Interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric membranes, methods, and uses thereof

Abstract

Described herein are interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membranes comprising bis-arylimidazolium ionomeric polymers, a second polymer, and a cross-linking moiety, and methods of making the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membranes. Such interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membranes are used in electrochemical devices such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, hydrogen pumps, thermoelectrochemical hydrogen pumps, electrochemical hydrogen compressors, redox flow batteries, and other electrochemical devices, and have application in fuel cells, water electrolyzers, hydrogen compression, hydrogen decompression, water purification, and battery products.

Description

[0001] INTERPENETRATING CROSSLINKED IONOMERIC MEMBRANES, METHODS,

[0002] AND USES THEREOF

[0003] CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0004] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 63 / 660,365 filed June 14, 2024, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0005] FIELD OF INVENTION

[0006] The present invention relates to an anion exchange membrane (AEM), and a method for manufacturing an AEM. The AEM is intended for, but not necessarily limited to, use in an electrochemical device such as an electrolyzer. Additionally, the invention relates to a method for producing an anion-exchange polymer material with either an interpenetrating polymer network (TPN) or semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) structure, incorporating poly(bis-arylimidazolium) ionomers. This disclosure claims the resulting polymer material and its utilization in electrochemical devices.

[0007] BACKGROUND

[0008] Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells hold promise for clean and scalable energy production. Presently, many commercial implementations rely on proton exchange membranes (PEMs) to shuttle protons between electrodes. However, the high proton concentrations in PEM systems create an extremely acidic environment, necessitating incorporation of stable yet costly precious metal catalysts like platinum. Consequently, the long-term viability of PEM fuel cells faces challenges due to these high catalyst costs.

[0009] Electrochemical devices encompass a variety of technologies, including electrolyzers, fuel cells, and electrochemical compressors, all of which may employ AEMs or the more established PEMs with differing reaction pathways. These membranes facilitate the movement of cations or anions under electrical or chemical potential. Cation exchange membranes cany fixed negative charges and mobile positively charged cations, while anion exchange membranes feature fixed positively charged groups and mobile negatively charged anions. AEMs facilitate the transfer of HO-, whereas PEMs enable the transport of H+ions.

[0010] A significant distinction between PEM and AEM systems lies in their environmental requirements, with PEM systems requiring an acidic environment, which is highly corrosive, while AEM electrolyzers can operate in mildly alkaline environments, which are comparatively less corrosive. Desired properties for AEMs in electrolyzer applications include chemical and mechanical stability, low hydrogen crossover, low water uptake, and high conductivity. Compared to PEM or liquid alkaline electrolyzers, AEM systems offer greater sustainability as they do not rely on expensive platinum group metals (PGMs) as catalysts and are less corrosive, allowing for the use of more cost-effective and sustainable materials for other components. Although water electrolysis is a well-established process, AEM electrolyzers represent an emerging, more sustainable approach, albeit still in the early stages of development. Mitigating the degradation of cationic functionalities by e.g., Hofmann elimination or nucleophilic substitution is a formidable challenge for AEMs. Alkali anion exchange membranes (AEMs) primarily utilize quaternary ammonium groups pendant to a polymer backbone. However, these groups are unstable in highly alkaline solutions, leading to rapid degradation over time. Therefore, there is a need to develop positively charged polymers that offer improved alkali-stability. While anion exchange materials can be obtained through methylation of poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) and subsequent ion exchange, the hydroxide form of this polymer is unstable. Quaternized poly(benzimidazolium) and poly(imidazolium) polymers degrade upon immersion in basic aqueous solution by a ring-opening reaction at the C2 position of the benzimidazolium and imidazolium ring, respectively, leading to loss of cationic functionality and irreversible ring opening. Benzimidazolium and imidazolium hydroxide salts and polymers thereof that are stabilized by steric crowding around the benzimidazolium nitrogen atoms have enhanced stability in alkaline solutions. Hydroxide-stability is conferred by introducing steric crowding around the C2-position of the benzimidazolium units. However, some of these polymers are water-soluble, requiring them to be blended to form water-insoluble membranes. A way to enhance ion conductivity of AEMs is to increase the ion exchange capacity (IEC). However, because of severe membrane swelling, which is caused by excessive water absorption, mechanical integrity of the AEMs is generally compromised at high IEC. In AEM research, crosslinking is an approach to limit water sorption and / or increase mechanical stability. Crosslinking is also found to decrease reactant / solvent permeability and improve chemical stability. PBI-based polymers have been ionically crosslinked or covalently crosslinked by thermal treatment, epoxide, or halide crosslinkers to obtain mono- substituted non- quaternized PBI. When doped with phosphoric acid and KOH to obtain proton and anion exchange membranes, respectively, crosslinked membranes possessed a lower solubility, increased elastic modulus, and chemical stability against oxidative radicals and hydroxide. In forward-osmosis applications, crosslinked PBI fiber membranes showed improved ion selectivity and increased water permeation flux. However, for effective crosslinking, partially dealkylated PBI polymers arerequired that are crosslinked using , ' dichloro-p-xylene. A drawback of such polymersis that they require partially dealkylated PBI; require long times (up to 36 hours) to achieve effective crosslinking; and require post-alkylation of crosslinked polymers to improve overall IEC. Long crosslinking times and post-alkylation are not compatible with large volume manufacturing. Therefore, a need exists for an AEM IPN with enhanced mechanical strength, flexibility, and chemical resistance, compared to single-network membranes, and which can be used in electrochemical devices. SUMMARY This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. In one aspect of the disclosure, provided herein is an interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprising one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer, one or more second polymer, and one or more cross-linking moiety, wherein the one or more crosslinking moiety is covalently bound to the bis-arylimidazolium polymer and the second polymer. In another aspect of the disclosure, provided herein is a method of making the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprising reacting one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer precursor with one or more second polymer comprising a crosslinking moiety and reactive halogen groups. In yet another aspect of the disclosure, provided herein is a method of making the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprising reacting one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer precursor with a dihaloalkane and one or more second polymer comprising one or more reactive nitrogen heterocyclic groups. In a further aspect of the disclosure, provided herein is a method of using the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane in an electrochemical device such as a fuel cell, electrolyzer, hydrogen pump, thermoelectrochemical hydrogen pump, electrochemical hydrogen compressor, or redox flow battery DETAILED DESCRIPTION To address the need for strong, flexible, and chemically resistant anion exchange membranes having application in electrochemical devices, the present disclosure introduces an interpenetrating polymer network of poly(bis-arylimidazolium) in anion exchange membranes. Currently, polybenzimidazolium analogs remain relatively unexplored for ion-exchange materials. Poly(bis-arylimidazolium) polymer membranes find utility across diverse applications, such as water filtration and selective ion transport for batteries and fuel cells. The performance, notably in terms of ionic conductivities, hinges on the charge density or ion exchange capacity (IEC) of these membranes. However, elevating the charge density often triggers excessive water uptake and swelling, detrimentally affecting mechanical durability. Addressing this optimization challenge, the present invention offers modified poly(bis-arylimidazolium) polymer membranes. The objective is to significantly enhance dimensional stability while preserving, or improving, ion transport performance and mechanical durability. The utilization of crosslinked interpenetrating polymer network (CIPN) membranes in anion exchange applications presents distinct advantages. Firstly, CIPN membranes combine two or more polymer networks, each with distinct properties, resulting in enhanced mechanical strength, flexibility, and chemical resistance compared to single- network membranes. Furthermore, the tunable properties of CIPN membranes allow for precise control over ion selectivity, water permeability, and conductivity, enabling efficient anion transport while minimizing undesired ion leakage. This flexibility in design facilitates tailored membrane performance to suit specific application requirements, ensuring optimal electrolysis efficiency and prolonged membrane lifespan. This unique structure allows for improved durability and stability under harsh operating conditions, making CIPN membranes advantageous in applications requiring long-term performance. Additionally, CIPN membranes exhibit improved chemical resistance, making them suitable for challenging environments with exposure to aggressive chemicals and organic solvents. The synergistic effects between polymer networks result in enhanced water permeability and selectivity, crucial for efficient ion transport in AEM applications. Furthermore, the inherent stability of CIPN membranes under extreme conditions ensures consistent performance and reliability in demanding AEM applications such as wastewater treatment and desalination. Thus, the unique structure and tailored properties of crosslinked IPN membranes position them as the superior choice for advancing AEM technologies. Separately, anion exchange membranes which transport hydroxide ions operate in a basic environment where catalysts derived from abundant elements like manganese and nickel remain stable, offering potential cost-effective solutions for sustainable energy generation. Definitions The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting for the invention. It is further appreciated that certain features of the disclosure, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, can also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the disclosure which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, can also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination. Substituents of polymers of the disclosure are disclosed herein in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that the disclosure include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges. For example, the term "C1-8alkyl" is specifically intended to individually disclose (without limitation) methyl, ethyl, C3alkyl, C4alkyl, C5alkyl, C6alkyl, C7alkyl, and C8alkyl, and include linear or branched geometric isomers when such geometric isomers are possible. For example, C4alkyl can be n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, or tert-butyl. As used herein, "substituted" means that an atom or group of atoms formally replaces hydrogen as a "substituent." The term "substituted" means that at least one hydrogen atom is replaced with a non-hydrogen substituent. Additionally, a compound can be substituted with a hydrogen, and hydrogen can be a substituent. The term "substituted," unless otherwise indicated, refers to any level of substitution, e.g., mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, or higher substitution, where such substitution is permitted. The substituents are independently selected, and substitution may be at any chemically accessible position. It is to be understood that substitution at a given atom is limited by valency. When a group is unsubstituted, it can be referred to as the group name, for example alkyl or aryl. As used herein, the term "repeating unit" or "repeat unit" corresponds to the smallest monomeric unit of a polymer, the repetition of which constitutes a macromolecule. The monomeric unit of a polymer refers to a group of atoms in a monomer, comprising a part of the polymer chain, together with its pendant atoms or groups of atoms. The monomeric unit is a repeating unit within a chain. The monomeric unit can also refer to an end group on a polymer chain. For example, the monomeric unit of polyethylene glycol can be – CH2CH2O- corresponding to a repeating unit, or –CH2CH2OH corresponding to an end group. As used herein, the term "end group" refers to a repeating unit, or monomeric unit, with only one attachment to a polymer chain, located at the end of a polymer. As used herein, the term "cationic" refers to a moiety that is positively charged, or ionizable to a positively charged moiety under chemical or acidic conditions relative to the pKa of an atom. Examples of cationic moieties include, for example, ammonium, iminium, imidazolium, oxazolium, thiazolium groups, etc. As used herein, the term "anionic" refers to a functional group that is negatively charged, or ionizable to a negatively charged moiety under chemical or basic conditions relative to the pKa of an atom. Examples of anionic groups include halide, carboxylate, hydroxide, etc. A weight percent (wt%) of a component is based on the weight relative to another component of the composition or solution in which the component is included. Unless specified otherwise, weight percent is intended to constitute the weight of a composition in its dry form. As used in the description of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. As used herein, the term "about" can be understood to include values within 10% of the stated value. For example, a crosslinked polymer membrane comprising about 80 wt% of bis-arylimidazolium polymers, and about 20 wt% of a second polymer means the polymer membrane comprises up to 80 ± 8 wt% of bis-arylimidazolium polymers and 20 ± 2 wt% of the second polymer. Otherwise stated, the polymer membrane comprises 72 - 88 wt% of bis-arylimidazolium polymers and 18 - 22 wt% of the second polymer. As used herein, "essentially the same" means "the same" with the inherent variability for parameters as defined herein. For example, two or more bis-arylimidazolium polymers can comprise "essentially" the same monomeric units, wherein the monomeric units of one polymer can deviate by, e.g., the extent of crosslinking or degree of alkylation. In such an example, two polymers are "essentially" the same when one comprises monomeric units which are 100% alkylated even if the other polymer comprises monomeric units which are 90% alkylated. In another example, two or more bis- arylimidazolium polymers are "essentially" the same when the two polymers deviate by, e.g., their molecular weight, average molecular weight, or number of repeat units. As used herein, the term "alkyl" refers to straight or branched hydrocarbon groups. In some embodiments, alkyl has 1 to 18 carbon atoms, 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 7 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 5 carbon atoms, 1 to 4 carbon atoms, 1 to 3 carbon atoms, 1 or 2 carbon atoms, or 1 carbon atom. Representative alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl (e.g., n-propyl, isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl), pentyl (e.g., n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, pentan-2-yl, pentan-3-yl), hexyl (e.g., n-hexyl, geometric isomers), and octyl (e.g., n-octyl, geometric isomers) groups. As used herein, the term "alkylene" refers to a linking alkyl group. As used herein, the term "aryl" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms. Representative aryl groups include phenyl groups and naphthyl groups. In some embodiments, the term "aryl" includes monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2 or 3 fused rings) aromatic hydrocarbons such as, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, indanyl, indenyl, fluorenyl, and binaphthyl. As used herein, the term "arylene" refers to a linking aryl group. For example, the term "phenylene" refers to a linking phenyl group. As used herein, the term "aralkyl" or "arylalkyl" refers to an alkyl group as defined herein, with an aryl group as defined herein, substituted for one of the alkyl hydrogen atoms. A representative aralkyl or arylalkyl group is a benzyl group or xylyl group. As used herein, the term "aralkylene" or "arylalkylene" refers to a divalent hydrocarbon group comprising one or more aryl rings (such as phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, indanyl, indenyl, fluorenyl, binaphthyl, or substituted derivatives thereof) connected to each another or to the polymer backbone through one or more alkylene linkers having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (C1-C6) . The alkylene can be linear or branched, and can incorporate one or more methylene, ethylene, or higher homologous units to achieve the desired spatial and electronic configuration for polymer crosslinking. An "aralkylene" or "arylalkylene" is a linking aralkyl or arylalkyl group. The alkyl of the arylalkylene can be a C1-C6alkyl, a C1-C4alkyl, or a C1-C2alkyl. For example, the alkyl of the arylalkylene can be a methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, or any geometric isomers thereof. The arylalkylene group may contain a single methylene unit (–CH2–) linking the aryl ring to each polymer chain, or may contain two or more methylene or higher alkylene units (e.g., ethylene, propylene) between the aryl ring and each polymer chain. Further, the aryl of the arylalkylene can be a C6-C20aryl, or a C6-C10aryl. For example, the aryl of the arylalkylene can phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, indanyl, indenyl, fluorenyl, binaphthyl, or substituted derivatives thereof. Examples of the arylalkylene include phenylene-dimethylene and naphthalene-diethylene, as well as diarylalkylene moieties in which two aryl groups are connected through – alkylene chains, such as biphenyl-diethylene, binaphthyl-dimethylene, and bisphenyl- dipropylene. These groups typically arise from the reaction of a dihaloarylalkyl compound with two nucleophilic sites on separate polymer chains, forming covalent crosslinks via substitution of the halides. The groups can also arise from the reaction of a dihaloarylalkyl or dihaloarylalkane compound with two nucleophilic sites within the same polymer chain, forming intramolecular covalent crosslinks via substitution of the halides. Examples of arylalkylene groups include 1,4-phenylene-dimethylene, 1,3- phenylene- -biphenyl- -biphenyl-dimethylene, 2,6- naphthalene-dimethylene, 1,5-naphthalene-dimethylene, stilbene-dimethylene, fluorene- dimethylene, anthracene-9,10-dimethylene, phenanthrene-9,10-dimethylene, binaphthyl- 2,2' -dimethylene, triphenylmethane- -methylenebis(phenylene dimethylene), 4,4' -(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), 1,4-phenylene- diethylene, 4,4' -biphenyl-dipropylene, and naphthalene-diethylene. A further example of an arylalkylene group is p-xylene, or 1,4-dimethyl phenyl, wherein the linking groups are the methyl groups. As used herein, the term "heteroaryl" refers to a 5- to 10-membered aromatic monocyclic or bicyclic ring containing 1-4 heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N. Representative 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring groups include pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, furan, thiophene, thiazole, oxazole, and isooxazole. Representative 9- or 10-membered aromatic bicyclic ring groups include benzofuran, benzothiophene, indole, pyranopyrrole, benzopyran, quinoline, benzocyclohexyl, and naphthyridine. As used herein, the term "heteroalkyl" means an alkyl group as defined herein comprising a heteroatomic group as defined herein. As used herein, the term "alkoxy" means an alkyl group as defined herein connected to a molecule through an oxygen atom. For example, the alkyl group can be C1-C8 alkyl connected to the remainder of the molecule through an oxygen atom. Examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy and ethoxy. As used herein, the term "perfluoroalkyl" means an alkyl group as defined herein, wherein all hydrogen atoms are substituted with a fluoro group. Representative perfluoroalkyl groups include trifluoromethyl and pentafluoro ethyl. As used herein, the term "halogen" or "halo" refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo groups. "Halogen" or "halo" can refer to the entire set of fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo groups, or to a subset of halogen atoms, e.g. fluoro, chloro, and bromo; chloro, bromo, and iodo; and any other combination or subcombination of halogen atoms. As used herein, the term "heteroatomic" or "heteroatomic groups" refers to one or more heteroatoms, wherein the one or more heteroatoms is selected from N, O, and S. As used herein, the term crosslinked interpenetrating polymer network (CIPN) is a network of two or more polymers that are at least partially interlaced on a molecular scale and covalently bonded to each other. The two or more networks are concatenated and cannot be separated unless chemical bonds are broken. A CIPN can be distinguished from a polymer blend in the way that a CIPN swells but does not dissolve in solvents. As used herein, a "crosslinking moiety" is a chemical group which covalently binds one polymer to a separate polymer molecule. The separate polymer molecule can have the same chemical composition as the first polymer, essentially the same chemical composition as the first polymer, or can be a chemically distinct polymer such as the second polymer of the present disclosure. As used herein, a "crosslinking moiety" can also be a chemical group which covalently binds one polymer with itself at a different position within the same polymer chain. As an example, a crosslinking moiety can be an alkylene group as defined herein, such as a methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, or hexylene group. As another example, the crosslinking moiety can be an arylalkyl or aralkyl group, as defined herein, which covalently binds one polymer to a separate polymer molecule, or to the same polymer molecule, wherein the arylalkyl or aralkyl group is an arylalkylene, or aralkylene, group. For example, the arylalkyl group can be a xylyl (e.g., o-xylyl, m-xylyl, or p-xylyl) or benzyl group. It is further intended that the compounds of the disclosure are stable. As used herein, "stable" refers to a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the present application and relevant art, and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. Interpenetrating Crosslinked Ionomeric Polymer Network Membrane Compositions In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprising one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer, one or more second polymer, and one or more crosslinking moiety, wherein the one or more crosslinking moiety is covalently bound to the bis-arylimidazolium polymer and the second polymer. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer having a repeat unit of Formula (I): wherein: R1, R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R1is C1-8alkyl. In some embodiments, R1is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R2is C1-8alkyl. In some embodiments, R2is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R3is C1-8alkyl. In some embodiments, R3is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R4is C1-8alkyl. In some embodiments, R4is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer having a repeat unit of Formula (II): wherein: each R1is independently selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3and R3' are each independently selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; and each R5is independently selected from a hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl. In some embodiments, R1is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R1is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R1is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R1is C1- C8alkoxy. In some embodiments, R1is perfluoroalkoxy. In some embodiments, R1is C6- C10aryl. In some embodiments, R1is 5-10-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R3is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R3is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R3is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R3is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R3is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R3' is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R3' is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R3' is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R5is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R5is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R5is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer having a repeat unit of Formula (III): wherein: R1, R2, R4, and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; and R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R1is absent. In some embodiments, R1is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R1is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R1is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R1is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R1is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R1is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R1is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R2is absent. In some embodiments, R2is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R2is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R2is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R2is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R2is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R2is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R2is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R4is absent. In some embodiments, R4is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R4is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R4is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R4is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R4is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R4is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R4is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R5is absent. In some embodiments, R5is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R5is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R5is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R5is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R5is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R5is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R5is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl. In some embodiments, when one of R1and R2is absent or is an electron pair, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent or is an electron pair is neutral. In some embodiments, at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl. In some embodiments, when one of R4and R5is absent or is an electron pair, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent or is an electron pair is neutral. In some embodiments, R3is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R3is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3is C6- C10aryl. In some embodiments, R3is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R3is 5-10-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R6is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R6is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R6is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R6is C6- C10aryl. In some embodiments, R6is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R6is 5-10-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R15is C1-C18alkylene. In some embodiments, R15is perfluoroalkylene. In some embodiments, R15is heteroalkylene. In some embodiments, R15is C6-C10arylene. In some embodiments, R15is aralkylene. In some embodiments, R15is 5-10-membered heteroarylene. In some embodiments, the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene of R15are unsubstituted. In some embodiments, the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene of R15are substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo. In some embodiments, R16is a bond. In some embodiments, R16is C6-C10arylene. In some embodiments, R16is 5-10-membered heteroarylene. In some embodiments, the arylene of R16is unsubstituted. In some embodiments, the arylene of R16is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo. In some embodiments, the heteroarylene of R16is unsubstituted. In some embodiments, the heteroarylene of R16is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo. In some embodiments, R7is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R7is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R7is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R10is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R10is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R10is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R11is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R11is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R11is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R14is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R14is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R14is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R8is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R8is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R8is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R8is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R9is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R9is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R9is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R9is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R12is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R12is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R12is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R12is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R13is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R13is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R13is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R13is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises one bis-arylimidazolium polymer composition wherein the one bis- arylimidazolium polymer composition is the same or essentially the same. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises more than one bis-arylimidazolium polymer composition, such as a mixture of two different bis-arylimidazolium polymer compositions, three different bis- arylimidazolium polymer compositions, or four different bis-arylimidazolium polymer compositions. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises one or more second polymer having a repeat unit of Formula (IV): In some embodiments, B1of the repeat unit of Formula (IV) is a nitrogen heterocycle. In some embodiments, the nitrogen heterocycle is unsubstituted. In some embodiments, the nitrogen heterocycle is substituted. In some embodiments, the nitrogen heterocycle is pyrrole, 4-pyridine, 2-pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, purine, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, tetrazole, indolizine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, isoindole, oxazole, benzoxazole, oxazolidone, oxazolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, 3-indolol, isatin, pyrimidine, barbituric acid, uracil, or dioxindole. In some embodiments, the nitrogen heterocycle is substituted with one or more alkyl, alkoxy, halo, vinyl, or alkylvinyl group. In some embodiments, the B1 nitrogen heterocycle is selected from the group consisting of N-vinyl imidazole, alkyl vinyl imidazole, 4-vinylpyridine, 2-vinylpyridine, and 2-and 4-vinylpyridine. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (V-A), (V-B), (V-C), (V-D), or a combination thereof: In some embodiments of Formula (V-A), R3is a crosslinking moiety and R1, R2, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl. In some embodiments of Formula (V-B), R4is a crosslinking moiety and R1, R2, and R3are each independently C1-8alkyl. In some embodiments of Formula (V-C), R1is a crosslinking moiety and R2, R3, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl. In some embodiments of Formula (V-D), R2is a crosslinking moiety and R1, R3, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl. In some embodiments, the C1-8alkyl within the monomer are the same. In some embodiments, the C1-8alkyl within the monomer are different. In some embodiments, the C1-8alkyl as between monomers are the same. In some embodiments, the C1-8alkyl as between monomers are different. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (I), wherein the crosslinking moiety is connected to the bis-arylimidazolium at R1, as in Formula (V-C). In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (I), wherein the crosslinking moiety is connected to the bis- arylimidazolium at R2as in Formula (V-D). In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (I), wherein the crosslinking moiety is connected to the bis-arylimidazolium at R3, such as in the structure of Formula (V-A). In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (I), wherein the crosslinking moiety is connected to the bis-arylimidazolium at R4as in Formula (V-B). In some embodiments of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane, the crosslinking moiety is connected to any combination of R1, R2, R3, and / or R4within the polymer. For example, at one position in the polymer, the crosslinking moiety may be at R3, while at another position in the polymer, the crosslinking moiety may instead be at any of R1, R2, and / or R4. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (VI-A) or (VI-B): wherein: each R1is independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and each R5is independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl, and wherein R3of Formula (VI-A) is a crosslinking moiety and R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety, and R3' of Formula (VI-B) is a crosslinking moiety and R3is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R1is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R1is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R1is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R1is C1- C8alkoxy. In some embodiments, R1is perfluoroalkoxy. In some embodiments, R1is C6- C10aryl. In some embodiments, R1is 5-10-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments of Formula (VI-A), R3is a crosslinking moiety and R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments of Formula (VI-B), R3' is a crosslinking moiety and R3is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R3' is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R3' is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R3' is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R3is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R3is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R3is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R3is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R3is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R3' is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R3' is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R3' is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R5is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R5is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R5is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, each R5within the monomer is the same. In some embodiments, each R5within the monomer is different. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (II), wherein the crosslinking moiety is connected to the bis-arylimidazolium at R3to form the structure of Formula (VI-A). In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (II), wherein the crosslinking moiety is connected to the bis-arylimidazolium at R3' to form the structure of Formula (VI-B). In some embodiments of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane, the crosslinking moiety is connected to any combination of R3, and / or R3' within the polymer. For example, at one position in the polymer, the crosslinking moiety may be at R3, while at another position in the polymer, the crosslinking moiety may instead be at R3'. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (VII-A): wherein: R1is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R2is a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; and when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (VII-B): wherein: R1is a crosslinking moiety; R2is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; and when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (VII-C): wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R5is a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; and when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (VII-D): wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is a crosslinking moiety; R5is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; and when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral. In some embodiments of Formulae (VII-A), (VII-B), (VII-C), and (VII-D), R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; and B1is a nitrogen heterocycle. In some embodiments, R1is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R1is absent. In some embodiments, R1is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R1is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R1is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R1is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R1is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R1is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R2is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R2is absent. In some embodiments, R2is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R2is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R2is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R2is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R2is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R2is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R4is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R4is absent. In some embodiments, R4is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R4is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R4is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R4is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R4is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R4is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R5is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R5is absent. In some embodiments, R5is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R5is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R5is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R5is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R5is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R5is aralkyl. In some embodiments, when one of R1, R2, R4or R5is absent or an electron pair, the imidazolyl group wherein the one of R1, R2, R4or R5is absent or an electron pair is neutral. In some embodiments, R3is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R3is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3is C6- C10aryl. In some embodiments, R3is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R3is 5-10-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R6is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R6is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R6is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R6is C6- C10aryl. In some embodiments, R6is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R6is 5-10-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R15is C1-C8alkylene. In some embodiments, R15is perfluoroalkylene. In some embodiments, R15is heteroalkylene. In some embodiments, R15is C6-C10arylene. In some embodiments, R15is aralkylene. In some embodiments, R15is 5-10-membered heteroarylene. In some embodiments of R15, the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted. In some embodiments of R15, the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are substituted. In some embodiments in which R15is substituted, R15is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo. In some embodiments, R16is a bond. In some embodiments, R16is C6-C10arylene. In some embodiments, R16is 5-10-membered heteroarylene. In some embodiments of R16, the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted. In some embodiments of R16, the arylene and heteroarylene are substituted. In some embodiments in which R16is substituted, R16is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo. In some embodiments, R7is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R7is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R7is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R10is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R10is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R10is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R11is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R11is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R11is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R14is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R14is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R14is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R8is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R8is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R8is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R8is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R9is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R9is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R9is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R9is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R12is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R12is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R12is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R12is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R13is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R13is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R13is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R13is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a mixture of any combination of the structures of Formulae (VII-A), (VII-B), (VII-C), and (VII-D). In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises one or more second polymer having a repeat unit of Formula (VIII): wherein Z is the crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is C1-C18 alkyl as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is an arylalkyl as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (IX- A), (IX-B), (IX-C), (IX-D), or a combination thereof:

[0011] In some embodiments of Formula (IX-A), R1, R2, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments of Formula (IX- B), R1, R2, and R3are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments of Formula (IX-C), R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments of Formula (IX- D), R1, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I. In some embodiments, Z is a crosslinking moiety as described herein. In some embodiments, Z is a methylene. In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (IX- A-1), (IX-B-1), (IX-C-1), (IX-D-1), or a combination thereof:

[0012]

[0013] In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (X- A), (X-B), or a combination thereof: In some embodiments of Formula (X-A), (X-B), or a combination thereof, each R1is independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; each R5is independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; and Z is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, Z is a methylene. In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (X- A-1), (X-B-1), or a combination thereof: In some embodiments of Formula (X-A-1), (X-B-1), or a combination thereof, each R1is independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; each R5is independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; and Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I. In some embodiments, R1is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R1is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R1is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R1is C1- C8alkoxy. In some embodiments, R1is perfluoroalkoxy. In some embodiments, R1is C6- C10aryl. In some embodiments, R1is 5-10-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R2 is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments of Formula (X-A) and (X-A-1), R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments of Formula (X-B) and (X-B-1), R3is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R3' is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R3' is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R3' is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R3is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R3is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R3is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R3is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R3is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R3' is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R3' is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R3' is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R3' is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R5is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R5is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R5is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, each R5within the monomer is the same. In some embodiments, each R5within the monomer is different. In some embodiments, Y is Cl. In some embodiments, Y is Br. In some embodiments, Y is I. In some embodiments, Z is a crosslinking moiety as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (II), wherein the crosslinking moiety is connected to the bis-arylimidazolium at R3to form the structure of Formula (X-A). In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (II), wherein the crosslinking moiety is connected to the bis-arylimidazolium at R3' to form the structure of Formula (X-B). In some embodiments of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane, the crosslinking moiety is connected to any combination of R3, and / or R3' within the polymer. For example, at one position in the polymer, the crosslinking moiety may be at R3, while at another position in the polymer, the crosslinking moiety may instead be at R3'. In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (XI- A): wherein: R1is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; and Z is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (XI- B): wherein: R2is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; and Z is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (XI- C): wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; and Z is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (XI- D): wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R5is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; and Z is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (XI- A-1):

[0014] wherein: R1is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; and when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral. In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (XI- B-1): wherein: R2is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; and when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral. In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (XI- C-1): wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; and when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral. In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer of the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a structure of Formula (XI- D-1):

[0015] wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R5is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; and when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral. In some embodiments of Formulae (XI-A), (XI-B), (XI-C), (XI-D), (XI-A-1), (XI- B-1), (XI-C-1), and (XI-D-1), R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; and Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I. In some embodiments, R1is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R1is absent. In some embodiments, R1is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R1is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R1is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R1is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R1is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R1is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R2is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R2is absent. In some embodiments, R2is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R2is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R2is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R2is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R2is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R2is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R4is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R4is absent. In some embodiments, R4is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R4is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R4is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R4is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R4is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R4is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R5is a crosslinking moiety. In some embodiments, R5is absent. In some embodiments, R5is an electron pair. In some embodiments, R5is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R5is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R5is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R5is C6-C10aryl. In some embodiments, R5is aralkyl. In some embodiments, when one of R1, R2, R4or R5is absent or an electron pair, the imidazolyl group wherein the one of R1, R2, R4or R5is absent or an electron pair is neutral. In some embodiments, R3is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R3is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R3is C6- C10aryl. In some embodiments, R3is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R3is 5-10-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R6is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R6is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R6is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R6is C6- C10aryl. In some embodiments, R6is aralkyl. In some embodiments, R6is 5-10-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R15is C1-C8alkylene. In some embodiments, R15is perfluoroalkylene. In some embodiments, R15is heteroalkylene. In some embodiments, R15is C6-C10arylene. In some embodiments, R15is aralkylene. In some embodiments, R15is 5-10-membered heteroarylene. In some embodiments of R15, the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted. In some embodiments of R15, the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are substituted. In some embodiments in which R15is substituted, R15is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo. In some embodiments, R16is a bond. In some embodiments, R16is C6-C10arylene. In some embodiments, R16is 5-10-membered heteroarylene. In some embodiments of R16, the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted. In some embodiments of R16, the arylene and heteroarylene are substituted. In some embodiments in which R16is substituted, R16is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo. In some embodiments, R7is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R7is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R7is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R10is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R10is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R10is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R11is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R11is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R11is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R14is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R14is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R14is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R8is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R8is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R8is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R8is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R9is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R9is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R9is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R9is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R12is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R12is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R12is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R12is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R13is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R13is C1-C8alkyl. In some embodiments, R13is perfluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R13is heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a mixture of any combination of the structures of Formulae (XI-A), (XI-B), (XI-C), (XI-D), (XI-A-1), (XI-B-1), (XI-C-1), and (XI-D-1). In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network 5 membrane comprises one second polymer composition wherein the one second polymer composition is the same or essentially the same. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises more than one second polymer composition, such as a mixture of two different second polymer compositions, three different second polymer compositions, or four different second polymer 10 compositions. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises one or more crosslinking moiety, wherein each of the one or more crosslinking moiety is an alkylene. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises one or more crosslinking moiety, 15 wherein each of the one or more crosslinking moiety is an arylalkylene. In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is C1-C18alkylene. In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is C1-C16alkylene. In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is C1-C14alkylene. In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is C1-C12alkylene. In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is C1-C10alkylene. In 20 some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is C1-C8alkylene. In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is C1-C6alkylene. In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is C1-C4alkylene. In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is butylene (i.e. n-butylene, sec-butylene, tert-butylene, isobutylene). In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is propylene (i.e. n-propylene, isopropylene). In some embodiments, the crosslinking 25 moiety is ethylene. In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is methylene. In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is octylene (and its geometric isomers). In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is decylene (and its geometric isomers). In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is dodecylene (and its geometric isomers). In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is tetradecylene (and its geometric isomers). 30 In any of the foregoing, the alkylene is linear, or branched as permitted (e.g., for any of C3-C18). In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety is arylalkylene. For example, the alkyl of the arylalkylene can be a C1-C6alkyl, a C1-C6alkyl, a C1-C4alkyl, or a C1-C2 alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl of the arylalkylene is a methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, or any geometric isomers thereof. In some embodiments, the alkyl of the arylalkylene is a methylene. Further, the aryl of the arylalkylene is a C6-C20aryl. In some embodiments, the aryl of the arylalkylene is a C6- C10aryl. In some embodiments, the aryl of the arylalkylene is phenyl. In some embodiments, the aryl of the arylalkylene is biphenyl. In some embodiments, the aryl of the arylalkylene is naphthyl. In some embodiments, the arylalkylene is a xylene. In some embodiments, the arylalkylene is o-xylene. In some embodiments, the arylalkylene is m- xylene. In some embodiments, the arylalkylene is p-xylene. In some embodiments, the arylalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4- phenylene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-phenylene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted - biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 2,6-naphthalene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,5-naphthalene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted stilbene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted fluorene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-9,10-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrene-9,10-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl- -dimethylene, a substitutedor unsubstituted triphenylmethane-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted - methylenebis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted -(propane-2,2- diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene-diethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dipropylene, or a substituted or unsubstituted naphthalene-diethylene. In some embodiments, the 1,4-phenylene-dimethylene, 1,3-phenylene- dimethylene, 4,4' -biphenyl- -biphenyl-dimethylene, 2,6-naphthalene- dimethylene, 1,5-naphthalene-dimethylene, stilbene-dimethylene, fluorene-dimethylene, anthracene-9,10-dimethylene, phenanthrene-9,10-dimethylene, binaphthyl- - dimethylene, triphenylmethane- -methylenebis(phenylene dimethylene), -(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), 1,4-phenylene- - biphenyl-dipropylene, and naphthalene-diethylene is substituted with C1-C6alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkylene or arylalkylene are: a substituted or unsubstituted methylene, a substituted or unsubstituted ethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-propylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-hexylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-octylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-decylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-dodecylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14- tetradecylene, a substituted or unsubstituted p-xylyl, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the substituted 1,3-propylene, 1,6-hexylene, 1,8-octylene, 1,10-decylene, 1,12-dodecylene, 1,14-tetradecylene, and p-xylyl, are substituted with C1-C6alkyl. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane composition can comprise one crosslinking moiety wherein all crosslinking moieties are the same. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane composition can comprise two or more crosslinking moieties, wherein each of the crosslinking moieties are different, or wherein some of the crosslinking moieties are the same and some of the crosslinking moieties are different. For example, the membrane composition can comprise one composition of crosslinking moiety, two different crosslinking moiety compositions, three different crosslinking moiety compositions, four different crosslinking moiety compositions, five different crosslinking moiety compositions, or six different crosslinking moiety compositions. Each different crosslinking moiety in the composition has its own weight percent, which can be the same or different from the weight percent of any other different crosslinking moiety composition. In some embodiments, X- is slected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO-, BF4-, PF6-, NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises about 50-80 wt% of the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer; about 10-40 wt% of the one or more second polymer; and about 1-25 wt% of the crosslinker. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises about 60-70 wt% of the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer; about 20-30 wt% of the one or more second polymer; and about 10-25 wt% of the crosslinker. In the foregoing embodiments, the total is about 100 wt%. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises about 64 wt% of the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer; about 13 wt% of the one or more second polymer; and about 23 wt% of the crosslinker. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a ratio of about 70 to about 99 wt% of the one or more bis- arylimidazolium polymer to about 30 to about 1 wt% of the one or more second polymer, wherein the total is about 100 wt%. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprises a ratio of about 80 wt% of the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer to about 20 wt% of the one or more second polymer. Methods of Making the Interpenetrating Crosslinked Ionomeric Polymer Membranes In another aspect, disclosed herein is a method for making the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane as disclosed herein, comprising reacting one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer precursor. In some embodiments, the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer precursor comprises a repeat unit of Formula (I-P): wherein: R1, R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and an electron pair, and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, about 90% to about 99% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are substituted. In some embodiments, about 95% to about 96% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are substituted. In some embodiments, about 90% to about 99% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are substituted with C1-8alkyl. In some embodiments, about 95% to about 96% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are substituted with C1-8alkyl. In some embodiments, about 1% to about 10% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted. In some embodiments, about 1% to about 10% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms comprise an electron pair. In some embodiments, about 4% to about 5% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted. In some embodiments, about 4% to about 5% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms comprise an electron pair. In some embodiments, the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer precursor comprises a repeat unit of Formula (II-P): wherein: each R1is independently selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3and R3' are independently selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and electron pair; and each R5is independently selected from a hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl. In some embodiments, about 90% to about 99% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are substituted. In some embodiments, about 95% to about 96% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are substituted. In some embodiments, about 90% to about 99% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are substituted with alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl. In some embodiments, about 95% to about 96% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are substituted with alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl. In some embodiments, about 1% to about 10% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted. In some embodiments, about 1% to about 10% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms comprise an electron pair. In some embodiments, about 4% to about 5% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted. In some embodiments, about 4% to about 5% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms comprise an electron pair. In some embodiments, the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer precursor comprises a repeat unit of Formula (III-P):

[0016] wherein: R1, R2, R4, and R5are each independently selected from an electron pair, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is electron pair, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is an electron pair is neutral; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is an electron pair, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is an electron pair is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; and R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, about 90% to about 99% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are substituted. In some embodiments, about 95% to about 96% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are substituted. In some embodiments, about 90% to about 99% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are substituted with alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl. In some embodiments, about 95% to about 96% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are substituted with alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl. In some embodiments, about 1% to about 10% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted. In some embodiments, about 1% to about 10% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms comprise an electron pair. In some embodiments, about 4% to about 5% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted. In some embodiments, about 4% to about 5% of the imidazole nitrogen atoms comprise an electron pair. In another aspect disclosed herein is a method for making an interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane, comprising reacting one or more bis- arylimidazolium polymer precursor with one or more second polymer comprising a crosslinking moiety and reactive halogen groups. In another aspect disclosed herein is a method for making an interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane, comprising reacting one or more bis- arylimidazolium polymer precursor with one or more second polymer comprising a crosslinking moiety and reactive halogen groups, and further comprising a dihaloalkane. In certain embodiments, the bis-arylimidazolium-containing polymer is reacted with either a dihaloalkane or a halogen-functionalized polymer, for example poly(vinylbenzyl halide), to form a crosslinked polymer network. This reaction proceeds via nucleophilic substitution, wherein unquaternized nitrogen atoms on the imidazolium or pyridine rings displace halide ions through an SN2-type mechanism. In cases wherein the polymer is fully quaternized, crosslinking may still occur via a transalkylation mechanism, wherein an alkyl group on one quaternized site is transferred to a neighboring nucleophilic site on a separate polymer chain, thereby generating a covalent crosslink. In some embodiments, the dihaloalkane is a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3- dibromopropane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-diiodopropane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-dibromohexane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-diiodohexane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-dibromooctane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8- diiodooctane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-dibromodecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-diiododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-dibromododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-diiodododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14- dibromotetradecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14-diiodotetradecane, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the substituted 1,3-dibromopropane, 1,3-diiodopropane, 1,6-dibromohexane, 1,6-diiodohexane, 1,8-dibromooctane, 1,8-diiodooctane, 1,10- dibromodecane, 1,10-diiododecane, 1,12-dibromododecane, 1,12-diiodododecane, 1,14- dibromotetradecane, and 1,14-diiodotetradecane, is substituted with C1-C6alkyl. In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer comprising a crosslinking moiety and reactive halogen groups has a structure of Formula (XII): wherein Z is a crosslinking moiety, and Y is a reactive group. In some embodiments, the crosslinking moiety Z is an alkylene or arylalkylene as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer comprising a crosslinking moiety and reactive halogen groups has a structure of Formula (XII-A): In some embodiments of Formulae (XII) and (XII-A), Y is a halo group such as Cl, Br, or I. In some embodiments, Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I. In some embodiments, Y is Cl. In some embodiments, Y is Br. In some embodiments, Y is I. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (IX-A), (IX-B), (IX-C), or (IX-D), as disclosed herein, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (X-A) or (X-B), as disclosed herein, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (XI-A), (XI-B), (XI-C), or (XI-D), as disclosed herein, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of the combination of any two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten structures of Formula (IX-A), (IX-B), (IX-C), (IX-D), (X-A), (X-B), (XI-A), (XI-B), (XI-C), and (XI- D). In another aspect, disclosed herein is a method for making an interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprising reacting one or more bis- arylimidazolium polymer precursor with a dihaloalkane or dihaloarylalkane and one or more second polymer comprising one or more reactive nitrogen heterocyclic groups. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method for making an interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprising reacting one or more bis- arylimidazolium polymer precursor with a dihaloalkane and one or more second polymer comprising one or more reactive nitrogen heterocyclic groups. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method for making an interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprising reacting one or more bis- arylimidazolium polymer precursor with a dihaloarylalkane and one or more second polymer comprising one or more reactive nitrogen heterocyclic groups. In some embodiments, the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer precursor comprises a repeat unit of Formulae (I-P), (II-P), or (III-P), as disclosed herein, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the dihaloalkane is a dihalomethane, dihaloethane, dihalopropane, dihalobutane, dihalopentane, dihalohexane, dihaloheptane, dihalooxtane, dihalononane, dihalodecane, dihalododecane, dihalotetradecane, or a combination thereof. As disclosed herein, the alkanes can be geometric isomers as permitted. For example, the butane can be n-butane, sec-butane, isobutane, tert-butane, or a combination thereof; the propane can be n-propane, isopropane, or a combination thereof; etc. As disclosed herein, the halo groups can be any halogen, i.e. fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, or combinations thereof.

[0017] In some embodiments, the dihaloalkane is a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3- dibromopropane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-diiodopropane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-dibromohexane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-diiodohexane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-dibromooctane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8- diiodooctane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-dibromodecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-diiododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-dibromododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-diiodododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14- dibromotetradecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14-diiodotetradecane, or a combination thereof.

[0018] In some embodiments, the substituted 1,3-dibromopropane, 1,3-diiodopropane, 1,6-dibromohexane, 1,6-diiodohexane, 1,8-dibromooctane, 1,8-diiodooctane, 1,10- dibromodecane, 1,10-diiododecane, 1,12-dibromododecane, 1,12-diiodododecane, 1,14- dibromotetradecane, and 1,14-diiodotetradecane, is substituted with Ci-Ce alkyl.

[0019] In some embodiments, the suitable dihalo precursors for introducing arylalkane crosslinking groups include l,4-bis(chloromethyl)benzene and 1,3- bis(chloromethyl)benzene for forming 1,4- and 1,3-phenylene-dimethylene linkages, respectively; 4,4'-bis(chloromethyl)biphenyl and 3,3'-bis(chloromethyl)biphenyl for biphenyl-dimethylene groups; 2,6- and l,5-bis(chloromethyl)naphthalene for naphthalenedimethylene groups; 4,4'-bis(chloromethyl)stilbene for stilbene-dimethylene; 9,9- bis(chloromethyl)fluorene for fluorene-dimethylene; 9,10-bis(chloromethyl)anthracene and 9,10-bis(chloromethyl)phenanthrene for the corresponding polycyclic linkages; and 2, 2 '-bis (chloromethyl)- 1,1' -binaphthyl for binaphthyl -dimethyl ene. Additional suitable precursors include bis(chloromethyl)triphenylmethane, 4,4'- bis(chloromethyl)diphenylmethane, and 4,4'-bis(chloromethyl)bisphenol A for more rigid or branched arylalkylene structures. Precursors for extended alkylene spacers include 1,4- bis(2-chloroethyl)benzene, 4,4'-bis(3-chloropropyl)biphenyl, and bis(2- chloroethyl)naphlhalene. The corresponding bromo or iodo derivatives can also be used, which can enhance reactivity.

[0020] In some embodiments, the dihaloarylalkane is l,4-bis(chloromethyl)benzene, 1,3- bis(chloromethyl)benzene, 4,4'-bis(chloromethyl)biphenyl, 3,3'- bis(chloromethyl)biphenyl, 2,6- bis(chloromethyl)naphthalene, 1,5- bis(chloromethyl)naphthalene, -bis(chloromethyl)stilbene, 9,9- bis(chloromethyl)fluorene, 9,10-bis(chloromethyl)anthracene, 9,10- bis(chloromethyl)phenanthrene, -bis(chloromethyl)- -binaphthyl, - - bis(chloromethyl)bisphenol A, 1,4-bis(2- -bis(3- chloropropyl)biphenyl, or bis(2-chloroethyl)naphthalene. In some embodiments, the one or more second polymer comprising one or more reactive nitrogen heterocyclic groups has a structure of Formula (IV): In some embodiments, B1is a nitrogen heterocycle. In some embodiments, B1is an unsubstituted heterocycle. In some embodiments, B1is a substituted heterocycle. In some embodiments, the B1nitrogen heterocycle is selected from the group consisting of pyrrole, 4-pyridine, 2-pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, purine, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, tetrazole, indolizine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, isoindole, oxazole, benzoxazole, oxazolidone, oxazolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, 3-indolol, isatin, pyrimidine, barbituric acid, uracil, and dioxindole. In some embodiments, the substituted pyrrole, 4-pyridine, 2-pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, purine, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, tetrazole, indolizine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, isoindole, oxazole, benzoxazole, oxazolidone, oxazolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, 3-indolol, isatin, pyrimidine, barbituric acid, uracil, and dioxindole is substituted with one or more alkyl, alkoxy, halo, vinyl, or alkylvinyl. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (V-A), (V-B), (V-C), or (V-D) as disclosed herein, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (VI-A) or (VI-B), as disclosed herein, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (VII-A), (VII-B), (VII-C), or (VII-D) as disclosed herein, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of the combination of any two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten structures of Formula (V-A), (V-B), (V-C), (V-D), (VI-A), (VI-B), (VII-A), (VII-B), (VII-C), and (VII-D). In some embodiments of structures of Formulae (V-A), (V-B), (V-C), (V-D), (VI- A), (VI-B), (VII-A), (VII-B), (VII-C), (VII-D), (IX-A), (IX-B), (IX-C), (IX-D), (X-A), (X- B), (XI-A), (XI-B), (XI-C), and (XI-D) the crosslinking moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted methylene, a substituted or unsubstituted ethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-propylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-hexylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-octylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-decylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-dodecylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14-tetradecylene, a substituted, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the substituted 1,3-propylene, 1,6-hexylene, 1,8-octylene, 1,10-decylene, 1,12-dodecylene, and 1,14-tetradecylene, are substituted with C1-C6alkyl. In some embodiments of structures of Formulae (V-A), (V-B), (V-C), (V-D), (VI- A), (VI-B), (VII-A), (VII-B), (VII-C), (VII-D), (IX-A), (IX-B), (IX-C), (IX-D), (X-A), (X- B), (XI-A), (XI-B), (XI-C), and (XI-D) the crosslinking moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-phenylene- dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 2,6-naphthalene- dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,5-naphthalene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted stilbene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted fluorene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-9,10-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstitutedphenanthrene-9,10-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl- -dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylmethane-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -methylenebis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted 4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4- phenylene-diethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 4,4'-biphenyl-dipropylene, or a substituted or unsubstituted naphthalene-diethylene.

[0021] In some embodiments, the 1,4-phenylene-dimethylene, 1.3 -phenylenedimethylene. 4,4'-biphenyl-dimethylene, 3,3'-biphenyl-dimethylene, 2,6-naphthalene- dimethylene. 1,5-naphthalene-dimethylene, stilbene-dimethylene, fluorene-dimethylene, anthracene-9,10-dimethylene, phenanthrene-9,10-dimethylene, binaphthyl-2,2'- dimethylene, triphenylmethane-dimethylene, 4,4'-methylenebis(phenylene dimethylene), 4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene). 1 ,4-phenylene-diethylene, 4,4'- biphenyl-dipropylene, and naphthalene-diettiylene are substituted with C1-C6alkyl.

[0022] Methods of Using the Interpenetrating Crosslinked Ionomeric Polymer Membranes

[0023] In some embodiments, the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane as disclosed herein is used in an electrochemical device selected from a fuel cell, electrolyzer, hydrogen pump, thermoelectrochemical hydrogen pump, electrochemical hydrogen compressor, redox flow battery, or other electrochemical device.

[0024] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of using the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane as disclosed herein in an electrochemical device such as a fuel cell, electrolyzer, hydrogen pump, thermoelectrochemical hydrogen pump, electrochemical hydrogen compressor, or redox flow battery.

[0025] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrochemical device comprising the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane as disclosed herein, wherein the electrochemical device is a fuel cell, electrolyzer, hydrogen pump, thermoelectrochemical hydrogen pump, electrochemical hydrogen compressor, redox flow battery, or other electrochemical device

[0026] EXAMPLES

[0027] Bis-arylimidazolium monomers with specified alkyl side chains produce robust, sterically protected poly(arylimidazolium) chloride, iodide, nitrate anion exchange polymers that, when crosslinked, possess a combination of high ion-exchange capacity, stability under highly caustic conditions, and exceptional mechanical strength.

[0028] Example 1 Polymer Synthesis Various monomers used in the synthesis of the polymers of Formula (I) were prepared and characterized following reported methods (Holdcroft et al, Nature Communications (2019) 10, 2306), herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Synthesis of the various poly(bis-arylimidazoliums) of Formula (I) was accomplished via Yamamoto-coupling homo-polymerization of dichloro-imidazole monomers through two approaches: (1) ex situ Ni(COD)2(Synthesis I), and (2) in situ generation of Ni(COD)2(Synthesis II), to generate polymers having Structure (I). Synthesis I - Polymerization via ex situ Ni(COD)2Tetramethylated poly(bis-arylimidazolium) (TM-PBAI) was prepared by placing 2,2'-bipyridine (0.075 g, 0.48 mmol) in a 50 mL round-bottom flask, and the reaction flask evacuated and refilled with argon. Ni(COD)2(0.132 g, 0.48 mmol) was transferred into the reaction mixture, and the flask was evacuated and purged with argon repeatedly. Anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was added, and the mixture was In a separate flask, 2,2'-(2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-2-yl)bis(3-methyl-4-chlorophenyl-5-diphenyl- imidazole) (0.1335 g, 0.2 mmol) and 5 mL anhydrous DMF was added. The flask was purged with argon, and after the catalyst was heated for 30 minutes, the monomer solution was transferred into the catalyst solution. The resulting mixture was heated at 80 °C while stirring for 20 h. After cooling, the solution was poured into 200 mL of 6 M HCl, to consume the catalyst. The solid was filtered and washed with water, aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and acetone. After drying in vacuo, the solid was dissolved in 5 mL DCM and 5 mL DMSO.20 equivalents of MeI was added, and the solution heated to 80 °C for three days. The polymer was precipitated in 100 mL ethyl acetate, washed with acetone, and filtered to yield a brown solid 0.1695 g (100 % yield). The polymers obtained following the aforementioned method had a medium range molecular weight (MW = 140 kDa, Polydispersity Index = 1.70), as reported by Holdcroft et al in Nature Communications (2019) 10, 2306. The polymer having Structure (XIII) was obtained by the foregoing method:

[0029] Synthesis II - Polymerization via in situ Ni(COD)2Synthesis of various poly(bis-arylimidazoliums) has been accomplished via Yamamoto-coupling homo-polymerization of dichloro-imidazole monomers to obtain high molecular weight (MW = 500-2000 kDa, Polydispersity Index = 2 - 4) poly(bis- arylimidazoles) using in-situ generated bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) (Ni(COD)2). A 5-L round-bottom flask equipped with a rubber septum was charged, under a stream of argon (or nitrogen), with anhydrous Ni(acac)2(CAS 3264-82-2, 154.2 g) and 1,5- cyclooctadiene (CAS 111-78-4, 380 mL). This solution was stirred and cooled to 0 ºC, upon which 1.0 M diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL-H) in hexanes (CAS 1191-15-7, 1.21 L) was added slowly, keeping the temperature at 0 ºC during the addition. After the addition was complete, the stirring of the brownish-yellow solution was allowed to continue for 2 h at 0 ºC. During this time period, yellow-orange crystals of Ni(COD)2were observed to precipitate. The stirring was stopped, and the crystals allowed to settle. Keeping the flask as close to 0 ºC as possible, the solution was carefully decanted under argon or nitrogen to remove it while leaving the crystals of Ni(COD)2behind. Once the solution was removed, the crystals were washed twice with cold (2 – 5 ºC) anhydrous diethyl ether (CAS 60-29-7, 0.6 L each time) or anhydrous hexanes (CAS 110-54-3), and the solution removed again by decantation. To the crystals were added 2,2'-bipyridine (CAS 366-18-7, 100 g) and 2,2'-(2,3,5,6- tetramethyl-2-yl)bis(3-methyl-4-chlorophenyl-5-diphenyl-imidazole) (80 g). To this mixture, 2.6 L of anhydrous DMF (CAS 68-12-2) was added by syringe or cannula through the septum,and the mixture was heated at 60º C for 2 h after which the original purple color of the solution had diminished. Argon (or nitrogen) purging was terminated but the flask remained sealed. To accomplish quaternization of imidazole polymer, alkyl iodide (such as 1- iodobutane, CAS 542-69-8, 350 g) was added into the reaction flask. Stirring of the reaction mixture was maintained at 110 ºC for 18 h. The reaction mixture was cooled down to 40- 50 °C, and 0.24 L of concentrated HCl (~36%) was added gradually (to prevent precipitation of polymer at this stage). The mixture was stirred until all the black "Ni" was reacted and the solution turned into a clear greenish blue color. The polymer was then precipitated in 13 L of water. The off-white product w iltered, and washed with water until the filtrate pH was at 7.0. The polymer was collec and dried in an oven overnight at 100 °C. The degree of alkylation in polymers was determined by integration of representative peaks of said polymer of (a) R1, R2, R3, R4= Me, wherein the degree of functionality was calculated based on the ratio between N-CH3protons out of possible 12 (δ = 3 – 4 ppm) when aromatic protons are fixed at 18 ( 7.0 – 8.1 ppm), and (b) R1, R2, R3, R4= a combination of two methyl and two butyl groups, wherein the degree of functionality was calculated based on the ratio between butyl CH3 protons out of possible 6 (δ = 0.5 – 0.7 ppm) when aromatic protons were fixed at 18 ( = 7.0 – 8.1 ppm). Example 2 Crosslinked IPN Membrane Synthesis: General Method A coating formulation was prepared by dissolving PBI (average molecular weight, about 130 to 500 kDa, R groups Me and Butyl, with a degree of alkylation of 94-98 %) (typically 5 g) in 70 mL solvent dimethylformamide (DMF) or mixture of solvents (methanol / 2-butanone / propylene carbonate) and adding 1 g of poly (4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VPy); M.Wt. 200 kDa. Following the complete dissolution of PBI and P4VPy, the crosslinker 1,6-diiodohexane (typically 1.2 g) was added, followed by thorough mixing by stirring. The resulting composition was then cast, using a polymer casting table equipped with drawing knife, onto a PET or glass substrates to obtain a film (typical thickness of 30- 50 microns). The film, cast from DMF, was dried in an oven by heating at 90 - 100 °C for 45-60 min while the film cast from solvent mixture was dried (at 80° C) for 2 min, followed by heating at 90 - 100 °C for 45-60 min. The crosslinked poly(bisimidazolium) membrane exhibited higher ionic despite showing a slightly reduced strain at break (39.4% vs. 46%). The tensile stress at break increased upon crosslinking (71 mPa vs.67.3 mPa), indicating enhanced mechanical strength. These results suggest that the incorporation of poly(4-vinylpyridine) and subsequent chemical crosslinking improves conductivity without compromising—and potentially enhancing—mechanical integrity. To establish the effectiveness of PBI film cross-linking, PBI film (with a size of 1×3 cm and typical thickness of 50 microns) was placed in a glass vial with an appropriate amount of methanol and acetone solvent (1:1 ratio, typically 5 mL total volume). Cross- linking of PBI films was identified as having occurred when the film did not dissolve upon standing in this solution for 24 h. Various PBI films comprising varying amounts of 1,6-diiodohexane and P4VPy were cast and annealed at 100 °C for 1-24 h. Pieces of the cast and cured films, 1×3 cm, were soaked in a methanol / acetone mixture (5 mL total of solvent mix) for 24 h to multiple days. The film insolubility (or solubility) in the solvent mixture was used to ascertain the efficiency of cross-linking. Table 1: Effect of Cure Time and wt% Diiodohexane Crosslinker on Membrane Crosslinking

[0030] Data presented in Table 1 shows a 1,6-diiodohexane crosslinker weight percent of 10% and greater, with regard to the total amounts of polymers PBI and P4VPy, was required to achieve good crosslinking of a membrane, as judged by film dissolution in 1:1 methanol / acetone mixture. Example 3 Crosslinked IPN Membrane Synthesis: General Method A coating formulation was prepared by dissolving PBI (average molecular weight, about 130 to 500 kDa, R groups Me and Butyl, with a degree of alkylation of 94-98 %) (typically 2.5 g) in 35 mL solvent dimethylformamide (DMF) and adding 0.5 g of poly(vinyl benzyl chloride) (PVBC); M.Wt. 75 kDa. Following the complete dissolution of PBI and PVBC, the crosslinker 1,6-diiodohexane (typically 0.3 g) is added, followed by thorough mixing by stirring. The resulting composition was then cast, using a polymer casting table equipped with drawing knife, onto a glass substrate to obtain a film (typical thickness of 30-50 microns). The film was dried in an oven by heating at 90 - 100 °C for 45-60 min. Same as Example 2, the effectiveness of PBI film cross-linking, PBI film (with a size of 1×3 cm and typical thickness of 50 microns) was placed in a glass vial with an appropriate amount of methanol and acetone solvent (1:1 ratio, typically 5 mL total volume). Cross-linking of PBI films was identified as having occurred when the film did not dissolve upon standing in this solution for 24 h. Example 4 Comparison of Mechanical Properties of IPN with Non-Crosslinked Polymer Samples of crosslinked and non-crosslinked membranes were subjected to a tensile strength test, using an Instron 3345 single-column tester, indicating within experimental errors that the membrane mechanical properties were not excessively impacted by cross linking (Table 3). A gradual decrease in strain along with the increasing wt% of the crosslinker indicated rigidity of the cross linked films. Table 3: Mechanical properties of crosslinked and non-crosslinked membranes Example 5 Comparison of Ionic Conductivities of Crosslinked and IPN Membranes In-plane conductivity of a series of membranes was measured using a Solartron SI 1260 impedance / gain-phase analyzer. Conductivities were compared with respect to a non- crosslinked membrane, where an initial decrease in conductivity occurred due to reduction of the polymer wt% followed by an increase due to number of added ionic sites (Table 4). Table 4: Effect of Crosslinking on Ionic Conductivity of Membranes

[0031] The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. All publications, patent applications, patents and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of a conflict in terminology, the present specification is controlling. EMBODIMENTS The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows: Embodiment 1. An interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprising one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer, one or more second polymer, and one or more cross-linking moiety, wherein the one or more crosslinking moiety is covalently bound to the bis-arylimidazolium polymer and the second polymer. Embodiment 2. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Embodiment 1, wherein the bis-arylimidazolium polymer comprises a repeat unit of Formula (I): wherein: R1, R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and a crosslinking moiety, and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 3. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Embodiment 1, wherein the bis-arylimidazolium polymer comprises a repeat unit of Formula (II): wherein: each R1is independently selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3and R3' are independently selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; each R5is independently selected from a hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 4. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Embodiment 1, wherein the bis-arylimidazolium polymer comprises a repeat unit of Formula (III): wherein: R1, R2, R4, and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; and Xis selected from the group consisting of F , Cl , Br , I , HO , BF4 , PF6 , NO3HCO3, CH3CO2 3SO3C2H5SO3CH3C6H4SO3. Embodiment 5. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1-4, wherein the one or more second polymer has a repeat unit of Formula (IV): Embodiment 6. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Embodiment 5, wherein B1is a nitrogen heterocycle, and the B1 nitrogen heterocycle is selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted or substituted pyrrole, 4-pyridine, 2-pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, purine, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, tetrazole, indolizine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, isoindole, oxazole, benzoxazole, oxazolidone, oxazolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, 3-indolol, isatin, pyrimidine, barbituric acid, uracil, and dioxindole, and wherein the substituted pyrrole, 4-pyridine, 2-pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, purine, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, tetrazole, indolizine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, isoindole, oxazole, benzoxazole, oxazolidone, oxazolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, 3-indolol, isatin, pyrimidine, barbituric acid, uracil, and dioxindole is substituted with one or more alkyl, alkoxy, halo, vinyl, or alkylvinyl. Embodiment 7. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Embodiment 5 or 6, wherein B1is a nitrogen heterocycle selected from the group consisting of N-vinyl imidazole, alkyl vinyl imidazole, 4-vinylpyridine, 2- vinylpyridine, and 2- and 4-vinylpyridine. Embodiment 8. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 2, and 5-7, comprising a structure of Formula (V-A), (V-B), (V-C), (V-D), or a combination thereof: wherein: R3is a crosslinking moiety, and R1, R2, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety; wherein: R4is a crosslinking moiety, and R1, R2, and R3are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety; wherein: R1is a crosslinking moiety, and R2, R3, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety; or wherein: R2is a crosslinking moiety, and R1, R3, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety; and wherein: B1is a nitrogen heterocycle, and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 9. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 3, and 5-7, comprising a structure of Formula (VI-A) or (VI-B): wherein: R3is a crosslinking moiety and R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety, or

[0032] wherein: R3' is a crosslinking moiety and R3is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; and wherein: each R1is independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; each R5is independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 10. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 4, and 5-7, comprising a structure of Formula (VII-A): wherein: R1is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R2is a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 11. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 4, and 5-7, comprising a structure of Formula (VII-B): wherein: R1is a crosslinking moiety; R2is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 12. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 4, and 5-7, comprising a structure of Formula (VII-C):

[0033] wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R5is a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 13. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network m (V ) wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is a crosslinking moiety; R5is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 14. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1-4, wherein the one or more second polymer has a repeat unit of Formula (VIII): wherein Z is the crosslinking moiety. Embodiment 15. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 2, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (IX- A), (IX-B), (IX-C), (IX-D), or a combination thereof:

[0034] wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and a crosslinking moiety, Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I, Z is a crosslinking moiety, and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 16. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 2, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (IX- A-1), (IX-B-1), (IX-C-1), (IX-D-1), or a combination thereof: wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and a crosslinking moiety, Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I, and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 17. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 3, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (X- A), (X-B), or a combination thereof: wherein: each R1is independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; each R5is independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 18. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 3, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (X- A-1), (X-B-1), or a combination thereof: wherein: each R1is independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; each R5is independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 19. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 4, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (XI- A): wherein: R1is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 20. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 4, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (XI- B): wherein: R2is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, ara ary substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 21. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 4, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (XI- C):

[0035] wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 22. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 4, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (XI- D): wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R5is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 23. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 4, 14, and 19, comprising a structure of Formula (XI-A-1): wherein: R1is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 24. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 4, 14, and 20, comprising a structure of Formula (XI-B-1): wherein: R2is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 25. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 4, 14, and 21, comprising a structure of Formula (XI-C-1): (XI-C-1), wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralk lene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroalkylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 26. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1, 4, 14, and 22, comprising a structure of Formula (XI-D-1):

[0036] wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R5is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; and

[0037] X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

[0038] Embodiment 27. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 2-26, wherein X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO-, BF4-, PF6-, NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

[0039] Embodiment 28. The interpenetrati rosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1-27, wherein the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer comprises one bis-arylimidazolium polymer composition, or a mixture of two or more different bis-arylimidazolium polymer compositions.

[0040] Embodiment 29. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1-28, wherein the one or more second polymer comprises one polymer composition, or comprises a mixture of two or more different polymer compositions.

[0041] Embodiment 30. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1-29, wherein the one or more crosslinking moiety is an alkylene or an arylalkylene.

[0042] Embodiment 31. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Embodiment 30, wherein the alkylene is a C1-C18alkylene.

[0043] Embodiment 32. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Embodiment 30 or 31, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted methylene, a substituted or unsubstituted ethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-propylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-hexylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-octylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-decylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-dodecylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14-tetradecylene, or a combination thereof, and wherein the substituted 1,3-propylene, 1,6-hexylene. 1,8- octylene, 1,10-decylene, 1,12-dodecylene, and 1,14-tetradecylene are substituted with C1- C6alkyl.

[0044] Embodiment 33. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Embodiment 30, wherein the aryl of the aiyl alkylene is a C6-C20aryl, and the alkylene is a C1-C18alkylene. Embodiment 34. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Embodiment 30 or 33, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-phenylene- dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 2,6-naphthalene- dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,5-naphthalene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted stilbene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted fluorene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-9,10-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstitutedphenanthrene-9,10-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl- -dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylmethane-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -methylenebis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted 4,4' -(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4- phenylene-diethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dipropylene, or a substituted or unsubstituted naphthalene-diethylene, wherein the 1,4-phenylene-dimethylene, 1,3-phenylene- - biphenyl- -biphenyl-dimethylene, 2,6-naphthalene-dimethylene, 1,5- naphthalene-dimethylene, stilbene-dimethylene, fluorene-dimethylene, anthracene-9,10- dimethylene, phenanthrene-9,10-dimethylene, binaphthyl- -dimethylene, triphenylmethane- - -(propane- 2,2-diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), 1,4-phenylene- -biphenyl- dipropylene, and naphthalene-diethylene are substituted with C1-C6alkyl. Embodiment 35. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1-34, wherein the membrane comprises about 50- 80 wt% of the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer; about 10-40 wt% of the one or more second polymer; and about 1-25 wt% of the crosslinker, wherein the wt% of the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer, the wt% of the one or more second polymer, and the wt% of the crosslinker total about 100%. Embodiment 36. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1-35, wherein the membrane comprises about 64 wt% of the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer; about 13 wt% of the one or more second polymer; and about 23 wt% of the crosslinker. Embodiment 37. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1-36, wherein the membrane comprises a ratio of about 80 wt% of the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer to about 20 wt% of the one or more second polymer. Embodiment 38. A method for making an interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane, comprising reacting one or more bis- arylimidazolium polymer precursor with one or more second polymer comprising a crosslinking moiety and reactive halogen groups. Embodiment 39. The method of Embodiment 38, further comprising a dihaloalkane, wherein the dihaloalkane is: a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3- dibromopropane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-diiodopropane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-dibromohexane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-diiodohexane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-dibromooctane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8- diiodooctane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-dibromodecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-diiododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-dibromododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-diiodododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14- dibromotetradecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14-diiodotetradecane, or a combination thereof, and wherein the substituted 1,3-dibromopropane, 1,3-diiodopropane, 1,6- dibromohexane, 1,6-diiodohexane, 1,8-dibromooctane, 1,8-diiodooctane, 1,10- dibromodecane, 1,10-diiododecane, 1,12-dibromododecane, 1,12-diiodododecane, 1,14- dibromotetradecane, and 1,14-diiodotetradecane, is substituted with C1-C6alkyl. Embodiment 40. The method of Embodiment 38 or 39, wherein the one or more second polymer comprising a crosslinking moiety and reactive halogen groups has a structure of Formula (XII): wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I, and Z is a crosslinking moiety. Embodiment 41. The method of any one of Embodiments 38-40, wherein the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer precursor comprises a repeat unit of Formula (I- P): wherein: R1, R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and an electron pair, and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 42. The method of any one of Embodiments 38-40, wherein the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer precursor comprises a repeat unit of Formula (II- P): wherein: each R1is independently selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3and R3' are independently selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and an electron pair; each R5is independently selected from a hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 43. The method of any one of Embodiments 38-40, wherein the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer precurs s a repeat unit of Formula (III-P): wherein: R1, R2, R4, and R5are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and an electron pair; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is an electron pair, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is an electron pair is neutral; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is an electron pair, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is an electron pair is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 44. The method of any one of Embodiments 38-41, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (IX-A), (IX-B), (IX-C), (IX-D), or a combination thereof:

[0045]

[0046] wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and a crosslinking moiety; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 45. The method of any one of Embodiments 38-40, and 42, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (X-A), (X-B), or a combination thereof:

[0047] wherein: each R1is independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; each R5is independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 46. The method of any one of Embodiments 38-40, and 43, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (XI-A): wherein: R1is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 47. The method of any one of Embodiments 38-40, and 43, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (XI-B): wherein: R2is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 48. The method of any one of Embodiments 38-40, and 43, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (XI-C):

[0048] wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 49. The method of any one of Embodiments 38-40, and 43, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (XI-D): wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R5is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 50. The method of any one of Embodiments 44-49, wherein the crosslinking moiety is an alkylene or an arylalkylene. Embodiment 51. The method of any one of Embodiments 44-50, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a C1-C18alkylene, or an arylalkylene wherein the aryl of the arylalkylene is a C6-C20aryl, and the alkylene is a C1-C18alkylene. Embodiment 52. The method of any one of Embodiments 44-51, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted methylene, a substituted or unsubstituted ethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-propylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-hexylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-octylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-decylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-dodecylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14-tetradecylene, or a combination thereof, and wherein the substituted 1,3-propylene, 1,6-hexylene, 1,8-octylene, 1,10-decylene, 1,12-dodecylene, and 1,14- tetradecylene, are substituted with C1-C6alkyl. Embodiment 53. The method of any one of Embodiments 44-51, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-phenylene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted - biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 2,6-naphthalene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,5-naphthalene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted stilbene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted fluorene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-9,10-dimethylene, aa substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrene-9,10- dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl-2,2'-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylmethane-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 4,4'- methylenebis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted 4,4'-(propane-2,2- diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene-diethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 4,4'-biphenyl-dipropylene, or a substituted or unsubstituted naphthalene-diethylene, wherein the 1,4-phenylene-dimethylene, 1,3-phenylene-dimethylene, 4,4'- biphenyl-dimethylene, 3,3'-biphenyl-dimethylene, 2,6-naphthalene-dimethylene, 1,5- naphthalene-dimethylene, stilbene-dimethylene, fluorene-dimethylene, anthracene-9,10- dimethylene, phenanthrene-9,10-dimethylene, binaphthyl-2,2'-dimethylene, triphenylmethane-dimethylene, 4,4'-methylenebis(phenylene dimethylene), 4,4'-(propane- 2,2-diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), 1,4-phenylene-diethylene, 4,4'-biphenyl- dipropylene, and naphthalene-diethylene are substituted with C1-C6alkyl.

[0049] Embodiment 54. The method of any one of Embodiments 44-52, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a methylene.

[0050] Embodiment 55. A method for making an interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprising reacting one or more bis- arylimidazolium polymer precursor with a dihaloalkane or dihaloarylalkane and one or more second polymer comprising one or more reactive nitrogen heterocyclic groups.

[0051] Embodiment 56. The method of Embodiment 55, wherein the bis- arylimidazolium polymer precursor comprises a repeat unit of Formula (I-P): wherein: R1, R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and an electron pair, and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 57. The method of Embodiment 55, wherein the one or more bis- arylimida wherein: each R1is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3and R3' are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and an electron pair; each R5is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 58. The method of Embodiment 55, wherein the one or more bis- arylimidazolium polymer precursor comprises a repeat unit of Formula (III-P):

[0052] wherein: R1, R2, R4, and R5are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and an electron pair; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is an electron pair, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is an electron pair is neutral; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is an electron pair, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is an electron pair is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl, and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 59. The method of any one of Embodiments 55-58, wherein the dihaloalkane is selected from the group consisting of: a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-dibromopropane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-diiodopropane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-dibromohexane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-diiodohexane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-dibromooctane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-diiodooctane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10- dibromodecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-diiododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-dibromododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-diiodododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted l,14-dibromotetradecane, asubstituted or unsubstituted 1,14- diiodotetradecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1 ,4-(bischloromethyl)xylene, or a combination thereof wherein tthhee ssuubbssttiittuutteedd 1,3-dibromopropane, 1,3-diiodopropane, 1,6- dibromdhexane, 1,6-diiodohexane, 1,8-dibromooctane, 1,8-diiodooctane, 1,10- dibromodecane, 1,10-diiododecane, 1,12-dibromododecane, 1,12-diiodododecane, 1,14- dihromotetradecane, 1,14-diiodotetradecane, and l,4-(bischloromethyl)xylene, are substituted with C1-C6alkyl. Embodiment 60. The method of any one of Embodiments 55-58, wherein the dihaloarylalkane is:

[0053] 1 ,4-bis(chloromethyl)benzene, 1 ,3-bis(chloromethyl)benzene, 4,4'- bis(chloromethyl)biphenyl, 3,3'-bis(chloromethyl)biphenyl, 2,6- bis(chloromethyl)naphthalene, l,5-bis(chloromethyl)naphthalene, 4,4'- bis(chloromethyl)stilbene, 9,9-bis(chloromethyl)fluorene, 9,10- bis(chloromethyl)anthracene, 9,10-bis(chloromethyl)phenanthrene, 2,2'- bis(chloromethyl)-l,r-binaphthyl, bis(chloromethyl)lriphenylmethane, 4,4'- bis(chloromethyl )diphenylmethane, 4,4'-bis(chloromethyl)bisphenol A, 1,4-his(2- chloroelhyl)benzene, 4,4'-bis(3-chloropropyl)biphenyl, or bis(2-chloroethyl)naphthalene.

[0054] Embodiment 61. The method of any one of Embodiments 55-60, wherein the one or more second polymer comprising one or more reactive nitrogen heterocyclic groups has a structure of Formula (IV):

[0055] wherein B1is a nitrogen heterocycle, and the B1nitrogen heterocycle is selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted or substituted pyrrole, 4-pyridine, 2-pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, purine, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, tetrazole, indolizine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, isoindole, oxazole, benzoxazole, oxazolidone, oxazolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, 3-indolol, isatin, pyrimidine, barbituric acid, uracil, and dioxindole, and wherein the substituted pyrrole, 4-pyridine, 2-pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, purine, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, tetrazole, indolizine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, isoindole, oxazole, benzoxazole, oxazolidone, oxazolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, 3-indolol, isatin, pyrimidine, barbituric acid, uracil, and dioxindole is substituted with one or more alkyl, alkoxy, halo, vinyl, or alkylvinyl. Embodiment 62. The method of any one of Embodiments 55, 56, and 59-61, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (V-A), (V-B), (V-C), (V-D), or a combination thereof: wherein: R3is a crosslinking moiety, and R1, R2, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety; wherein: R4is a crosslinking moiety, and R1, R2, and R3are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety; wherein: R1is a crosslinking moiety, and R2, R3, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety; or

[0056] wherein: R2is a crosslinking moiety, and R1, R3, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety; and wherein: B1is a nitrogen heterocycle, and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof . Embodiment 63. The method of any one of Embodiments 55, 57, and 59-61, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (VI-A) or (VI-B): wherein: R3is a crosslinking moiety and R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety, or wherein: R3' is a crosslinking moiety and R3is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; and wherein: each R1is independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; each R5is independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 64. The method of any one of Embodiments 55 and 58-61, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (VII-A):

[0057] wherein: R1is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R2is a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 65. The method of any one of Embodiments 55 and 58-61, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (VII-B): wherein: R1is a crosslinking moiety; R2is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; and R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is slected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 66. The method of any one of Embodiments 55 and 58-61, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (VII-C):

[0058] wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R5is a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; and R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 67. The method of any one of Embodiments 55 and 58-61, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (VII-D): whe R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is a crosslinking moiety; R5is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; and R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is slected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof. Embodiment 68. The method of any one of Embodiments 55-67, wherein the crosslinking moiety is an alkylene or an arylalkylene. Embodiment 69. The method of any one of Embodiments 55-67, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a C1-C18 alkylene, or an arylalkylene wherein the aryl of the arylalkylene is a C6-C20aryl, and the alkylene is a C1-C18alkylene. Embodiment 70. The method of any one of Embodiments 55-69, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted methylene, a substituted or unsubstituted ethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-propylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-hexylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-octylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-decylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-dodecylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14-tetradecylene, or a combination thereof, and wherein the substituted 1,3-propylene, 1,6-hexylene, 1,8-octylene, 1,10-decylene, 1,12-dodecylene, and 1,14- tetradecylene, are substituted with C1-C6alkyl. Embodiment 71. The method of any one of Embodiments 55-69, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-phenylene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted - biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 2,6-naphthalene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,5-naphthalene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted stilbene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted fluorene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-9,10-dimethylene, aa substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrene-9,10- dimethylene. a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl-2,2'-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylmethane-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 4,4'- methylenebis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted 4,4'-(propane-2,2- diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene-diethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 4,4'-biphenyl-dipropylene, or a substituted or unsubstituted naphthalene-diethylene, wherein the 1,4-phenylene-dimethylene, 1,3-phenylene-dimethylene, 4,4'- biphenyl-dimethylene, 3,3'-biphenyl-dimethylene, 2,6-naphthalene-dimethylene, 1,5- naphthalene-dimethylene, stilbene-dimethylene, fluorene-dimethylene, anthracene-9,10- dimethylene, phenanthrene-9,10-dimethylene, binaphthyl-2,2'-dimethylene, triphenylmethane-dimethylene, 4,4'-methylenebis(phenylene dimethylene), 4,4'-(propane- 2,2-diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), 1,4-phenylene-diethylene, 4,4'-biphenyl- dipropylene, and naphthalene-diethylene are substituted with C1-C6alkyl.

[0059] Embodimenl72. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1-37, for use in an electrochemical device selected from a fuel cell, electrolyzer, hydrogen pump, thermoelectrochemical hydrogen pump, electrochemical hydrogen compressor, redox flow battery, or other electrochemical device.

[0060] Embodiment 73. A method of using the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1-37 in an electrochemical device such aass a fuel cell, electrolyzer, hydrogen pump, thermoelectrochemical hydrogen pump, electrochemical hydrogen compressor, or redox flow battery.

[0061] Embodiment 74. An electrochemical device comprising the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Embodiments 1-37, wherein the electrochemical device is a fuel cell, electrolyzer, hydrogen pump, thermoelectrochemical hydrogen pump, electrochemical hydrogen compressor, redox flow battery, or other electrochemical device.

Claims

CLAIMS The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. An interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprising one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer, one or more second polymer, and one or more cross-linking moiety, wherein the one or more crosslinking moiety is covalently bound to the bis-arylimidazolium polymer and the second polymer.

2. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Claim 1, wherein the bis-arylimidazolium polymer comprises a repeat unit of Formula (I):wherein: R1, R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and a crosslinking moiety, and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

3. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Claim 1, wherein the bis-arylimidazolium polymer comprises a repeat unit of Formula (II):wherein:each R1is independently selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3and R3' are independently selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; each R5is independently selected from a hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

4. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Claim 1, wherein the bis-arylimidazolium polymer comprises a repeat unit of Formula (III):wherein: R1, R2, R4, and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene,arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

5. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1-4, wherein the one or more second polymer has a repeat unit of Formula (IV):

6. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Claim 5, wherein B1is a nitrogen heterocycle, and the B1 nitrogen heterocycle is selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted or substituted pyrrole, 4-pyridine, 2-pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, purine, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, tetrazole, indolizine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, isoindole, oxazole, benzoxazole, oxazolidone, oxazolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, 3-indolol, isatin, pyrimidine, barbituric acid, uracil, and dioxindole, and wherein the substituted pyrrole, 4-pyridine, 2-pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, purine, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, tetrazole, indolizine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, isoindole, oxazole, benzoxazole, oxazolidone, oxazolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, 3-indolol, isatin, pyrimidine,barbituric acid, uracil, and dioxindole is substituted with one or more alkyl, alkoxy, halo, vinyl, or alkylvinyl.

7. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Claim 5 or 6, wherein B1is a nitrogen heterocycle selected from the group consisting of N- vinyl imidazole, alkyl vinyl imidazole, 4-vinylpyridine, 2-vinylpyridine, and 2- and 4- vinylpyridine.

8. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 2, and 5-7, comprising a structure of Formula (V-A), (V-B), (V-C), (V-D), or a combination thereof:wherein: R3is a crosslinking moiety, and R1, R2, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety;wherein: R4is a crosslinking moiety, and R1, R2, and R3are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety;wherein: R1is a crosslinking moiety, and R2, R3, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety; orwherein: R2is a crosslinking moiety, and R1, R3, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety; and wherein: B1is a nitrogen heterocycle, and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3HCO3, CH3CO2, CH3SO3, C2H5SO3CH3C6H4SO3, and combinations thereof.

9. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 3, and 5-7, comprising a structure of Formula (VI-A) or (VI-B):wherein: R3is a crosslinking moiety and R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety, orwherein: R3' is a crosslinking moiety and R3is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; and wherein: each R1is independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; each R5is independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

10. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 4, and 5-7, comprising a structure of Formula (VII-A):wherein: R1is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R2is a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo;R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

11. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 4, and 5-7, comprising a structure of Formula (VII-B):wherein: R1is a crosslinking moiety; R2is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety;R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

12. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 4, and 5-7, comprising a structure of Formula (VII-C):wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R5is a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl;R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

13. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 4, and 5-7, comprising a structure of Formula (VII-D):wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is a crosslinking moiety; R5is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene,arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

14. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1-4, wherein the one or more second polymer has a repeat unit of Formula (VIII):wherein Z is the crosslinking moiety.

15. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 2, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (IX-A), (IX-B), (IX-C), (IX-D), or a combination thereof:wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and a crosslinking moiety, Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I, Z is a crosslinking moiety, andX- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

16. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 2, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (IX-A-1), (IX-B-1), (IX- C-1), (IX-D-1), or a combination thereof:wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and a crosslinking moiety, Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I, andX- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

17. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 3, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (X-A), (X-B), or a combination thereof:wherein: each R1is independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; each R5is independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

18. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 3, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (X-A-1), (X-B-1), or a combination thereof:wherein: each R1is independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; each R5is independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

19. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 4, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (XI-A):wherein: R1is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl;R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

20. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 4, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (XI-B):wherein: R2is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

21. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 4, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (XI-C):wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl;R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

22. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 4, and 14, comprising a structure of Formula (XI-D):wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R5is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene,arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

23. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 4, 14, and 19, comprising a structure of Formula (XI-A-1):wherein: R1is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety;R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

24. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 4, 14, and 20, comprising a structure of Formula (XI-B-1):wherein: R2is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo;R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

25. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 4, 14, and 21, comprising a structure of Formula (XI-C-1):wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

26. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1, 4, 14, and 22, comprising a structure of Formula (XI-D-1):wherein:R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety;R5is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyd, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R3and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral;R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl;R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkydene, arylene, aralkyl ene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo;R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo;R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl. and heteroalkyl;R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl;Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; andX is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

27. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 2-26, wherein X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO-, BF4-, PF6-, NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3, and combinations thereof.

28. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1-27, wherein the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer comprises one bis-arylimidazolium polymer composition, or a mixture of two or more different bis- arylimidazolium polymer compositions.

29. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1-28, wherein the one or more second polymer comprises one polymer composition, or comprises a mixture of two or more different polymer compositions.

30. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1-29, wherein the one or more crosslinking moiety is an alkylene or an arylalkylene.

31. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Claim 30, wherein the alkylene is a C1-C18alkylene.

32. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Claim 30 or 31, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted methylene, a substituted or unsubstituted ethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3- propylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-hexylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8- octylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-decylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12- dodecylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14-tetradecylene, or a combination thereof, and wherein the substituted 1,3-propylene, 1,6-hexylene, 1,8-octylene, 1,10-decylene, 1,12-dodecylene, and 1,14-tetradecylene are substituted with C1-C6alkyl.

33. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Claim 30, wherein the aryl of the arylalkylene is a C6-C20aryl, and the alkylene is a C1- C18alkylene.

34. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of Claim 30 or 33, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4- phenylene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-phenylene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted - biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 2,6-naphthalene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,5-naphthalene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted stilbene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted fluorene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-9,10-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrene- 9,10-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl- -dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylmethane-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted - methylenebis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted -(propane-2,2- diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene-diethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dipropylene, or a substituted or unsubstituted naphthalene-diethylene,wherein the 1 ,4-phenylene-diraethyIene, 1,3-phenylene-dimethylene, 4, d'biphenyl -dimethyl ene. 3,3'-biphenyl-dimethylene, 2,6-naphthalene-dimethyiene, 1.5- naphthalene-dimethylene, stilbene-dimethylene, fluorene-di methylene, anthracene-9,10- dimethylene, phenanthrene-9, I 0-dimethyl ene, binaphthyl-2,2'-dimethylene, triphenylmethane-dimethylene, 4,4'-meihylenebis(phenyiene dimethy lene), 4,4'-(propane- 2,2-diyl)bis(pbenylene dimethylene), 1,4-pbenylene-diethylene, 4,4'-biphenyl- dipropylene, and naphtha! ene-diethyiene are substituted with C1-C6alkyl.

35. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1-34, wherein the membrane comprises about 50-80 wt% of the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer; about 10-40 wt% of the one or more second polymer: and about 1-25 wt% of the crosslinker, wherein the wt% of the one or more bis- arylimidazolium polymer, the wt% of the one or more second polymer, and the wt% of the crosslinker total about 100%.

36. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any' one of Claims 1-35, wherein the membrane comprises about 64 wt% of the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer; about 13 wt% of the one or more second polymer; and about 23 wt% of the crosslinker.

37. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1-36. wherein the membrane comprises a ratio of about 80 wt% of the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer to about 20 wt% of the one or more second polymer.

38. A method for making an interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane, comprising reacting one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer precursor with one or more second polymer comprising a crosslinking moiety and reactive halogen groups.

39. The method of Claim 38, further comprising a dihaloalkane, wherein the dihaloalkane is: a substituted or unsubsiituted 1,3-dibromopropane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1.3 -diiodopropane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-dibromohexane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-diiodohexane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1 ,8- dibromooctane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-diiodooctane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-dibromodecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-diiododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-dibromododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1.12-diiodododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14-dibromotetradecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14-diiodotetradecane, or a combination thereof, and wherein the substituted 1,3-dibromopropane, 1,3-diiodopropane, 1,6- dibromohexane, 1,6-diiodohexane, 1,8-dibromooctane, 1,8-diiodooctane, 1,10- dibromodecane, 1,10-diiododecane, 1,12-dibromododecane, 1,12-diiodododecane, 1,14- dibromotetradecane, and 1,14-diiodotetradecane, is substituted with C1-C6alkyl.

40. The method of Claim 38 or 39, wherein the one or more second polymer comprising a crosslinking moiety and reactive halogen groups has a structure of Formula (XII):wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I, and Z is a crosslinking moiety.

41. The method of any one of Claims 38-40, wherein the one or more bis- arylimidazolium polymer precursor comprises a repeat unit of Formula (I-P):wherein: R1, R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and an electron pair, andX- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

42. The method of any one of Claims 38-40, wherein the one or more bis- arylimidazolium polymer precursor comprises a repeat unit of Formula (II-P):wherein: each R1is independently selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3and R3' are independently selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and an electron pair; each R5is independently selected from a hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

43. The method of any one of Claims 38-40, wherein the one or more bis- arylimidazolium polymer precursor comprises a repeat unit of Formula (III-P):wherein: R1, R2, R4, and R5are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and an electron pair;at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is an electron pair, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is an electron pair is neutral; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is an electron pair, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is an electron pair is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

44. The method of any one of Claims 38-41, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (IX-A), (IX- B), (IX-C), (IX-D), or a combination thereof:wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and a crosslinking moiety; Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; andX- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

45. The method of any one of Claims 38-40, and 42, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (X-A), (X-B), or a combination thereof:wherein: each R1is independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; each R5is independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

46. The method of any one of Claims 38-40, and 43, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (XI-A):wherein: R1is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo;R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

47. The method of any one of Claims 38-40, and 43, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (XI-B):wherein:R2is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

48. The method of any one of Claims 38-40, and 43, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (XI-C):wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl;R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

49. The method of any one of Claims 38-40, and 43, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (XI-D):wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R5is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl;R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; Y is selected from Cl, Br, and I; Z is a crosslinking moiety; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

50. The method of any one of Claims 44-49, wherein the crosslinking moiety is an alkylene or an arylalkylene.

51. The method of any one of Claims 44-50, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a C1-C18 alkylene, or an arylalkylene wherein the aryl of the arylalkylene is a C6-C20aryl, and the alkylene is a C1-C18alkylene.

52. The method of any one of Claims 44-51, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted methylene, a substituted or unsubstituted ethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-propylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-hexylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-octylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-decylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-dodecylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14- tetradecylene, or a combination thereof, and wherein the substituted 1,3-propylene, 1,6- hexylene, 1,8-octylene, 1,10-decylene, 1,12-dodecylene, and 1,14-tetradecylene, are substituted with C1-C6alkyl.

53. The method of any one of Claims 44-51, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-phenylene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 2,6- naphthalene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,5-naphthalene-dimethylene, asubstituted or unsubstituted stilbene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted fluorene- dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-9,10-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrene-9,10-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl- -dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylmethane-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -methylenebis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted -(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene-diethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl- dipropylene, or a substituted or unsubstituted naphthalene-diethylene, wherein the 1,4-phenylene-dimethylene, 1,3-phenylene- - biphenyl- -biphenyl-dimethylene, 2,6-naphthalene-dimethylene, 1,5- naphthalene-dimethylene, stilbene-dimethylene, fluorene-dimethylene, anthracene-9,10- dimethylene, phenanthrene-9,10-dimethylene, binaphthyl- -dimethylene, triphenylmethane- - -(propane- 2,2-diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), 1,4-phenylene- -biphenyl- dipropylene, and naphthalene-diethylene are substituted with C1-C6alkyl.

54. The method of any one of Claims 44-52, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a methylene.

55. A method for making an interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane comprising reacting one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer precursor with a dihaloalkane or dihaloarylalkane and one or more second polymer comprising one or more reactive nitrogen heterocyclic groups.

56. The method of Claim 55, wherein the bis-arylimidazolium polymer precursor comprises a repeat unit of Formula (I-P):wherein:R1, R2, R3, and R4are each independently selected from C1-8alkyl and an electron pair, and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

57. The method of Claim 55, wherein the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer precursor comprises a repeat unit of Formula (II-P):wherein: each R1is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; R3and R3' are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and an electron pair; each R5is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

58. The method of Claim 55, wherein the one or more bis-arylimidazolium polymer precursor comprises a repeat unit of Formula (III-P):wherein: R1, R2, R4, and R5are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and an electron pair; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is an electron pair, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is an electron pair is neutral; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is an electron pair, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is an electron pair is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl, and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

59. The method of any one of Claims 55-58, wherein the dihaloalkane is selected from the group consisting of: a substituted or unsubstituted 1 ,3-dibromopropane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-diiodopropane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1 ,6-dibromohexane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-diiodohexane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-dibromooctane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-diiodooctane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1 ,10- dibromodecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1.10-diiododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-di bromododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-diiodododecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1 , 14-di bromotetradecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1.14- diiodotetradecane, a substituted or unsubstituted 1 ,4-(bischloromethyl)xyiene, or a combination thereof. wherein the substituted 1,3 -dibromopropane, 1,3-diiodopropane, 1.6- dibromohexane, 1,6-diiodohexane, 1,8-dibromooctane, 1,8-diiodooctane, 1 , 10- dibromodecane, 1,10-di iododecane. 1 ,12-dibromododecane, 1,12-diiodododecane, 1,14- dibromotetradecane, 1,14-diiodotetradecane, and l,4-(bischl oromethy l)xylene, are substituted with C1-C1alkyl.60 The method of any one of Claims 55-58. w herein the dihaloarylalkane is:1.4-bis (chi oromethy Ijbenzene, l,3-bis(chloromethyl)benzene. 4,4'- bis(chloromethyl)biphenyl, 3,3'-bis(chloromethyI)biphenyl, 2,6- bis(chi oromethy l)n aphth al ene, 1 , 5 -bi s(chl oromethy l)naph thalene, 4,4'- bis(chloromethyl)stilbene, 9,9-bis(chloromethyl)fluorene, 9.10- bis(chloromethyl)anthracene, 9, 10-bis( chi oromethyl )phenanthrene, 2,2'- bis(chloromethyl)- 1 , 1 '-binaphthy 1, bis(chloromethyl)triphenylmethane 4,4'- bis(chloromethyl)diphenylmethane, 4,4'-bis(chloromethyl)bisphenol A, l,4-bis(2- chloroethyl)benzene, 4,4'-bis(3-chloropropyl)biphenyl, or bis(2-chloroethyl)naphthalene.

61. The method of any one of Claims 55-60, wherein the one or more second polymer comprising one or more reactive nitrogen heterocyclic groups has a structure of Formula (IV):wherein B1is a nitrogen heterocycle, and the B1nitrogen heterocycle is selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted or substituted pyrrole, 4-pyridine, 2-pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, purine, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, tetrazole, indolizine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, isoindole, oxazole, benzoxazole, oxazolidone, oxazolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, 3-indolol, isatin, pyrimidine, barbituric acid, uracil, and dioxindole, and wherein the substituted pyrrole, 4-pyridine, 2-pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, purine, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, tetrazole, indolizine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, isoindole, oxazole, benzoxazole, oxazolidone, oxazolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, 3-indolol, isatin, pyrimidine, barbituric acid, uracil, and dioxindole is substituted with one or more alkyl, alkoxy, halo, vinyl, or alkylvinyl.

62. The method of any one of Claims 55, 56, and 59-61, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (V-A), (V-B), (V-C), (V-D), or a combination thereof:wherein:R3is a crosslinking moiety, and R1, R2, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety;wherein: R4is a crosslinking moiety, and R1, R2, and R3are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety;wherein: R1is a crosslinking moiety, and R2, R3, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety; or(V-D), wherein: R2is a crosslinking moiety, and R1, R3, and R4are each independently C1-8alkyl or a crosslinking moiety; and wherein: B1is a nitrogen heterocycle, and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof .

63. The method of any one of Claims 55, 57, and 59-61, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (VI-A) or (VI-B):wherein: R3is a crosslinking moiety and R3' is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety, orwherein: R3' is a crosslinking moiety and R3is selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; and wherein: each R1is independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, aryl, and heteroaryl; R2is alkyl; R2', at each occurrence, is hydrogen; each R5is independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, and alkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

64. The method of any one of Claims 55 and 58-61, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (VII-A):wherein: R1is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R2is a crosslinking moiety; R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo;R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

65. The method of any one of Claims 55 and 58-61, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (VII-B):wherein: R1is a crosslinking moiety; R2is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety;R4and R5are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R4and R5is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R4and R5is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R4and R5is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; and R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is slected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

66. The method of any one of Claims 55 and 58-61, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (VII-C):wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R5is a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl; R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo;R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; and R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is selected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

67. The method of any one of Claims 55 and 58-61, wherein the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane has a structure of Formula (VII-D):wherein: R1and R2are each independently selected from absent, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; R4is a crosslinking moiety; R5is selected from an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and a crosslinking moiety; at least one of R1and R2is an alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; when one of R1and R2is absent, the imidazolyl group wherein one of R1and R2is absent is neutral; R3and R6are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heteroaryl;R15is selected from alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, perfluoroalkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, aralkylene, and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R16is selected from a bond, arylene, and heteroarylene, wherein the arylene and heteroarylene are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, and halo; R7, R10, R11, and R14are each independently selected from alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; and R8, R9, R12, and R13are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, and heteroalkyl; B1is a nitrogen heterocycle; and X- is slected from the group consisting of F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, HO -, BF4- , PF6- , NO3-, HCO3-, CH3CO2-, CH3SO3-, C2H5SO3-, CH3C6H4SO3-, and combinations thereof.

68. The method of any one of Claims 55-67, wherein the crosslinking moiety is an alkylene or an arylalkylene.

69. The method of any one of Claims 55-67, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a C1-C18alkylene, or an arylalkylene wherein the aryl of the arylalkylene is a C6-C20aryl, and the alkylene is a C1-C18alkylene.

70. The method of any one of Claims 55-69, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted methylene, a substituted or unsubstituted ethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-propylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,6-hexylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,8-octylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,10-decylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,12-dodecylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,14- tetradecylene, or a combination thereof, and wherein the substituted 1,3-propylene, 1,6- hexylene, 1,8-octylene, 1,10-decylene, 1,12-dodecylene, and 1,14-tetradecylene, are substituted with C1-C6alkyl.

71. The method of any one of Claims 55-69, wherein the crosslinking moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-phenylene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted -biphenyl-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 2,6- naphthalene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 1,5-naphthalene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted stilbene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted fluorene-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-9.10-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrene-9,10-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted binaphthyl- 2,2'-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylmethane-dimethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 4,4'-methylenebis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted 4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), a substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene-diethylene, a substituted or unsubstituted 4,4'-biphenyl- dipropylene, or a substituted or unsubstituted naphthalene-diethylene, wherein the 1,4-phenylene-dimethylene, 1,3-phenylene-dimethylene, 4,4'- biphenyl-dimethylene, 3, 3 '-bi phenyl -di methylene, 2,6-naphthalene-dimethylene, 1,5- naphthalene-dimethylene, stilbene-dimethylene, fluorene-dimethylene, anthracene-9,10- dimethylene, phenanthrene-9,10-dimethylene, binaphthyl-2,2'-dimethylene, triphenylmethane-dimethylene, 4,4'-mefhylenebis(phenylene dimethylene), 4,4'-(propane- 2,2-diyl)bis(phenylene dimethylene), 1,4-phenylene-diethylene, 4,4'-biphenyl- dipropylene, and naphthalene-diethylene are substituted with C1-C6alkyl.

72. The interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1-37, for use in an electrochemical device selected from a fuel cell, electrolyzer, hydrogen pump, thermoelectrochemical hydrogen pump, electrochemical hydrogen compressor, redox flow battery, or other electrochemical device.

73. A method of using the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1-37 in an electrochemical device such as a fuel cell, electrolyzer, hydrogen pump, thermoelectrochemical hydrogen pump, electrochemical hydrogen compressor, or redox flow battery.

74. An electrochemical device comprising the interpenetrating crosslinked ionomeric polymer network membrane of any one of Claims 1-37, wherein the electrochemical device is a fuel cell, electrolyzer, hydrogen pump, thermoelectrochemical hydrogen pump, electrochemical hydrogen compressor, redox flow battery, or other electrochemical device.