction in the expression of a gene or a DNA sequence at a pre-selected target site in the genome of a cell. As a result of knock-down, the protein activity or function may be attenuated or the protein level may be reduced.
[0122] The term “antibody” refers to immunoglobulin and various forms derived therefrom, so long as they exhibit the desired antigen-binding activity. Naturally occurring immunoglobulin IgG antibody is a glycoprotein comprising two identical heavy (H) chains and two identical light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR) , interspersed with more conserved regions, termed framework regions (FR) . Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs arranged from amino-terminus to carboxyl-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen.
[0123] The term “antigen binding fragment” , as used herein, refers to one or more portions of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically interact with an epitope of an antigen.
[0124] As used herein, the term “chimeric antigen receptor” or “CAR” refers to an engineered receptor, which grafts an antigen binding specificity onto an immune cell (e.g. a NK cell) , thus combining the antigen binding properties of the antigen binding domain with the immunological activity of the immune cell, such as the cytolysis capacity of a NK cell. A chimeric antigen receptor is typically a fusion protein comprising an extracellular domain capable of binding antigen, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain, and sometimes further comprising a hinge domain and / or a signal domain. A NK cell expressing a CAR can be called a CAR-NK cell.
[0125] The term “tumor-associated antigen” refers to a molecular marker expressed by a tumor cell to a greater extent than is expressed by a normal cell (i.e., non-tumor cell) . Tumor-associated antigens are generally proteins or polypeptides, but can also be glycan, lipids, or other small organic molecules.
[0126] As used herein, the term “T cell receptor” or “TCR” refers to a heterodimer comprising TCRα and TCRβ chains or a heterodimer comprising TCRγ and TCRδchains, as well as a multimer and single chain construct; optionally comprising further domains and / or moieties, such as CD3 molecule and / or CD8. T cell receptors may include recombinant TCR and / or TCR cloned from naturally occurring T cells. NK cells expressing a TCR may be referred to as TCR-NK cells.
[0127] As used herein, the term “Fc receptor” refers to a protein found on the surface of certain cells (e.g., natural killer cells) that can bind to the Fc region of an antibody and thereby stimulate phagocytic or cytotoxic activity of a cell via antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) . FcRs are classified based on the type of antibody that they recognize. For example, Fcγ receptors (FcγR) bind to the IgG class of antibodies, Fcαreceptors (FcαR) bind to the IgA class of antibodies, and Fcε receptors (FcεR) bind to the IgE class of antibodies. FcγR includes several members, FcγRI (CD64) , FcγRIIA (CD32) , FcγRIIB (CD32) , FcγRIIIA (CD16A) , FcγRIIIB (CD16B) , which differ in their antibody affinities due to their different molecular structure.
[0128] As used herein, the term “protein having safety switch function” refers to a protein that is expressed by suicide gene.
[0129] As used herein, the term “expression” refers to the transcription of a polynucleotide and the translation of a polypeptide in a cell.
[0130] As used herein, the term “co-express” or “co-expression” refers to the concomitant or simultaneous expression of at least two or multiple polynucleotides (nucleic acid molecules, such as genes) in a host cell, cell line or cell culture at about the same or different amounts or ratios.
[0131] As used herein, the term “genetically-modified pluripotent stem cell” or “genetically-modified PSC” refers to pluripotent stem cell which has been modified to comprise at least one exogenous gene or to delete or reduce the expression of at least one exogenous gene.
[0132] As used herein, the term “wild type iPSC” or “WT iPSC” refers to the iPSC which has been not genetically modified.
[0133] As used herein, the term “wild type NK” or “WT NK” refers to the NK which has not been genetically modified.
[0134] The term “mature NK cell” , as used herein, generally refers to a NK cell that has high expression level for specific markers such as CD56 and high cytokine-releasing function and cytotoxity. In contrast, the term “immature NK cell” refers to a NK cell that has low expression level for specific markers such as CD56 and low cytokine-releasing function and cytotoxity. By maturation, immature NK cell can be converted into a mature NK cell to have an increased cytotoxicity.
[0135] As used herein, the term “expand” or “expansion” refers to an increase in the number of NK cells.
[0136] As used herein, the term “mature” or “maturation” means the process by which a basically committed cell is further developed to acquire the specific physiological and morphological features, thereby becoming a functionally complete progeny cell.
[0137] As used herein, the term “feeder cells” refers to cells that are added to a culture of additional cells such as NK cells to support their survival, growth and proliferation. Feeder cells provide an intact and functional extracellular matrix and matrix-associated factors and secrete known and unknown cytokines into the medium. Feeder cells are usually growth-arrested to prevent their proliferation in the culture, but their survival is maintained. Growth arrest can be achieved by irradiation with an effective dose or treatment with an effective dose of chemicals such as Mitomycin C.
[0138] As used herein, the term “fresh” refers to cells that have not been cryopreserved.
[0139] As used herein, the term “cryopreserved” or “cryopreservation” means that cells have been frozen at a low temperature such as around -70℃ or lower, such as in liquid nitrogen.
[0140] As used herein, the term “thawed” or “thawing” means that cells are unfreezed after cryopreservation to restore their growth.
[0141] As used herein, the term “recover” or “recovery” , when used with respect to cryopreserved and thawed NK cells, means that the cryopreserved and thawed NK cells are incubated or cultured (which may also be referred to herein as pre-cultured) for a shortened period of time such as 1 or 2 days in order to substantially recover the function of the NK cells before cryopreservation and thawing.
[0142] As used herein, the term “in vitro” refers generally to activities that take place outside an organism.
[0143] As used herein, the term “in vivo” refers generally to activities that take place inside an organism.
[0144] As used herein, the term “ex vivo” refers generally to activities that take place outside an organism, such as experimentation or measurements done in or on living tissue in an artificial environment outside the organism, preferably with minimum alteration of the natural conditions. In particular embodiments, “ex vivo” procedures involve living cells or tissues taken from an organism and cultured in a laboratory apparatus, usually under sterile conditions, and typically for a few hours or up to about 24 hours, but including up to 48 or 72 hours or longer, depending on the circumstances. In some embodiments, such tissues or cells can be collected and frozen, and later thawed for ex vivo treatment. Tissue culture experiments or procedures lasting longer than a few days using living cells or tissue are typically considered to be “in vitro, ” though in some embodiments this term can be used interchangeably with ex vivo.
[0145] As used herein, the term “cell population” or “population of cells” refers to a group of at least two cells expressing similar or different phenotypes. In non-limiting examples, a cell population can include at least about 10, at least about 100, at least about 200, at least about 300, at least about 400, at least about 500, at least about 600, at least about 700, at least about 800, at least about 900, at least about 1000 cells, at least about 10,000 cells, at least about 100,000 cells, at least about 1×106 cells, at least about 1×107 cells, at least about 1×108 cells, at least about 1×109 cells, at least about 1×1010 cells, at least about 1×1011 cells, at least about 1×1012 cells, or more cells expressing similar or different phenotypes.
[0146] The term “drug combination” means a pharmaceutical product comprising more than one (e.g., two) active ingredients. In this disclosure, the active ingredients described herein are the NK cell for cell therapy and the cytokine combination as described herein, and the drug combination may include the form where the NK cell and the cytokine combination are independent of each other, and the form where IL15 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is expressed by the NK cell and the other cytokines in the cytokine combination and the NK cell are independent of each other, for example.
[0147] As used herein, the term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to a quantity of an agent sufficient to achieve a beneficial or desired result upon administration. The amount of an agent administered to the subject can depend on the characteristics of the individual, such as general health, age, sex, body weight, effective concentration of the cells (e.g., NK cells) administered, and tolerance to drugs. The skilled artisan will be able to determine appropriate dosages depending on these and other factors. An effective amount can be administered to a subject in one or more doses.
[0148] As used herein, the term “administration” of an agent includes any route of introducing or delivering the agent to target cells, target tissue, target organ or a subject to perform its intended function. Administration to a subject can be carried out by any suitable route, including, but not limited to, intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, and other suitable routes as described herein. Administration includes self-administration and the administration by another.
[0149] As used herein, the terms “subject, ” “individual, ” or “patient” are used interchangeably and refer to an individual organism, a vertebrate, or a mammal and may include humans, non-human primates, rodents, and the like (e.g., which is to be the recipient of a particular medical intervention, or from whom cells are harvested) . In some embodiments, the individual, patient or subject is a human.
[0150] As used herein, the terms “treatment, ” “treat, ” and “treating” refer to a clinical intervention aimed to reverse, alleviate, delay the onset of, or inhibit the progress, ameliorate, reduce severity of, prevent or delay the recurrence of a disease, disorder, and / or condition or one or more symptoms thereof, and / or improve one or more symptoms of a disease, disorder, and / or condition as described herein. Treatment, may be administered to a subject after one or more symptoms have developed and / or after a disease has been diagnosed. Treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms, e.g., to prevent or delay onset of a symptom or inhibit onset or progression of a disease. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors) . Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example to prevent or delay their recurrence. Treatment can result in improvement and / or resolution of one or more symptoms of a disease, disorder and / or condition.
[0151] As used herein, the terms “prevent, ” “preventing, ” and “prevention” refer to reducing the probability of developing a disease, disorder, or condition in a subject, who does not have, but is at risk of or susceptible to developing a disease, disorder, or condition.
[0152] Method for enhancing the serial killing of a NK cell against a target cell
[0153] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of enhancing the serial killing of a natural killer (NK) cell for cell therapy against a target cell, comprising: providing a cytokine combination comprising both IL15 or its functional variant and IL21 or its functional variant; and exposing the NK cell to the cytokine combination while applying the NK cell for killing the target cell.
[0154] It has been surprisingly discovered in accordance with the present disclosure that the serial killing efficacy of the NK cell for cell therapy against the target cell can be greatly enhanced by exposing the NK cell to the cytokine combination comprising both IL15 or its functional variant and IL21 or its functional variant while applying the NK cell for killing the target cell, as compared to exposure in the absence of both the particular cytokine combination described herein and the particular exposure timing described herein, for example, exposure in the presence of individual cytokine such as IL15 or IL21, or other cytokine combination such as IL15+IL2, IL15+IL12 or IL15+IL18 and / or before applying the NK cell for killing the target cell. In other words, thanks to the synergistic effect of IL15 or its functional variant in combination with IL21 or its functional variant on the NK cell which is killing the target cell, the functional anergy or exhaustion of the NK cell is significantly postponed. Further, the NK cell can be efficiently expanded in the presence of the cytokine combination described herein.
[0155] The particular cytokine combination used in the method described herein comprises at least IL15 or its functional variant and IL21 or its functional variant. In some embodiments, the cytokine combination comprises or consists of IL15 or its functional variant and IL21 or its functional variant. In some embodiments, the cytokine combination comprises IL15 and IL21. In some embodiments, the cytokine combination consists of IL15 and IL21.
[0156] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination further comprises one or more additional cytokines. Examples of the additional cytokines include, but are not limited to, IL18, IL12, IL2, IL7, IL10, and NeoIL2. In some embodiments, each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination is interleukin.
[0157] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination further comprises IL18 or its functional variant. Although IL18 or its functional variant is not beneficial to enhance the serial killing efficacy of the NK cell against the target cell, it can provide some bonus advantages, including activating and recruit CD8+ T cells and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment (TME) , stimulating IFN-secretion by the T cell, and increasing expression of FasL on lymphocytes to enhance their cytotoxicity.
[0158] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination comprises or consists of IL15 or its functional variant, IL21 or its functional variant, and IL18 or its functional variant. In some embodiments, the cytokine combination comprises or consists of IL15, IL21 and IL18.
[0159] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination further comprises IL12 or its functional variant. Although IL12 or its functional variant is not beneficial to enhance the serial killing efficacy of the NK cell against the target cell, it can provide some bonus advantages, including stimulating CD8+ T cell proliferation, increasing their cytotoxic activity, promoting T helper 1 (Th1) cell differentiation and IFNγproduction, thereby enhancing antigen presentation.
[0160] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination comprises or consists of IL15 or its functional variant, IL21 or its functional variant, and IL12 or its functional variant. In some embodiments, the cytokine combination comprises or consists of IL15, IL21 and IL12.
[0161] Each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination, including IL15, IL21, IL18 and IL12, may be of wild-type or functional variant. Each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination may be derived from human or non-human animal.
[0162] In some embodiments, the IL15 or its functional variant comprises wild-type IL15. In some embodiments, the IL15 or its functional variant comprises the functional variant of wild-type IL15. Examples of the functional variant of IL15 may include, but are not limited to, N72D or N72A variant of IL15, a fusion protein comprising the IL15Rα sushi domain fused to IL15 (IL15RAsu) , or a fusion protein comprising IL15 and a heterogenous secretory signal peptide (such as TPA signal sequence) (IL15-TPA) .
[0163] In some embodiments, the IL21 or its functional variant comprises wild-type IL21. In some embodiments, the IL21 or its functional variant comprises the functional variant of wild-type IL21. Examples of the functional variant of IL21 may include, but are not limited to those as described in WO 2019 / 028316A1, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Additional examples of the functional variant of IL21 may include, but are not limited to those described by Abhiraman GC et al (A structural blueprint for interleukin-21 signal modulation. Cell reports. 2023, 42(6) : 112657–112657. doi: https: / / doi. org / 10.1016 / j. celrep. 2023.112657) and Liu H et al (An engineered IL-21 with half-life extension enhances anti-tumor immunity as a monotherapy or in combination with PD-1 or TIGIT blockade. International Immunopharmacology. 2021, 101: 108307) .
[0164] In some embodiments, the IL12 or its functional variant comprises wild-type IL12. In some embodiments, the IL12 or its functional variant comprises the functional variant of wild-type IL12. Examples of the functional variant of IL12 may include, but are not limited to, a fusion polypeptide comprising p35 and p40 subunits connected by a peptide linker (single-chain IL12) . Additional examples of the functional variant of IL12 may include, but are not limited to those described by Wang P et al (Re-designing Interleukin-12 to enhance its safety and potential as an anti-tumor immunotherapeutic agent. Nature Communications. 2017, 8 (1) : 1395) and Heiber J et al (Generation of tumor targeted self-assembling split IL-12 subunits for the treatment of cancer. Cancer research. 2024, 84 (6_Supplement) : 4066–4066) .
[0165] In some embodiments, the IL18 or its functional variant comprises wild-type IL18. In some embodiments, the IL18 or its functional variant comprises the functional variant of wild-type IL18. Examples of the functional variant of IL18 may include, but are not limited to decoy-resistant variants of IL18 (DR-18) , e.g., as described in WO 2019 / 051015A1 which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Additional examples of the functional variant of IL18 may include, but are not limited to those described by Chamoun J et al (Interleukin-18 engineered for resistance to IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) and half-life extension to enhance its therapeutic potential. Cancer research. 2024, 84 (6_Supplement) : 4076–4076) .
[0166] The method described herein can be carried out in vivo, in vitro, or ex vivo. The environment where the NK cell for cell therapy is exposed to the cytokine combination described herein while applying it to kill the target cell comprises ex vivo or in vitro environment such as a culture medium or in vivo environment such as a blood, serum, a lymph, a body fluid, a tissue or an organ. The target cell may be isolated from a tissue, an organ or a subject, or may be existed in a tissue, an organ or a subject. A tissue or organ which a target cell is derived from may be referred herein to as a target tissue or target organ. The target tissue or target organ may be an ex vivo tissue or organ or may be a tissue or organ existing in a subject. The target cell may be any cell that can be killed by the NK cell, such as a tumor cell, a cancer cell or a virus-infected cell.
[0167] In this disclosure, the NK cell can be a NK cell product for cell therapy, which may be also referred herein to as a therapeutic NK cell product. The NK cell can be derived from any suitable species, tissue or organ. In some embodiments, the NK cell is a human NK cell.
[0168] In some embodiments, the NK cell is a primary NK cell. The primary NK cell can be isolated from bone marrow, whole blood, peripheral blood (PB) or umbilical cord blood (UCB) , for example. Methods of isolating the primary NK cell are well-known to a person skilled in the art. For example, the primary NK cell can be isolated from PBMCs by using leukapheresis products for depleting CD3 cells followed by selection of CD56+ cells (PLoS One. 2011; 6 (11) : e27351) , or be isolated by isolating mononuclear cells by density gradient centrifugation from UCBs followed by negative immunoselection to obtain CD3-CD56+ cells (Pediatr Res. 2005 May; 57 (5 Pt 1) : 649-55) . Commercial kits are also available for isolation of the primary NK cells from whole blood, PB or UCB. After isolation and before use in NK cell therapy, the primary NK cell can be expanded by a well-known method or can be also expanded in any known or other suitable medium such as NKSFM medium (Nuwacell) .
[0169] In some embodiments, the NK cell is an induced NK cell (iNK cell) . The iNK cell is more beneficial than the primary NK cell in view of its unlimited cell source, lower cost, easy editing, and more uniform quality control. The iNK cells can be differentiated from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) , e.g., embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) . For example, PSCs can be differentiated into CD34+ hematopoietic precursors and subsequently into CD56+ NK cells by coculturing with stromal cells and / or a combination of cytokines (J Immunol. 2005 Oct 15; 175 (8) : 5095-103; Blood. 2009 Jun 11; 113 (24) : 6094-101; Nature (2009) 460: 53–9; Stem Cells Dev (2013) 22: 1861–9; PLoS One (2007) 2: e232) . In addition, the iNK cells can be also differentiated from iPSCs by the method described in CN111235105B, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
[0170] Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be reprogrammed from a wide variety of somatic cells, e.g., fibroblasts, skin cells, blood cells, with reprogramming factors. In some embodiments, the hiPSCs are reprogrammed from human blood cells. In some embodiments, the hiPSCs are reprogrammed from human blood cells by the method described in CN108373998B, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
[0171] In some embodiments, the NK cell is a well-established NK cell line, for example, NK-92 cell line, YT cell line, NK-YS cell line, NKL cell line, NK3.3 cell line or KHYG-1 cell line. These NK cell lines are derived from tumor tissues, and should be generally irradiated in view of safety before being used in clinical application. In some embodiments, the NK cell is an irradiated NK cell line, such as irradiated NK-92 cell line, YT cell line, NK-YS cell line, NKL cell line, NK3.3 cell line or KHYG-1 cell line. Methods of irradiating the NK cell line are well-known to a person skilled in the art.
[0172] In some embodiments, the NK cell is autologous. In some embodiments, the NK cell is allogeneic. As compared to the autologous NK cells, the allogeneic NK cells are more beneficial in view that they can provide cell products for off-the-shelf cell therapy and it is generally difficult to acquire sufficient and / or high-efficacy NK cells from a subject (e.g., patient) in need thereof.
[0173] In some embodiments, the NK cell may be a wild type NK cell or an engineered NK cell.
[0174] The engineered NK cell may comprise at least one genetic modification, including the introduction of at least one exogenous gene into the NK cell and / or the deletion of at least one endogenous gene from the NK cell, which can be achieved by random or targeted modification. The expression of at least one exogenous gene and / or the deletion or reduction of the expression of at least one endogenous gene can be achieved by genomic engineering, e.g., by introducing an integrated vector (e.g., a viral vector or a transposon-based vector) or a gene editing method (e.g., mediated by a CRISPR / Cas system, meganuclease, ZFN or TALEN) into a cell (e.g., a NK cell or a PSC) . Also, the expression of at least one exogenous gene can be achieved by introducing an episomal vector.
[0175] The expression of at least one exogenous gene can be achieved by introducing a nucleic acid construct comprising the at least one exogenous gene into a cell (e.g., a NK cell or a PSC) . The nucleic acid construct may be linear or circular, single-stranded or double-stranded, and / or DNA or RNA. The nucleic acid may be an expression vector. The expression vector typically comprises an expression cassette for expression of the at least one exogenous gene, which generally comprises regulatory sequences operably linked to the exogenous gene. The regulatory sequences generally include a promoter, an ATG initiation codon, a termination signal, a polyadenylation signal, 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTRs) , an internal ribosomal binding site (IRES) and / or an enhancer. The expression cassette can also include a signal peptide and / or a drug selection marker. The expression vector may be a plasmid, a viral vector (e.g., a lentiviral vector, a retroviral vector, an adenoviral vector, or an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector) or a transposon-based vector (e.g., Sleep Beauty or PiggyBac) . The expression vector can be a vector for stable or transient expression of the exogenous gene. The expression vector may be self-replicating. The expression vector may be episomal or integrative. The exogenous DNA or RNA sequence may be located in the episomal vector (e.g., an episomal plasmid) or integrated into the genome of the engineered cell after being introduced into the engineered cell. The suitable ways to introduce a nucleic acid (e.g., an expression vector) into a cell are also known to a skilled person in the art, including but not limited to, electroporation, lipofection, lipid nanoparticle, naked DNA or RNA (e.g., mRNA) transfection, plasmid vector transformation, or viral vector transduction.
[0176] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell is genetically engineered via random modification. Random modification of the genome of an engineered cell can be achieved by using an integrative viral vector (e.g., lentiviral vector or retroviral vector) or a transposon system (e.g., transposon-based vector system, for example, Sleep Beauty or PiggyBac system) . At least one exogenous gene can be integrated into a random site in the genome of the engineered cell by using an integrative viral vector or a transposon system.
[0177] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell is genetically engineered via targeted modification. The targeted modification is beneficial in view of superior product safety and precise gene editing. The targeted modification comprise knock-in, knock-out, knock-down or a combination thereof.
[0178] In some embodiments, the NK cell is engineered to comprise knock-in of at least one exogenous protein and / or knock-out or knock-down of at least one endogenous gene, as discussed below. In some embodiments, the NK cell is engineered to comprise knock-in of at least one exogenous gene and / or knock-out of at least one endogenous gene. The at least one exogenous gene can be inserted into the genome of the NK cells at a target site for stable expression (knock-in) . The expression of at least one exogenous gene (e.g., at a target site) or the deleted or reduced expression of at least one endogenous gene (e.g., at a target site) may confer more beneficial properties on the NK cells, including better effector function (e.g., better cytotoxicity or better anti-tumorigenic activity) , better specificity, better proliferation or better safety relative to the wild-type NK cell. In some embodiments, the gene modification in the engineered NK cell is comprised on single or double alleles of the genome of the engineered NK cell at a target site.
[0179] A targeted modification of the genome of engineered NK cell can be achieved by using a gene editing method medicated by a site-specific endonuclease capable of introducing a double strand break, such as CRISPR / Cas system, zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) or TAL-effector nuclease (TALEN) . A homologous recombination repair template comprising an expression cassette comprising at least one exogenous gene can be used in the gene editing method to enable integration of the at least one exogenous gene into a target site in the genome of the engineered NK cell. Examples of the target site include, but are not limited to, a safe harbor site such as AAVS1, Rosa26, CISH, CD38, and NKG2A. It is also possible to integrate at least one exogenous gene into the genome of the engineered NK cell at a target site by the gene editing method to utilize the regulatory sequence naturally occurring in the engineered cell for expression of the at least one exogenous gene.
[0180] In some embodiments, the endonuclease capable of introducing a double strand break comprises ZFN. As known for a skilled in the art, ZFN is a targeted endonuclease having a nuclease fused to a zinc finger DNA binding domain. A zinc finger is a domain of about 30 amino acids within the zinc finger binding domain whose structure is stabilized through coordination of a zinc ion. Examples of zinc fingers include, but not limited to, C2H2 zinc fingers, C3H zinc fingers, and C4 zinc fingers. An example of a ZFN is a fusion polypeptide of the FokI nuclease domain with a zinc finger DNA binding domain.
[0181] In some embodiments, the endonuclease capable of introducing a double strand break comprises TALEN. TALEN is a targeted endonuclease having a nuclease fused to a TAL effector DNA binding domain. TAL effector proteins are secreted by plant pathogens of the genus Xanthomonas during infection. These proteins enter the nucleus of the plant cell, bind effector-specific DNA sequences via their DNA binding domain, and activate gene transcription at these sequences via their transactivation domains. TAL effector DNA binding domain specificity depends on an effector-variable number of imperfect 34 amino acid repeats, which comprise polymorphisms at select repeat positions called repeat variable-diresidues (RVD) . An example of a TALEN is a fusion polypeptide of the FokI nuclease domain with a TAL effector DNA binding domain.
[0182] In some embodiments, the endonuclease capable of introducing a double strand break comprises CRISPR-Cas nuclease. CRISPR / Cas system is a powerful technology used as gene editing tool to selectively modify DNA sequence at any specific location in the genome of a cell. The CRISPR-Cas systems have been categorized into two classes and six major types. The Cas protein in the CRISPR / Cas system may include, but be not limited to Cas9, Cpf1 (Cas12a) , Cas13, CasX, CasY, Cas14, etc. An example of CRISPR / Cas system is CRISPR / Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 system is based on nucleolytic activity of the endonuclease protein, Cas9, which is guided to the desired site in the genome by a specificity determinant RNA, termed as guide RNA (gRNA) . Apart from these, another sequence known as protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) , present adjacent to the target site, is recognized by the CRISPR / Cas9 system and is crucial for the functionality of Cas9. The Cas9 protein binds to the target location in the presence of gRNA, with high precision and performs a double strand break at the cleavage site. Using predesigned repair template, the knock-in of gene as intended can be achieved by Homology-directed Repair (HDR) .
[0183] It is contemplated that a plurality of exogenous genes are integrated into the genome of the engineered cell. A plurality of exogenous genes may be contained in the same expression cassette or different cassettes. A plurality of exogenous genes may be expressed as a fusion protein. A plurality of exogenous genes may also be configured such that all exogenous genes are expressed in the same transcript with their respective open reading frames, e.g., the exogenous genes may be linked to each other by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) or a nucleic acid sequence encoding a self-cleaving peptide. The self-cleaving peptide may be a 2A peptide, such as F2A, P2A or T2A, for example.
[0184] In some embodiments, the at least one exogenous gene encodes at least one exogenous peptide or protein. The at least one exogenous peptide or protein may comprise a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , a T cell receptor (TCR) , an antibody, a Fc receptor, a cytokine, a protein having a safety switch function, or a combination thereof. The at least one exogenous peptide or protein may further comprise human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) , human chemokine receptor (e.g., CXCR2, CXCR4 and / or CCR7) , a protein blocking TGF-β signaling (e.g., a chimera consisting of the TGF-β receptor type II (TGFβR2) extracellular and transmembrane domain fused to the NKG2D intracellular domain or a dominant-negative mutant form of TGFβR2 (DNRII) ) .
[0185] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell can express an antibody. The antibody may include, but be not limited to a monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, multispecific antibody (e.g., bispecific antibody) , full-length antibody and antigen-binding fragments thereof. The antibody may also include a human antibody, camelid antibody, chimeric antibody, or humanized antibody. The antibody may include IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and their subclasses, e.g., IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, and IgG4. The antigen-binding fragment of an antibody may include, but be not limited to Fab, Fab’, F (ab’) 2, Fv (comprising VL and VH domains) , scFv (single-chain antibody) or sdAb (single-domain antibody) . In some embodiments, the antibody may be an anti-NKG2A antibody, which can downregulate the expression of inhibitory receptor NKG2A. Examples of the antibody may further include, but are not limited to, anti-CD19 antibody, anti-CD20 antibody, anti-BCMA antibody, and anti-PDL1 antibody. Examples of the anti-CD19 antibody include, but are not limited to, tafasitamab, loncastuximab and tesirine-lpyl. Examples of the anti-CD20 antibody include, but are not limited to, rituximab, obinutuzumab, and ofatumumab. Examples of the anti-BCMA antibody include, but are not limited to, belantamab and SEA-BCMA.
[0186] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell can express a Fc receptor. In some embodiments, the Fc receptor is a human Fc receptor. In some embodiments, the Fc receptor is a high-affinity CD16 variant (e.g., F176V or F158V variant) or a non-cleavable CD16 variant (e.g., S197P variant) . In some embodiments, the Fc receptor is a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of human CD64 and the transmembrane and intracellular domains of human CD16A (CD64 / 16A) .
[0187] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell can express a protein having safety switch function. Examples of the protein having safety switch function include, but are not limited to, a protein that is encoded by a “suicide gene” or a truncated cell-surface protein. The proteins encoded by a suicide gene may include herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) (the cell death is initiated by administration of ganciclovir) , inducible caspase-9 (iCasp9) and FK50-binding protein (the cell death is initiated by administration of AP1903) , and cytosine deaminase (CD) (the cell death is initiated by administration of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) ) . The truncated cell-surface protein can be targeted by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and may include a cluster of differentiation (CD) -type polypeptide or a small epitope peptide recognized by a mAb, e.g., CD20 (recognized by the anti-CD20 mAb rituximab) and the truncated human epidermal growth factor receptor polypeptide (huEGFRt, recognized by the anti-EGFR mAb cetuximab) .
[0188] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell can express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) . The CAR is a fusion protein comprising an extracellular domain capable of binding antigen (i.e., a binding domain) , a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain comprising one or more intracellular signaling domains derived from signal transduction proteins. The extracellular domain may be any protein molecule or portion thereof (such as an antibody, a ligand or a receptor) that specifically binds to a predetermined target molecule (such as an antigen, a receptor or a ligand) . In some embodiments, the extracellular domain comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the extracellular domain comprises an scFv or an sdAb. The intracellular domain may comprise any signaling domain that functions to transmit signals that cause activation or inhibition of intracellular biological processes, e.g., activation of a NK cell.
[0189] The intracellular domain typically includes at least one signaling domains comprising one or more immune receptor tyrosine activation motifs (ITAMs) , such as the signaling domain from CD3ζ, FcRγ, FcRβ, CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ε, CD5, CD22, CD79a, CD79b, CD278 (also known as “ICOS” ) , FcεRI, CD66d, DAP10 and / or DAP12, responsible for activating the NK cell and producing killing. The intracellular signaling domain may also comprise one or two or more co-stimulatory domains. The co-stimulatory domain can include, but are not limited to a signaling domain from an MHC class I molecule, TNF receptor protein, immunoglobulin-like protein, cytokine receptor, integrin, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM protein) , activating NK cell receptor, such as BTLA, Toll ligand receptor, OX40 (CD134) , CD2, CD7, CD27, CD28, CD30, CD40, CD5, ICAM-1, LFA-1 (CD11a / CD18) , 4-1BB (CD137) , B7-H3, CD5, DNAM1, ICAM-1, ICOS (CD278) , GITR, BAFFR, LIGHT, HVEM (LIGHTR) , KIRDS2, SLAMF7, NKp80 (KLRF1) , NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, CD19, CD4, CD8α, CD8β, IL2Rβ, IL2Rγ, IL7Rα, ITGA4, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD11d, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAL, CD11a, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD11b, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, LFA-1, ITGB7, NKG2D, NKG2C, TNFR2, TRANCE / RANKL, DNAM1 (CD226) , SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4) , CD84, CD96 (Tactile) , CEACAM1, CRTAM, Ly9 (CD229) , CD160 (BY55) , PSGL1, CD100 (SEMA4D) , CD69, SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Ly108) , SLAM (SLAMF1, CD150, IPO-3) , BLAME (SLAMF8) , SELPLG (CD162) , LTBR, LAT, GADS, SLP-76, PAG / Cbp, CD19a, CD28-OX40, CD28-4-1BB. The CAR may further include a signal peptide at the amino-terminus responsible for the localization of the fusion protein and / or a hinge region between the extracellular and transmembrane domains.
[0190] The transmembrane domain of the CAR may comprise, but be not limited to a transmembrane domain derived from CD8α, KIR2DS2, OX40, CD2, CD27, LFA-1 (CD11a, CD18) , ICOS (CD278) , 4-1BB (CD137) , GITR, CD40, BAFFR, HVEM (LIGHTR) , SLAMF7, NKp80 (KLRF1) , NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, CD16, CD19, IL2R beta, IL2R gamma, IL7R α, ITGA1, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD11d, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAL, CD11a, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD11b, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, ITGB7, TNFR2, DNAM1 (CD226) , SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4) , CD84, CD96 (Tactile) , CEACAM1, CRTAM, Ly9 (CD229) , CD160 (BY55) , PSGL1, CD100 (SEMA4D) , SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Ly108) , SLAM (SLAMF1, CD150, IPO-3) , BLAME (SLAMF8) , SELPLG (CD162) , LTBR, PAG / Cbp, NKG2D or NKG2C.
[0191] The hinge domain of the CAR may comprise, but be not limited to a hinge domain derived from CD28, CD8α or IgG. The signal domain of the CAR may comprise, but be not limited to a signal peptide derived from CD8α, CD28, GM-CSFR.
[0192] In some embodiments, the CAR further comprises a linker (e.g., (GGGGS) 3, SEQ ID NO: 14) between the extracellular antigen binding domain and the hinge domain.
[0193] In some embodiments, the CAR can specifically bind to an antigen that is expressed by the target cell. In some embodiments, the target cell is a virus-infected cell or a tumor or cancer cell. In some embodiments, the CAR specifically binds to a virus antigen or a tumor-associated antigen. In some embodiments, the binding domain of the CAR may comprise an antibody that can specifically bind to one or more tumor-associated antigens or virus antigens. In some embodiments, the binding domain of the CAR may comprise a scFv or a sdAb.
[0194] In some embodiments, the virus antigen may include but is not limited to, antigen of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) , herpes simplex virus (HSV) , respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) , Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) , cytomegalovirus (CMV) , virus of Influenza A, B, or C, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) or human papillomavirus (HPV) , for example, gp120 or gp41 of HIV, E6 or E7 of HPV, or gp350 or gp220 of EBV.
[0195] In some embodiments, the tumor-associated antigen includes, but is not limited to, CD3, CD5, CD7, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD24, CD25, CD30, CD33, CD37, CD38, CD44, CD45, CD47, CD51, CD52, CD56, CD62L, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD80, CD96, CD97, CD99, CD123, CD134, CD138, CD152 (CTLA-4) , CD200, CD213A2, CD221, CD248, CD276 (B7-H3) , B7-H4, CD279 (PD-1) , CD274 (PD-L1) , CD319, EGFR, EPCAM, 17-1A, NY-ESO-1, HER1, HER2, HER3, CD117, C-Met, GPC3, PSCA, IL13ra2, HGFR, PDGFRA, AXL, TWEAKR, PTHR2, HAVCR2 (TIM3) , GD2 ganglioside, MUC1, mucin CanAg, mesothelin, endoglin, Lewis- Y antigen, CEA, CEACAM1, CEACAM5, CA-125, PSMA, BAFF, FGFR2, TAG-72, gelatinase B, glypican 3, nectin-4, BCMA, CSF1R, SLAMF7, integrin αvβ3, TYRP1, GPNMB, CLDN18.2, FOLR1, CCR4, CXCR4, MICA, C242 antigen, DLL3, DLL4, EGFL7, vimentin, fibronectin extra domain-B, TROP-2, LRRC15, FAP, SLITRK6, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, Tenascin-3, STEAP1, or NRP1.
[0196] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell can express a T cell receptor (TCR) . In some embodiments, the TCR is a human TCR. In some embodiments, the TCR can specifically bind to an antigen that is expressed by the target cell. In some embodiments, the TCR can specifically bind to a virus antigen or a tumor-associated antigen as described above.
[0197] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell can express a cytokine. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell can express at least one exogenous protein other than cytokine. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell can express a cytokine and at least one additional exogenous protein.
[0198] In some embodiments, at least the cytokines other than one of the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination are externally added in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.
[0199] In some embodiments, all cytokines in the cytokine combination are externally added in the form of an isolated polypeptide or protein. In some embodiments, the IL15 or its functional variant, and the IL21 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination are externally added. In some embodiments, the IL15 or its functional variant, the IL21 or its functional variant and the IL12 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination are externally added. In some embodiments, the IL15 or its functional variant, the IL21 or its functional variant and the IL18 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination are externally added.
[0200] Alternatively, only one cytokine selected from the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination can be provided by expressing this cytokine from an engineered cell. In some embodiments, only one cytokine selected from the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is provided by expressing this cytokine from the engineered NK cell. In some embodiments, only the IL15 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is expressed from an engineered cell (e.g., engineered NK cell) . In other embodiments, only the IL21 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is expressed from an engineered cell (e.g., engineered NK cell) . This cytokine expressed by an engineered cell (e.g., engineered NK cell) can be membrane-bound or soluble. In some embodiments, the IL15 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is expressed from the engineered NK cell, and the other cytokines in the cytokine combination are externally added in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein. In other embodiments, the IL21 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is expressed from the engineered NK cell, and the other cytokines in the cytokine combination are externally added in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein. In order to maximize the effect, it is not recommended that other cytokine (s) except the IL15 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination are coexpressed with the IL15 or its functional variant by the engineered NK cell in view that the co-expression of the other cytokine (s) may cause earlier over-stimulation and / or earlier exhaustion of the final NK cell.
[0201] In some embodiments, the IL15 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is expressed by an engineered cell (e.g., an engineered NK cell, an engineered feeder cell or an engineered antigen-presenting cell) . In some embodiments, the IL15 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is expressed by the engineered NK cell. In some embodiments, the IL15 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is expressed by the engineered NK cell, and the other cytokines in the cytokine combination are externally added in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein. The IL15 or its functional variant expressed by the engineered cell (e.g., the engineered NK cell) can be membrane-bound or soluble. In some embodiments, membrane-bound or soluble IL15 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is expressed by the engineered NK cell, and the other cytokines in the cytokine combination are externally added in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein. In some embodiments, membrane-bound IL15 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is expressed by the engineered NK cell, and the other cytokines in the cytokine combination are externally added in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.
[0202] Examples of membrane-bound IL15 (mbIL15) or its functional variant comprise mbIL15 (SEQ ID NO: 8) and mbIL15RLI (SEQ ID NO: 9) . Examples of soluble IL15 or its functional variant comprise IL15RAsu (SEQ ID NO: 10) , IL15RLI (SEQ ID NO: 11) , IL15ILR (SEQ ID NO: 12) and IL15-TPA (SEQ ID NO: 13) .
[0203] Each of these isolated cytokines can be membrane-bound or soluble. Each of the isolated cytokines may be commercially available or provided by a known method. For example, an isolated membrane-bound or soluble cytokine can be prepared by recombinant method followed by isolation.
[0204] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination consists of a soluble IL15 (sIL15) , a soluble IL21 (sIL21) , and a soluble IL18 (sIL18) , all of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein. Based on the above embodiments, this cytokine combination can further promote NK cell proliferation.
[0205] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell expresses a membrane-bound IL15 (mbIL15) and the cytokine combination consists of the membrane-bound IL15 as well as a soluble IL21 (sIL21) and a soluble IL12 (sIL12) , both of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein. Based on the above embodiments, this cytokine combination can further promote NK cell proliferation.
[0206] In some embodiments, each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination is at about 0.5 to about 200 ng / mL. In some embodiments, each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination is at about 0.5 to about 100 ng / mL, e.g., about 1 to about 100ng / mL, about 5 to about 100ng / mL, about 10 to about 100ng / mL, about 1 to about 90ng / mL, about 5 to about 90ng / mL, about 10 to about 90ng / mL, about 1 to about 80ng / mL, about 5 to about 80ng / mL, about 10 to about 80ng / mL, about 1 to about 70ng / mL, about 5 to about 70ng / mL, about 10 to about 70ng / mL, about 1 to about 60ng / mL, about 5 to about 60ng / mL, about 10 to about 60ng / mL, about 1 to about 50ng / mL, about 5 to about 50ng / mL, about 10 to about 50ng / mL, about 1 to about 40ng / mL, about 5 to about 40ng / mL, about 10 to about 40ng / mL, about 1 to about 30ng / mL, about 5 to about 30ng / mL, about 10 to about 30ng / mL, about 1 to about 20ng / mL, about 5 to about 20ng / mL, about 10 to about 20ng / mL, e.g., about 10ng / mL. The concentration of each cytokine in the cytokine combination can refer to the concentration of the cytokine in a culture medium or body (e.g., blood, plasma or serum) where the NK cell is exposed to the cytokine combination.
[0207] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell can express a CAR targeting CLDN18.2. In some embodiments, the CAR comprises an anti-CLDN18.2 scFv or an anti-CLDN18.2 sdAb as extracellular antigen-binding domain.
[0208] In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells can express IL15 or its functional variant and can further express one or more other exogenous proteins. Said other exogenous proteins may comprise a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , T cell receptor (TCR) , antibody, Fc receptor, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) , human chemokine receptor, a protein blocking TGF-β signaling, a protein having safety switch function or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells co-expresses IL15 or its functional variant (e.g., membrane-bound IL15 or its functional variant) and a CAR. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells co-expresses IL15 or its functional variant (e.g., membrane-bound IL15 or its functional variant) and a CAR targeting CLDN18.2.
[0209] The deletion or reduction of the expression of at least one endogenous gene in a cell (e.g., a NK cell or a PSC) can be achieved by a gene editing method, e.g., a CRISPR / Cas system, zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) , or TAL-effector nuclease (TALEN) , which induces a double-strand break (DSB) at a specific site in the genome of the cell. The reduction of at least one endogenous gene can also be achieved by introducing an inhibitory RNA molecule targeting the endogenous gene (such as siRNA, shRNA, miRNA) , e.g., using an expression vector or gene-editing methods.
[0210] The site for knock-in of the at least one exogenous gene and / or knock-out of the at least one endogenous gene may be selected from AAVS1, CISH, CD38, Rosa26, TGF-β receptor gene, NKG2A, CIITA, CD70, B2M, adenosine receptor gene, glucocorticoid receptor gene or any combination thereof, for example. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cell comprises knock-in of the at least one exogenous gene and / or knock-out of the at least one endogenous gene at CISH locus. CISH is a negative regulatory factor of IL15 or its functional variant. Thus, the knock-in and / or knock-out at CISH locus can render the NK cell hypersensitive to IL15 or its functional variant and results in enhanced proliferation, increased IFNγ production, and enhanced cytotoxic activity of the NK cell. Further, the knock-in at CISH locus can increase the expression of the at least one exogenous gene.
[0211] In some embodiments, the primary NK cell, iNK cell, or NK cell line as described herein can be genetically manipulated for modification (such as transformed by an expression vector or genetically edited) , to obtain the engineered NK cell. In some embodiments, the at least one exogenous gene can be directly introduced into the NK cell, and / or the at least one endogenous gene can be directly knocked-out or knocked-down from the NK cell.
[0212] In some embodiments, a PSC can be genetically manipulated for modification (such as transformed by an expression vector or genetically edited) , to obtain the engineered PSC (e.g., engineered ESC or engineered iPSC) , which can be then differentiated into an engineered iNK cell. In some embodiments, the at least one exogenous gene can be directly introduced into the PSC cell and / or the at least one endogenous gene can be directly knocked-out or knocked-down from the PSC cell, and the engineered PSC cell is then differentiated into an engineered iNK cell. Methods of engineering a cell (e.g., a PSC) are as described above.
[0213] The NK cell used in the method described herein (including primary NK cell, iNK cell, NK cell line, or engineered NK cell) may be fresh or cryopreserved and thawed NK cell.
[0214] In some embodiments, the NK cell is a fresh NK cell, that is, a NK cell that has not been cryopreserved. Before exposure to the cytokine combination described herein, the NK cell can be also cryopreserved for a required period. The method described herein can more effectively enhance the serial killing of the cryopreserved and thawed NK cell against the tumor cell as compared to the fresh NK cell. Cryopreservation of the NK cell may be carried out by using any suitable cryopreservation solution, which may be commercially available or prepared by known methods. A exemplary example of cryopreservation solution may comprise Dextran Injection, Human Serum Albumin (HSA, 40 mg / mL) and DMSO (5%, v / v) . The NK cell can be cryopreserved at a density of about 106 to about 108 cells / mL, e.g., about 5×106 to about 5×108 cells / mL, about 2.5×107 to about 2.5×108 cells / mL, or about 5×106 to about 5×107 cells / mL. Thawing of the cryopreserved NK cell can be carried out in a conventional way, for example, in 37℃ water bath.
[0215] In some embodiments, the method does not comprise recovering (e.g., pre-culturing) the cryopreserved and thawed NK cell before exposing it to the cytokine combination. In some embodiments, the method further comprises recovering (e.g., pre-culturing) the cryopreserved and thawed NK cell before exposing it to the cytokine combination. In some embodiments, the cryopreserved and thawed NK cells can be recovered (e.g., pre-culture) for a short term. In some embodiments, the recovery process comprises pre-culturing the NK cell in a culture medium for a short term. Culture medium for recovery can be any medium for culturing the NK cell, and may comprise NKSFM medium of Nuwacell. This culture medium can be also supplemented with one or more cytokines (e.g., 10 ng / mL IL15 or 400IU / mL IL2) . The NK cell can be recovered at a density of about 105 to about 107 cells / mL, e.g., about 5×105 to about 5×106 cells / mL, or about 2×105 to about 2×106 cells / mL. As compared to the NK cell without recovery after cryopreservation and thawing, the NK cell with recovery after cryopreservation and thawing are exhausted later.
[0216] In some embodiments, the recovery of the cryopreserved and thawed NK cells is carried out for at least 1 hour, at least 4 hours, at least 8 hours, at least 16 hours, at least 24 hours or at least 2 days, e.g., about 1 hour to about 2 days, about 4 hours to about 2 days, about 8 hours to about 2 days, about 16 hours to about 2 days, or about 2 days.
[0217] In some embodiments, the NK cell is a mature NK cell, e.g., a mature primary NK cell, or a mature iNK cell. Mature NK cells can also be confirmed by the expression of some mature cell surface markers, such as one or more of CD94, NKp44, NKp46, NKp30, KIR, CD45, NKG2A, NKG2D, CD16, CD56 and CD161.
[0218] In some embodiments, the NK cell is an immature NK cell. When the NK cell is an immature NK cell, the immature NK cell may be converted to a mature NK cell by a maturation process. Typically, PSCs are firstly differentiated into immature iNK cells, and the immature iNK cells are then matured into mature iNK cells. A person skilled in the art would be able to determine whether an interrogated NK cell is immature or mature, e.g., by comparing the cytotoxicity or the expression of specific surface markers of the cell. iNK cells can be obtained from PSCs by the method described in CN111235105B, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
[0219] Expansion and maturation of NK cell before the exposure described herein can be carried out simultaneously or sequentially. In some embodiments, the NK cell is an immature NK cell, and the method further comprises expanding and maturing the immature NK cell before exposing it to the cytokine combination. In some embodiments, the NK cell is an immature NK cell, and the method further comprises expanding the immature NK cell and then maturing it into the mature NK cell before exposing it to the cytokine combination. In some embodiments, the NK cell is an immature NK cell, and the method further comprises maturing the immature NK cell into the mature NK cell and then expanding the mature NK cell before exposing it to the cytokine combination. Said expansion and / or maturation process may be carried out in an expansion and / or maturation medium or culture medium supplemented with one or more cytokines and / or in the presence of feeder cells, for example.
[0220] The medium for use in the expansion and / or maturation of the NK cell may be any medium that is suitable for expanding and / or maturing NK cells, including but not limited to a conditioned medium, X-VIVO 15 medium, and NKSFM medium as described herein.
[0221] Cytokines for use in the expansion and / or maturation of the NK cell may comprise IL2, IL7, IL10, IL12, IL15, IL18, IL21 and / or IL27 as well as their functional variants. Each cytokine used in the expansion and / or maturation of the NK cell can be membrane-bound or soluble as described above.
[0222] In some embodiments, the immature NK cell is expanded and matured in the presence of at least one cytokine comprising IL15 or its functional variant. In some embodiments, the at least one cytokine used in the expansion and / or maturation of the NK cell may further comprise IL12 or its functional variant, IL18 or its functional variant, IL21 or its functional variant, or any combination thereof.
[0223] In some embodiments, the at least one cytokine used in the expansion and / or maturation of the NK cells may comprise or consist of IL21 or its functional variant and IL15 or its functional variant. In some embodiments, the at least one cytokine used in the expansion and / or maturation of the NK cells may comprise or consist of IL15 or its functional variant, IL21 or its functional variant, and one selected from IL18 or its functional variant and IL12 or its functional variant.
[0224] Details regarding the cytokines, including IL15 or its functional variant, IL21 or its functional variant, and one selected from IL18 or its functional variant and IL12 or its functional varian, used in the expansion and / or maturation of the NK cell are same as those of the cytokines in the cytokine combination as described herein.
[0225] In some embodiments, the immature NK cell is expanded and matured in the presence of IL15 or its functional variant. Individual IL15 or its functional variant can promote robust and high-efficient proliferation of the NK cell and the long-term exposure of the NK cell to other cytokine (s) , especially IL21+IL12, before the exposure described herein, may cause earlier over-stimulation and / or earlier exhaustion of the final NK cell. Therefore, the cytokine (s) other than IL15 or its functional variant (e.g., IL21 or its functional variant, IL18 or its functional variant, and / or IL12 or its functional variant) can be dispensed with in the expansion and / or maturation of the NK cell, thereby saving the production cost.
[0226] Feeder cell used in the expansion and / or maturation of the NK cell may be commercially available and may include RP03030 of Nuwacell, for example. In some embodiments, the ratio of the NK cell to the feeder cell may be in the range of about 10: 1 to about 1: 10, e.g., about 5: 1 to about 1: 5, about 2: 1 to about 1: 2, or about 1: 1 to about 1: 2 based on cell numbers.
[0227] In some embodiments, the NK cell may be expanded and / or matured for about 8 days or more, about 9 days or more, about 10 days or more, about 11 days or more, about 12 days or more, about 13 days or more, about 14 days or more, about 15 days or more, about 16 days or more, about 17 days or more, about 18 days or more, or about 19 days or more.
[0228] In some embodiments, the expansion and maturation of immature NK cell may include one round or two rounds of expansion and maturation. The two rounds of expansion and maturation can be performed in the presence of the same or different reagents for the same or different periods of time. Each round of the expansion and maturation can be performed for about 8 days or more, about 9 days or more, about 10 days or more, about 11 days or more or about 12 days or more.
[0229] The ratio of the NK cell to the target cell (E: T) may vary depending on the NK cell used, the target cell as well as other conditions. In some embodiments, the ratio of the NK cell to the target cell (E: T) is in the range of about 10: 1 to about 1: 10, e.g., about 10: 1 to about 1: 5, about 10: 1 to about 1: 1, about 5: 1 to about 1: 1, or about 3: 1 to about 1: 1. In some embodiments, the ratio of the NK cell to the target cell (E: T) is about 3: 1.
[0230] In some embodiments, the method can sustain the serial killing of the NK cell against the target cell for at least 9 days, at least 10 days, at least 11 days, at least 12 days, at least 13 days, at least 14 days, at least 15 days, at least 16 days, at least 17 days, at least 18 days, at least 19 days, at least 20 days, at least 21 days, at least 22 days, at least 23 days, at least 24 days, at least 25 days, at least 26 days, at least 27 days, at least 28 days, at least 29 days, at least 30 days, at least 31 days, at least 32 days, at least 33 days, at least 34 days, or at least 35 days.
[0231] Pharmaceutical Composition
[0232] The present disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition associated with the method described herein and applicable for adoptive NK cell therapy. There is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a cytokine combination comprising both IL15 or its functional variant and IL21 or its functional variant; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the concentration of each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination is such that the serial killing efficacy of the NK cell therapy is enhanced.
[0233] The pharmaceutical composition described herein can greatly enhance the serial killing efficacy of the NK cell therapy when it is administrated to a subject (e.g., tumor or cancer patient) in conjunction with the NK cell in cellular therapy, thereby reducing the infusion number or frequency of NK cells.
[0234] In some embodiments, in view of high efficacy, low cost and high safety (e.g., avoiding or alleviating the toxicity caused by high cytokine concentration) in clinical application, each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination can be recommended to have a concentration (e.g., plasma concentration) of about 0.5 to about 200 ng / mL and preferably about 0.5 to about 100 ng / mL. In certain embodiments, each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination has a concentration corresponding to a plasma concentration of about 0.5 to about 200 ng / mL and preferably about 0.5 to about 100 ng / mL.
[0235] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination consists of membrane-bound IL15 (mbIL15) , soluble IL21 (sIL21) , and soluble IL12 (sIL12) , all of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.
[0236] In some embodiments, the cytokine combination consists of soluble IL15 (sIL15) , soluble IL21 (sIL21) , and soluble IL18 (sIL18) , all of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.
[0237] The above formulation may be in the form of injection solution. When being administrated in conjunction with the NK cell, the pharmaceutical composition can be administered simultaneously or sequentially.
[0238] The cytokine combination and the cytokines contained therein are as described in the method described herein.
[0239] A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is well known in the art, and may include solvents, diluents, stabilizers, buffers, antioxidants, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration (Gennaro, 2000, Remington: The science and practice of pharmacy, Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa. ) . Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carrier include, but are not limited to, water, saline, Ringer’s solutions, Multiple Electrolytes Injection, Dextran Injection, and 5%human serum albumin, liposomes and non-aqueous vehicles.
[0240] The amount of the components in the pharmaceutical composition should provide an effective amount for the prevention or treatment of a particular disease, and may depend on the nature of the disease and can be determined by standard clinical techniques.
[0241] Methods of formulating suitable pharmaceutical compositions are known in the art (see, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st ed., 2005; and the books in the series Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences: a Series of Textbooks and Monographs (Dekker, NY) . For example, solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
[0242] Drug Combination
[0243] The present disclosure also relates to a drug combination associated with the method described herein and applicable for adoptive NK cell therapy. This drug combination comprises: a therapeutically effective amount of NK cell; and a therapeutically effective amount of cytokine combination comprising both IL15 or its functional variant and IL21 or its functional variant.
[0244] The drug combination described herein has greatly enhanced serial killing efficacy against target cells e.g., tumor or cancer cells when it is administrated to a subject (e.g., tumor or cancer patient) in cellular therapy, thereby reducing the infusion number or frequency of the NK cells.
[0245] The cytokine combination and the cytokines contained therein as well as the NK cell are as described in the method described herein.
[0246] In some embodiments, the drug combination is in the form of a single formulation which comprises both the NK cell and the cytokine combination. In some embodiments, the drug combination is in the form of two separate formulations, one of which comprises the NK cell and the other of which comprises the cytokine combination. The above formulation may be in the form of injection solution.
[0247] When the drug combination is in the form of two separate formulations as described above, the two formulations may be administered simultaneously or sequentially such that the NK cell is exposed to the cytokine combination while killing the target cells. The two formulations may be separately formulated. In some embodiments, the two formulations can be packaged in the same kit or packaged separately.
[0248] In addition to active ingredients such as the NK cell and the cytokine combination, the formulation (s) in the drug combination further comprises other ingredient (s) such as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is as described in the pharmaceutical composition described herein.
[0249] In some embodiments, each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination has a concentration (e.g., plasma concentration) of about 0.5 to about 200 ng / mL, and preferably about 0.5 to about 100 ng / mL. In certain embodiments, each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination has a concentration corresponding to a plasma concentration of about 0.5 to about 200 ng / mL and preferably about 0.5 to about 100 ng / mL.
[0250] In some embodiments, the amount of the NK cell in the drug combination is at least 1×106 cells / mL. In some embodiments, the amount of the NK cell in the drug combination is at least 1×107 cells / mL. In some embodiments, the amount of the NK cell in the drug combination is at least 1×108 cells / mL. In some embodiments, the amount of the NK cell in the drug combination is at least 1×109 cells / mL. In some embodiments, the amount of the NK cell in the drug combination is at least 1×1010 cells / mL. In some embodiments, the amount of the NK cell in the drug combination is at least 1×1011 cells / mL. In some embodiments, the amount of the NK cell in the drug combination is at least 1×1012 cells / mL.
[0251] Administration and Treatment
[0252] The method, pharmaceutical composition and drug combination of the present disclosure can be used to prevent or treat a disease which is susceptible to the NK cell-mediated immunity.
[0253] The present disclosure also provides a method for preventing or treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering the drug combination described herein to the subject, wherein the disease is susceptible to the NK cell-mediated immunity.
[0254] The present disclosure also provides use of the drug combination described herein in the preparation of a medicament for preventing or treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein the disease is susceptible to the NK cell-mediated immunity.
[0255] The present disclosure also provides the drug combination described herein for use in the prevention or treatment of a disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein the disease is susceptible to the NK cell-mediated immunity.
[0256] In some embodiments, the disease comprises a tumor or cancer, or a viral infection. The tumor or cancer may include a solid tumor or a hematological tumor. Hematological system tumors include, but are not limited to, leukemias, including acute leukemias (e.g., acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemias (including myeloid, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic, and erythroleukemic) ) and chronic leukemias (e.g., chronic myeloid (granulocytic) leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia) ) , promyelocytic lymphomas (e.g., Hodgkin’s or non-Hodgkin’s) , multiple myeloma, and Wahldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. Solid tumors include, but are not limited to, sarcomas and carcinomas such as fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, synovial tumor, mesothelioma, Ewing’s sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, oral cancer, laryngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, testicular tumors, lung cancer (including small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer) , bladder cancer, kidney cancer, carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pineoblastoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, glioblastoma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma. Additional and preferred examples of tumor or cancer comprises chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, myelomonocytic leukemia, melanoma, large cell membrane lung cancer, ovarian cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, or small-cell lung cancer. In more preferred embodiments, the cancer is acute myeloid leukemia, melanoma, small-cell lung cancer, large cell membrane lung cancer, ovarian cancer, or non-small-cell lung cancer.
[0257] The viral infection may include, but is not limited to, HIV infection, HPV infection, HSV infection, RSV infection, EBV infection, CMV infection, influenza A, B or C or VSV infection.
[0258] For administration to a subject, the pharmaceutical composition or the drug combination described herein can be administered by oral or parenteral routes. Oral administration generally includes swallowing the pharmaceutical composition or the drug combination in a liquid form. Parenteral administration generally includes injection of the pharmaceutical composition or the drug combination into the body, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intralesional, intraarticular, intranodal, intramedullary, intralymphatic or intratumoral injection.
[0259] The pharmaceutical composition and the drug combination can be administered in a single dose or multiple doses, e.g., 2 or 3 doses. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition and the drug combination can be administered in several doses over a period of time.
[0260] The pharmaceutical composition and the drug combination can be administered at least once every one year, at least once every six months, at least once every three months, at least once every two months or at least once every one month, e.g., once a month, or once a week.
[0261] It should be understood that any aspects or embodiments of the present disclosure described herein, including those described only in the examples or claims, can be combined with any one or more other aspects and / or embodiments of the present disclosure, unless such combination is improper or expressly disclaimed.
[0262] Examples
[0263] The present description is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting in any way. The contents of all cited references (including literature references, issued patents, and published patent applications as cited throughout this application) are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
[0264] Materials and Methods
[0265] All reagents and apparatuses utilized throughout the Examples of the present disclosure are commercially available.
[0266] Example 1
[0267] Experiment procedure:
[0268] Wild type (WT) hiPSCs were produced as per the protocol described in CN108373998B. The hiPSCs were cultured and expanded for about 12 days in E8 medium (Nuwacell) . The hiPSCs were differentiated into immature iNK cells as per the protocol described in CN111235105B.
[0269] The immature iNK cells were resuspended in a cryopreservation solution consisting of Multiple Electrolytes Injection, Human Serum Albumin (HSA, 40mg / mL) and DMSO (10%, v / v) at a cell density of 5×107 cells / mL and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (-196℃) for 1 month. Thereafter, the cryopreserved immature iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2×106 cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of a NKSFM medium (Nuwacell, SN-03-0020) and 400IU / mL IL2 (Jiangsu Kingsley) for 2 days. The NKSFM medium used here consisted of IMDM (Sigma) : DMEM / F12 (Gibco) (50%: 50%) ; about 1% (v / v) of GlutaMAX-1 (Invitrogen) ; 0.1-20 mg / mL of Human serum albumin (HSA, Sinopharm, CN) ; 1-400 μM of Monothioglycerol (MTG) ; about 80 μg / mL of Ascorbic acid (Sigma) ; 1-200 μg / mL of Transferrin (Sigma) ; about 1-50 ng / mL of Na Selenite (Sigma) ; about 20 μM of Ethanolamine (Sigma) ; about 110 μg / mL of Sodium pyruvate (Sigma) ; 0.1-20 μg / mL of Insulin (Baiying, CN) ; 1-5 mM of Nicotinamide (NAM, Sigma) ; 0.5-50 μg / mL of Heparin sodium (Thermo) ; and 0.5-4 % (v / v) of Human Platelet Lysate (PLT, BI) .
[0270] The recovered immature iNK cells were expanded and matured by co-culturing the cells with NK feeder cells (Nuwacell, RP03030) at ratio of 1: 2 in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 100 IU / mL IL2 (Jiangsu Kingsley) for 8 days to obtain mature iNK cells. The medium-changing operation was conducted by refreshing the medium on Day 2, Day 4 and Day 6 to maintain the cell density under 2×106 cells / mL. The mature iNK cells were resuspended in a cryopreservation solution consisting of Dextran Injection, Human Serum Albumin (HSA, 40 mg / mL) and DMSO (5%, v / v) at a cell density of 5×107 cells / mL and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (-196℃) for ready-to-use.
[0271] The cryopreserved mature iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2×106 cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 400IU / mL IL2 for 2 days. The recovered mature iNK cells were seeded at a cell density of 2×106 cells / mL in 4 mL of the NKSFM medium in each well of a six-well plate and starved in the absence of any cytokine for 7 hours (hrs) . Then, the cells were further treated for 7 days by adding a foreign cytokine. The foreign cytokine used here was soluble IL2 (100 IU / mL, Jiangsu Kingsley, S10970056) , IL7 (10 ng / mL, Peprotech, 200-07) , IL10 (10 ng / mL, Sinobio, 10947-HNAE) , IL12 (10 ng / mL, Peprotech, 200-12) , IL15 (10 ng / mL, Peprotech, 200-15) , IL18 (10 ng / mL, Sinobio, 10119-HNCE) , IL21 (10 ng / mL, Sinobio, 10584-HNAE) , or NeoIL2 (10 ng / mL, Nuwacell, SN-05-0070) . The medium-changing operation was conducted by refreshing the medium on Day 2, Day 4 and Day 6 during the treatment.
[0272] On Day 7, the iNK cells were collected. The iNK cells were counted by a Countstar Automated Cell Counter and the expansion fold was calculated, and the short-term cytotoxicity of the cells was tested by CFSE / 7-AAD cytotoxicity assay. Firstly, K562 tumor cells (Procell, China) were stained in 2μM CFSE for 10 min and washed twice with DPBS. Then, the iNK cells were added to the CFSE-labeled K562 tumor cells at E: T of 3: 1 in the presence of IL2 (100 IU / mL) only. After 8hr-incubation, the cells were stained with 7-AAD (Live / dead staining) and tested with a flow cytometer (Beckman coulter, Cytoflex) . The number of the CFSE+7-AAD-cells were recorded, which represents the number of the remaining alive K562 tumor cells. The number of the lyzed K562 tumor cells was obtained by substracting the number of the remaining K562 tumor cells from the total cell number of the K562 tumor cells, and the percent specific lysis of the iNK cells was calculated from the ratio of the number of the lyzed K562 tumor cells to the total cell number of the K562 tumor cells. In the above assays, the iNK cells treated without any cytokine was used as control. The expansion fold of the iNK cells and the percent specific lysis of K562 tumor cells by the iNK cells were shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, respectively.
[0273] As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, among all cytokines tested, only IL15, IL2 and NeoIL2 could both support the expansion of the iNK cells and provided the cells with a high short-term cytotoxicity against tumor cells. In particular, IL15 could provide the iNK cells with the highest expansion fold and short-term (8 hrs) cytotoxicity. In comparison, IL2 or NeoIL2 supported the expansion of the cells at much lower fold, although they provided a comparable short-term cytotoxicity against tumor cells.
[0274] Example 2
[0275] Experiment procedure:
[0276] The mature iNK cells were produced and cryopreserved similarly to Example 1. The cryopreserved mature iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2×106 cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 400IU / mL IL2 for 2 days.
[0277] The recovered mature iNK cells were seeded at a cell density of about 1.19×106 cells / mL in 4 mL of the NKSFM medium in each well of a six-well plate and starved in the absence of any cytokine for 7 hrs. Then, the cells were further treated for 7 days by adding a cytokine combination. The cytokine combination used here was as follows: IL15 (10 ng / mL, Peprotech) + IL2 (100 IU / mL, Jiangsu Kingsley) ; IL15 (10 ng / mL, Peprotech) + IL12 (10 ng / mL, Peprotech) ; IL15 (10 ng / mL, Peprotech) + IL18 (10 ng / mL, Sinobio) ; IL15 (10 ng / mL, Peprotech) + IL21 (10 ng / mL, Sinobio) ; IL15 (10 ng / mL, Peprotech) + NeoIL2 (10 ng / mL, Nuwacell) ; NeoIL2 (10 ng / mL, Nuwacell) + IL12 (10 ng / mL, Peprotech) ; NeoIL2 (10 ng / mL, Nuwacell) + IL18 (10 ng / mL, Sinobio) ; NeoIL2 (10 ng / mL, Nuwacell) + IL21 (10 ng / mL, Sinobio) ; IL2 (100 IU / mL, Jiangsu Kingsley) + IL12 (10 ng / mL, Peprotech) ; IL2 (100 IU / mL, Jiangsu Kingsley) + IL18 (10 ng / mL, Sinobio) ; or, IL2 (100 IU / mL, Jiangsu Kingsley) + IL21 (10 ng / mL, Sinobio) . The medium-changing operation was conducted by refreshing the medium on Day 2, Day 4 and Day 6 during the treatment.
[0278] On Day 7, the iNK cells were collected. The iNK cells were counted by a Countstar Automated Cell Counter (Ali Biotech) and the expansion fold was calculated, and the short-term cytotoxicity of the cells was tested by CFSE / 7-AAD cytotoxicity assay similarly to Example 1 except that the incubation time was 4 hrs or 24 hrs. In the above assays, the iNK cells treated with individual IL15, NeoIL2 or IL2 were used as controls, respectively. The expansion fold of the iNK cells and the percent specific lysis of K562 tumor cells by the iNK cells were shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, respectively.
[0279] As shown in FIG. 2A, IL15 was indispensable for the expansion of the iNK cells because all combinations with IL15 could support the expansion of the iNK cells similarly to IL15 only. The iNK cells treated with IL15+IL12 had relatively lower expansion fold than the other combinations with IL15, which might be attributed to the fact that IL15+IL12 might cause over-stimulation of iNK cells and subsequently impeded the proliferation. In contrast, in the absence of IL15, all the combinations with IL2 or NeoIL2 failed to support robust expansion of the iNK cells. As shown in FIG. 2B, the iNK cells had relatively lower short-term cytotoxicity at 4 hrs for all cytokine combinations, and their short-term cytotoxicities are obviously different from each other, but all had similarly high short-term cytotoxicity at 24 hrs and almost depleted all K562 tumor cells at 24 hrs, indicating that different cytokine combinations didn't have different effects on the short-term (24 hrs) cytotoxicity of the iNK cells similarly to individual IL15, IL2 or NeoIL2.
[0280] Example 3
[0281] Experiment procedure:
[0282] The mature iNK cells were produced and cryopreserved similarly to Example 1. The cryopreserved mature iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2×106 cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 10 ng / mL IL15 for 2 days. The recovered mature iNK cells were seeded at a cell density of 3×105 cells / mL in 2 mL of the NKSFM medium in each well of a six-well plate, and 2×105 K562-Antares2 cells (Nuwacell) and a cytokine combination were simultaneously added to co-culture the iNK cells with the target cells (E: T=3: 1) . The cytokine combination used here was IL15 (10 ng / mL) + IL2 (100 IU / mL) ; IL15 (10 ng / mL) + IL12 (10 ng / mL) ; IL15 (10 ng / mL) + IL18 (10 ng / mL) ; or, IL15 (10 ng / mL) + IL21 (10 ng / mL) . During the co-culture, as the K562-Antares2 cells were serially lyzed by the iNK cells, the same number of K562-Antares2 cells were supplemented every 24 hrs, and the medium- changing operation was conducted by refreshing the medium daily at a ratio of 50%while avoiding any cell removal.
[0283] The K562-Antares2 cells were K562 cells stably overexpressing Antares2 which emits red fluorescence under green light excitation. The K562-Antares2 cells were constructed as follows. Firstly, the Antares2-P2A-Neo fragment (SEQ ID NO: 1) was synthesized by GenScript Inc. (China) . The synthesized Antares2-P2A-Neo fragment was inserted into PB-EE vector (FIG. 3A, Nuwacell) by carrying out double digestion at 37℃ for 1-2 hrs, extracting the products with DNA Gel Extraction Kit (TIANGEN, DP209) , and ligating the products with T4 ligase (NEB, M0202) . The ligation products were transformed into chemically competent bacterial cells (TransGen, CD101-01) . Individual bacterial colonies were picked and their overnight cultures were subjected to plasmid DNA extraction by TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (TIANGEN, DP103-03) . The identity of the plasmid was verified by double digestion with XbaI / BamHI (NEB) , thereby obtaining a confirmed PB-EE-Antares2-Neo vector. Thereafter, 2×106 K562 cells (Procell, China) were nucleofected with 2 μg of the PB-EE-Antares2-Neo vector and 2 μg of PBase vector (FIG. 3B, Nuwacell) by Nucleofector 2b (Lonza Inc. ) . Geneticin selection (1000 μg / mL) was started on the first day after transfection for stable vector integration. In order to evaluate the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, the remaining alive K562-Antares2 cells were observed under fluorescent microscope (Olympus) at 24 hrs after each addition of the K562-Antares2 cells. In the above assay, the same case with the K562-Antares2 cells only and the same case except for using IL15 only in the lysis of the target cells were used as controls. The results are shown in FIG. 3C. Note that the red color emitted by the tumor cells is not shown in this figure.
[0284] In this example, the mature iNK cells with pre-culture for recovery after cryopreservation and thawing were co-cultured with the target cells. As shown in FIG. 3C, the iNK cells treated with IL15+IL2 or IL15+IL18 were exhausted on Day 4 similarly to those treated with IL15 only and the iNK cells treated with IL15+IL12 only postponed the exhaustion of the cells to Day 5 (not shown) , suggesting that IL15+IL2, IL15+IL18 or IL15+IL12 couldn't enhance the serial killing capability of the iNK cells as compared to IL15 only. In contrast, IL15+IL21 sustained a long-term serial killing cytotoxicity without exhaustion until Day 18, suggesting that IL15+IL21 could significantly enhance the serial killing capability of the iNK cells against tumor cells as compared to individual IL15 and other cytokine combinations. Combining the short-term (24 hrs) cytotoxicity data in Example 2 and the long-term cytotoxicity data in Example 3, only specific combination of IL15+IL21 could significantly enhance the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, emphasizing the importance of choosing the right combination of cytokines, and it was infeasible to choose this specific combination only depending on the short-term (e.g., 4 or 24 hrs) cytotoxicity or the expansion fold of individual cytokine or the combination of cytokines.
[0285] Example 4
[0286] Experiment procedure:
[0287] The mature iNK cells were produced and cryopreserved similarly to Example 1. The cryopreserved mature iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and placed in 4℃ refrigerator for 1 h. Similar to the method of Example 3, the iNK cells were seeded in at a cell density of 3×105 cells / mL in 2 mL of the NKSFM medium in each well of a six-well plate, and 2×105 K562-Antares2 cells (Nuwacell) and a cytokine combination were simultaneously added to co-culture the iNK cells with the target cells (E: T=3: 1) . The cytokine combination used here was as follows: IL15 (10 ng / mL) + IL21 (10 ng / mL) ; IL15 (10 ng / mL) + IL21 (10 ng / mL) + IL12 (10 ng / mL) ; or, IL15 (10 ng / mL) + IL21 (10 ng / mL) + IL18 (10 ng / mL) . During the co-culture, as the K562-Antares2 cells were serially lyzed by the iNK cells, the same number of K562-Antares2 cells were supplemented every 24 hrs, and the medium-changing operation was conducted by refreshing the medium daily at a ratio of 50%while avoiding any cell removal.
[0288] In order to evaluate the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, the remaining alive K562-Antares2 cells were observed under fluorescent microscope (Olympus) at 24 hrs after each addition of the K562-Antares2 cells. In the above assay, the same cases except for using IL15 only, IL15+IL18 or IL15+IL18+IL12 in the lysis of the target cells were used as controls. The results are shown in FIG. 4. Note that the red color emitted by the tumor cells is not shown in this figure.
[0289] In this example, the mature iNK cells without pre-culture for recovery after cryopreservation and thawing were used in the co-culture with the target cells. As shown in FIG. 4, as compared to the iNK cells with the pre-culture for recovery, all iNK cells without pre-culture for recovery were exhausted earlier. For example, without pre-culture for recovery, the iNK cells treated with IL15 only were exhausted only on Day 2. In comparison, with pre-culture for recovery, the iNK cells treated with IL15 only were exhausted on Day 4. Consistent with the data in Example 2, IL15+IL18 and IL15+IL12+IL18 didn't exhibit better effect as compared to IL15 only. In contrast, IL15+IL21 greatly enhanced the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, no matter whether the iNK cells were recovered by pre-culture or not, suggesting that the right combination was critical.
[0290] Further, the data showed that the iNK cells treated with IL15+IL21+IL12 started to exhaust until Day 10 and the iNK cells treated with IL15+IL21+IL18 were not yet exhausted on Day 12, suggesting that IL15+IL21+IL12 and IL15+IL21+IL18 could also sustain significantly long killing capability against tumor cells. IL15+IL21+IL12 or IL15+IL21+IL18 were important in certain scenarios in view that IL12 or IL18 could have bonus effect in terms of the activation and recruitment of T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) , for example. Interestingly, IL18+IL15+IL12 had no or little effect, while IL18+IL15+IL21 could greatly enhance the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, again emphasizing the importance of the right combination. Also, when utilizing IL18 to stimulate T cells, combining IL18 with IL15 and IL21 was necessary to support the serial killing of iNK cells against tumor cells.
[0291] Example 5
[0292] Experiment procedure:
[0293] The hiPSCs were produced and cultured and expanded similarly to Example 1. The hiPSCs were then engineered to co-express CLDN18.2-CAR and mbIL15. The following steps described the details to engineer the hiPSCs.
[0294] U6 promoter-gRNA-CISH-gRNA chimeric fragment (SEQ ID NO: 2) was synthesized by GenScript Inc. (China) . The synthesized U6 promoter-gRNA-CISH-gRNA chimeric fragment was inserted into a Cas-template vector (FIG. 5A, Nuwacell) by carrying out double digestion at 37℃ for about 1 hrs, extracting the products with DNA Gel Extraction Kit (TIANGEN, DP209) , and ligating the products with T4 ligase (NEB, M0202) . The ligation products were transformed into chemically competent bacterial cells (TransGen, CD101-01) . Individual bacterial colonies were picked and their overnight cultures were subjected to plasmid DNA extraction by TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (TIANGEN, DP103-03) . The identity of the plasmid was verified by double digestion with KpnI / EcoRI (NEB) . The constructed Cas / gRNA vector and the gRNA targeting sequence used are shown in Table 1 below.
[0295] A 5’-terminal homologous arm (SEQ ID NO: 4) and a 3’-terminal homologous arm (SEQ ID NO: 5) were synthesized separately by GenScript Inc. (China) . The above synthesized fragments were inserted into pKI-Antares2 vector (FIG. 5B, Nuwacell) by carrying out double digestion at 37℃ for about 1 hrs, extracting the products with DNA Gel Extraction Kit (TIANGEN, DP209) , and ligating the products with T4 ligase (NEB, M0202) . The ligation products were transformed into chemically competent bacterial cells (TransGen, CD101-01) . Individual bacterial colonies were picked and their overnight cultures were subjected to plasmid DNA extraction by TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (TIANGEN, DP103-03) . The identity of the plasmid (pKI-Antares2-CISH vector) was verified by double digestion with EcoRI / BamHI (NEB) .
[0296] CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 fragment (SEQ ID NO: 6) was synthesized by GenScript Inc. (China) . The synthesized CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 fragment was inserted into ClaI / EcoRI site of the pKI-Antares2-CISH vector by carrying out double digestion at 37℃ for about 1 hrs, extracting the products with DNA Gel Extraction Kit (TIANGEN, DP209) , and ligating the products with T4 ligase (NEB, M0202) . The ligation products were transformed into chemically competent bacterial cells (TransGen, CD101-01) . Individual bacterial colonies were picked and their overnight cultures were subjected to plasmid DNA extraction by TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (TIANGEN, DP103-03) . The identity of the plasmid (pKI-CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15-CISH vector) was verified by double digestion with ClaI / EcoRI (NEB) .
[0297] 2×106 hiPSCs were transfected with 2μg of the pKI-CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15-CISH vector and 2μg of the pCas-gRNA-CISH vector by Nucleofector 2b (Lonza Inc. ) . The transfected hiPSCs were plated at a cell density of 2×104 cells / cm2 in six well plates and selected with 1μg / mL puromycin for 1 to 2 days. After growing for 5 to 7 days, hiPSC single clones were picked and transferred into 48 well plates, then further expanded in E8 medium (Nuwacell) in 6 well plates to get enough cells for further screening. Positive clones where the Antares2 sequence was correctly inserted at the chosen locus of the genome were firstly screened by nested PCR assay using the Pfx DNA Polymerase (ThermoFisher Scientific) according to the manual instruction. Nested PCR assay was conducted by amplifying the 5’ and 3’ junctions spanning the inserted sequence and the surrounding genomic target locus of hiPSC genome. Based on the PCR assay, it was confirmed that the clone had both alleles engineered at the desired locus.
[0298] The confirmed engineered hiPSCs were differentiated into immature CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells as per the protocol described in CN111235105B. The immature CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells were cryopreserved similarly to Example 1. The cryopreserved immature CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2×106cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 400IU / mL IL2 for 2 days. The recovered immature iNK cells were expanded and matured for 9 days by co-culture with NK feeder cells (Nuwacell, RP03030) at ratio of 1: 2 in the NKSFM medium in a cell culture bags (Takara) to obtain mature CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells.
[0299] The mature CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells were cryopreserved at a cell density of 5×107 cells / mL similarly to Example 1. The cryopreserved mature CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and placed in 4℃ refrigerator for 1 h. Similar to the method of Example 3, the recovered mature CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells were seeded at a cell density of 3×105 cells / mL in 2 mL of the NKSFM medium in each well of a six-well plate, and 2×105 KG1-18.2 cells (Nuwacell) and a cytokine or cytokine combination were simultaneously added to co-culture the CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells with the target cells (E: T=3: 1) . The cytokine or cytokine combination used here was as follows: IL21 (10 ng / mL) ; IL21 (10 ng / mL) + IL12 (10 ng / mL) ; or, IL21 (10 ng / mL) + IL18 (10 ng / mL) . During the co-culture, as the KG1-18.2 cells were serially lyzed by the CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells, the same number of KG1-18.2 cells were supplemented on Day 2, Day 4, or Day 6, and the medium-changing operation was conducted by refreshing the medium on Day 2, Day 4, or Day 6 at a ratio of 50%while avoiding any cell removal.
[0300] The KG1-18.2 cells were labelled with CFSE prior to co-culture by staining the cells in 2μM CFSE for 10 min at 37℃. KG1-18.2 cells were KG1 cells stably overexpressing CLDN18.2. KG1-18.2 cells were constructed as follows. Firstly, the expression cassette of CLDN18.2 (SEQ ID NO: 7) was synthesized by GenScript Inc. (China) and inserted into PB-PNEE vector (FIG. 5C, Nuwacell) by carrying out double digestion at 37℃ for about 1 hrs, extracting the products with DNA Gel Extraction Kit (TIANGEN, DP209) , and ligating the products with T4 ligase (NEB, M0202) . The ligation product was transformed into chemically competent bacterial cells (TransGen, CD101-01) . Individual bacterial colonies were picked and their overnight cultures were subjected to plasmid DNA extraction by TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (TIANGEN, DP103-03) . The identity of the plasmid was verified by double digestion with XbaI / BamHI (NEB) , thereby obtaining a confirmed PB-PNEE-CLDN18.2 vector. To construct KG1-18.2 cell line, 2×106 KG1 cells (Procell, China) were nucleofected with 2 μg of PB-PNEE-CLDN18.2 vector and 2 μg of the PBase vector in Example 3 by Nucleofector 2b (Lonza Inc. ) . Geneticin selection (1000 μg / mL) was started on a first day post-transfection for stable vector integration.
[0301] In order to evaluate the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, the long-term cytotoxicity of the iNK cells was tested by collecting total cells in each well on Day 7 and analyzing the cells by a flow cytometer (Beckman coulter, Cytoflex) . In the above assay, the same case except for co-culturing the CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells with the target cells in the absence of any foreign cytokine was used as control. Further, in order to demonstrate that mbIL15 can take the place of foreign IL15 in enhancing the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, IL15, IL15+IL21, IL15+IL21+IL12, or IL15+IL21+IL18 was externally added while co-culturing the CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells with the target cells, and the long-term cytotoxicity of the CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells was similarly tested. The results are shown in FIG. 5D.
[0302] In this example, the mature CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells were co-cultured with the target cells, and these iNK cells expressed self-sustaining mbIL15. As shown in FIG. 5D, when the CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells were contacted with self-sustaining mbIL15 and without any foreign cytokine, the percentage of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 tumor cells was 95.56%, and when the CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells were contacted with both self-sustaining mbIL15 and foreign IL21, IL21+IL12, or IL21+IL18, the percentages of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 tumor cells were 2.46%, 3.66%and 2.35%, respectively, suggesting that mbIL15+IL21 could impart the engineered iNK cells with greatly improved serial killing capability in contrast to mbIL15 only, and further addition of IL12 or IL18 to the combination of mbIL15+IL21 was also workable and could provide similar effect for the engineered iNK cells. Importantly, the above data showed that these specific cytokine combinations are also applicable for the target-specific killing of tumor cells mediated by CAR recognition of immune cells for specific antigen target, which widely broaden the application of this finding.
[0303] Example 6
[0304] Experiment procedure:
[0305] hiPSCs were produced and differentiated into immature WT iNK cells as described in Example 1, and CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 hiPSCs (Nuwacell) were produced and differentiated into immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells as described in Example 5.
[0306] The above immature iNK cells were both cryopreserved as described in Example 1. The cryopreserved immature iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2×106 cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 400IU / mL IL2 for 2 days.
[0307] The recovered immature iNK cells were expanded and matured in the presence of an foreign cytokine or cytokine combination for 1st round (1x, 9 days) and 2nd round (2x, 10 days) by co-culture with NK feeder cells (Nuwacell, RP03030) at ratio of 1: 1 in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 100 IU / mL IL2 (Jiangsu Kingsley) in a six-well plate to obtain mature iNK cells. The concentration of each cytokine used here was the same as that in Example 5. During expansion / maturation of the immature WT iNK cells, the cytokine or combination of cytokines used was as follows: IL15+IL21, IL15+IL21+IL12, or IL15+IL21+IL18, and the same case except for adding foreign IL15 only was used as control. During expansion / maturation of the immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells, the cells expressed self-sustaining mbIL15, and the cytokine or cytokine combination used here was as follows: IL21, IL21+IL12, or IIL21+IL18, and the same case except for not adding any foreign cytokine was used as control. The medium-changing operation was conducted by refreshing the medium on Day 2, Day 5, Day 7, Day 11, Day 14 and Day 17 of co-culture to maintain the cell density under 2×106cells / mL.
[0308] The expanded mature WT iNK cells and CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells were both collected on Day 8 and Day 19, respectively, and the cell number of the cells was counted by Countstar Automated Cell Counter (Ali Biotech) . The results are shown in FIG. 6.
[0309] FIG. 6 shows the effect of different cytokine combinations on the expansion fold of the WT iNK cells and the engineered iNK cells. Importantly, the addition of IL21 consistently promoted robust iNK cell proliferation in the presence of either mbIL15 or foreign IL15. However, the differences were shown between mbIL15 and foreign IL15 when further combined with IL12 or IL18, implicating different strategies when applying mbIL15 or foreign IL15. In particular, IL21+IL12+IL15 resulted in significantly decreased iNK cell proliferation in the 2nd round expansion in contrast to the other combinations tested and the combination of IL21+IL18+mbIL15 resulted in significantly decreased iNK cell proliferation in the 2nd round expansion in contrast to the other combinations tested, suggesting that when combining with IL21+IL12, mbIL15 was a better option, and when combining with IL21+IL18, foreign IL15 was a better option.
[0310] Comparative Example 1
[0311] Experiment procedure:
[0312] Immature iNK cells were produced and cryopreserved similarly to Example 1. The cryopreserved immature iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2×106 cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM and 400IU / mL IL2 for 2 days. The recovered immature iNK cells were seeded at 0.4×106 cells / well in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 100 IU / mL IL2 (Jiangsu Kingsley) in a six-well-plate, and expanded and matured for a first round (1x, 12 days) by co-culturing the cells with NK feeder cells (Nuwacell, RP03030) at ratio of 1: 1. During expansion / maturation of the immature iNK cells, the cytokine or combination of cytokines used was as follows: IL15+IL21, IL15+IL21+IL12, or IL15+IL21+IL18, and the same case except for using IL15 only was used as control. The concentration of each cytokine used here was the same as that in Example 4. The medium-changing operation was conducted by refreshing the medium on Day 2, Day 5, Day 7, Day 8 and Day 11 of co-culture to maintain the cell density under 2×106 cells / mL.
[0313] Expanded mature iNK cells were collected on Day 12. The mature iNK cells were seeded in at a cell density of 3×105 cells / mL in 2 mL of the NKSFM in each well of six-well plates, and 2×105 K562-Antares2 cells (Nuwacell) and IL15 (10 ng / mL) were simultaneously added to co-culture the iNK cells with the target cells (E: T=3: 1) . During the co-culture, the same number of K562-Antares2 cells were supplemented every 24 hrs.
[0314] In order to evaluate the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, the remaining alive K562-Antares2 cells were observed under fluorescent microscope (Olympus) and the fluorescent photographs were taken on Day 1, Day 3, Day 5, Day 7, Day 9 and Day 10. In the above assay, the same case except for using IL15 (10 ng / mL) alone in both the expansion / maturation of the iNK cells and the lysis of the target cells was used as control. The results are shown in FIG. 7. Note that the red color emitted by the tumor cells is not shown in this figure.
[0315] In this comparative example, the immature iNK cells were treated with IL15+IL21, IL15+IL21+IL12 or IL15+IL21+IL18 during the first-round expansion / maturation. As shown in FIG. 7, the iNK cells cultured with IL21+IL15 started to lose their killing ability on Day 9 similarly to IL15, suggesting that the serial killing capability of the iNK cells cannot be enhanced by treatment with IL15+IL21 in the expansion / maturation of the immature iNK cells. Further, the iNK cells cultured with IL15+IL21+IL12 started to exhaust on Day 3 and the iNK cells cultured with IL15+IL21+IL18 were exhausted on Day 5, suggesting that IL15+IL21+IL12 and IL15+IL21+IL18 had even worse effects on the serial killing capability of the iNK cells as compared to IL15 only.
[0316] Comparative Example 2
[0317] Experiment procedure:
[0318] Immature iNK cells were produced and cryopreserved similarly to Example 1. The cryopreserved immature iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2×106 cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM and 400IU / mL IL2 for 2 days. The recovered immature iNK cells were seeded at 0.4×106 cells / well in a six-well-plate in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 100 IU / mL IL2 (Jiangsu Kingsley) , and expanded and matured for 1st round (1x, 9 days) and 2nd round (2x, 10 days) by co-culturing the cells with NK feeder cells (Nuwacell, RP03030) at ratio of 1: 1. During expansion / maturation of the 1st round and 2nd round, the cytokine or combination of cytokines used was as follows: IL15+IL21, IL15+IL21+IL12, or IL15+IL21+IL18, and the same case except for adding IL15 only was used as control. The concentration of each cytokine used here was the same as that in Example 7. The medium-changing operation was conducted by refreshing the medium on Day 2, Day 5, Day 7, Day 11, Day 14 and Day 17 of co-culture to maintain the cell density under 2×106 cells / mL.
[0319] Expanded mature iNK cells were collected on Day 19. The mature iNK cells were seeded in at a cell density of 3×105 cells / mL in 2 mL of the NKSFM in each well of a six-well plates, and 2×105 K562-Antares2 cells (Nuwacell) and IL15 (10 ng / mL) were simultaneously added to co-culture the iNK cells with the target cells (E: T=3: 1) . During the co-culture, the same number of K562-Antares2 cells were supplemented every 24 hrs.
[0320] In order to evaluate the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, the remaining alive K562-Antares2 cells were observed under fluorescent microscope (Olympus) and the fluorescent photographs were taken on Day 1, Day 3, Day 5, Day 7 and Day 9.In the above assay, the same case except for using IL15 (10 ng / mL) alone in both the expansion / maturation of the iNK cells and the lysis of the target cells was used as control. The results are shown in FIG. 8. Note that the red color emitted by the tumor cells is not shown in this figure.
[0321] In this comparative example, the immature iNK cells were subjected to first-round expansion / maturation to become the mature iNK cells, and the resulting mature iNK cells were continually treated with IL15+IL21, IL15+IL21+IL12 or IL15+IL21+IL18 during the second-round expansion / maturation. As shown in FIG. 8, the iNK cells cultured with IL21+IL15 started to lose their killing ability on Day 7, only slightly postponed the exhaustion compared to the cells treated with IL15 only, suggesting that the serial killing capability of the iNK cells cannot be enhanced by treatment with IL15+IL21 in the expansion of the mature iNK cells. Further, similar to data shown in FIG. 7, the iNK cells cultured with IL15+IL21+IL12 started to exhaust on Day 3 and the iNK cells cultured with IL15+IL21+IL18 were exhausted on Day 5, suggesting that IL15+IL21+IL12 and IL15+IL21+IL18 had even worse effects on the serial killing capability of the iNK cells as compared to IL15 only.
[0322] Comparative Example 3
[0323] Experiment procedure:
[0324] Immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells were produced and cryopreserved similarly to Example 5. The cryopreserved immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2×106 cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 400IU / mL IL2 for 2 days. The recovered immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells were seeded at 0.4×106 cells / well in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM and 100IU / mL IL2 (Jiangsu Kingsley) in a six-well-plate, and expanded and matured for first round (1x, 12 days) by co-culturing the cells with NK feeder cells (Nuwacell, RP03030) at ratio of 1: 1 in the presence of IL21 (10 ng / mL) . The medium-changing operation was conducted by refreshing the medium on Day 2, Day 5, Day 7, Day 8 and Day 11 of co-culture to maintain the cell density under 2×106 cells / mL.
[0325] Expanded mature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells were collected on Day 12. The mature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells were seeded at a cell density of 3×105 cells / mL in 2 mL of the NKSFM in each well of a six-well plate, and 2×105 KG1-18.2 cells (Nuwacell) and IL21 (10 ng / mL) were simultaneously added to co-culture the iNK cells with the target cells (E: T=3: 1) . During the co-culture, the same number of KG1-18.2 cells were added on Day 0, Day 2 and Day 4.
[0326] The KG1-18.2 cells were labelled with CFSE prior to co-culture by staining the cells in 2μM CFSE for 10 min at 37℃. The CFSE labeled KG1-18.2 cells emits green fluorescence under blue light excitation. In order to evaluate the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells were observed under fluorescent microscope (Olympus) and the fluorescent photographs were taken on Day 1, Day 3, and Day 5. In the above assay, the same case except for not adding foreign IL21 was used as control. The results are shown in FIG. 9. Note that the green color emitted by the tumor cells is not shown in this figure.
[0327] In this comparative example, the immature CLDN18.2-CAR -mbIL15 iNK cells were contacted with mbIL15+IL21 or mbIL15 during the first-round expansion / maturation. As shown in FIG. 9, under both conditions tested, the CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells still formed clumps with KG1-18.2 cells until Day 3, suggesting that the iNK cells could successfully recognize their target cells, but these iNK cells quickly lost their killing capability on Day 5 when scarce cell interactions could be observed. Note that the green florescence of scattered KG1-18.2 cells became much dimmer on Day 5 when they were not forming clumps with iNK cells, which doesn’t mean that they were killed. On the contrary, more KG1-18.2 cells were left since they were untouched. The results of Comparative Example 3 with mbIL15 were similar to those of Comparative Example 1 with IL15.
[0328] Based on the Comparative Examples 1-3, the iNK cells cultured with IL15+IL21, IL15+IL21+12, or IL15+IL21+IL18 only in the expansion / maturation of the cells did not show significantly improved serial killing capability in contrast to IL15 only. This key information was critical to apply the combination comprising IL15 and IL21 for immune cells for improved functions, emphasizing the importance of the right timing for treatment with cytokine combination. In many current technologies, immune cells were only pre-treated with cytokine (s) before applying in vivo. Based on the above examples, these pre-treatments couldn't provide immune cells with the effect of enhancing the serial killing capability.
[0329] Example 7
[0330] Experiment procedure:
[0331] Immature iNK cells were produced and cryopreserved similarly to Example 6. The cryopreserved immature iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2×106 cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 400IU / mL IL2 for 2 days. The recovered immature iNK cells were expanded and matured for first round (1x, 12 days) in the presence of IL15+ IL21 by co-culture with NK feeder cells (Nuwacell, RP03030) at ratio of 1: 1 in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 100 IU / mL IL2 (Jiangsu Kingsley) in a six-well plate, thereby obtaining mature iNK cells. The concentration of each foreign cytokine used here was the same as that in Example 3. The medium-changing operation was conducted by refreshing the medium on Day 2, Day 5, Day 7, Day 8 and Day 11 of co-culture to maintain the cell density under 2×106 cells / mL.
[0332] Expanded mature iNK cells (D12 iNK) were collected on Day 12. D12 iNK cells were seeded at a cell density of 3×105 cells / mL in 2 mL of the NKSFM medium in each well of a six-well plate, and 2×105 K562-Antares2 cells (Nuwacell) and IL15+IL21 were simultaneously added to co-culture the iNK cells with the target cells (E: T=3: 1) . The concentrations of IL15 and IL21 were the same as those in the expansion / maturation of the cells. During the co-culture, as the K562-Antares2 cells were serially lyzed by the iNK cells, the same number of K562-Antares2 cells were supplemented every 24 hrs, and the medium-changing operation was conducted daily while avoiding any cell removal.
[0333] In order to evaluate the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, the remaining alive K562-Antares2 cells were observed under fluorescent microscope (Olympus) at 24 hrs after each addition of the K562-Antares2 cells until the iNK cells were obviously exhausted. In the above assay, the same case except for treating the iNK cells with IL15 in both the expansion / maturation of the iNK cells and the lysis of the K562-Antares2 cells by the iNK cells was used as control. The results are shown in FIG. 10. Note that the red color emitted by the tumor cells is not shown in this figure.
[0334] In this example, the iNK cells expanded / matured for first round were co-cultured with the target cells. As shown in FIG. 10, the iNK cells (IL21 (- / -) ) cultured with IL15 in both the expansion / maturation of the cells and the lysis of the tumor cells were exhausted on Day 5, the iNK cells (IL21 (- / +) ) cultured with IL15 in the expansion / maturation of the cells and with IL15+IL21 in the lysis of the tumor cells started to exhaust on Day 19, and the iNK cells (IL21 (+ / +) ) cultured with IL15+IL21 in both the expansion / maturation of the cells and the lysis of the tumor cells were exhausted on Day 15, suggesting that the iNK cells could be imparted with enhanced serial killing capability only by contacting IL15+IL21 with the iNK cells while applying the cells for killing the target cells. Further, the serial killing capability of the iNK cells could be also significantly enhanced in the case with IL21 (+ / +) , which was advantageous in view of the fact that both the efficient expansion / maturation and the enhanced serial killing capability could be provided for iNK cells by conveniently using IL15+IL21.
[0335] Example 8
[0336] Experiment procedure:
[0337] Immature iNK cells were produced and cryopreserved similarly to Example 6. The cryopreserved immature iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2×106 cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 400IU / mL IL2 for 2 days. The recovered immature iNK cells were expanded and matured for first and second rounds (9 days for 1x; 10 days for 2x) in the presence of IL15+ IL21 by co-culture with NK feeder cells (Nuwacell, RP03030) at ratio of 1: 1 in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 100 IU / mL IL2 (Jiangsu Kingsley) in a six-well plate, thereby obtaining mature iNK cells. The concentration of each foreign cytokine used here was the same as that in Example 3. The medium-changing operation was conducted by refreshing the medium on Day 2, Day 5, Day 7, and Day 8 of co-culture to maintain the cell density under 2×106 cells / mL.
[0338] Expanded mature iNK cells (D19 iNK) were collected on Day 19. D19 iNK cells were seeded at a cell density of 3×105 cells / mL in 2 mL of the NKSFM medium in each well of a six-well plate, and 2×105 K562-Antares2 cells (Nuwacell) and IL15+IL21 were simultaneously added to co-culture the iNK cells with the target cells (E: T=3: 1) . The concentrations of IL15 and IL21 were the same as those in the expansion / maturation of the cells. During the co-culture, as the K562-Antares2 cells were serially lyzed by the iNK cells, the same number of K562-Antares2 cells were supplemented every 24 hrs, and the medium-changing operation was conducted daily while avoiding any cell removal.
[0339] In order to evaluate the serial killing capability of the iNK cells, the remaining alive K562-Antares2 cells were observed under fluorescent microscope (Olympus) at 24 hrs after each addition of the K562-Antares2 cells until the iNK cells were obviously exhausted. In the above assay, the same case except for treating the iNK cells with IL15 in both the expansion / maturation of the iNK cells and the lysis of the K562-Antares2 cells by the iNK cells was used as control. The results are shown in FIG. 11. Note that the red color emitted by the tumor cells is not shown in this figure.
[0340] In this example, the iNK cells expanded / matured for first and second rounds was co-cultured with the target cells. As shown in FIG. 11, the iNK cells (IL21 (- / -) ) cultured with IL15 in both the expansion / maturation of the cells and the lysis of the tumor cells were exhausted on Day 5, the iNK cells (IL21 (- / +) ) cultured with IL15 in the expansion / maturation of the cells and with IL15+IL21 in the lysis of the tumor cells started to exhaust on Day 19, and the iNK cells (IL21 (+ / +) ) cultured with IL15+IL21 in both the expansion / maturation of the cells and the lysis of the tumor cells were exhausted on Day 17, suggesting that the iNK cells could be imparted with enhanced serial killing capability only by contacting IL15+IL21 with the iNK cells while applying the cells for killing the target cells. Further, the serial killing capability of the iNK cells could be also significantly enhanced in the case with IL21 (+ / +) , which was advantageous in view of the fact that both the efficient expansion / maturation and the enhanced serial killing capability could be provided for iNK cells by conveniently using IL15+IL21.
[0341] Example 9
[0342] Experiment procedure:
[0343] Immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells were produced and cryopreserved similarly to Example 5. The cryopreserved immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2×106cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 400IU / mL IL2 for 2 days. The recovered immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells were seeded at 0.4×106 cells / well in a six-well-plate and expanded and matured for first round (1x, 12 days) in the absence of IL21 or in the presence of IL21, IL21+IL12 or IL21+IL18 by co-culture with NK feeder cells (Nuwacell, RP03030) at ratio of 1: 1 in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 100 IU / mL IL2 (Jiangsu Kingsley) in six-well plates, thereby obtaining mature iNK cells. The concentration of each foreign cytokine used here was the same as that in Example 3. The medium-changing operation was conducted by refreshing the medium to maintain the cell density under 2×106 cells / mL.
[0344] Expanded mature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells (Day12 iNK) were collected on Day 12. The D12 iNK cells were seeded at a cell density of 3×105 cells / mL in 2 mL of the NKSFM in each well of a six-well plate, and 2×105 KG1-18.2 cells (Nuwacell) and a cytokine or combination of cytokines were simultaneously added to co-culture the iNK cells with the target cells (E: T=3: 1) . The type of the used cytokine or combination of cytokines and the concentration of each cytokine were the same as those in the expansion / maturation of the cells. During the co-culture, as the KG1-18.2 cells were serially lyzed by the iNK cells, the same number of KG1-18.2 cells were supplemented every 24 hrs, and the medium-changing operation was conducted daily while avoiding any cell removal.
[0345] Total cells were counted and analyzed by flow cytometry on Day 16 of co-culture with the target cells (Lysis D16) . In the above assay, the CFSE+ population and the CFSE-population represent the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells and iNK cells, respectively, and the same case except for not adding any foreign cytokine in both the expansion / maturation of the cells and the lysis of the target cells by the iNK cells was used as control. The results are shown in FIGS. 12 and 13. In the figures, IL21 (- / -) represents the case where the CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells expanded and matured in the absence of foreign IL21 were co-cultured with the KG1-18.2 cells in the absence of foreign IL21 for 16 days; IL21 (- / +) represents the case where the CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells expanded and matured in the absence of foreign IL21 were co-cultured with the KG1-18.2 cells in the presence of foreign IL21 for 16 days; IL21 (+ / +) represents the case where the CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells expanded and matured in the presence of foreign IL21 were co-cultured with the KG1-18.2 cells in the presence of foreign IL21 for 16 days; IL21+IL12 (+ / +) represents the case where the CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells expanded and matured in the presence of IL21+IL12 were co-cultured with the KG1-18.2 cells in the presence of IL21+IL12 for 16 days; and IL21+IL18 (+ / +) represents the case where the CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells expanded and matured in the presence of IL21+IL18 were co-cultured with the KG1-18.2 cells in the presence of IL21+IL18 for 16 days.
[0346] In this example, the CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells expanded and matured for first round was co-cultured with the KG1-18.2 cells. As shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, in the case with IL21 (- / -) , the percentage and number of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells was 88.61%and about 14.57×106 cells / well, respectively, and the number of the remaining iNK cells was about 1.87×106 cells / well. In contrast, in the case with IL21 (- / +) , the percentage and number of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells was decreased to 9.08%and about 1.45×106 cells / well, respectively, and the remaining iNK cells was increased to about 14.57×106 cells / well, suggesting that the iNK cells sustained significantly long killing capability even after Day 16. In the case with IL21 (+ / +) , the iNK cells had the similar effect. Further, comparing the case with IL21+IL12 (+ / +) to the case with IL21 (- / -) , although the percentage of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells was only decreased to 82.16%and the number of the remaining iNK cells was decreased to about 0.55×106 cells / well, the number of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells was significantly decreased to about 2.53×106 cells / well Comparing the case with IL21+IL18 (+ / +) to the case with IL21 (- / -) , the percentage and number of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells was significantly decreased to 31.21%and about 3.56×106 cells / well, and the remaining iNK cells was increased to about 7.84×106 cells / well. The above results suggested that the iNK cells sustained significantly long killing capability up to Day 16.
[0347] Example 10
[0348] Experiment procedure:
[0349] Immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells were produced and cryopreserved similarly to Example 5. The cryopreserved immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells were thawed in 37℃ water bath and recovered by pre-culturing the cells at a cell density of 2×106cells / mL in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 400IU / mL IL2 for 2 days. The recovered immature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells were seeded at 0.4×106 cells / well in a six-well-plate and expanded and matured for first and second rounds (9 days for 1x; 10 days for 2x) in the absence of IL21 or in the presence of IL21, IL21+IL12 or IL21+IL18 by co-culture with NK feeder cells (Nuwacell, RP03030) at ratio of 1: 1 in a culture medium consisting of the NKSFM medium and 100 IU / mL IL2 (Jiangsu Kingsley) in six-well plates, thereby obtaining mature iNK cells. The concentration of each foreign cytokine used here was the same as that in Example 3. The medium-changing operation was conducted by refreshing the medium to maintain the cell density under 2×106 cells / mL.
[0350] Expanded mature CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells (Day19 iNK) were collected on Day 19. The D19 iNK cells were seeded at a cell density of 3×105 cells / mL in 2 mL of the NKSFM in each well of a six-well plate, and 2×105 KG1-18.2 cells (Nuwacell) and a cytokine or combination of cytokines were simultaneously added to co-culture the iNK cells with the target cells (E: T=3: 1) . The type of the used cytokine or combination of cytokines and the concentration of each cytokine were the same as those in the expansion / maturation of the cells. During the co-culture, as the KG1-18.2 cells were serially lyzed by the iNK cells, the same number of KG1-18.2 cells were supplemented every 24 hrs, and the medium-changing operation was conducted daily while avoiding any cell removal.
[0351] Total cells were counted and analyzed by flow cytometry on Day 9 of co-culture with the target cells (Lysis D9) . In the above assay, the CFSE+ population and the CFSE-population represent the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells and iNK cells, respectively, and the same case except for not adding any foreign cytokine in both the expansion / maturation of the cells and the lysis of the target cells by the iNK cells was used as control. The results are shown in FIGS. 14 and 15. In the figures, IL21 (- / -) represents the case where the CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells expanded and matured in the absence of foreign IL21 were co-cultured with the KG1-18.2 cells in the absence of foreign IL21 for 9 days; IL21 (- / +) represents the case where the CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells expanded and matured in the absence of foreign IL21 were co-cultured with the KG1-18.2 cells in the presence of foreign IL21 for 9 days; IL21 (+ / +) represents the case where the CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells expanded and matured in the presence of foreign IL21 were co-cultured with the KG1-18.2 cells in the presence of foreign IL21 for 9 days; IL21+IL12 (+ / +) represents the case where the CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells expanded and matured in the presence of IL21+IL12 were co-cultured with the KG1-18.2 cells in the presence of IL21+IL12 for 9 days; and IL21+IL18 (+ / +) represents the case where the CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells expanded and matured in the presence of IL21+IL18 were co-cultured with the KG1-18.2 cells in the presence of IL21+IL18 for 9 days.
[0352] In this example, the CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells expanded and matured for first and second rounds was co-cultured with the KG1-18.2 cells. As shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, in the case with IL21 (- / -) , the percentage and number of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells was 87.07%and about 13.65×106 cells / well, respectively, and the number of the remaining iNK cells was about 2.03×106 cells / well. In contrast, in the case with IL21 (- / +) , the percentage and number of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells was decreased to 7.44%and about 0.59×106 cells / well, respectively, and the remaining iNK cells was increased to about 7.29×106 cells / well, suggesting that the iNK cells sustained significantly long killing capability even after Day 9. Comparing the case with IL21 (+ / +) to the case with IL21 (- / -) , although the percentage of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells was only decreased to 79.69%and the remaining iNK cells was decreased to about 0.88×106 cells / well, the number of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells was significantly decreased to about 3.44×106 cells / well. Further, comparing the case with IL21+IL12 (+ / +) to the case with IL21 (- / -) , although the percentage of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells was only decreased to 67.17%and the remaining iNK cells was decreased to about 0.82×106 cells / well, the number of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells was significantly decreased to about 1.68×106 cells / well. Comparing the case with IL21+IL18 (+ / +) to the case with IL21 (- / -) , although the percentage of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells was only decreased to 87.28%and the remaining iNK cells was decreased to about 0.78×106 cells / well, the number of the remaining alive KG1-18.2 cells was significantly decreased to about 5.38×106 cells / well. The above results suggested that the iNK cells sustained significantly long killing capability up to Day 9.
[0353] Based on the Examples 9 and 10, in the case with mbIL15, based on the flow cytometry and cell number data, all treatments with the cytokine combination caused massive killing of KG1-18.2 cells. However, the iNK cells had relatively worse expansion in the case with IL21+IL12 (+ / +) , which may be caused by overstimulation. Compared to IL21 (- / +) treatment, IL21 (+ / +) treatment ended up with more KG1-18.2 cells left and less iNK cells expanded, indicating that adding IL21 during expansion may have some adverse effect. Furthermore, for CLDN18.2-CAR-mbIL15 iNK cells expanded and matured for two rounds, IL21 (+ / +) treatment had more adverse effects both on target depletion and iNK cell expansion. Only with IL21 (- / +) treatment, the cells had relatively complete depletion of target cells and massive iNK expansion on Day 16 or 9. This data indicated that when combined with mbIL15, adding IL21 during expansion / maturation phase had some adverse effect on both iNK cell expansion and their serial cytotoxicity, especially with repeated expansion.
[0354] In the presence of IL15, long-term treatments with IL21+IL12 or IL21+IL18 before said exposure cause earlier exhaustion, especially for IL21+IL12, indicating that long-term treatment before said exposure with IL12 or IL18 may cause over-stimulation of iNK cells. Thus, it’s better not to add IL12 or IL18 during NK expansion / maturation phase, and IL12 and IL18 had better to be added only during the cytolysis of tumor cells by iNK cells.
[0355] In order to maximize the effect, it’s better not to add IL21 during NK expansion / maturation phase and IL21 had better only be added during the cytolysis of tumor cells by iNK cells.
[0356] One skilled in the art would readily appreciate that the methods, compositions, and products described herein are representative of exemplary embodiments, and not intended as limitations on the scope of the disclosure. It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that varying substitutions and modifications may be made to the present disclosure disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure.
[0357] All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the present disclosure pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated as incorporated by reference.
[0358] The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the disclosure. All the various embodiments of the present disclosure will not be described herein. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the present disclosure claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present disclosure has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this disclosure as defined by the appended claims.
Claims
1.A method of enhancing the serial killing of a NK cell for cell therapy against a target cell, comprising:providing a cytokine combination comprising both IL15 or its functional variant and IL21 or its functional variant; andexposing the NK cell to the cytokine combination while applying the NK cell for killing the target cell.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the cytokine combination further comprises IL12 or its functional variant.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the cytokine combination further comprises IL18 or its functional variant.4.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the cytokine combination consists of the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant.5.The method of any of claims 1-4 wherein each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination is interleukin.6.The method of any of claims 1-5, wherein the method is carried out in vivo, in vitro, or ex vivo.7.The method of any of claims 1-6, wherein the NK cell is a primary NK cell or an induced NK (iNK) cell.8.The method of any of claims 1-7, wherein the NK cell is a wild type NK cell or an engineered NK cell.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the engineered NK cell comprises knock-in of at least one exogenous gene and / or knock-out of at least one endogenous gene.10.The method of any of claims 1-9, wherein at least the cytokines other than one of the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination are externally added in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.11.The method of claim 10, wherein all cytokines in the cytokine combination are externally added in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.12.The method of claim 10, wherein only one of the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is expressed by the engineered NK cell, and the other cytokines in the cytokine combination are externally added in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the engineered NK cell expresses a membrane-bound IL15 (mbIL15) and the cytokine combination consists of the mbIL15 as well as a soluble IL21 (sIL21) and a soluble IL12 (sIL12) , both of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.14.The method of claim 11, wherein the cytokine combination consists of a soluble IL15 (sIL15) , a soluble IL21 (sIL21) , and a soluble IL18 (sIL18) , all of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.15.The method of any of claims 8, 9 and 12, wherein the engineered NK cell expresses a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , a T cell receptor (TCR) , a Fc receptor, an antibody, a protein having safety switch function, or any combination thereof.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the engineered NK cell co-expresses a CAR targeting Claudin18.2 (CLDN18.2) and a membrane-bound IL15 or its functional variant.17.The method of any of claims 1-16, wherein the NK cell is a fresh NK cell.18.The method of any of claims 1-16, wherein the NK cell is a cryopreserved and thawed NK cell.19.The method of claim 18, further comprising recovering the cryopreserved and thawed NK cell before exposing it to the cytokine combination.20.The method of any of claims 1-19, wherein the NK cell is a mature NK cell.21.The method of any of claims 1-19, wherein the NK cell is an immature NK cell, and the method further comprises expanding and maturing the immature NK cell before exposing it to the cytokine combination.22.The method of claim 21, wherein the immature NK cell is expanded and matured in the presence of at least one cytokine comprising IL15 or its functional variant.23.The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination has a concentration of about 0.5 to about 200 ng / mL.24.The method of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the method sustains the serial killing of the NK cell against the target cell for at least 9, 12, 14, 16, or 18 days.25.The method of any one of claims 1-24, wherein the target cell is a tumor cell, a cancer cell or an infected cell.26.A pharmaceutical composition for NK cell therapy, comprising: a cytokine combination comprising both IL15 or its functional variant and IL21 or its functional variant; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the concentration of each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination is such that the serial killing efficacy of the NK cell therapy is enhanced.27.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein the cytokine combination further comprises IL12 or its functional variant.28.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein the cytokine combination further comprises IL18 or its functional variant.29.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein the cytokine combination consists of the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant.30.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein the cytokine combination consists of a membrane-bound IL15 (mbIL15) , a soluble IL21 (sIL21) , and a soluble IL12 (sIL12) , all of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.31.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein the cytokine combination consists of a soluble IL15 (sIL15) , a soluble IL21 (sIL21) , and a soluble IL18 (sIL18) , all of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.32.The pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 26-31, wherein each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination is interleukin.33.The pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 26-32, wherein each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination has a concentration of about 0.5 to about 200 ng / mL.34.A drug combination comprising: a therapeutically effective amount of NK cell; and a therapeutically effective amount of cytokine combination comprising both IL15 or its functional variant and IL21 or its functional variant.35.The drug combination of claim 34, wherein the cytokine combination further comprises IL12 or its functional variant.36.The drug combination of claim 34, wherein the cytokine combination further comprises IL18 or its functional variant.37.The drug combination of claim 34, wherein the cytokine combination consists of the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant.38.The drug combination of any of claims 34-37, wherein each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination is interleukin.39.The drug combination of any of claims 34-38, wherein the drug combination is in the form of a single formulation which comprises both the NK cell and the cytokine combination.40.The drug combination of any of claims 34-38, wherein the drug combination is in the form of two separate formulations, one of which comprises the NK cell and the other of which comprises the cytokine combination.41.The drug combination of any of claims 34-40, wherein the NK cell is a primary NK cell or an induced NK (iNK) cell.42.The drug combination of any of claims 34-41, wherein the NK cell is a wild type NK cell, or an engineered NK cell.43.The drug combination of claim 42, wherein the engineered NK cell comprises knock-in of at least one exogenous gene and / or knock-out of at least one endogenous gene.44.The drug combination of claim 42 or 43, wherein only one of the IL15 or its functional variant and the IL21 or its functional variant in the cytokine combination is expressed by the engineered NK cell.45.The drug combination of claim 44, wherein the engineered NK cell expresses a membrane-bound IL15 (mbIL15) and the cytokine combination consists of the mbIL15 as well as a soluble IL21 (sIL21) and a soluble IL12 (sIL12) , both of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.46.The drug combination of claim 36, wherein the cytokine combination consists of a soluble IL15 (sIL15) , a soluble IL21 (sIL21) , and a soluble IL18 (sIL18) , all of which are in the form of isolated polypeptide or protein.47.The drug combination of any of claims 42-45, wherein the engineered NK cell expresses a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , a T cell receptor (TCR) , a Fc receptor, an antibody, a protein having safety switch function, or any combination thereof.48.The drug combination of claim 47, wherein the engineered NK cell co-expresses a CAR targeting CLDN18.2 and a membrane-bound IL15 or its functional variant.49.The drug combination of any of claims 34-48, wherein the NK cell is a fresh NK cell, a NK cell without recovery after cryopreservation and thawing, or a NK cell with recovery after cryopreservation and thawing.50.The drug combination of any of claims 34-49, wherein the NK cell is a mature NK cell.51.The drug combination of any of claims 34-50, wherein each of the cytokines in the cytokine combination has a concentration of about 0.5 to about 200 ng / mL.
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