Solar cell, manufacturing method, electrical device and power generation device

Abstract

Disclosed in the present application are a solar cell, a manufacturing method, an electrical device and a power generation device. The solar cell comprises a light-absorbing layer, the light-absorbing layer comprising a light-absorbing material and a passivation material, and the passivation material containing at least one of an organic amine or a derivative thereof. The passivation material provided by the embodiments of the present application contains nitrogen, nitrogen possess a lone pair of electrons, and the lone pair of electrons can enhance the binding capability between the passivation material and the light-absorbing material, so that the stability of the crystal structure of the light-absorbing material is improved, which helps the passivation material to passivate defects of the light-absorbing material and improve the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

Description

Solar cells and their fabrication methods, electrical equipment, power generation equipment

[0001] This disclosure claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 2024108046308, filed on June 20, 2024, entitled "Solar Cell and Preparation Method Thereof, Electrical Equipment, Power Generation Equipment", the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0002] This invention relates to the field of photovoltaic device technology, and in particular to a solar cell and its preparation method, electrical equipment, and power generation equipment. Background Technology

[0003] This section provides only background information relevant to this application and is not necessarily prior art.

[0004] Solar cells, as highly promising photovoltaic devices, have been extensively studied. Among them, the light-absorbing layer is an important component of solar cells, and its performance has a significant impact on the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the technical problems existing in the background art, this application provides a solar cell and its preparation method, electrical equipment, and power generation equipment, aiming to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, a first aspect of this application provides a solar cell, comprising:

[0007] The light-absorbing layer comprises a light-absorbing material and a passivating material.

[0008] The passivating material includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted organic amines or their derivatives.

[0009] An embodiment of this application provides a solar cell including a light-absorbing layer. The light-absorbing layer incorporates a passivation material, which includes at least one substituted or unsubstituted organic amine or its derivative. At least one of the organic amines or its derivatives contains nitrogen, which has lone pairs of electrons. These lone pairs of electrons enhance the bonding ability between the passivation material and the light-absorbing material, improve the stability of the crystal structure of the light-absorbing material, and thus facilitate the passivation of defects in the light-absorbing material. This improves the film quality of the light-absorbing layer and enhances the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0010] In some embodiments, organic amines include aromatic amines and / or alkyl amines.

[0011] The embodiments of this application utilize the aforementioned passivation material to regulate the bonding ability between the passivation material and the light-absorbing material, thereby enhancing the stability of the crystal structure of the light-absorbing material. This makes the passivation material beneficial for passivating defects in the light-absorbing material, improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, and increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0012] In some embodiments, the passivating material includes one or more of the following characteristics:

[0013] (1) Aromatic amines include one or more of benzylamine, m-toluidine, o-toluidine, phenethylamine, and m-fluorophenethylamine;

[0014] (2) Alkylamines include one or more of dimethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, and triethylamine.

[0015] The embodiments of this application passivate defects in the light-absorbing material by providing a passivation material, thereby improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0016] In some embodiments, the substituent groups in the substituted organic amine include one or more of halogen groups, alkyl groups, oxygen-containing groups, nitrogen-containing groups, sulfur-containing groups, and phosphorus-containing groups.

[0017] The embodiments of this application improve the passivation effect of the passivation material on defects in the light-absorbing material by using substituent groups in the passivation material, thereby improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0018] In some embodiments, the relative molecular mass of the passivating material is in the range of 30 to 500.

[0019] The embodiments of this application utilize passivation materials within the aforementioned relative molecular mass range to easily passivate defects in light-absorbing materials, improve the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0020] In some embodiments, the passivating material has a saturated vapor pressure of 1.00 kPa to 1000 kPa at 300 K.

[0021] The embodiments of this application use passivating materials within the range of the above-mentioned saturated vapor pressure to easily passivate defects in light-absorbing materials, improve the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0022] In some embodiments, an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is used to emit X-rays into the light-absorbing layer to obtain a photoelectron spectrum of the light-absorbing layer; several elements and / or groups forming the light-absorbing layer are determined based on the photoelectron spectrum; target elements and / or groups representing the passivation material are determined from the several elements and / or groups; the molar percentage of the target elements and / or groups is determined based on the ratio of the peak area of ​​the target elements and / or groups in the photoelectron spectrum to the relative sensitivity factor; the molar percentage of the passivation material is calculated based on the molar ratio of the target elements and / or groups to the passivation material, and the molar percentage of the passivation material is within the range of 0.001% to 0.2%.

[0023] The embodiments of this application, by using passivation materials within the aforementioned molar ratio range, facilitate the balance between the passivation effect and the light absorption effect of the light absorption layer, enabling the solar cell containing the light absorption layer to have both good photoelectric conversion efficiency and good passivation effect.

[0024] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer includes any one of the following features:

[0025] (1) The light absorption layer includes a first light absorption composite layer, which includes a light absorption material and a passivation material.

[0026] (2) The light absorption layer includes a light absorption material layer and a second light absorption composite layer stacked together. The light absorption material layer includes a light absorption material, and the second light absorption composite layer includes a light absorption material and a passivation material.

[0027] (3) The light absorption layer includes a light absorption material layer and a passivation layer stacked together. The light absorption material layer includes a light absorption material, and the passivation layer includes the passivation material.

[0028] (4) The light absorption layer includes a first light absorption composite layer and a passivation layer stacked together. The first light absorption composite layer includes a light absorption material and a passivation material, and the passivation layer includes a passivation material.

[0029] The embodiments of this application improve the film quality and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells by providing the aforementioned light absorption layer.

[0030] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer includes any one of the following features:

[0031] (1) The thickness of the first light-absorbing composite layer is 350 nm to 700 nm;

[0032] (2) The thickness of the second light-absorbing composite layer is 2nm to 10nm;

[0033] (3) The thickness of the passivation layer is 5nm to 20nm.

[0034] The embodiments of this application, through the light absorption layer within the aforementioned thickness range, coordinate the passivation effect and the balance of light absorption effect of the light absorption layer, so that the solar cell containing the light absorption layer has good photoelectric conversion efficiency and good passivation effect.

[0035] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing material includes a perovskite material, the general chemical formula of which is ABX3 or A2CDX6;

[0036] Among them, A + Including FA + MA + Cs + 、Rb + Li + Na + K + One or more of them; B 2+ Including Pb 2+ Sn 2+ 、Ge 2+ Be 2+ Mg 2+ One or more of them; C + Including Ag + ;D 3+ Including Bi 3+ Sb 3+ In 3+ One or more of them; X - Including F - I - ,Br - Cl - SCN - One or more of them.

[0037] The embodiments of this application provide light-absorbing materials within the above-mentioned range, and solar cells containing such light-absorbing layers have good photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0038] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a hole transport layer disposed on one side of the light absorption layer.

[0039] The embodiments of this application utilize the hole transport layer provided above, which works in synergy with the light absorption layer to jointly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell.

[0040] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer includes a hole transport material, which includes 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(N,N-p-methoxyaniline)-9,9'-spirodifluorene, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(alkylamino)-9,9'-spirodifluorene, methoxytriphenylamine, alkylamine-fluoroformamidinium, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly One or more of the following: styrene sulfonic acid, poly(3-hexylthiophene), triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobifluorene, N-(4-alkylamine)carbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, phosphate monomolecule, carboxylic acid monomolecule, carbazole monomolecule, sulfonic acid monomolecule, triphenylamine monomolecule, alkylamine monomolecule, aromatic monomolecule, metal oxide, and cuprous thiocyanate.

[0041] The embodiments of this application utilize a hole transport layer comprising the aforementioned hole transport material, which works synergistically with a light absorption layer to enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell.

[0042] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes an electron transport layer disposed on one side of the light absorption layer.

[0043] The embodiments of this application utilize the electron transport layer provided above, which works in synergy with the light absorption layer to jointly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell.

[0044] In some embodiments, the electron transport layer includes an electron transport material, which includes one or more of acyl fullerenes and their derivatives, imides and their derivatives, pyrrolidones and their derivatives, hexaazanaphthalenes and their derivatives, tetraphenylethylenes and their derivatives, PFN-2TNDI, PBDT-PDI, NDP-V, metal oxides, silicon oxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.

[0045] The embodiments of this application utilize an electron transport layer comprising the aforementioned electron transport material, which works synergistically with a light absorption layer to enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell.

[0046] To achieve the above objectives, a second aspect of this application provides a method for preparing a solar cell, comprising:

[0047] Provide middleware;

[0048] A light-absorbing material precursor and a passivating material are disposed on the surface of an intermediate component, and a light-absorbing layer is obtained by curing. The passivating material includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted organic amines or their derivatives.

[0049] The embodiments of this application introduce passivation materials into the light absorption layer using the above method, which helps to passivate defects in the light absorption material, improve the film quality of the light absorption layer, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0050] In some embodiments, the step of depositing a precursor of a light-absorbing material and a passivating material on the surface of an intermediate component, and then curing them to obtain a light-absorbing layer includes:

[0051] The product obtained by mixing the precursor of the light-absorbing material with the passivating material is placed on the surface of the intermediate and then cured to obtain the light-absorbing layer.

[0052] The embodiments of this application introduce passivation materials into the light-absorbing layer through the above method, which is beneficial for passivating bulk defects in the light-absorbing material, improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0053] In some embodiments, the step of depositing a precursor of a light-absorbing material and a passivating material on the surface of an intermediate component, and then curing them to obtain a light-absorbing layer includes:

[0054] A light-absorbing intermediate layer is obtained by placing a precursor of a light-absorbing material on the surface of an intermediate component and then curing it.

[0055] The passivation material is placed on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer away from the intermediate component, and then cured to obtain the light-absorbing layer.

[0056] The embodiments of this application introduce passivation materials into the light-absorbing layer through the above method, which is beneficial for passivating surface defects of the light-absorbing material, improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0057] In some embodiments, the step of depositing a precursor of a light-absorbing material on the surface of an intermediate component and then curing it to obtain an intermediate layer of the light-absorbing material includes:

[0058] The product obtained by mixing the precursor of the light-absorbing material with the passivating material is placed on the surface of the intermediate part and then cured to obtain the light-absorbing intermediate layer.

[0059] The embodiments of this application introduce passivation materials into the light-absorbing layer through the above method, which is beneficial for passivating bulk and surface defects of the light-absorbing material, improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0060] In some embodiments, the step of disposing of a passivation material on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer away from the intermediate includes:

[0061] The intermediate component, including the light-absorbing intermediate layer, is placed in a gaseous atmosphere of passivation material, and the passivation material is deposited on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer to form a light-absorbing layer.

[0062] The embodiments of this application improve the passivation effect of the light absorption layer by depositing a passivation material in gaseous form on the surface of the light absorption intermediate layer. Compared with the scheme of using a passivation material in liquid form to prepare the light absorption layer, this reduces the introduction of liquid solvent, lowers the probability of adverse reactions of the light absorption material, reduces damage to the light absorption layer, and results in a better passivation effect.

[0063] In some embodiments, the intermediate includes a substrate, and the concentration of the passivation material decreases along the direction from the light-absorbing layer toward the substrate.

[0064] The embodiments of this application reduce the concentration of the passivation material along the direction from the light absorption layer to the substrate, which helps to balance the passivation effect and the light absorption effect of the light absorption layer. This allows the solar cell containing the light absorption layer to have good passivation effect while having good photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0065] In some embodiments, the gas concentration of the passivating material in the gaseous atmosphere is less than or equal to 40 mmol / L.

[0066] The embodiments of this application control the amount of passivation material entering the light absorption intermediate layer within the range of the above-mentioned gas concentration, thereby controlling the concentration of passivation material in the light absorption layer and improving the passivation effect of the light absorption layer.

[0067] In some embodiments, the step of depositing a passivation material on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer to form the light-absorbing layer includes:

[0068] At a first temperature, a passivation material is deposited on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer for a first duration to form a light-absorbing layer;

[0069] Wherein, the first temperature is less than or equal to 200℃; and / or, the first duration includes 2 min to 10 min.

[0070] The embodiments of this application achieve the deposition of passivation material on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer by providing a range of process parameters. The deposition effect is good and it is beneficial to form a light-absorbing layer with good performance.

[0071] In some embodiments, the middleware includes any one of the following features:

[0072] (1) The intermediate component includes a substrate and a first electrode layer stacked together, and the light absorption layer is disposed on the side of the first electrode layer away from the substrate;

[0073] (2) The intermediate component includes a substrate, a first electrode layer and a first carrier transport layer stacked together, and a light absorption layer is disposed on the side of the first carrier transport layer away from the substrate; the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer.

[0074] (3) The intermediate component includes a substrate, a first electrode layer, a first carrier transport layer and a passivation layer stacked together, and a light absorption layer is disposed on the side of the passivation layer away from the substrate; the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer.

[0075] The embodiments of this application, through the aforementioned intermediate components, work synergistically with the light absorption layer to jointly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cells.

[0076] In some embodiments, after the step of forming the light-absorbing layer, the step of forming a subsequent film layer on the surface of the light-absorbing layer away from the intermediate is further included.

[0077] The embodiments of this application describe a method in which a subsequent film layer is formed on the surface of the light-absorbing layer away from the intermediate, resulting in a solar cell with excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0078] In some embodiments, the subsequent film layer includes any one of the following features:

[0079] (1) The subsequent film layer includes a second electrode layer;

[0080] (2) The subsequent film layer includes a second electrode layer and a second charge carrier transport layer stacked together, wherein the second charge carrier transport layer is disposed between the light absorption layer and the second electrode layer; the second charge carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer.

[0081] (3) The intermediate component includes a second electrode layer, a second carrier transport layer and a passivation layer stacked together, wherein the passivation layer is disposed between the light absorption layer and the second carrier transport layer; the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer.

[0082] The embodiments of this application, through the aforementioned subsequent film layers, work synergistically with the light absorption layer to jointly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cells.

[0083] To achieve the above objectives, a third aspect of this application provides an electrical device comprising any of the solar cells provided in the first aspect, or a solar cell prepared by any of the methods for preparing a solar cell provided in the second aspect.

[0084] In the embodiments of this application, solar cells serve as the power source for electrical equipment, enabling the equipment to operate normally. Electrical equipment employing the solar cells provided in this application possesses at least the same advantages as solar cells, improving the battery performance of the electrical equipment.

[0085] To achieve the above objectives, a fourth aspect of this application provides a power generation device, including any solar cell as provided in the first aspect, or a solar cell prepared by any solar cell preparation method as provided in the second aspect.

[0086] In the embodiments of this application, solar cells serve as the energy source for the power generation equipment, enabling the equipment to output electrical energy. The power generation equipment employing the solar cells provided in this application possesses at least the same advantages as solar cells, thereby improving the power generation performance of the equipment. Attached Figure Description

[0087] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0088] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the first structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0089] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the second structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0090] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the third structure of the solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0091] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the fourth structure of the solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0092] Figure 5 is a fifth structural schematic diagram of the solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0093] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the electrical equipment provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0094] Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the power generation equipment provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0095] Explanation of icon numbers:

[0096] 100-Solar cell, 10-Light absorption layer, 20-Hole transport layer, 30-Electron transport layer, 40-Substrate, 50-First electrode layer, 60-Second electrode layer, 1000-Electrical equipment, 2000-Power generation equipment. Detailed Implementation

[0097] The present application will be further described below with reference to specific embodiments. It should be understood that these specific embodiments are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present application.

[0098] For the sake of brevity, this article only discloses some specific numerical ranges. However, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form an unspecified range; and any lower limit can be combined with other lower limits to form an unspecified range, just as any upper limit can be combined with any other upper limit to form an unspecified range. Furthermore, each individually disclosed point or single value can itself serve as a lower or upper limit and be combined with any other point or single value or with other lower or upper limits to form an unspecified range.

[0099] In this description, unless otherwise stated, the term "or" is inclusive. That is, the phrase "A or (or) B" means "A, B, or both A and B". More specifically, the condition "A or B" is satisfied by any of the following conditions: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists); or both A and B are true (or exist).

[0100] In the description of this article, it should be noted that, unless otherwise stated, "above" and "below" include the number itself, and "several" in "one or more" means two or more.

[0101] Unless otherwise stated, the terms used in this application have their common meanings as commonly understood by those skilled in the art. Unless otherwise stated, the values ​​of the parameters mentioned in this application can be measured using various measurement methods commonly used in the art (e.g., they can be tested according to the methods given in the embodiments of this application).

[0102] In some designs, defects in the light-absorbing layer are caused by the susceptibility of the light-absorbing material forming the layer to defects. In some designs, the light-absorbing material crystal is prone to defects such as vacancies, dislocations, and grain boundary defects, which can easily affect the stability of the light-absorbing layer and lead to a decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0103] To address the aforementioned technical problems, embodiments of this application provide a solar cell and its preparation method, an electrical device, and a power generation device.

[0104] The technical solutions described in the embodiments of this application are applicable to solar cells and their fabrication methods, electrical equipment, and power generation equipment. The methods disclosed in this application can be used in perovskite tandem solar cell modules, and can also be used in silicon-perovskite tandem solar cell modules; this application does not impose any limitations.

[0105] Please refer to Figure 1, which is a schematic diagram of the first structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0106] To achieve the above objectives, referring to FIG1, a first aspect of this application provides a solar cell 100, which includes a light-absorbing layer 10. The light-absorbing layer 10 includes a light-absorbing material and a passivating material. The passivating material includes at least one of a substituted or unsubstituted organic amine or its derivatives.

[0107] In this context, solar cell 100 refers to a device that directly converts light energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. Generally, solar cell 100 includes first-generation solar cells represented by crystalline silicon solar cells, second-generation solar cells represented by thin-film solar cells fabricated using direct bandgap semiconductors such as copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), gallium arsenide (GaAs), and cadmium telluride (CdTe), and third-generation solar cells represented by dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs), and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In some embodiments, the solar cell 100 provided in this application refers to a perovskite solar cell that uses perovskite semiconductors as light-absorbing materials.

[0108] The light-absorbing layer 10 is the core component of the solar cell 100. It is used to absorb the photon energy of sunlight, generate electron-hole pairs, and under the action of the built-in electric field, separate the electron-hole pairs into free electrons and holes. The holes and electrons are collected by two different electrodes, and the two electrodes are connected to form a circuit to generate photocurrent.

[0109] The light-absorbing material refers to the main material forming the light-absorbing layer 10. The passivating material refers to the material that can passivate defects in the solar cell 100. The addition of the passivating material is beneficial for passivating defects in the light-absorbing layer 10 and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0110] At least one of the organic amines or their derivatives has a nitrogen-containing group, and the nitrogen element has unbonded lone pairs of electrons. These lone pairs of electrons can interact with ions and / or free protons in the light-absorbing material, reducing defects in the light-absorbing material and / or stabilizing the crystal framework of the light-absorbing material, thereby improving the crystal quality of the light-absorbing material.

[0111] Embodiments of this application provide a solar cell 100, which includes a light-absorbing layer 10. The light-absorbing layer 10 incorporates a passivation material, which includes at least one organic amine or its derivative. The at least one organic amine or its derivative contains a nitrogen element, which has lone pair electrons. The lone pair electrons can enhance the bonding ability between the passivation material and the light-absorbing material, improve the stability of the crystal structure of the light-absorbing material, and make the passivation material beneficial for passivating defects in the light-absorbing material, improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer 10, and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0112] In some embodiments, organic amines include aromatic amines and / or alkyl amines.

[0113] Aromatic amines are organic amine compounds with aromatic substituents, namely, compounds with amino (-NH2), imino (-NH-), or nitrogen-containing groups attached to aromatic hydrocarbons. Derivatives of aromatic amines are new compounds containing the structure of the aromatic amine or a portion thereof, generated by chemical reactions. Derivatives of aromatic amines retain the basic structural features of the aromatic amine, but their overall chemical properties may differ due to structural changes.

[0114] Alkylamines are organic amine compounds with saturated hydrocarbon substituents, namely, compounds with amino (-NH2), imino (-NH-), or nitrogen-containing groups attached to saturated hydrocarbons. Alkylamine derivatives are new compounds containing the alkylamine or a portion thereof, generated through chemical reactions. Alkylamine derivatives retain the basic structural features of alkylamines, but their overall chemical properties may differ due to structural changes.

[0115] The embodiments of this application utilize the aforementioned passivation material to regulate the bonding ability between the passivation material and the light-absorbing material, thereby enhancing the stability of the crystal structure of the light-absorbing material. This makes the passivation material beneficial for passivating defects in the light-absorbing material, improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer, and increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0116] In some embodiments, the passivating material includes one or more of the following characteristics:

[0117] (1) Aromatic amines include benzylamine m-Toluidine o-Toluidine Phenethylamine m-Fluoroethylamine One or more of them;

[0118] (2) Alkylamines include dimethylamine Diethylamine ethylenediamine Triethylamine One or more of them.

[0119] The embodiments of this application passivate defects in the light-absorbing material by providing a passivation material, thereby improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer 10 and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0120] In some embodiments, the substituent groups in the substituted organic amine include one or more of halogen groups, alkyl groups, oxygen-containing groups, nitrogen-containing groups, sulfur-containing groups, and phosphorus-containing groups.

[0121] The embodiments of this application improve the passivation effect of the passivation material on defects in the light-absorbing material by using substituent groups in the passivation material, thereby improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer 10 and increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0122] In some embodiments, the relative molecular mass of the passivating material is in the range of 30 to 500. The relative molecular mass of the passivating material can be 30, 50, 80, 100, 120, 150, 170, 200, 220, 250, 270, 300, 320, 350, 370, 400, 420, 450, 470, 500, etc., or a range of any two of the above values, for example, 30 to 100, 50 to 150, 100 to 200, 150 to 250, 200 to 300, 250 to 300, 350 to 400, 400 to 500, etc.

[0123] In some schemes, passivating materials within the aforementioned relative molecular mass range can easily enter the crystal lattice of the light-absorbing material partially or completely, occupying vacancies and other defects in the light-absorbing material to stabilize the crystal structure of the light-absorbing material, suppress crystal phase transitions, and simultaneously block ion migration channels, suppress ion migration, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0124] The embodiments of this application use passivation materials within the aforementioned relative molecular mass range to easily passivate defects in light-absorbing materials, improve the film quality of the light-absorbing layer 10, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0125] In some embodiments, the passivating material has a saturated vapor pressure of 1.00 kPa to 1000 kPa at 300 K.

[0126] In some embodiments, the saturated vapor pressure of the passivating material at 300 K can be 1.00 kPa, 10 kPa, 20 kPa, 50 kPa, 80 kPa, 100 kPa, 120 kPa, 150 kPa, 180 kPa, 200 kPa, 250 kPa, 300 kPa, 350 kPa, 400 kPa, 450 kPa, 500 kPa, 550 kPa, 600 kPa, 650 kPa, 700 kPa, 750 kPa, 800 kPa, or 850 kPa. 0 kPa, 900 kPa, 950 kPa, 1000 kPa, etc., or any range of two of the above values, such as 1.00 kPa to 100 kPa, 100 kPa to 300 kPa, 200 kPa to 400 kPa, 300 kPa to 500 kPa, 400 kPa to 600 kPa, 500 kPa to 700 kPa, 600 kPa to 800 kPa, 700 kPa to 900 kPa, 800 kPa to 1000 kPa, etc.

[0127] Saturated vapor pressure refers to the pressure of vapor in equilibrium with a solid or liquid under closed conditions and at a certain temperature. The higher the saturated vapor pressure, the easier it is for the substance to vaporize.

[0128] The embodiments of this application use passivating materials within the range of the above-mentioned saturated vapor pressure to easily passivate defects in light-absorbing materials, improve the film quality of the light-absorbing layer 10, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0129] In some embodiments, an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is used to emit X-rays into the light-absorbing layer 10 to obtain a photoelectron spectrum of the light-absorbing layer 10; several elements and / or groups forming the light-absorbing layer 10 are determined based on the photoelectron spectrum; target elements and / or groups representing passivation materials are determined from the several elements and / or groups; the molar percentage of the target elements and / or groups is determined based on the ratio of the peak area of ​​the target elements and / or groups in the photoelectron spectrum to the relative sensitivity factor; the molar percentage of the passivation material is calculated based on the molar ratio of the target elements and / or groups to the passivation material, and the molar percentage of the passivation material is within the range of 0.001% to 0.2%. The molar percentage of passivating material can be 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004%, 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, or 0.11%. The percentages are 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, etc., or a range consisting of any two of the above values, such as 0.001% to 0.01%, 0.005% to 0.05%, 0.003% to 0.1%, 0.005% to 0.15%, 0.1% to 0.2%, etc.

[0130] In this process, X-rays from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to irradiate the light-absorbing layer 10 sample to be characterized, exciting the inner-shell electrons or valence electrons of the atoms or molecules, causing them to be emitted. Electrons excited by photons are called photoelectrons. By measuring the energy of the photoelectrons, and plotting the kinetic energy / binding energy as the x-axis and the relative intensity (pulse / s) as the y-axis, a corresponding photoelectron spectrum can be generated. Based on the positions of characteristic spectral lines in the photoelectron spectrum, and by measuring the chemical shift of the inner-shell electron binding energy to provide information such as chemical bonds and charge distribution, the types and valence states of specific elements and / or groups in the passivated molecule can be determined. The ratio of the area (spectral line intensity) of the photoelectron peak of the target element and / or group in the photoelectron energy spectrum to the relative sensitivity factor of the corresponding element's spectral peak is the atomic percentage of the target element and / or group. The molar percentage of the target element and / or group is obtained based on the atomic percentage of the target element and / or group. The molar percentage of the passivation material is calculated based on the molar percentage of the target element and / or group in the light absorption layer 10 and the molar ratio of the target element and / or group to the passivation material.

[0131] The embodiments of this application, by using passivation materials within the aforementioned molar ratio range, facilitate the balance between the passivation effect and the light absorption effect of the light absorption layer 10, so that the solar cell 100 containing the light absorption layer 10 has both good photoelectric conversion efficiency and good passivation effect.

[0132] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer 10 includes any one of the following features:

[0133] (1) The light absorption layer 10 includes a first light absorption composite layer, which includes a light absorption material and a passivation material.

[0134] (2) The light absorption layer 10 includes a light absorption material layer and a second light absorption composite layer stacked together. The light absorption material layer includes a light absorption material, and the second light absorption composite layer includes a light absorption material and a passivation material.

[0135] (3) The light absorption layer 10 includes a first light absorption material layer and a passivation layer stacked together. The first light absorption material layer includes a light absorption material, and the passivation layer includes the passivation material.

[0136] (4) The light absorption layer 10 includes a light absorption composite layer and a passivation layer stacked together. The light absorption composite layer includes a light absorption material and a passivation material, and the passivation layer includes a passivation material.

[0137] The embodiments of this application improve the film quality and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells by providing the aforementioned light absorption layer 10.

[0138] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer 10 includes any one of the following features:

[0139] (1) The thickness of the first light-absorbing composite layer is 350 nm to 700 nm;

[0140] (2) The thickness of the second light-absorbing composite layer is 2nm to 10nm;

[0141] (3) The thickness of the passivation layer is 5nm to 20nm.

[0142] The thickness of the first light-absorbing composite layer can be 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, etc., or a range of any two of the above values, for example, it can be 350nm~600nm, 400nm~500nm, 500nm~700nm, etc.

[0143] The thickness of the second light-absorbing composite layer can be 2nm, 2.5nm, 3nm, 3.5nm, 4nm, 4.5nm, 5nm, 5.5nm, 6nm, 6.5nm, 7nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, or any range of two of the above values, such as 2nm~3nm, 2.5nm~4nm, 3.5nm~5nm, 5nm~8nm, 7.5nm~10nm, etc.

[0144] The thickness of the passivation layer can be 5nm, 5.5nm, 6nm, 6.5nm, 7nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 10.5nm, 11nm, 11.5nm, 12nm, 12.5nm, 13nm, 13.5nm, 14nm, 14.5nm, 15nm, 15.5nm, 16nm, 16.5nm, 17nm, 17.5nm, 18nm, 18.5nm, 19nm, 19.5nm, 20nm, etc., or a range of any two of the above values, for example, 5nm~10nm, 7.5nm~15nm, 10nm~15nm, 15nm~20nm, etc.

[0145] The thickness of the light-absorbing layer 10 and its stacked layers can be tested using various existing characterization methods. In some embodiments, a microstructure identification device can be used to identify the cross-section of the light-absorbing layer 10 along the thickness direction, and then the thickness of the light-absorbing layer 10 can be characterized using a scale built into the device. In some embodiments, the microstructure identification device can be a scanning electron microscope or a transmission electron microscope.

[0146] The embodiments of this application coordinate the passivation effect and the light absorption effect of the light absorption layer 10 within the above-mentioned thickness range, so that the solar cell 100 containing the light absorption layer 10 has good passivation effect while having good photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0147] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing material includes a perovskite material, the general chemical formula of which is ABX3 or A2CDX6.

[0148] In some schemes, perovskite material refers to a three-dimensional network structure formed by BX6 octahedra interconnected by sharing vertices, with A-site cations located in the gaps between the interconnected octahedra. The entire structure can be regarded as an arrangement of BX6 octahedra.

[0149] A + Including FA + MA + Cs + 、Rb + Li + Na + K + One or more of them; B 2+ Including Pb 2+ Sn 2+ 、Ge 2+ Be 2+ Mg 2+ One or more of them; C + Including Ag + ;D 3+ Including Bi 3+ Sb 3+ In 3+ One or more of them; X - Including F - I - ,Br - Cl - SCN - One or more of them.

[0150] The embodiments of this application provide light-absorbing materials within the above-mentioned range, and the solar cell 100 containing the light-absorbing layer 10 has good photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0151] Please refer to Figure 2, which is a schematic diagram of the second structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0152] In some embodiments, referring to FIG2, the solar cell 100 further includes a hole transport layer 20, which is disposed on one side of the light absorption layer 10.

[0153] The embodiments of this application utilize the hole transport layer 20 provided above, which works in conjunction with the light absorption layer 10 to jointly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell 100.

[0154] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer 20 includes a hole transport material, which includes 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(N,N-p-methoxyaniline)-9,9'-spirodifluorene, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(alkylamino)-9,9'-spirodifluorene, methoxytriphenylamine, alkylamine-fluoroformamidinium, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). One or more of the following: polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly-3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobifluorene, N-(4-alkylamine)carbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, phosphate-based monomer, carboxylic acid-based monomer, carbazole-based monomer, sulfonic acid-based monomer, triphenylamine-based monomer, alkylamine-based monomer, aromatic-based monomer, metal oxide, and cuprous thiocyanate.

[0155] The embodiments of this application utilize a hole transport layer 20 comprising the aforementioned hole transport material, which works synergistically with a light absorption layer to enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell.

[0156] Please refer to Figure 3, which is a schematic diagram of the third structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0157] In some embodiments, referring to FIG3, the solar cell 100 further includes an electron transport layer 30 disposed on one side of the light absorption layer 10. The electron transport layer 30 includes an electron transport material, which includes one or more of the following: acyl fullerene and its derivatives, imide and its derivatives, pyrrolidone and its derivatives, hexaazanaphthalene and its derivatives, tetraphenylethylene and its derivatives, PFN-2TNDI, PBDT-PDI, NDP-V, metal oxides, silicon oxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.

[0158] The embodiments of this application utilize the electron transport layer 30 provided above, which works in conjunction with the light absorption layer 10 to jointly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell 100.

[0159] In some embodiments, the electron transport layer 30 includes an electron transport material, which includes one or more of the following: acyl fullerene and its derivatives, imide and its derivatives, pyrrolidone and its derivatives, hexaazanaphthalene and its derivatives, tetraphenylethylene and its derivatives, PFN-2TNDI, PBDT-PDI, NDP-V, metal oxides, silicon oxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.

[0160] The embodiments of this application utilize an electron transport layer 30, which includes the aforementioned electron transport material, to work synergistically with a light absorption layer to enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell.

[0161] Please refer to Figures 4 and 5. Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the fourth structure provided in an embodiment of this application, and Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the fifth structure provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0162] Referring to Figure 4, an embodiment of this application provides an inverted solar cell 100, which includes a substrate 40, a first electrode layer 50, a hole transport layer 20, a light absorption layer 10, an electron transport layer 30, and a second electrode layer 60.

[0163] Referring to Figure 5, an embodiment of this application provides a formal solar cell 100, which includes a substrate 40, a first electrode layer 50, an electron transport layer 30, a light absorption layer 10, a hole transport layer 20, and a second electrode layer 60.

[0164] To achieve the above objectives, a second aspect of this application provides a method for preparing a solar cell 100, comprising:

[0165] S1 provides middleware;

[0166] S2, a light-absorbing material precursor and a passivating material are disposed on the surface of an intermediate component, and a light-absorbing layer 10 is obtained by curing. The passivating material includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted organic amines or their derivatives.

[0167] In this context, the precursor of a light-absorbing material refers to the precursor component that forms the light-absorbing material. The precursor component is determined based on the specific composition of the light-absorbing material.

[0168] There are various methods for depositing the precursor of the light-absorbing material and the passivation material on the surface of the intermediate. For example, chemical bath deposition, electrochemical deposition, chemical vapor deposition, physical epitaxial growth, thermal evaporation, atomic layer deposition, magnetron sputtering, spin coating of the precursor solution, slot coating of the precursor solution, blade coating of the precursor solution, and mechanical pressing can be used to deposit the precursor of the light-absorbing material and the passivation material on the surface of the intermediate.

[0169] The embodiments of this application introduce passivation materials into the light absorption layer 10 by the above method, which is beneficial to passivate defects in the light absorption material, improve the film quality of the light absorption layer 10, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0170] In some embodiments, S2, the step of depositing a precursor of the light-absorbing material and a passivating material on the surface of the intermediate and obtaining the light-absorbing layer 10 through curing includes:

[0171] S21, the product obtained by mixing the precursor of the light-absorbing material with the passivation material is placed on the surface of the intermediate and cured to obtain the light-absorbing layer 10.

[0172] The embodiments of this application introduce passivation material into the light absorption layer 10 by the above method, which is beneficial to passivate the bulk defects of the light absorption material, improve the film quality of the light absorption layer 10, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0173] In some embodiments, S2, the step of depositing a precursor of the light-absorbing material and a passivating material on the surface of the intermediate and obtaining the light-absorbing layer 10 through curing includes:

[0174] S22, The precursor of the light-absorbing material is placed on the surface of the intermediate part and cured to obtain the light-absorbing intermediate layer;

[0175] S23, passivation material is placed on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer away from the intermediate component, and then cured to obtain the light-absorbing layer 10.

[0176] The embodiments of this application introduce passivation material into the light absorption layer 10 by the above method, which is beneficial to passivate the surface defects of the light absorption material, improve the film quality of the light absorption layer 10, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0177] In some embodiments, S22, the step of setting a precursor of the light-absorbing material on the surface of the intermediate and obtaining the intermediate layer of the light-absorbing material by curing includes:

[0178] S221, the product obtained by mixing the precursor of the light-absorbing material with the passivation material is placed on the surface of the intermediate, and then cured to obtain the light-absorbing intermediate layer.

[0179] The embodiments of this application introduce passivation material into the light absorption layer 10 by the above method, which is beneficial to passivate the bulk defects and surface defects of the light absorption material, improve the film quality of the light absorption layer 10, and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0180] In some embodiments, S23, the step of disposing the passivation material on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer away from the intermediate element includes:

[0181] S231, the intermediate component including the light absorption intermediate layer is placed in a gaseous atmosphere of passivation material, and the passivation material is deposited on the surface of the light absorption intermediate layer to form the light absorption layer 10.

[0182] One feasible method for placing the intermediate component, including the light-absorbing intermediate layer, in a gaseous atmosphere of passivation material is as follows: first, the intermediate component is placed in a sealed space, and then gaseous passivation material is introduced into the sealed space through a gas supply system, thereby placing the intermediate component in a gaseous atmosphere of passivation material. Another feasible method is to first distribute the gaseous passivation material in a sealed space, and then transfer the intermediate component into the sealed space, thereby placing the intermediate component in a gaseous atmosphere of passivation material.

[0183] In the process of depositing passivation material on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer to form the light-absorbing layer 10, a certain processing temperature and processing time can be used to form a light-absorbing layer 10 with good quality. In some embodiments, in addition to using a certain processing temperature and processing time to form a light-absorbing layer 10 with good quality, a certain pressure can also be used to improve the deposition efficiency of the passivation material during the process of depositing passivation material on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer.

[0184] In some embodiments, the intermediate may be pre-masked so that only the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer in the intermediate is exposed to the gaseous atmosphere of the passivation material, so that the passivation material is deposited only on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer and in the shallow layer of the light-absorbing intermediate layer near the surface.

[0185] The embodiments of this application improve the passivation effect of the light absorption layer 10 by depositing a passivation material in gaseous form on the surface of the light absorption intermediate layer. Compared with the scheme in which the passivation material participates in the preparation of the light absorption layer 10 in liquid form, the introduction of liquid solvent is reduced, the probability of adverse reactions of the light absorption material is reduced, damage to the light absorption layer 10 is reduced, and the passivation effect is better.

[0186] In some embodiments, S231, the intermediate includes a substrate 40, and the concentration of the passivation material decreases along the direction from the light-absorbing layer 10 toward the substrate 40.

[0187] The concentration of the passivation material decreases along the direction from the light-absorbing layer 10 to the substrate 40, which matches the decreasing trend of the defect concentration in the light-absorbing layer 10 along the same direction. This allows the passivation material to better passivate surface and shallow defects in the light-absorbing layer 10, thereby improving the film quality of the light-absorbing layer 10 and increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device. Furthermore, it helps to better match the energy levels between the light-absorbing layer 10 and other film layers, thus improving the charge transport capability of the light-absorbing layer 10 and further enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0188] The distribution of passivation material concentration within the light-absorbing layer 10 can be characterized using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). TOF-SIMS is a commonly used characterization technique in this field, and further details regarding its characterization are not described herein.

[0189] In the embodiments of this application, the concentration of the passivation material decreases along the direction from the light absorption layer 10 to the substrate 40, which helps to balance the passivation effect and the light absorption effect of the light absorption layer 10. This allows the solar cell 100 containing the light absorption layer 10 to have good photoelectric conversion efficiency as well as good passivation effect.

[0190] In some embodiments, during step S231, the gas concentration of the passivating material in the gaseous atmosphere is less than or equal to 40 mmol / L. The gas concentration of the passivating material can be 1 mmol / L, 2 mmol / L, 5 mmol / L, 10 mmol / L, 11 mmol / L, 12 mmol / L, 15 mmol / L, 20 mmol / L, 21 mmol / L, 22 mmol / L, 25 mmol / L, 30 mmol / L, 31 mmol / L, 32 mmol / L, 35 mmol / L, 40 mmol / L, or a range of any two of the above values. For example, it can be 1 mmol / L to 10 mmol / L, 5 mmol / L to 15 mmol / L, 15 mmol / L to 25 mmol / L, 20 mmol / L to 30 mmol / L, 25 mmol / L to 35 mmol / L, or 30 mmol / L to 40 mmol / L.

[0191] The gas concentration of the passivating material refers to the number of moles of passivating material per unit volume, and the unit is mmol / L.

[0192] The embodiments of this application control the amount of passivation material entering the light absorption intermediate layer within the range of the above-mentioned gas concentration, thereby controlling the concentration of passivation material in the light absorption layer 10 and improving the passivation effect of the light absorption layer 10.

[0193] In some embodiments, the step of depositing a passivation material on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer to form the light-absorbing layer 10 in S231 includes:

[0194] S2311, at a first temperature, a passivation material is deposited on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer for a first duration to form a light-absorbing layer 10;

[0195] In some embodiments, the first temperature is less than or equal to 200°C, and the first temperature can be 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C, 60°C, 65°C, 70°C, 75°C, 80°C, 85°C, 90°C, 95°C, 100°C, 105°C, 110°C, 115°C, 120°C, 125°C, 130°C, 135°C, or 140°C. 145℃, 150℃, 155℃, 160℃, 165℃, 170℃, 175℃, 180℃, 185℃, 190℃, 195℃, 200℃, etc., or any range of two of the above values, for example, 20℃~100℃, 40℃~90℃, 80℃~150℃, 100℃~200℃, 110℃~150℃, 130℃~180℃, etc.

[0196] In some embodiments, the first duration includes 2 min to 10 min. The first duration can be 2 min, 3 min, 4 min, 5 min, 6 min, 7 min, 8 min, 9 min, 10 min, etc., or a range composed of any two of the above values, for example, it can be 2 min to 5 min, 3 min to 6 min, 4 min to 8 min, 6 min to 10 min, etc.

[0197] The embodiments of this application achieve the deposition of passivation material on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer by providing a range of process parameters. The deposition effect is good and it is beneficial to form a light-absorbing layer 10 with good performance.

[0198] In some embodiments, the middleware includes any one of the following features:

[0199] (1) The intermediate component includes a substrate 40 and a first electrode layer 50 stacked together, and a light absorption layer 10 is disposed on the side of the first electrode layer 50 away from the substrate 40.

[0200] (2) The intermediate component includes a substrate 40, a first electrode layer 50 and a first carrier transport layer stacked together, and a light absorption layer 10 is disposed on the side of the first carrier transport layer away from the substrate 40; the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer 20 or an electron transport layer 30.

[0201] (3) The intermediate component includes a substrate 40, a first electrode layer 50, a first carrier transport layer and a passivation layer stacked together, and a light absorption layer 10 is disposed on the side of the passivation layer away from the substrate 40; the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer 20 or an electron transport layer 30.

[0202] The embodiments of this application, through the aforementioned intermediate components, work synergistically with the light absorption layer 10 to jointly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell 100.

[0203] In some embodiments, after the step of forming the light-absorbing layer 10, the step of forming a subsequent film layer on the surface of the light-absorbing layer 10 away from the intermediate is further included.

[0204] The method described in the embodiments of this application forms a subsequent film layer on the surface of the light absorption layer 10 away from the intermediate, and the resulting solar cell 100 has a high photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0205] In some embodiments, the subsequent film layer includes any one of the following features:

[0206] (1) The subsequent film layer includes a second electrode layer 60;

[0207] (2) The subsequent film layer includes a second electrode layer 60 and a second carrier transport layer stacked together, wherein the second carrier transport layer is disposed between the light absorption layer 10 and the second electrode layer 60; the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer 30 or a hole transport layer 20.

[0208] (3) The intermediate includes a second electrode layer 60, a second carrier transport layer and a passivation layer stacked together, wherein the passivation layer is disposed between the light absorption layer 10 and the second carrier transport layer; the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer 30 or a hole transport layer 20.

[0209] The embodiments of this application, through the aforementioned subsequent film layers, work synergistically with the light absorption layer 10 to jointly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cell 100.

[0210] Please refer to Figure 6, which is a schematic diagram of the structure of the electrical equipment provided in the embodiment of this application.

[0211] The third aspect of this application provides an electrical device 1000, as shown in FIG6, including any solar cell 100 as provided in the first aspect, or a solar cell 100 prepared by the preparation method of any solar cell 100 provided in the second aspect.

[0212] In the embodiments of this application, the solar cell 100 serves as the power source for the electrical device 1000, enabling the normal operation of the electrical device 1000. The electrical device 1000 employs the solar cell 100 provided in this application and possesses at least the same advantages as the solar cell 100, improving the battery performance of the electrical device 1000. As an example, the electrical device 1000 may include lighting devices, display devices, or new energy vehicles, etc.

[0213] Please refer to Figure 7, which is a schematic diagram of the structure of the power generation equipment provided in the embodiment of this application.

[0214] The fourth aspect of this application provides a power generation device 2000, as shown in FIG7, including any of the solar cells 100 provided in the first aspect, or a solar cell 100 prepared by the preparation method of any of the solar cells 100 provided in the second aspect.

[0215] In the embodiments of this application, the solar cell 100 serves as the energy source for the power generation device 2000, enabling the power generation device 2000 to output electrical energy. The power generation device 2000 utilizes the solar cell 100 provided in this application and possesses at least the same advantages as the solar cell 100, thereby improving the power generation performance of the power generation device 2000. As an example, the power generation device 2000 can be applied to fields such as building power supply, wearable device power supply, smartphone power supply, and vehicle battery power supply.

[0216] The beneficial effects of this application are further illustrated below with reference to the embodiments.

[0217] To make the technical problems, technical solutions, and beneficial effects solved by the embodiments of this application clearer, the following will provide a more detailed description in conjunction with the embodiments and accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this application, and not all of them. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative and is in no way intended to limit this application or its applications. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0218] Example 1

[0219] Fabrication of solar cell 100:

[0220] (1) Take a 2.0cm×2.0cm FTO (fluorine-doped tin dioxide) conductive glass, clean it once with acetone and once with isopropanol, immerse the cleaned FTO conductive glass in deionized water and sonicate for 10 minutes, take it out and dry it in a forced-air drying oven, and place it in a glove box (N2 atmosphere) for later use.

[0221] (2) Nickel oxide particles are deposited on the FTO conductive glass treated in step (1) by magnetron sputtering to form a hole transport layer 20 with a thickness of 15 nm.

[0222] (3) Weigh commercially available FAPbI3 and dissolve it in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to prepare a precursor for a light-absorbing material with a concentration of 1.5 mol / L. Spin-coat the light-absorbing material precursor prepared in step (2) onto the hole transport layer 20 at a rate of 4000 rpm for 60 s, then transfer it to a constant-temperature hot plate and anneal at 100 °C for 30 min. Cool to room temperature to obtain a light-absorbing intermediate layer. Stack FTO conductive glass, hole transport layer 20, and light-absorbing intermediate layer sequentially to form an intermediate containing the light-absorbing intermediate layer. Place the intermediate in a gaseous atmosphere of phenylethylamine with a concentration of 20 mmol / L and maintain it at 120 °C and atmospheric pressure for 5 min to obtain a light-absorbing layer 10 with a thickness of 500 nm.

[0223] (4) A chlorobenzene solution of fullerene derivative PCBM with a concentration of 20 mg / mL was spin-coated onto the light absorption layer 10 in step (3) at a rate of 1500 rpm, annealed at 100 °C for 10 min, and cooled to room temperature to form an electron transport layer 30 with a thickness of 60 nm.

[0224] (5) Place the product obtained in step (4) into a vacuum evaporation machine and heat it at 5×10 -4 Under vacuum conditions of Pa, metallic Cu is vapor-deposited on the surface of electron transport layer 30 at a deposition rate of 0.1 Å / s to form a second electrode layer 60 with a thickness of 80 nm.

[0225] Examples 2 and 3 are similar to Example 1, except that the concentration of phenylethylamine gas in step (3) of Examples 2 and 3 is different from that in Example 1.

[0226] Examples 4 and 5 are similar to Example 1, except that the intermediate is kept in the gaseous atmosphere of phenylethylamine for a different duration in step (3) of Examples 4 and 5 compared to Example 1.

[0227] Examples 6 and 7 are similar to Example 1, except that the temperature maintained in step (3) of Examples 6 and 7 is different from that in Example 1.

[0228] Examples 8 to 13 are similar to Example 1, except that the passivation material used in step (3) of Examples 8 to 13 is different from that in Example 1. In Example 13, two passivation materials are used, and the concentration ratio of the two passivation materials is 1:1.

[0229] Example 14 is similar to Example 1, except that the steps after forming the intermediate containing the light-absorbing intermediate layer in step (3) of Example 14 are different from those in Example 1. In step (3) of Example 14, after forming the intermediate containing the light-absorbing intermediate layer, a 5 mg / mL isopropanol solution of phenethylamine iodine is prepared, and the isopropanol solution of phenethylamine iodine is spin-coated onto the surface of the intermediate at a rate of 5000 rpm for 30 s. After spin-coating, it is transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and annealed at 100°C for 5 min. After cooling to room temperature, a light-absorbing layer 10 with a thickness of 500 nm is obtained.

[0230] Example 15 is similar to Example 1, except that step (3) of Example 15 involves forming a light-absorbing intermediate layer, which differs from Example 1. In step (3) of Example 15, phenylethylamine iodine is added to the precursor of the light-absorbing material, with a concentration of 5 mg / mL. It should be noted that, except for the addition of phenylethylamine iodine, step (3) of Example 15 involves forming a light-absorbing intermediate layer, all other steps are the same as in Example 1. Furthermore, in step (3) of Example 15, after forming the intermediate containing the light-absorbing intermediate layer, the intermediate is not placed in a gaseous atmosphere of passivation material, and the light-absorbing layer 10 is obtained directly.

[0231] Example 16 is similar to Example 1, except that in step (3) of Example 15, the step of forming the light-absorbing intermediate layer is different from that in Example 1. In step (3) of Example 15, phenylethylamine iodine is added to the precursor of the light-absorbing material, and the concentration of phenylethylamine iodine is 5 mg / mL. It should be noted that, except for the addition of phenylethylamine iodine, the steps in step (3) of Example 15 for forming the light-absorbing intermediate layer are the same as those in Example 1. In addition, the steps after forming the light-absorbing intermediate layer are also the same as those in Example 1.

[0232] Comparative Example 1 is similar to Example 1, except that in step (3) of Comparative Example 1, after forming the intermediate containing the light-absorbing intermediate layer, the intermediate is not placed in the gaseous atmosphere of the passivation material, and the light-absorbing layer 10 is obtained directly.

[0233] Performance tests were performed on the solar cells 100 of each embodiment and comparative example:

[0234] The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cells 100 in each embodiment and comparative example was tested. Under atmospheric conditions, an AM1.5G standard light source was used as the simulated sunlight source, with an incident light power of 100 mW / cm². 2The photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cell 100 was obtained by measuring the current-voltage characteristic curve of solar cell 100 under light source illumination using a four-channel digital source meter (Keithley2440). The results are shown in Table 1.

[0235] The molar ratio of the passivation material in the light absorption layer 10 in Examples 1-13 was tested:

[0236] X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, specifically Axis Supra) was used to irradiate the light-absorbing layer 10 sample to be characterized with 600W Al Kα monochromatic X-rays. This excited the inner-shell electrons or valence electrons of the atoms or molecules, causing them to be emitted. Electrons excited by photons are called photoelectrons. By measuring the energy of the photoelectrons, and plotting the kinetic energy / binding energy as the x-axis and the relative intensity (pulse / s) as the y-axis, a corresponding photoelectron spectrum can be generated. Based on the positions of characteristic spectral lines in the photoelectron spectrum, and by measuring the chemical shift of the inner-shell electron binding energy to provide information on chemical bonds and charge distribution, the type and valence state of the specific group (phenyl) in the passivation material can be determined. The ratio of the area (spectral line intensity) of the photoelectron peak of the target group in the photoelectron energy spectrum to the relative sensitivity factor of the corresponding element's spectral peak is the atomic percentage of the target group. The molar percentage of the target group is obtained based on the atomic percentage of the target group. The molar percentage of the passivation material is calculated based on the molar percentage of the target group in the light absorption layer and the molar ratio of the target group to the passivation material.

[0237] Table 1. Performance test results of solar cells in Examples 1-16 and Comparative Example 1

[0238] Analysis of the test data of Examples 1-16 and Comparative Example 1 shows that the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100 with passivation material is improved compared to the solar cell 100 without passivation material. This indicates that the passivation material provided in this application is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0239] Analyzing the test data from Examples 1 to 7, adjusting the process parameters for introducing passivation materials into the solar cell 100 is beneficial for controlling the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0240] Analyzing the test data from Examples 1, 8 to 13, and adjusting the specific composition of the passivation material is beneficial for controlling the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0241] Analyzing the test data from Examples 1 and 14-16, it is found that adjusting the way the passivation material is introduced into the light absorption layer is beneficial for controlling the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0242] In the several embodiments provided in this application, it should be understood that the disclosed systems, apparatuses, and methods can be implemented in other ways. For example, the apparatus embodiments described above are merely illustrative; for instance, the division of units is only a logical functional division, and in actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not executed. Furthermore, the coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed may be through some interfaces, or indirect coupling or communication connection between apparatuses or units, and may be electrical, mechanical, or other forms.

[0243] Furthermore, the functional units in the various embodiments of this application can be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit can exist physically separately, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit. The integrated unit can be implemented in hardware or as a software functional unit.

[0244] The above description is merely an embodiment of this application and does not limit the patent scope of this application. Any equivalent structural or procedural transformations made using the content of this application's specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the patent protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A solar cell, wherein, The solar cell comprises: a light absorption layer comprising a light absorption material and a passivation material; wherein the passivation material comprises at least one of a substituted or unsubstituted organic amine or a derivative thereof.

2. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein, The organic amine comprises an aromatic amine and / or an alkyl amine.

3. The solar cell of claim 2, wherein, The aromatic amine comprises one or more of benzylamine, m-toluidine, o-toluidine, phenethylamine, m-fluorophenethylamine.

4. The solar cell of claim 2, wherein, The alkyl amine comprises one or more of dimethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, triethylamine.

5. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein The substituent group of the substituted organic amine or the derivative thereof comprises one or more of a halogen group, an alkyl group, an oxygen-containing group, a nitrogen-containing group, a sulfur-containing group, and a phosphorus-containing group.

6. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein The relative molecular mass of the passivation material ranges from 30 to 500.

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein The saturated vapor pressure of the passivation material at 300 K ranges from 1.00 kPa to 1000 kPa.

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein X-rays are emitted to the light absorption layer by using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer to obtain a photoelectron spectrum of the light absorption layer; several elements and / or groups formed in the light absorption layer are determined according to the photoelectron spectrum; a target element and / or group representing the passivation material is determined from the several elements and / or groups; the molar percentage of the target element and / or group is determined according to the ratio of the area of the spectral peak of the target element and / or group in the photoelectron spectrum to the relative sensitivity factor; and the molar percentage of the passivation material is calculated according to the molar ratio of the target element and / or group to the passivation material, and the molar percentage of the passivation material ranges from 0.001% to 0.2%.

9. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein, The light absorption layer comprises a first light absorption composite layer comprising the light absorption material and the passivation material.

10. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein, The light absorption layer comprises a light absorption material layer comprising the light absorption material and a second light absorption composite layer comprising the light absorption material and the passivation material.

11. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein The light absorption layer comprises a light absorption material layer comprising the light absorption material and a passivation layer comprising the passivation material.

12. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein, The light absorption layer comprises a first light absorption composite layer comprising the light absorption material and the passivation material and a passivation layer comprising the passivation material.

13. The solar cell according to claim 9 or 12, wherein, The thickness of the first light absorption composite layer ranges from 350 nm to 700 nm.

14. The solar cell of claim 10, wherein, The thickness of the second light absorption composite layer ranges from 2 nm to 10 nm.

15. The solar cell of claim 11 or 12, wherein, The thickness of the passivation layer ranges from 5 nm to 20 nm.

16. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein The light absorption material comprises a perovskite material, and the chemical formula of the perovskite material is ABX3 or A2CDX6. wherein A + comprises one or more of FA + , MA + , Cs + , Rb + , Li + , Na + , K + ; B 2+ comprises one or more of Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Ge 2+ , Be 2+ , Mg 2+ ; C + comprises Ag + ; D 3+ comprises one or more of Bi 3+ , Sb 3+ , In 3+ ; X - comprises one or more of F - , I - , Br - , Cl - , SCN - .

17. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein, The solar cell further comprises a hole transport layer arranged on one side of the light absorption layer.

18. The solar cell of claim 17, wherein, The hole transport layer comprises a hole transport material, the hole transport material comprising one or more of 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-p-methoxyaniline)-9,9'-spirobifluorene, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(alkylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene, methoxytriphenylamine, alkylamine-fluoromethylcarbamide, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly 3-hexylthiophene, triptycene-core triphenylamine, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobifluorene, N-(4-alkylamine)carbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, phosphonic monomer, carboxylic monomer, carbazolyl monomer, sulfonic monomer, triphenylamine monomer, alkylamine monomer, aromatic monomer, metal oxide, cuprous thiocyanate.

19. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein, The solar cell further comprises an electron transport layer disposed on one side of the light absorbing layer.

20. The solar cell of claim 19, wherein, The electron transport layer comprises an electron transport material, the electron transport material comprising one or more of acyl fullerene and its derivatives, imide and its derivatives, pyrrolidone and its derivatives, hexaazatriphenylene and its derivatives, tetraphenyl ethene and its derivatives, PFN-2TNDI, PBDT-PDI, NDP-V, metal oxide, silicon oxide, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.

21. A method of fabricating a solar cell, wherein, Comprising: providing a substrate; disposing a precursor of a light absorbing material and a passivation material on a surface of the substrate, and obtaining a light absorbing layer by curing treatment; the passivation material comprises at least one of substituted or unsubstituted organic amine or its derivative.

22. The method of producing a solar cell according to claim 21, wherein The step of disposing a precursor of a light absorbing material and a passivation material on a surface of the substrate, and obtaining a light absorbing layer by curing treatment, comprises: disposing a product obtained by mixing a precursor of a light absorbing material and a passivation material on a surface of the substrate, and obtaining a light absorbing layer by curing treatment.

23. The method of producing a solar cell according to claim 21, wherein The step of disposing a precursor of a light absorbing material and a passivation material on a surface of the substrate, and obtaining a light absorbing layer by curing treatment, comprises: disposing a precursor of a light absorbing material on a surface of the substrate, and obtaining a light absorbing intermediate layer by curing treatment; disposing a passivation material on a surface of the light absorbing intermediate layer away from the substrate, and obtaining a light absorbing layer by curing treatment.

24. The method of producing a solar cell according to claim 23, wherein The step of disposing a precursor of a light absorbing material on a surface of the substrate, and obtaining a light absorbing material intermediate layer by curing treatment, comprises: disposing a product obtained by mixing a precursor of a light absorbing material and a passivation material on a surface of the substrate, and obtaining a light absorbing intermediate layer by curing treatment.

25. The method of producing a solar cell according to claim 23 or 24, wherein, The step of disposing a passivation material on a surface of the light absorbing intermediate layer away from the substrate, comprises: placing the substrate comprising the light absorbing intermediate layer in a gaseous atmosphere of the passivation material, and depositing the passivation material on a surface of the light absorbing intermediate layer to form a light absorbing layer.

26. The method of producing a solar cell according to claim 25, wherein The substrate comprises a substrate, and a concentration of the passivation material decreases along a direction of the light absorbing layer pointing to the substrate.

27. The method of producing a solar cell according to claim 25 or 26, wherein, In the gaseous atmosphere of the passivation material, a concentration of the passivation material is less than or equal to 40 mmol / L.

28. The method of producing a solar cell according to any one of claims 25 to 27, wherein The step of depositing a passivation material on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer to form a light-absorbing layer comprises: depositing a passivation material on the surface of the light-absorbing intermediate layer at a first temperature for a first duration to form a light-absorbing layer; wherein the first temperature is less than or equal to 200°C; and / or the first duration comprises 2-10 minutes.

29. The method of producing a solar cell according to any one of claims 21 to 28, wherein The intermediate layer comprises a substrate and a first electrode layer arranged in a stack, and the light-absorbing layer is arranged on a side of the first electrode layer away from the substrate.

30. The method of producing a solar cell according to any one of claims 21 to 28, wherein The intermediate layer comprises a substrate, a first electrode layer, and a first carrier transport layer arranged in a stack, and the light-absorbing layer is arranged on a side of the first carrier transport layer away from the substrate; the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer.

31. The method of producing a solar cell according to any one of claims 21 to 28, wherein The intermediate layer comprises a substrate, a first electrode layer, a first carrier transport layer, and a passivation layer arranged in a stack, and the light-absorbing layer is arranged on a side of the passivation layer away from the substrate; the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer.

32. The method of producing a solar cell according to claim 23, wherein The step of forming the light-absorbing layer is followed by a step of forming a subsequent film layer on a surface of the light-absorbing layer away from the intermediate layer.

33. The method of producing a solar cell according to claim 32, wherein The subsequent film layer comprises a second electrode layer.

34. The method of producing a solar cell according to claim 32, wherein The subsequent film layer comprises a second electrode layer and a second carrier transport layer arranged in a stack, wherein the second carrier transport layer is arranged between the light-absorbing layer and the second electrode layer; the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer.

35. The method of producing a solar cell according to claim 32, wherein The intermediate layer comprises a second electrode layer, a second carrier transport layer, and a passivation layer arranged in a stack, wherein the passivation layer is arranged between the light-absorbing layer and the second carrier transport layer; the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer.

36. An electrical device, comprising: A solar cell comprising the solar cell as claimed in any one of claims 1-20, or a solar cell prepared by the method for preparing a solar cell as claimed in any one of claims 21-35.

37. A power generation apparatus wherein, A solar cell comprising the solar cell as claimed in any one of claims 1-20, or a solar cell prepared by the method for preparing a solar cell as claimed in any one of claims 21-35.

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