Electromagnetic energy harvesting

Abstract

Embodiments can include, for example: a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy being harvested; and a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane.

Description

ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY HARVESTING CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 662,808, filed June 21, 2024, entitled, “ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY HARVESTING,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This application also claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 693,019, filed September 10, 2024, entitled, “ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY HARVESTING,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND

[0002] Embodiments herein relate generally to electromagnetic waves and specifically to electromagnetic energy harvesting.

[0003] The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from long-wavelength, low-frequency waves to short-wavelength, high-frequency waves. The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves (wavelengths longer than 1 mm, frequencies below 300 GHz), microwaves (wavelengths from 1 mm to 1 meter, frequencies between 300 GHz and 300 MHz), infrared (700 nm to 1 mm, frequencies from 430 THz to 300 GHz), visible light (400 nm to 700 nm, with frequencies from 750 THz to 430 THz), ultraviolet (10 nm to 400 nm, frequencies from 30 PHz to 750 THz), X- rays (0.01 nm to 10 nm, frequencies from 30 EHz to 30 PHz), and gamma rays (wavelengths shorter than 0.01 nm, frequencies above 30 EHz). BRIEF DESCRIPTION

[0004] Embodiments herein can include, for example, a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry; and a spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

[0005] Embodiments herein can include, for example, a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy being harvested; and a spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry. Page 1 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)

[0006] Embodiments herein can include, for example, a load; a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry; and a spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

[0007] Embodiments herein can include, for example, a load; a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy being harvested; and a spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

[0008] Embodiments herein can include, for example, a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry; and a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

[0009] Embodiments herein can include, for example, a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy being harvested; and a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

[0010] Embodiments herein can include, for example, a load; a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry; and a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

[0011] Embodiments herein can include, for example, a load; rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy being harvested; and a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

[0012] Additional features are realized through the techniques set forth herein. Other embodiments and aspects, including but not limited to methods, computer program product and system, are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] One or more aspects of the present invention are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed as examples in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other Page 2 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)objects, features, and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

[0014] Fig. 1. depicts an energy harvesting system according to one embodiment.

[0015] Fig. 2. depicts an energy harvesting system according to one embodiment.

[0016] Fig. 3. depicts an energy harvesting system according to one embodiment.

[0017] Fig. 4 depicts first circuitry of a rectifier circuit supported on a dielectric spacer layer according to one embodiment.

[0018] Fig. 5 depicts first circuitry of a rectifier circuit supported on a dielectric spacer layer according to one embodiment.

[0019] Fig. 6 depicts components of an energy harvesting system according to one embodiment.

[0020] Fig. 7 depicts components of an energy harvesting system according to one embodiment.

[0021] Fig. 8 depicts components of an energy harvesting system according to one embodiment.

[0022] Fig. 9 depicts a matching network using Lorentz dispersive dielectric-filled capacitor whose grid admittance is ^^^^^^.

[0023] Fig. 10 depicts a Lorentz dispersive dielectric-filled capacitor emulating negative slope around resonant frequency ω0. In other words, negative inductive characteristics can be seen within a finite band around ω0. Δ^^^^is the bandwidth with negative slope.

[0024] Fig. 11 depicts an circuit representation according to one embodiment.

[0025] Fig. 12 depicts an equivalent circuit representation according to one embodiment.

[0026] Fig. 13 depicts an equivalent circuit representation according to one embodiment.

[0027] Fig. 14 depicts an energy harvesting system configured for sensing according to one embodiment. Page 3 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)

[0028] Fig. 15 depicts an energy harvesting system configured for sensing according to one embodiment.

[0029] Fig. 16 depicts an energy harvesting system configured for sensing according to one embodiment.

[0030] Fig. 17 depicts a load defined by an integrated circuit according to one embodiment.

[0031] Fig. 18 depicts a load defined by an integrated circuit and a rechargeable battery according to one embodiment.

[0032] Fig. 19 depicts an illustration of higher order dispersive grid.

[0033] Fig. 20 depicts an equivalent circuit model for the higher order dispersive grid.

[0034] Fig. 21 depicts as follows. (a) Illustration of normal wave incidence on magnetic energy harvester. (b) Equivalent transmission line model. (c) Admittance of electrically thin metal- backed magnetic substrate spacer.

[0035] Fig. 22 depicts as follows. (a) Equivalent circuit model of the proposed dispersive grid based energy harvester. (b) Comparison of the imaginary parts of the admittance for the metal- backed magnetic substrate spacer, the required admittance for wideband matching, and the admittance provided by the proposed dispersive grid. (c) Comparison of the imaginary parts of required admittance for wideband matching, the admittance provided by the proposed dispersive grid and admittance of capacitive grid. (d) Equivalent circuit of the proposed energy harvesting circuit. (e) Equivalent circuit of higher order energy rectifying circuit based on magnetic energy harvesting. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] Energy harvesting system 100 is shown in Fig. 1. Energy harvesting system 100 can include a rectifier circuit 200, a spaced ground plane 220, and a load 240. Rectifier circuit 200 can include first circuitry 202 and second circuitry 204. Second circuitry 204, in one embodiment, can be disposed to be shielded from incoming electromagnetic radiation 150 from one or more radiation source. Rectifier circuit 200 can deliver energy to load 240. The Page 4 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)combination of rectifier circuit 200 and spaced ground plane 220 can define an energy harvester 400, which energy harvester 400 with load 240 can define energy harvesting system 100.

[0037] In Fig. 1, there is set forth a rectifier circuit for delivering DC energy to load 240, wherein the rectifier circuit 200 includes first circuitry 202 and second circuitry 204, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy being harvested; and ground plane 220.

[0038] Ground plane 220 can be separated from first circuitry 202 of rectifier circuit 200 by spacer 222, which can be of, e.g., multilayer or single layer construction. In a further aspect, first circuitry 202 can include one or more circuit component 210, e.g., a capacitor, an inductor, and / or resistor in combination. The one or more circuit component defining first circuitry 202 can be defined in one embodiment on a structure sensitive to electromagnetic radiation, e.g., an impedance grid set forth herein. An impedance grid defining first circuitry 202 can include an impedance grid pattern. In one embodiment, spacer 222 can be comprise a dielectric spacer. In one embodiment, spacer 222 can comprise a magnetic spacer. In one embodiment, spacer 222 can be provided by a dielectric spacer. In one embodiment, spacer 222 can be provided by a magnetic spacer. In dependence on the material of spacer, spaced ground plane 220 can be provided, e.g., by a dielectric spaced ground plane or a magnetic spaced ground plane. Where spacer 222 includes a dielectric spacer, the dielectric spacer and include one or more air dielectric layer.

[0039] In one aspect, the combination of rectifier circuit 200 (including first circuitry 202 and second circuitry 204) and load 240 can define energy harvesting circuitry 300.

[0040] Shielding of second circuitry 204 can include shielding so that circuit components defining second circuitry 204 are less likely to interact with incoming electromagnetic radiation 150 to be harvested. In one embodiment, second circuitry 204 can be physically disposed behind ground plane 220 relative to a direction of electromagnetic radiation 150. In a further aspect, rectifier circuit 200 can deliver energy to load 240. Load 240 can be defined, e.g., by a rechargeable battery, a sensor, and the like.

[0041] In the embodiment of energy harvesting system 100 depicted in Fig. 2, first circuitry 202 can include in a further aspect first circuitry 202 and second circuitry 204 can be in electrical Page 5 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)communication with one another via first and second wireline conductors 230 and 232. In one embodiment, first and second wireline conductors 230 and 232 can extend through an aperture of spaced ground plane 220 as set forth in further detail herein.

[0042] In reference to the embodiment of energy harvesting system 100 described in Fig. 2, first circuitry 202 can include the combination of capacitor C0, capacitor C1, and inductor L1, wireline connected to second circuitry 204 in the manner depicted in Fig. 2, i.e., with first wireline conductor 230 and second wireline conductor 232 extending through respective apertures of spaced ground plane 220. First circuitry 202, comprising the depicted combination as shown in Fig. 2 can be defined by an impedance grid having an impedance grid pattern.

[0043] Referring to energy harvesting system 100 as depicted in Fig. 3, first circuitry 202 can include the combination of capacitor C’0, capacitor C’1, and inductor L’1, connected to second circuitry 204 and the manner depicted in Fig. 3, i.e., with the first wireline conductor 230 connected to a node defined between capacitor C’0 and second capacitor C’1 and second wireline conductor 232 connected to inductor L’1as depicted in Fig. 3. First circuitry 202, comprising the depicted combination as shown in Fig. 3 can be defined by an impedance grid having an impedance grid pattern.

[0044] Physical form views of structures defining components of energy harvesting system 100 are shown in Fig. 4 through Fig. 8. Fig. 4 depicts first circuitry 202 defined by an impedance grid having an impedance grid pattern patterned on layer 2221 defining spacer 222. Layer 2221 can include a dielectric material layer. In the generic embodiment of Fig. 4, the impedance grid pattern of first circuitry 202 can define a combination of one or more circuit component, e.g., a combination of one or more capacitor, one or more inductor, and / or one or more resistor.

[0045] In the embodiment shown in Fig. 5 first circuitry 202 defined by an impedance grid having an impedance grid pattern is of a specific pattern. In the embodiment of Fig. 5, the specific pattern is an example of a single polarity impedance grid pattern. For collection of additional electromagnetic radiation 150, the impedance grid pattern can be configured as a multi-polarity grid pattern. Page 6 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)

[0046] In Fig. 6, there is depicted an exploded assembly view of components defining rectifier circuit 200 having first circuitry 202 and second circuitry 204, ground plane 220 and spacer 222. In reference to Fig. 6, ground plane 220 and one or more layer defining spacer 222 can have first and second apertures formed therein to accommodate therethrough first wireline conductor 230 and second wireline conductor 232. First and second wireline conductors 230 and 232 can be connected, respectively, to first and second terminals of first circuitry 202 and to first and second terminals of second circuitry 204. Second circuitry 204 can be disposed on and supported by dielectric structure 208. In one embodiment, dielectric structure 208 can be planar in form as shown in Fig. 6 and can be provided in one embodiment by a printed circuit board.

[0047] Fig. 7 depicts another view of the embodiment of Fig. 6. Spacer 222 can be provided by the combination of dielectric spacer layer 2221 and air dielectric spacer layer 2222. Fig. 7 depicts a side view of embodiment of Fig. 6. In the embodiment of Fig. 7, second circuitry 204 can be disposed on dielectric structure 208, e.g., provided by a printed circuit board. Second circuitry 204 can be connected via first and second wireline conductors 230 and 232 to first circuitry 202, which can be patterned and deposited to define a grid pattern on a dielectric layer defined by dielectric material dielectric layer 2221. In the embodiment of Fig. 7, spacer 222 can include the combination of a dielectric material dielectric layer 2221 and air dielectric spacer layer 2222.

[0048] Fig. 8 depicts an assembly view of dielectric structure 208, ground plane 220, spacer 222 defined by first dielectric material dielectric layer 2221, and air dielectric layer 2222. First circuitry 202 can be defined by an impedance grid pattern formed, e.g., deposited on, dielectric material dielectric layer 2221 defining spacer 222. An impedance grid defining an impedance grid pattern herein can be formed of conductive material, e.g., metal.

[0049] The components defining rectifier circuit 200 having first circuitry 202 and second circuitry 204, ground plane 220 and spacer 222, in one embodiment, can each be planar in construction as shown in Figs. 4-8.

[0050] Embodiments herein can benefit from a platform that allows for dispersion engineering with a high degree of flexibility. Embodiments of energy harvesting circuitry 300 herein can include a parallel-plate capacitor with capacitance C0 filled with a highly dispersive material (see Page 7 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)Fig. 9) to define a dispersive material filled capacitor. Nullification of Q energy associated with a matching capacitor in the matching network of electrically small antennas has been studied [1].The admittance for such a capacitor can be expressed as ^^^^^^ (^) = ^^^^^(^) / ^^=−^^"(^)^^ + ^^^′(^)^^ where ^′(^) and ^" parts of thepermittivity for the dispersive material. This that such a configuration has significant capacity not only for emulating a negative inductor but also for simultaneously supplying the necessary loss due to its dispersive characteristics, thus eliminating the requirement for an additional resistive layer.

[0051] As a proof of principle, we will initiate our investigation by analyzing a first-order Lorentzian dispersion in the dielectric of the capacitor. In the subsequent sections of the paper, we will explore multi-order Lorentzian dispersions and discuss more complex dispersionprofiles. For a Lorentzian dispersion ^(^) / ^0 = 1 + ^^^^ / ^^^ / [1 − (^ / ^^)^+^ (^ / ^0)(^ / ^0)], where ω0 represents the^^ is the plasma frequency,and γ is the damping constant. To achieve a negative inductor, the imaginary component of^^^^^^ (^) can possess a positive value and exhibit a negative slope at the design frequency. Acloser investigation of the admittance of this capacitor reveals that at frequencies much smallerthan ^^, "# $%&^^^^^^ (^)'( / "^|*≪*, = ^^(1 + ^^^ / ^^^^) which is consistently positive.the resonance frequency,"# $%&^^^^^(^)'( / "^| = ^ (1 + ^^ ^^ *≫*, ^ ^ / ^^ ) which also shows a positive slope. However,at the resonance frequency (ω = ω0), the situation is different, where "# $%&^^^^^^(^)'( / "^| ^*.*, = ^^(1 − 2^^^ / ^^ ) which can be made negative if ^ < √2^^, , while the imaginarycomponent of the admittance remains positive $%&^^^^^^ ' > 0. Furthermore, "# 34&^^^^^^ (^)'( / "^|*.*,= 0 , indicating that this design not only provides the required non-Foster characteristicsbut also ensures a flat real part, i.e., dispersion-less resistor in parallel to the negative inductoraround ^ = ^^ (see Fig. 10).

[0053] Designing of energy harvesting circuitry 300 can benefit from an engineering of the dispersion of the described dispersive material filled capacitor described in reference to Fig. 9 so that maximum energy harvesting bandwidth can be exhibited for a given threshold reflectivity Page 8 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)(5^). To start with, we assumed there is threshold reflectivity (5^) at the frequency ^^(whichcan define a design frequency). As for the second condition, we impose $%&^^^^^^ ' =$%&^6^7^ ' 89 ^^ which results in 34&^^^^^^ ' = :;<=,;>=,? ;@, . Please note 6^7 is theadmittance required for wideband matching to metal-backed dielectric. Let thethickness of the spacer between 202 and 208 in Fig. 6. When the thickness d is notably smaller than the wavelength at the frequency ^^i.e., d << λ0, the input admittancelooking towards the ground plane (208 in Fig. 6) will be ^ ^HAB = −^ / CD^ tan : I J?K ≈−^ / [^M ], where MAB = N^J. For perfect matching to thecircuit should provide the admittance equal to ^O^7^ = 1 / D^ + ^ / [N^^J] [2], hence we appliedthe condition of $%&^^^^^ 6^7^ ' = $%&^^ ' 89 ^^ in our dispersion engineering. Additionally, wealso' have equal slopes at ^ to ensure both follow trend thus makes whole Upon applying these conditions on the Lorentzdispersive dielectric filled capacitor the obtained design parameters are:

[0054] ^ = ;,*,B & Q,*R,B ;<=,^ Q R ^^ = ^ = @, :;>=,? (1)bandwidth using this presented method is:

[0056] S* ^BQ =* = ,*, T , (2)that the highlighted characteristic benefits wideband energy harvesting. Designing a capacitor filled with a material that precisely demonstrates the desired dispersion characteristics is understandably a challenging task, if feasible at all. Embodiments herein recognize, however, that in practice, such a capacitor can be identically realized using a circuit network composed of frequency-independent elements.

[0058] In one embodiment, spaced ground plane 220 can be provided by a dielectric spaced ground plane. In Fig. 9 inductor LDGPmodels a spaced ground plane 220 provided as a dielectric spaced ground plane and a capacitor with capacitance C0filled with a highly dispersive material defines energy harvesting circuitry 300 connected in parallel within spaced ground plane 220. Page 9 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)Energy harvesting circuitry 300 can be configured so that an impedance of spaced ground plane 220 modeled by inductor LDGP is matched to free space over a design energy harvesting frequency range of the described energy harvesting system 100. In reference to Fig. 11 there is set forth herein, an energy harvesting system 100 comprising a spaced ground plane 220 (as depicted in Fig. 1-3) modeled as inductor LDGP; and energy harvesting circuitry 300 connected in parallel with the spaced ground plane 220, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry 300 connected in parallel with the spaced ground plane 220 exhibits (as shown in Fig. 10) an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range (depicted range about ^^) encompassing a frequency (^^) (defining a design frequency) of the energy harvesting system 100. In a further aspect (as shown in Fig. 10), the admittanceimaginary component can include a positive slope outside of the frequency range (range about^^) encompassing the frequency (^^) (defining a design frequency) of the energy harvestingsystem 100. In Fig. 9, the energy harvesting circuitry 300 connected in parallel with the spaced ground plane 220 is provided by a capacitor with capacitance C0filled with a dispersive material to define a dispersive material filled capacitor. However, in view of challenges to the physical realization of the capacitor with capacitance C0filled with a dispersive material, embodiments herein can include embodiments wherein the described energy harvesting circuitry 300 connected in parallel with the spaced ground plane 220 and having the described admittance characteristics as shown in Fig. 10 is provided by alternative equivalent circuitry with more readily realized circuit components. The depicted range about ^^is the range Δ^^^^illustrated in Fig. 10 in which energy harvesting circuity operates as and emulates a negative inductor. The depicted range Δ^^^^can define a design energy harvesting range of energy harvesting system 100 according to one embodiment.

[0059] The depicted range about ^^in Fig. 10 is the range Δ^^^^defining a design energy harvesting range of the energy harvesting system 100 in which circuitry 300 exhibits an admittance imaginary component having a negative slope and operates as a negative inductor.

[0060] In each alternative embodiment of energy harvesting circuitry 300 herein, e.g., including in reference to Figs. 9, 11, 12, 13, 19, and 20, energy harvesting circuitry 300 can be configured to exhibit the admittance characteristics as shown in in Fig. 10 and can be further configured so that an impedance of spaced ground plane 220 (modeled by LDGP) is matched to an impedance of Page 10 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)free space over the frequency range (depicted range about ^^) encompassing the frequency (^^) (defining a design frequency) of the energy harvesting system 100, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the described energy harvesting system 100 and of an energy harvester 400 herein, which with load 240 defines energy harvesting system 100. For providing matching of an impedance of spaced ground plane 220 to free space over the frequency range (depicted range about ^^) encompassing the frequency (^^) (defining a design frequency) of the energy harvesting system, an input impedance of energy harvesting circuitry 300 can be matched to an input impedance of spaced ground plane 220.

[0061] We have developed a circuit network that can identically replicate the characteristics of the capacitor as shown in Fig. 9. Fig. 11 illustrates one of the various circuit implementations for a capacitor filled with a highly dispersive Lorentzian dielectric material. In this setup, the circuitcomponents can be expressed in terms of the dispersion parameters: 3 = ; Y ; ;^, *ZR , M = ^, *ZR , and^ = ^^(*Z*,)^. Note that in this circuit implementation, all the components are frequency-independent and passive. In the following section, we will elaborate on the methodology for applying dispersion engineering on this platform to enable wideband negative inductors, thereby facilitating the development of wideband thin energy harvesting structures.

[0062] In reference to Fig. 11 there is set forth herein, an energy harvesting system comprising a spaced ground plane 220 (depicted in Fig. 1-3) which can be provided as a dielectric spaced ground plane and which can be modeled as inductor LDGP; energy harvesting circuitry 300 connected in parallel with the spaced ground plane 220, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry 300 connected in parallel with the spaced ground plane 220 exhibits (as shown in Fig. 10) an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range (depicted range about ^^) encompassing a frequency (^^) (defining a design frequency) of energy harvesting system 100, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry 300 connected in parallel with the spaced ground plane 220 includes a capacitor, e.g., C0; and a series connected circuit path connected in parallel with the capacitor, e.g., C0, wherein the series connected circuit path includes a series connected resistor, e.g., R1, a series connected capacitor, e.g., C1, and a series connected inductor, e.g., L1. In a further aspect (as shown in Fig. 10), the admittance imaginary component can include a positive slope outside of the frequency range (range about ^^) Page 11 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)encompassing the frequency (^^) (defining a design frequency) of the energy harvesting system. In each alternatively embodiment of energy harvesting circuitry 300 herein energy harvesting circuitry 300 can be configured to exhibit the admittance characteristics as shown in in Fig. 10 and can be further configured so that an impedance of spaced ground plane 220 modeled by inductor LDGPis matched to an impedance of free space over the frequency range (depicted range about ^^) encompassing the frequency (^^) (defining a design frequency) of the energy harvesting system, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the described energy harvesting system.

[0063] To demonstrate the presented design concept an energy harvesting system is designed at[ = 10 GHz with the thickne I,^ ss of the spacer J = \^ = 1mm, and maximum allowablereflection 5^ = 0.15. Employing the designas described in Eq. (1), the circuitparameters of the structure are as follows: ^^ = 0.2016 pF, ^; = 13.22 fF, 3; = 308.234 Ω,M; = 19.151 nH, and MAB = 1.25 nH (refer to Fig. 12). The high-value series inductance,combined with an extremely low-value series capacitance, increases the structure’s sensitivity during fabrication and pose challenges for practical implementation. To address this issue, Zobel’s transformation [3] was applied to the matching network to achieve an equivalent circuit providing more implementation-friendly values for the components, i.e., a larger value of capacitance and a lower value of inductance. For the newly transformed equivalent circuit shownin Fig. 13 the component values read ^d d d^ = 0.215 pF, ^; = 3.2735 pF, 3; = 1.1687 Ω, andM′; = 0.072615 nH.

[0064] In reference to Fig. 12 there is set forth herein, an energy harvesting system comprising a spaced ground plane 220 (modeled by inductor LDGP of Fig. 12); energy harvesting circuitry 300 connected in parallel with the spaced ground plane 220; wherein the energy harvesting circuitry 300 connected in parallel with the spaced ground plane 220 exhibits (as shown in Fig. 10) an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range (depicted range about ^^) encompassing a frequency (^^) (defining a design frequency) of the energy harvesting system, and wherein the energy harvesting circuitry 300 connected in parallel with the spaced ground plane 220 includes a capacitor, e.g., C’0in series with first and second circuit paths that are connected in parallel to one another, the first circuit path having a capacitor, Page 12 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)e.g., C’1, and the second circuit path having an inductor, e.g., L’1in series with a resistor, e.g., R’1. In a further aspect (as shown in Fig. 10), the admittance imaginary component can include a positive slope outside of the frequency range (range about ^^) encompassing the frequency (^^) (defining a design frequency) of the energy harvesting system. In each alternatively embodiment of energy harvesting circuitry 300 herein, e.g., energy harvesting circuitry 300 can be configured to exhibit the admittance characteristics as shown in Fig. 10 and can be further configured so that an impedance of spaced ground plane 220 modeled by LDGPis matched to an impedance of free space over the frequency range (depicted range about ^^) encompassing the frequency (^^) (defining a design frequency) of the energy harvesting system, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the described energy harvesting system 100 and energy harvester 400.

[0065] Embodiments herein recognize, in reference to Fig. 12, that energy harvesting circuitry 300 of Fig. 12 connected in parallel with spaced ground plane 220 can be expanded to define an nth order dispersive network.

[0066] In reference to Figs. 1-13, it will be seen that embodiments of first circuitry 202 as shown in Figs. 1-3 can be provided by designing first circuitry 202 in combination with second circuitry 204 and load 240 so that impedance characteristics of resulting energy harvesting circuitry 300 of Figs. 1-3 exhibit the impedance characteristics of energy harvesting circuitry 300 set forth in the circuit of Fig. 9 and its transformation equivalents shown in Fig. 11 and Fig. 13.

[0067] In reference to the embodiment of Fig. 2, second circuitry 204 can be configured so that an input impedance of second circuitry 204 when connected to and energizing load 240 matches an input impedance of R1 as shown in the transformation equivalent circuit of Fig. 11.

[0068] In reference to the embodiment of Fig. 3, second circuitry 204 can be configured so that an input impedance of second circuitry 204 when connected to and energizing load 240 matches an input impedance of R’1 as shown in the transformation equivalent circuit of Fig. 13. Page 13 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)

[0069] Embodiments herein are not limited to embodiments wherein second circuitry 204 is configured so that an input impedance of second circuitry 204 when connected to and energizing load 240 matches an input impedance of a resistive component (such as R1 or R’1) of a transformation equivalent circuit such as the transformation equivalent circuit of Fig. 11 or Fig. 12. In another embodiment, second circuitry 204 can be configured so that an input impedance of second circuitry 204 when connected to and energizing load 240 matches an input impedance of one or more reactive component of a transformation equivalent circuit such as the transformation equivalent circuit of Fig. 11 or Fig. 12. In another embodiment, second circuitry 204 can be configured so that an input impedance of second circuitry 204 when connected to and energizing load 240 matches an input impedance of one or more reactive component and one or more resistive component of a transformation equivalent circuit.

[0070] Embodiments herein can find use in sensing applications, including remote sensing applications in remote environments that are not serviced by a power grid. Fig. 14 depicts energy harvesting system 100 configured as a sensing energy harvesting system disposed in and defining energy harvesting environment 1000, wherein energy harvesting environment 1000 defines a remote sensing energy harvesting environment. Energy harvesting environment 1000 as shown in Fig. 14 can include source 1500 of electromagnetic radiation 150 provided by a communication satellite shown at “A”. Communication satellites herein can take various forms. Geostationary satellites (GEO) orbit at high altitudes, providing constant coverage for services like satellite TV and telecommunications. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, which orbit closer to Earth, offer low-latency communications and are often deployed in constellations for global coverage, such as Starlink. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites, used for GPS and navigation, balance between coverage and latency. Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO) satellites serve regions with high latitudes. Communication relay satellites act as intermediaries for signal transmission, while Direct Broadcast Satellites (DBS) specialize in delivering television and radio directly to homes. Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) satellites facilitate communication between fixed stations, and Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) satellites provide connectivity to mobile users like ships and aircraft. Amateur Radio Satellites (AMSAT) allow long-distance communication for hobbyists, and CubeSats or NanoSats are small, low-cost satellites used for scientific, experimental, or educational purposes. Each satellite type is tailored for specific communication tasks depending on its operational requirements and orbit. Page 14 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)

[0071] For configuring energy harvesting system 100 to perform sensing according to one embodiment, load 240 can be configured as an integrated circuit (IC) 2401 that includes one or more sensor. In one embodiment, IC 2401 one can include one or more integrated sensor and one or more integrated wireless input / output (I / O) interface for transmission of uplink signal 160. Uplink signal 160 can include timestamped sensor data output by the one or more sensor integrated in IC 2401. In one embodiment, the integrated wireless I / O interface of IC 2401 can include a communication channel in common with communication satellite at “A” so that uplink signal 160 can be received by the communication satellite at “A”.

[0072] In the embodiment of Fig. 15, energy harvesting environment 1000 can define a ground- based sensing system. In the embodiment of Fig. 15, source 1500 of electromagnetic radiation 150 that is harvested by energy harvesting system 100 can be provided by a ground-based communication system depicted at “B”. In the embodiment of Fig. 15, IC 2401 can include one or more integrated sensor. In the embodiment of Fig. 15, IC 2401 can include one or more integrated sensor and one or more integrated wireless I / O interface for transmitting uplink signal 160. Integrated wireless I / O interface 3104 can be configured so that uplink signal 160 is transmitted in a communication channel that can be received by the ground-based communication station depicted at “B”. Referring to Fig. 15, uplink signal 160 can include timestamped sensor data output by one or more sensor integrated within IC 2401 as shown in Fig. 15. Ground-based wireless communication stations herein can take various forms. Cellular towers, or base stations, are widely used in mobile networks like 4G and 5G, connecting mobile devices to the broader network. Microwave stations handle point-to-point communication over long distances, often used for backhauling in cellular systems. Wi-Fi access points provide localized wireless Internet, while satellite ground stations, also known as Earth stations, link ground communication with satellites for TV, GPS, and internet services. Broadcast stations transmit radio and television signals over large areas, using frequency bands like FM or UHF. Base transceiver stations (BTS) enable wireless communication in mobile networks, supporting technologies such as GSM, CDMA, and LTE. Public safety communication towers are critical for emergency services, maintaining secure and reliable communication networks. WiMAX stations deliver long-range wireless broadband, often for rural areas, while two-way radio repeaters extend communication range for industries like public safety and transportation. Small cells, which include femtocells, picocells, and microcells, are low-power stations used to boost Page 15 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)network coverage and capacity, especially in dense urban environments or indoor settings. Each station type plays a specific role in the broader wireless communication infrastructure.

[0073] In the energy harvesting system 100 depicted in Fig. 16, energy harvesting system 100 can be configured to harvest energy radiating from radiation source 1500 at “A” and / or radiation source 1500 at “B”. That is, energy harvesting system 100 can be configured to harvest one or more of electromagnetic radiation 150 depicted at “AA” from radiation source 1500 at “A”, and / or electromagnetic radiation 150 depicted at “BB” from radiation source 1500 at “B”. Radiation source 1500 at “A” can be provided as a communication satellite and radiation source 1500 at “B” can be configured as a ground-based communication station.

[0074] IC 2401 as shown in Fig. 16 can include one or more sensor and one or more integrated wireless I / O interface. The one or more wireless I / O interface can be configured to transmit uplink signal 160 depicted at “AAA” and / or uplink signal 160 at “BBB”. IC 2401 can be configured so that the uplink signal 160 at “AAA” is transmitted at a communication channel that can be received by the communication satellite at “A”. IC 2401 can be further configured to transmit uplink signal 160 depicted at ‘BBB’ at a communication channel receivable by the communication station at “B”. Uplink signal 160 at “AAA” in the uplink signal 160 at “BBB” can include timestamped sensor data output by the one or more sensor integrated into IC 2401 as shown in Fig. 16.

[0075] Fig. 17 illustrates circuitry that can be included within an IC 2401 according to one embodiment. IC 2401 can include one or more processor 3101, one or more working memory 3102, one or more storage memory 3103, one or more wireless communication input output (I / O) interface 3104, and one or more sensor 3105. The one or more processor 3101, working memory 3102, storage memory 3103, one or more I / O interface 3104, and one or more sensor 3105 can be in communication via system bus 3106. In one aspect, the one or more wireless communication I / O interface 3104 can be configured as a wireless communication transceiver and can be configured to transmit uplink signal(s) 160 as set forth in connection with the embodiments of Figs. 14, 15, and 16.

[0076] In one aspect, storage memory 3103 can include persistent storage memory that retains data after loss of power. Embodiments herein envision use cases where electromagnetic radiation Page 16 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)150 available for harvesting is not persistently available and also envisions use cases where a communication system such as the communication satellite at “A” with a communication system at “B” is not always in range for receipt of an uplink signal 160 transmitted by one or more wireless communication I / O interface 3104 of IC 2401.

[0077] In one use case, IC 2401 can be configured so that when energy is being harvested with the one or more wireless communication I / O interface 3104 out of range of any communication system capable of receiving an uplink signal 160, IC 2401 stores timestamped sensor data into storage memory 3103 configured as a persistent storage memory. IC 2401 can be configured so that when one or more wireless communication I / O interface 3104 and the communication system capable of receiving the uplink signal 160 produced by the one or more wireless communication I / O interface 3104 return to being in communication range of one another, the timestamped sensor data stored into storage memory during the time that IC 2401 was out of range is transmitted to the now-in range communication system. If electromagnetic radiation 150 becomes unavailable for harvesting and energy harvesting system 100 stops powering load 240, IC 2401 will still be able to transmit timestamped sensor data that has been stored into storage memory 3103 when energy harvesting resumes and IC 2401 and the communication system return to being in range of one another based on storage memory being configured as a persistent memory.

[0078] In the embodiment of Fig. 17, load 240 of energy harvesting system 100 can be defined by IC 2401. Referring to the embodiment of Fig. 18, load 240 of energy harvesting system 100 can be defined by IC 2401 in combination with rechargeable battery 3108. The load 240 depicted in Fig. 18 can replace load 240 depicted in any one of Figs. 1, 2, 3, 14, 15, 16.

[0079] In the embodiment of Fig. 18, IC 2401 can include the components of IC 2401 depicted in Fig. 17 and can further include the additional component of recharging circuit 3107. Recharging circuit 3107 can be configured for recharging of rechargeable battery 3108 that can define with IC 2401 load 240. Load 240, defined by IC 2401 in combination with rechargeable battery 3108, can include multiple alternative configurations. In one embodiment, load 240 can be configured so that when electromagnetic radiation 150 is available for harvesting, IC 2401 Page 17 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)can be powered by rectifier circuit 200 and when electromagnetic radiation 150 is not available for harvesting, IC 2401 is powered by rechargeable battery 3108.

[0080] Load 240 as set forth in Fig. 18 can be configured so that when electromagnetic radiation 150 is available for harvesting, harvested energy harvested using energy harvesting system 100 is simultaneously used to power both recharging circuit 3107 for charging rechargeable battery 3108 and remaining components of IC 2401. In such an embodiment, an output rectifier circuit 200 can be provided to simultaneously power recharging circuit 3107 for charging rechargeable battery 3108 and remaining components of IC 2401 when electromagnetic radiation 150 is available.

[0081] In one embodiment, energy harvesting system 100 can be configured so that components of IC 2401 external to recharging circuit 3107 are powered by rechargeable battery 3108. Such a configuration can provide a stable, ripple-free voltage, and can provide uninterrupted power when electromagnetic radiation 150 is not available for harvesting, though it may drain the battery faster and require battery management to prevent over-discharge.

[0082] In one embodiment, energy harvesting system 100 can be configured so that components of IC 2401 external to recharging circuit 3107 are powered directly from the output of rectifier circuit 200. In such an embodiment, the output of rectifier circuit 200 can simultaneously be used to power recharging circuit 3107 for recharging rechargeable battery 3108. In one embodiment, IC 2401 can be configured to include management circuitry prioritizes rectifier power and powers remaining components of IC 2401 external to recharging circuit 3107 via the output of rectifier circuit 200 but switches to powering the remaining components of remaining components of IC 2401 by rechargeable battery 3108 if electromagnetic radiation 150 is unavailable for harvesting.

[0083] Various signal processing features can be incorporated into IC 2401 for improving the quality of the output of rectifier circuit 200. IC 2401 in one embodiment can incorporate capacitor filtering. Capacitor filtering can smooth out ripple by storing and releasing charge during voltage peaks and dips. IC 2401 in one embodiment can incorporate inductor filtering, which can resist changes in current to smooth the waveform. IC 2401 in one embodiment can incorporate RC or LC filters to further reduce ripple by filtering specific frequencies. Page 18 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)Additionally or alternatively, IC 2401 can incorporate voltage regulators to stabilize the output voltage and minimize fluctuations.

[0084] Rectifier circuit 200 as shown in Figs. 14, 15, and 16 can energize and power load 240. Rectifier circuit 200 in any embodiment herein, e.g., as shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 14, 15, and 16 can convert alternating current (AC), which flows in both directions, into direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction.

[0085] In a further aspect of IC 2401, the one or more sensor 3105 can define an internet of things (IoT) sensor and energy harvesting system 100 can define an IoT device. One or more sensor 3105 defining an IoT sensor in one embodiment can be provided by an environmental sensor. An environmental sensor can include, e.g., a temperature sensor, humidity sensor, air quality sensor, pressure sensor, and / or a soil moisture sensor. One or more sensor 3105 defining an IoT sensor in one embodiment can be provided by motion or positioning sensor. Motion and positioning sensors can include, e.g., accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, and proximity sensors to detect movement, orientation, and / or distance. One or more sensor 3105 defining an IoT sensor in one embodiment can be provided by a location tracking sensor. Location tracking sensors can include e.g., GPS sensors, RFID sensors, and / or NFC sensors. One or more sensor 3105 defining an IoT sensor in one embodiment can be provided by a health sensor. Health sensors can include, e.g., heart rate monitors, ECG sensors, blood pressure sensors, pulse oximeters, and EEG sensors. One or more sensor 3105 defining an IoT sensor in one embodiment can be provided by a proximity sensor, force sensor, flow sensor, pressure sensor, pH sensor, NPK sensor, leak detector sensor, camera sensor, and / or a current sensor.

[0086] Embodiments herein facilitate tuning of a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system 100. In one aspect, a design energy harvesting range of energy harvesting system 100 can be adjusted by adjusting a dispersion grid order of energy harvesting system 100.

[0087] Incorporating higher-order Lorentz dispersion into the network can enhance the bandwidth of the negative inductor, thereby enabling increases in a design energy harvesting frequency range. Admittance of nth-order Lorentzian dispersion reads as Page 19 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)

[0088] ^ (^) = ∑^ ^^^^^ = ^^ ∑^ *R^ g Z,h^O^B ^.; ^,^ ^.; ^,^ 1 − *R> *R <i*Y j (3),,h hits parallel plates, and^^,^ , ^^,^, ^^ are plasma frequency, resonant frequency, and damping frequency of the ithresonator,

[0090] There is depicted in Fig. 19 several shunt resonators made of single order Lorentz dispersive dielectric capacitors to form higher order matching grid, and in Fig. 20 there is depicted an equivalent circuit model of higher order Lorentz dispersive grid ^^^,^^^^that can be abstracted as an RLC resonator shunted with the capacitor. The circuit implementation shown in Fig. 20 precisely replicates the higher-order dispersive network shown in Fig. 19. As set forth in reference to Fig. 19 and 20 an nth order dispersive grid defining energy harvesting circuitry 300 can be provided by modeling and producing an equivalent circuit of n shunt resonators connected in parallel across spaced ground plane 220 (modeled by inductor LDGP of Fig. 19 and Fig. 20), wherein the respective ones of the n shunt resonators are provided by dispersive dielectric filled capacitors, as set forth herein.

[0091] Energy harvesting system 100 as shown in Figs. 9, 11, 12, 13 depicts a first order dispersive grid (first order dispersive network), whereas energy harvesting circuitry 300 as shown in Fig. 19 and Fig. 20 depicts an nth order dispersive grid (nth order dispersive network). In reference to Figs. 19 and 20 and the accompanying description, increasing a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system 100 can include increasing a dispersive grid order of energy harvesting system 100.

[0092] In some embodiments a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system 100 can be configured to encompass multiple communication channels. For example, in reference to Fig. 16, one or more of the communication satellite at “A” or the ground based communication station at ‘B’ can be configured to communicate via multiple wireless channels. In another example, there can be multiple instances the communication satellite, as indicated by the communication satellite at “A” and / or a ground-based communication station as indicated by the communication station at “B”, each of which can be configured to communicate in a different Page 20 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)communication channel. In one embodiment, energy harvesting system 100 can be configured to exhibit a design energy harvesting range that encompasses multiple separate communication channels defining the transmit / receive channels of a single communication system, e.g., communication satellite or communication station. In one embodiment, energy harvesting system 100 can be configured to exhibit a design energy harvesting range that encompasses multiple separate communication channels defining the transmit / receive channels of multiple communication systems in combination, e.g., comprising one or more communication satellite and / or one or more ground based communication station.

[0093] Embodiments herein recognize that satellite communications supported by communication satellites utilize several radiofrequency bands, each suited to different applications based on coverage needs, data rates, and environmental conditions. In one example, the L-band (1–2 GHz) can be used for GPS, mobile satellite services, and maritime communications. Embodiments herein recognize that the L-band can be less susceptible to rain fade, making it ideal for mobile and navigation systems. In one example, the S-band (2–4 GHz) supports satellite TV, weather satellites, and some communication services, offering moderate bandwidth. In one example, the C-band (4–8 GHz) is commonly used for satellite television and long-distance communications because of its ability to resist signal degradation from rain. In one example, the X-band (8–12 GHz) is characterized by high resistance to weather-related attenuation and specialized use in radar. In one example, the Ku-band (12–18 GHz) is widely used for direct broadcast satellite TV, VSAT networks, and commercial communication, though it is more prone to rain fade compared to lower bands. In one example, the Ka-band (26.5–40 GHz) is increasingly used for high-speed internet and broadband services, providing greater bandwidth but more affected by atmospheric conditions like rain. In one example, the V-band (40–75 GHz), still under development, promises next-generation broadband with very high data rates, though it is highly sensitive to atmospheric attenuation, especially over long distances.

[0094] Ground-based wireless communication stations operate across a variety of frequency bands, each suited to specific applications and performance characteristics. VHF (30–300 MHz) is commonly used for FM radio, TV broadcasting, and land mobile radios (police, fire, aviation) due to its long range and moderate data capacity, though it is prone to interference from obstacles. UHF (300 MHz–3 GHz) offers higher bandwidth and data rates, making it ideal for Page 21 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)TV broadcasting, mobile phones, Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz), Bluetooth, and GPS, with better penetration through buildings but shorter range than VHF. The L-band (1–2 GHz) is used for mobile phones, GPS, satellite communication, and RFID systems, balancing moderate range and data capacity with good building penetration. The S-band (2–4 GHz) supports Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz), radar, and 3G / 4G mobile networks, offering a good balance between range and bandwidth but is often crowded due to heavy usage by consumer devices. C-band (4–8 GHz) is employed for microwave backhaul links and radar, providing higher data rates for long-distance, point-to-point communications. X-band (8–12 GHz) is used, e.g., for radar, and weather monitoring, delivering high data rates with strong weather penetration. Higher frequency bands like Ku-band and Ka-band (12–40 GHz) are used for satellite communication, direct-to-home TV services, and fixed wireless internet, offering greater data transmission capacity but being more vulnerable to weather-related attenuation. Millimeter wave (24–100 GHz) is emerging for high-speed, short- range applications like 5G networks and point-to-point communications, ideal for dense urban environments but limited by signal attenuation due to buildings and weather. Lastly, the ISM bands are widely used for consumer technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and NFC, particularly in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies, offering high data rates over short distances but susceptible to interference from other devices operating in the same bands. These frequency channels are selected based on a range of factors, including data rates, distance, environmental conditions, and specific application requirements.

[0095] Embodiments herein recognize that licensed wireless communication channels that are closely spaced together are found in a variety of applications, enabling efficient use of the limited spectrum. Satellite communications, such as in the C-band (4–8 GHz) and Ku / Ka-bands (12–40 GHz), feature closely spaced channels, often 36 MHz or as little as 250 MHz apart, to enable multiple transponders to operate simultaneously with high-capacity data transmission. For 5G fixed wireless access, the 28 GHz band has channels as close as 50–100 MHz apart, supporting dense urban deployments and high-frequency reuse. In cellular networks like GSM and LTE, channels in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands are often spaced just 200 kHz apart for GSM, and 4G LTE channels range from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz, allowing for dense frequency reuse and mobile communication services. In UHF television broadcasting, channels are spaced 6 MHz apart, with each TV station assigned a closely spaced frequency range, such as channels 14 and 15 in the 470–482 MHz range. In microwave point-to-point links, channels in the 6 GHz, 11 Page 22 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)GHz, and 18 GHz bands are typically spaced 28 MHz or 56 MHz apart, optimizing long-distance data transmission in telecom backhaul networks. Public safety communications in the UHF bands, such as 450–470 MHz, have channel separations as narrow as 12.5 kHz to ensure multiple mission-critical voice and data services can operate simultaneously. Similarly, amateur radio operators in the 2-meter band (144–148 MHz) use channels spaced as close as 15 kHz apart, enabling various communication modes in a confined spectrum. These closely spaced channels across different bands and services benefit managing the available spectrum while minimizing interference and ensuring reliable communication for various purposes. In some embodiments the energy harvesting system can be configured to dynamically adjust a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system based on detected environmental electromagnetic spectrum availability. The dynamically adjusting can be accomplished, e.g., via selective activation of circuit components to adjust an order of dispersion.

[0096] In various embodiments described herein, the substrate utilized as the harvesting layer can be a dielectric material. As illustrated in the embodiments of Figs. 21a–22e, it is further recognized that incorporating a magnetic substrate spacer exhibiting Lorentz-type permeability dispersion can provide additional broadband energy harvesting functionality.

[0097] Consider we are using a substrate which has frequency dispersive permeability as follows: l,m;< nopslab defining a substrate spaceris shown in Fig. 21a. From this figure, we observe that the imaginary part of the admittance,$%{^A^}, exhibits regions resembling inductor–negative capacitor–inductor behavior,accompanied by intrinsic losses represented by the real part, 34{^A^}.

[0100] To achieve effective energy harvesting of the incident energy, the grid admittance, specifically $%{^^6,A^7}, should be engineered to emulate a negative inductor–capacitor–negative inductor profile, as evidenced in Fig. 22b. Upon closer inspection of the admittance Page 23 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)characteristics of the proposed dispersive dielectric grid, we find that its imaginary component displays a capacitor–negative inductor-capacitor behavior. Therefore, using this dispersive dielectric capacitor grid enables two distinct regions of reactance cancellation when properly designed, thereby significantly broadening the bandwidth over which efficient energy harvesting can occur (refer to Fig. 22c). Furthermore, like dielectric case we can further enhance the bandwidth of the energy harvesting surface by including higher order dispersion in the grid as shown in Fig. 22e.

[0101] In any embodiment, the described spaced ground plane may be implemented as a dielectric spaced ground plane, as illustrated in Figs. 4–13, or a magnetic spaced ground plane, as illustrated in Figs. 21a–22e. In the dielectric spaced ground plane embodiment spacer 222 can be provided by a dielectric material. In the magnetic spaced ground plane embodiment, spacer 222 can, e.g., be provided by a magnetic material or can include magnetic material exhibiting Lorentz-type permeability dispersion, enabling the magnetic spaced ground plane to provide frequency-dispersive characteristics that support wideband electromagnetic energy harvesting.

[0102] Embodiments herein recognize that the modeling of the ground plane differs between the dielectric spaced ground plane embodiment and the magnetic spaced ground plane embodiment. In the dielectric case, the ground plane can be modeled as a frequency-independent inductive element LDGP, defined by LDGP = μ₀d, where μ₀ is the free-space permeability and d is the thickness of the dielectric spacer. This model leads to a design in which energy harvesting circuitry 300 operates within a specific frequency region about the design frequency ω₀, as shown in Figs. 9 and 10, where the energy harvesting circuitry 300 emulates and operates as a negative inductor to achieve the desired impedance matching and broadband energy harvesting.

[0103] In the dielectric spaced ground plane embodiment, the design frequency is defined as the frequency ω₀ at which the imaginary component of the admittance of energy harvesting circuitry 300 reaches its most effective negative inductive behavior to achieve optimal impedance matching with free space. The circuitry is engineered so that, within a frequency range about this design frequency ω₀, it exhibits the desired non-Foster characteristics to enable broadband energy harvesting. The design energy harvesting frequency range in this dielectric embodiment can be defined as the range about the design frequency ω₀ within which the circuitry exhibits Page 24 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)negative inductive behavior, providing a predictable and well-controlled energy harvesting profile.

[0104] In the magnetic spaced ground plane embodiment, the magnetic material introduces a complex, frequency-dispersive permeability defined by: μ(ω) = μ₀ [1 + (χ₀ (1 + jσω / ω₀,m)) / ((1 + jσω / ω₀,m)² - (ω / ω₀,m)²)]

[0105] This results in the conductor-backed magnetic spaced ground plane exhibiting dual frequency-dependent behaviors. Within a first operating frequency region, the magnetic spaced ground plane behaves inductively, similar to the dielectric case, and circuitry 300 can operate to emulate a negative inductor to achieve impedance matching. However, beyond this first region, in a second operating frequency region, the magnetic spaced ground plane exhibits behavior equivalent to a negative capacitor, enabling circuitry 300 to transition from negative inductive behavior to capacitive behavior for continued impedance control.

[0106] In the magnetic spaced ground plane embodiment, the design frequency is defined as the frequency ωB, also referred to as the design border frequency, at which the conductor-backed magnetic spaced ground plane transitions from exhibiting inductive behavior to negative capacitive behavior. Below this design border frequency, energy harvesting circuitry 300 emulates and operates as a negative inductor, and above this frequency, energy harvesting circuitry 300 transitions to providing capacitive behavior. This enables a highly flexible and broad energy harvesting profile across both frequency regions.

[0107] Accordingly, the design energy harvesting frequency range in the magnetic spaced ground plane embodiment is defined as the range extending from a first frequency at which energy harvesting circuitry 300 commences operation as a negative inductor to a second frequency at which the magnetic spaced ground plane ceases to exhibit negative capacitive behavior. This design energy harvesting frequency range spans both the first and second operating frequency regions, enabling energy harvesting circuitry 300 to emulate negative inductive behavior below the design border frequency ωB and to transition to capacitive behavior above ωB, as illustrated by the admittance profiles in Fig. 21c, Fig. 22b, and Fig. 22c. This dual- region behavior allows the magnetic spaced ground plane embodiment to achieve significantly wider energy harvesting bandwidth compared to the dielectric case. Page 25 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)

[0108] Despite these differences, the equivalent circuits illustrated in Figs. 11–13 remain applicable to the magnetic spaced ground plane embodiment. The complex admittance behavior of the magnetic material can be equivalently represented using frequency-independent passive circuit components via standard equivalent circuit transformations, including Zobel transformations. These circuit models accurately capture the required negative slope of the imaginary admittance component over the design energy harvesting frequency range, allowing for broadband impedance matching and efficient energy harvesting even when employing a magnetic material-based ground plane.

[0109] Embodiments herein further recognize that the higher-order dispersive grid configurations illustrated in Figs. 19 and 20 also apply directly to the magnetic spaced ground plane embodiment. Incorporating higher-order dispersion in the grid enables precise shaping of the admittance profile to introduce multiple reactance cancellation points, thereby further expanding the design energy harvesting frequency range. Due to the inherent characteristics of the magnetic spaced ground plane, it is advantageous to start at order two (n = 2) for the higher- order dispersive network in this embodiment. The natural complexity of the magnetic substrate’s admittance behavior already supports multiple reactance transitions, enabling wideband energy harvesting performance without requiring an initial single-order design as is typical in the dielectric case.

[0110] In summary, the modeling differences between the dielectric and magnetic spaced ground plane embodiments provide designers with powerful tools to control both the design frequency and the design energy harvesting frequency range. While the dielectric embodiment offers predictability and simplicity with the design frequency ω₀ centered on negative inductive behavior, the magnetic spaced ground plane embodiment introduces dual-mode frequency behavior defined by a design border frequency ωB, offering greater flexibility for achieving ultra- wideband electromagnetic energy harvesting. Both embodiments benefit from the admittance engineering strategies, equivalent circuit models, and higher-order dispersive design approaches set forth herein, providing a unified and versatile platform for the design of next-generation energy harvesting systems. Page 26 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)

[0111] In the dielectric-based embodiments illustrated in Figs. 4–13, spaced ground plane 220 can be configured as a spaced dielectric ground plane and can be electrically modeled as a frequency-independent inductive element across all operational frequencies, as shown in Fig. 10. In this configuration, energy harvesting circuitry 300 can be implemented as a dispersive capacitor network or an equivalent circuit transformation and can operate within a defined frequency region Δωneg, corresponding to the range in which it can emulate negative inductive behavior to achieve broadband impedance matching and efficient electromagnetic energy harvesting. The design energy harvesting frequency range can be centered about the frequency ω₀ (defining a design frequency in the dielectric embodiment), at which energy harvesting circuitry 300 can exhibit optimal negative inductive behavior, as illustrated in Fig. 10. Within this range, precise admittance engineering can facilitate controlled reactance cancellation, supporting efficient energy transfer from incident electromagnetic fields to the system’s load.

[0112] The magnetic substrate spacer embodiment presented in Figs. 21a–22e can provide an alternative configuration with expanded operational characteristics. In this embodiment, spaced ground plane 220 can be configured as a magnetic spaced ground plane and can exhibit dual- mode frequency-dependent behavior based on its Lorentz-type dispersive magnetic permeability. Within a first operating frequency region, the magnetic substrate can behave inductively, allowing energy harvesting circuitry 300 to emulate negative inductive behavior similar to the dielectric-based embodiment. In a second operating frequency region, spaced ground plane 220 can transition to exhibit a negative capacitive response, and energy harvesting circuitry 300 can correspondingly transition to operate as a capacitor. This dual-regime behavior can support extended impedance control and can enable efficient energy harvesting across a broad frequency range, as shown in Fig. 22b.

[0113] The design energy harvesting frequency range in the magnetic substrate spacer embodiment can extend from a lower frequency ω₁, where energy harvesting circuitry 300 can commence negative inductive operation, to an upper frequency ω₂, where the magnetic spaced ground plane can cease to exhibit negative capacitive behavior. This range can span both inductive and capacitive operating regimes, enabling energy harvesting circuitry 300 to emulate negative inductive behavior below the critical design border frequency ωB and to transition seamlessly to capacitive behavior above ωB, as illustrated in Fig. 22b. This configuration can Page 27 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)provide a flexible design option for achieving broad operational bandwidths suitable for various energy harvesting applications.

[0114] In the embodiment of Figs. 21a–22e, energy harvesting circuitry 300 can be engineered to emulate the behavior of a target matching network across both operating regions. Below the design border frequency ωB, it can provide negative inductive behavior to achieve impedance matching, and above ωB, it can transition to capacitive behavior, maintaining optimal impedance control. This design approach can enable efficient energy harvesting performance over an extended frequency range.

[0115] The dielectric and magnetic spaced ground plane embodiments can each define the design frequency parameter differently, providing designers with versatile options to meet various performance objectives. In the dielectric-based embodiment, the design frequency can be defined by ω₀, corresponding to the frequency at which energy harvesting circuitry 300 can exhibit optimal negative inductive behavior for targeted energy harvesting efficiency. In the magnetic substrate spacer embodiment, the design frequency can be defined by the border frequency ωB, which can serve as a transition point between negative inductive and capacitive behaviors. This dual-regime response can offer an alternative approach for achieving wide frequency coverage and enhanced energy harvesting adaptability.

[0116] In both embodiments, spaced ground plane 220 and first circuitry 202 of energy harvesting circuitry 300 can be implemented using planar conductive or composite plates arranged in a parallel configuration, as shown in Figs. 4–8. This parallel arrangement can support compact, thin-profile electromagnetic energy harvesting structures suitable for integration into a wide variety of systems, including portable electronic devices, wireless sensors, and layered electronic assemblies. Such configurations can also facilitate manufacturability and seamless integration into modern device architectures.

[0117] The magnetic spaced ground plane embodiment can provide additional design flexibility by combining the dispersive magnetic properties of spaced ground plane 220 with the engineered frequency dispersion of energy harvesting circuitry 300. This combination can support effective impedance control across both negative inductive and capacitive regimes, enabling a broad range of frequency response options. These characteristics can make the magnetic spaced ground plane Page 28 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)embodiment particularly well-suited for applications that benefit from extended operational frequency ranges, such as wireless power transfer systems, ambient RF energy harvesting for IoT devices, and advanced self-powered electronics. By offering both dielectric and magnetic substrate-based solutions, the disclosed system can enable designers to tailor electromagnetic energy harvesting systems to meet diverse performance requirements and application environments. Each embodiment can provide valuable design options for achieving efficient, broadband energy harvesting using well-established admittance engineering strategies and advanced frequency control techniques.

[0118] One general aspect includes an energy harvester that includes a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, where the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy being harvested. The harvester also includes a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

[0119] Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The energy harvester where the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, where the first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane includes at least one inductor. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, where the first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane includes at least one capacitor. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane, where the first circuitry defined by the impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor. The second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a Page 29 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane, where the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination, is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination, is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvester. The admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvester. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system. The admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel with the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester. The first circuitry is passive circuitry. The first circuitry may include of passive circuit components. The first circuitry is absent of active circuitry. The energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits performance characteristics of a capacitor filled with a dispersive dielectric. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvester. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination, is (a) connected in parallel across the ground plane, (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (c) exhibits an admittance with an Page 30 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvester. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvester.

[0120] One general aspect includes an energy harvester that includes a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, where the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry. The harvester also includes a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods.

[0121] Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The energy harvester where the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, where the first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane includes at least one inductor defining by the impedance grid. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, where the first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane includes at least one capacitor defining by the impedance grid. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, where the first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor defining by the impedance grid. The second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, where the second Page 31 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination, is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination, is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvester. The admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion- less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvester. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system. The admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel with the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester. The first circuitry is passive circuitry. The first circuitry may include of passive circuit components. The first circuitry is absent of active circuitry. The energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits performance characteristics of a capacitor filled with a dispersive dielectric. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvester. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination, is (a) connected in parallel across the ground plane, (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (c) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvester. Page 32 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)

[0122] One general aspect includes an energy harvesting system also includes a load. The system also includes a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, where the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy being harvested. The system also includes a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

[0123] Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The energy harvesting system where the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, where the first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane includes at least one inductor. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, where the first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane includes at least one capacitor. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane, where the first circuitry defined by the impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor. The second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane, where the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination, is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy Page 33 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination, is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvesting system. The admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion- less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system. The admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel with the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system. The first circuitry is passive circuitry. The first circuitry may include of passive circuit components. The first circuitry is absent of active circuitry. The energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits performance characteristics of a capacitor filled with a dispersive dielectric. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination, is (a) connected in parallel across the ground plane, (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (c) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvesting system. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system. The load includes a sensor. The load includes a sensor integrally formed within an integrated circuit. The load includes a sensor and a wireless communication input / output (I / O) interface. The load includes an integrated circuit having integrally formed therein a sensor and a wireless Page 34 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)communication input / output (I / O) interface. The load includes a recharging circuit for recharging a rechargeable battery. The load includes a recharging circuit for recharging a rechargeable battery, and an integrated circuit having a sensor and a wireless communication I / O interface, where the recharging circuit is integrated in the integrated circuit. The load includes a sensor, where the energy harvesting system is configured to harvest electromagnetic radiation from a communication system, and where the energy harvesting system is configured to wirelessly transmit sensor data output by the sensor to the communication system. The load includes a sensor, where the energy harvesting system is configured to harvest electromagnetic radiation from a communication system, and where the energy harvesting system is configured to wirelessly transmit sensor data output by the sensor to a second communication system. The energy harvesting system is configured so that a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system encompasses multiple communication channels of electromagnetic radiation received from a communication station. The energy harvesting system is configured so that a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system encompasses multiple communication channels of electromagnetic radiation received from a set of communication stations.

[0124] One general aspect includes an energy harvesting system also includes a load. The system also includes a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, where the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry. The system also includes a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

[0125] Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The energy harvesting system where the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, where the first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane includes at least one inductor defining by the impedance grid. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, where the Page 35 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane includes at least one capacitor defining by the impedance grid. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, where the first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor defining by the impedance grid. The second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, where the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one more source of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination, is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination, is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvesting system. The admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system. The admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel with the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system. The first circuitry is passive circuitry. The first circuitry may include of passive circuit components. The first circuitry is absent of active Page 36 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)circuitry. The energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits performance characteristics of a capacitor filled with a dispersive dielectric. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination, is (a) connected in parallel across the ground plane, (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (c) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvesting system. The admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system. The load includes a sensor. The load includes a sensor integrally formed within an integrated circuit. The load includes a sensor and a wireless communication input / output (I / O) interface. The load includes an integrated circuit having integrally formed therein a sensor and a wireless communication input / output (I / O) interface. The load includes a recharging circuit for recharging a rechargeable battery. The load includes a recharging circuit for recharging a rechargeable battery, and an integrated circuit having a sensor and a wireless communication I / O interface, where the recharging circuit is integrated in the integrated circuit. The load includes a sensor, where the energy harvesting system is configured to harvest electromagnetic radiation from a communication system, and where the energy harvesting system is configured to wirelessly transmit sensor data output by the sensor to the communication system. The load includes a sensor, where the energy harvesting system is configured to harvest electromagnetic radiation from a communication system, and where the energy harvesting system is configured to wirelessly transmit sensor data output by the sensor to a second communication system. The energy harvesting system is configured so that a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system encompasses multiple communication channels of electromagnetic radiation received from a communication station. The energy harvesting system is configured so that a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system encompasses Page 37 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)multiple communication channels of electromagnetic radiation received from a set of communication stations.

[0126] One general aspect includes an energy harvester also includes a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, where the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy being harvested. The harvester also includes a spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

[0127] Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The energy harvester where the spaced ground plane may include a dielectric spaced ground plane. The spaced ground plane may include a magnetic spaced ground plane. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane and includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor. The second circuitry is disposed behind the spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system, where the design energy Page 38 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system is defined as a frequency range in which the energy harvesting circuitry operates as a negative inductor. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system, where the design energy harvesting frequency range extends from a first frequency at which the energy harvesting circuitry commences operation as negative inductor to a second frequency at which the spaced ground plane ceases to exhibit negative capacitive behavior. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system, and where the admittance imaginary component of the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane has a positive slope within the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.

[0128] One general aspect includes an energy harvester also includes a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, where the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry. The harvester also includes a spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

[0129] Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The energy harvester where the spaced ground plane may include a dielectric spaced ground plane. The spaced ground plane may include a magnetic spaced ground plane. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane and includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor. The second circuitry is disposed behind the spaced ground plane relative to a Page 39 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system, where the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system is defined as a frequency range in which the energy harvesting circuitry operates as a negative inductor. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system, where the design energy harvesting frequency range extends from a first frequency at which the energy harvesting circuitry commences operation as negative inductor to a second frequency at which the spaced ground plane ceases to exhibit negative capacitive behavior. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component Page 40 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system, and where the admittance imaginary component of the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane has a positive slope within the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.

[0130] The energy harvesting system in one embodiment also includes a load. The system also includes a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, where the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy being harvested. The system also includes a spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

[0131] Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The energy harvesting system where the spaced ground plane may include a dielectric spaced ground plane. The spaced ground plane may include a magnetic spaced ground plane. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane and includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor. The second circuitry is disposed behind the spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested.

[0132] The energy harvesting system in one embodiment also includes a load. The system also includes a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, where the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry. The system also includes a spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

[0133] Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The energy harvesting system where the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane. The first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane, and the impedance grid includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor. The second circuitry is disposed behind the spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of Page 41 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, where the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system is defined as a frequency range in which the energy harvesting circuitry operates as a negative inductor. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, where the design energy harvesting frequency range extends from a first frequency at which the energy harvesting circuitry commences operation as negative inductor to a second frequency at which the spaced ground plane ceases to exhibit negative capacitive behavior. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design Page 42 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, and where the admittance imaginary component of the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane has a positive slope within the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, where the design energy harvesting frequency range is defined as a range extending from a first frequency at which the energy harvesting circuitry commences operation as a negative inductor to a second frequency at which the spaced ground plane ceases to exhibit behavior as a negative capacitor, the design energy harvesting frequency range encompassing a first operating region and a second operating region of the circuitry, where in the first operating region the circuitry operates as a negative inductor and in the second operating region the circuitry operates as a capacitor. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a first operating region of a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, and where the admittance imaginary component of the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane has a positive slope within a second operating region of the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, Page 43 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system, and where the admittance imaginary component of the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane has a positive slope within the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits performance characteristics of a capacitor filled with a dispersive dielectric. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the load includes a sensor. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the load includes a sensor and a wireless communication input / output (I / O) interface. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the load may include a recharging circuit for recharging a rechargeable battery. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting system is configured to Page 44 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)dynamically adjust a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system based on detected environmental electromagnetic spectrum availability. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the spaced ground plane is configured to exhibit frequency-selective surface properties to enhance harvesting efficiency within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting system is configured to dynamically adjust a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system based on detected environmental electromagnetic spectrum availability. The rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the spaced ground plane is configured to exhibit frequency-selective surface properties to enhance harvesting efficiency within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.

[0134] One general aspect includes a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, the rectifier circuit including: first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of a spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane, the impedance grid including at least one inductor and at least one capacitor. The energy harvester also includes and second circuitry disposed behind the spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from the one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, the second circuitry shielded from the electromagnetic energy being harvested. The harvester also includes where the spaced ground plane is spaced from the first circuitry and may include a dielectric spaced ground plane or a magnetic spaced ground plane. The harvester also includes and where the rectifier circuit is configured such that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel Page 45 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods.

[0135] Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The energy harvester where the design energy harvesting frequency range is defined as a frequency range in which the energy harvesting circuitry operates as a negative inductor. The design energy harvesting frequency range extends from a first frequency at which the energy harvesting circuitry commences operation as a negative inductor to a second frequency at which the spaced ground plane ceases to exhibit negative capacitive behavior.

[0136] The energy harvesting system also includes a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, the rectifier circuit including: first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of a spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane, the impedance grid including at least one inductor and at least one capacitor. The system also includes and second circuitry disposed behind the spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from the one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. The system also includes where the spaced ground plane is spaced from the first circuitry. The system also includes and where the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane.

[0137] One general aspect includes an a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, the rectifier circuit including: first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of a spaced dielectric ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced dielectric ground plane, the impedance grid including at least one inductor and at least one capacitor. The energy harvester also includes and second circuitry disposed behind the spaced dielectric ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from the one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. The harvester also includes Page 46 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)where the spaced dielectric ground plane is spaced from the first circuitry and may include a dielectric spaced dielectric ground plane or a magnetic spaced dielectric ground plane. The harvester also includes and where the rectifier circuit is configured such that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the spaced dielectric ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced dielectric ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced dielectric ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, where the design energy harvesting frequency range is defined as a frequency range in which the energy harvesting circuitry operates as a negative inductor.

[0138] One general aspect includes a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods. The energy harvesting system also includes a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, the rectifier circuit including: first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of a spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane, the impedance grid including at least one inductor and at least one capacitor. The system also includes and second circuitry disposed behind the spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from the one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, the second circuitry shielded from the electromagnetic energy being harvested. The system also includes where the spaced ground plane is spaced from the first circuitry and may include a dielectric spaced ground plane or a magnetic spaced ground plane. The system also includes and where the rectifier circuit is configured such that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, where the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, and the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope within the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system. Page 47 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)

[0139] A small sample of other combinations set forth herein include as follows.

[0140] There is set forth herein (A1) an energy harvester comprising: a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy being harvested; and a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry. There is also set forth herein (A2) the energy harvester of (A1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid. There is also set forth herein (A3) the energy harvester of (A1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane. There is also set forth herein (A4) the energy harvester of (A1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, wherein the first circuitry defined by the impedance grid includes at least one inductor. There is also set forth herein (A5) the energy harvester of (A1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, wherein the first circuitry defined by the impedance grid includes at least one capacitor. There is also set forth herein (A6) the energy harvester of (A1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane, wherein the first circuitry defined by the impedance grid includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor. There is also set forth herein (A7) the energy harvester of (A1), wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. There is also set forth herein (A8) the energy harvester of (A1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane, wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. There is also set forth herein (A9) the energy harvester of (A1), wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the Page 48 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane. There is also set forth herein (A10) the energy harvester of (A1), wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvester. There is also set forth herein (A11) the energy harvester of (A10), wherein the admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester. There is also set forth herein (A12) the energy harvester of (A10), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvester. There is also set forth herein (A13) the energy harvester of (A10), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system. There is also set forth herein (A14) the energy harvester of (A10), wherein the admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel with the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester. There is also set forth herein (A15) the energy harvester of (A10), wherein the first circuitry is passive circuitry. There is also set forth herein (A16) the energy harvester of (A10), wherein the first circuitry consists of passive circuit components. There is also set forth herein (A17) the energy harvester of (A10), wherein the first circuitry is absent of active circuitry. There is also set forth herein (A18) the energy harvester of (A10), wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits performance characteristics of a capacitor filled with a dispersive dielectric. There is also set forth herein (A19) the energy harvester of (A10), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvester. There is also set forth herein (A20) the energy harvester of (A1), wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the Page 49 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the ground plane, (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (c) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvester. There is also set forth herein (A21) the energy harvester of (A20), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvester.

[0141] There is set forth herein (B1) an energy harvester comprising: a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry; and a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry. There is also set forth herein (B2) the energy harvester of (B1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid. There is also set forth herein (B3) the energy harvester of (B1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane. There is also set forth herein (B4) the energy harvester of (B1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, wherein the first circuitry defined by the impedance grid includes at least one inductor. There is also set forth herein (B5) the energy harvester of (B1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, wherein the first circuitry defined by the impedance grid includes at least one capacitor. There is also set forth herein (B6) the energy harvester of (B1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane, wherein the first circuitry defined by the impedance grid includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor. There is also set forth herein (B7) the energy harvester of (B1), wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. There is also set forth herein (B8) the energy harvester of (B1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an Page 50 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. There is also set forth herein (B9) the energy harvester of (B1), wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane. There is also set forth herein (B10) the energy harvester of (B1), wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvester. There is also set forth herein (B11) the energy harvester of (B10), wherein the admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion- less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester. There is also set forth herein (B12) the energy harvester of (B10), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvester. There is also set forth herein (B13) the energy harvester of (B10), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system. There is also set forth herein (B14) the energy harvester of (B10), wherein the admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel with the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester. There is also set forth herein (B15) the energy harvester of (B10), wherein the first circuitry is passive circuitry. There is also set forth herein (B16) the energy harvester of (B10), wherein the first circuitry consists of passive circuit components. There is also set forth herein (B17) the energy harvester of (B10), wherein the first circuitry is absent of active circuitry. There is also set forth herein (B18) the energy harvester of (B10), wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the Page 51 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits performance characteristics of a capacitor filled with a dispersive dielectric. There is also set forth herein (B19) the energy harvester of (B10), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvester. There is also set forth herein (B20) the energy harvester of (B1), wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the ground plane, (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (c) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvester. There is also set forth herein (B21) the energy harvester of (B20), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvester.

[0142] There is set forth herein (C1) an energy harvesting system comprising: a load; a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy being harvested; and a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry. There is also set forth herein (C2) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid. There is also set forth herein (C3) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane. There is also set forth herein (C4) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the first circuitry defined by the impedance grid includes at least one inductor. There is also set forth herein (C5) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the first circuitry defined by the impedance grid includes at least one capacitor. There is also set forth herein (C6) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the first circuitry defined by the impedance grid includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor. There is also set forth herein (C7) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. There is also set forth herein (C8) the Page 52 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. There is also set forth herein (C9) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane. There is also set forth herein (C10) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvesting system. There is also set forth herein (C11) the energy harvesting system of (C10), wherein the admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency. There is also set forth herein (C12) the energy harvesting system of (C10), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range. There is also set forth herein (C13) the energy harvesting system of (C10), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system. There is also set forth herein (C14) the energy harvesting system of (C10), wherein the admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel with the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency. There is also set forth herein (C15) the energy harvesting system of (C10), wherein the first circuitry is passive circuitry. There is also set forth herein (C16) the energy harvesting system of (C10), wherein the first circuitry consists of passive circuit components. There is also set forth herein (C17) the energy harvesting system of (C10), wherein the first circuitry is absent of active circuitry. There is also set forth herein (C18) the energy harvesting system of (C10), wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits performance characteristics of a capacitor Page 53 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)filled with a dispersive dielectric. There is also set forth herein (C19) the energy harvesting system of (C10), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range. There is also set forth herein (C20) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the ground plane, (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (c) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvesting system. There is also set forth herein (C21) the energy harvesting system of (C20), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range. There is also set forth herein (C22) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the load includes a sensor. There is also set forth herein (C23) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the load includes a sensor integrally formed within an integrated circuit. There is also set forth herein (C24) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the load includes a sensor and a wireless communication input / output interface. There is also set forth herein (C25) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the load includes an integrated circuit having integrally formed therein a sensor and a wireless communication input / output interface. There is also set forth herein (C26) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the load includes a recharging circuit for recharging a rechargeable battery. There is also set forth herein (C27) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the load includes a recharging circuit for recharging a rechargeable battery, and an integrated circuit having a sensor and a wireless communication input / output interface, wherein the recharging circuit is integrated in the integrated circuit. There is also set forth herein (C28) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the load includes a sensor and is configured to harvest electromagnetic radiation from a communication system and wirelessly transmit sensor data output by the sensor to the communication system. There is also set forth herein (C29) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the load includes a sensor and is configured to harvest electromagnetic radiation from a communication system and wirelessly transmit sensor data output by the sensor to a second communication system. There is also set forth herein (C30) the energy harvesting system Page 54 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)of (C1), wherein the system is configured so that a design energy harvesting frequency range encompasses multiple communication channels of electromagnetic radiation received from a communication station. There is also set forth herein (C31) the energy harvesting system of (C1), wherein the system is configured so that a design energy harvesting frequency range encompasses multiple communication channels of electromagnetic radiation received from a set of communication stations.

[0143] There is set forth herein (D1) an energy harvesting system comprising: a load; a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry; and a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry. There is also set forth herein (D2) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid. There is also set forth herein (D3) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane. There is also set forth herein (D4) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the first circuitry defined by the impedance grid includes at least one inductor. There is also set forth herein (D5) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the first circuitry defined by the impedance grid includes at least one capacitor. There is also set forth herein (D6) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the first circuitry defined by the impedance grid includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor. There is also set forth herein (D7) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. There is also set forth herein (D8) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested. There is also set forth herein (D9) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane. There is also set forth herein (D10) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) Page 55 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvesting system. There is also set forth herein (D11) the energy harvesting system of (D10), wherein the admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency. There is also set forth herein (D12) the energy harvesting system of (D10), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range. There is also set forth herein (D13) the energy harvesting system of (D10), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system. There is also set forth herein (D14) the energy harvesting system of (D10), wherein the admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel with the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency. There is also set forth herein (D15) the energy harvesting system of (D10), wherein the first circuitry is passive circuitry. There is also set forth herein (D16) the energy harvesting system of (D10), wherein the first circuitry consists of passive circuit components. There is also set forth herein (D17) the energy harvesting system of (D10), wherein the first circuitry is absent of active circuitry. There is also set forth herein (D18) the energy harvesting system of (D10), wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits performance characteristics of a capacitor filled with a dispersive dielectric. There is also set forth herein (D19) the energy harvesting system of (D10), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range. There is also set forth herein (D20) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the ground plane, (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (c) exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvesting Page 56 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)system. There is also set forth herein (D21) the energy harvesting system of (D20), wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range. There is also set forth herein (D22) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the load includes a sensor. There is also set forth herein (D23) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the load includes a sensor integrally formed within an integrated circuit. There is also set forth herein (D24) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the load includes a sensor and a wireless communication input / output interface. There is also set forth herein (D25) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the load includes an integrated circuit having integrally formed therein a sensor and a wireless communication input / output interface. There is also set forth herein (D26) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the load includes a recharging circuit for recharging a rechargeable battery. There is also set forth herein (D27) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the load includes a recharging circuit for recharging a rechargeable battery, and an integrated circuit having a sensor and a wireless communication input / output interface, wherein the recharging circuit is integrated in the integrated circuit. There is also set forth herein (D28) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the load includes a sensor and is configured to harvest electromagnetic radiation from a communication system and wirelessly transmit sensor data output by the sensor to the communication system. There is also set forth herein (D29) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the load includes a sensor and is configured to harvest electromagnetic radiation from a communication system and wirelessly transmit sensor data output by the sensor to a second communication system. There is also set forth herein (D30) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the system is configured so that a design energy harvesting frequency range encompasses multiple communication channels of electromagnetic radiation received from a communication station. There is also set forth herein (D31) the energy harvesting system of (D1), wherein the system is configured so that a design energy harvesting frequency range encompasses multiple communication channels of electromagnetic radiation received from a set of communication stations.

[0144] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates Page 57 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprise” (and any form of comprise, such as “comprises” and “comprising”), “have” (and any form of have, such as “has” and “having”), “include” (and any form of include, such as “includes” and “including”), “contain” (and any form contain, such as “contains” and “containing”), and any other grammatical variant thereof, are open-ended linking verbs. As a result, a method or article that “comprises”, “has”, “includes” or “contains” one or more steps or elements possesses those one or more steps or elements but is not limited to possessing only those one or more steps or elements. Likewise, a step of a method or an element of an article that “comprises”, “has”, “includes” or “contains” one or more features possesses those one or more features but is not limited to possessing only those one or more features.

[0145] Terms like “obtainable” or “definable” and “obtained” or “defined” are used interchangeably. This, for example, means that, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, the term “obtained” does not mean to indicate that, for example, an embodiment must be obtained by, for example, the sequence of steps following the term “obtained” though such a limited understanding is always included by the terms “obtained” or “defined” as a preferred embodiment.

[0146] It should be appreciated that all combinations of the foregoing concepts and additional concepts discussed in greater detail below (provided such concepts are not mutually inconsistent) are contemplated as being part of the subject matter disclosed herein. In particular, all combinations of claims subject matter appearing at the end of this disclosure are contemplated as being part of the subject matter disclosed herein. It should also be appreciated that terminology explicitly employed herein that also may appear in any disclosure incorporated by reference should be accorded a meaning most consistent with the particular concepts disclosed herein.

[0147] This written description uses examples to disclose the subject matter, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the subject matter, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the subject matter is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they Page 58 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.

[0148] It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described examples (and / or aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the various examples without departing from their scope. While the dimensions and types of materials described herein are intended to define the parameters of the various examples, they are by no means limiting and are merely exemplary. Many other examples will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the various examples should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects. Forms of term “based on” herein encompass relationships where an element is partially based on as well as relationships where an element is entirely based on. Forms of the term “defined” encompass relationships where an element is partially defined as well as relationships where an element is entirely defined. Further, the limitations of the following claims are not written in means-plus-function format and are not intended to be interpreted based on 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) unless and until such claim limitations expressly use the phrase “means for” followed by a statement of function void of further structure. It is to be understood that not necessarily all such objects or advantages described above may be achieved in accordance with any particular example. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the systems and techniques described herein may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other objects or advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.

[0149] The terms “substantially”, “approximately”, “about”, “relatively”, or other such similar terms that may be used throughout this disclosure, including the claims, are used to describe and account for small fluctuations, such as due to variations in processing, from a reference or Page 59 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)parameter. Such small fluctuations include a zero fluctuation from the reference or parameter as well. For example, they can refer to less than or equal to ± 10%, such as less than or equal to ± 5%, such as less than or equal to ± 2%, such as less than or equal to ± 1%, such as less than or equal to ± 0.5%, such as less than or equal to ± 0.2%, such as less than or equal to ± 0.1%, such as less than or equal to ± 0.05%. If used herein, the terms “substantially”, “approximately”, “about”, “relatively,” or other such similar terms may also refer to no fluctuations, that is, ± 0%. It is contemplated that numerical values, as well as other values that are recited herein can be modified by the term “about”, whether expressly stated or inherently derived by the discussion of the present disclosure. Further, any description of a range herein can encompass all subranges.

[0150] The terms “connect,” “connected,” “contact” “coupled” and / or the like are broadly defined herein to encompass a variety of divergent arrangements and assembly techniques. These arrangements and techniques include, but are not limited to (1) the direct joining of one component and another component with no intervening components therebetween (i.e., the components are in direct physical contact); and (2) the joining of one component and another component with one or more components therebetween, provided that the one component being “connected to” or “contacting” or “coupled to” the other component is somehow in operative communication (e.g., electrically, physically, optically, etc.) with the other component (notwithstanding the presence of one or more additional components therebetween). It is to be understood that some components that are in direct physical contact with one another may or may not be in electrical contact with one another. Moreover, two components that are electrically connected, electrically coupled, optically connected, optically coupled, may or may not be in direct physical contact, and one or more other components may be positioned therebetween.

[0151] While the subject matter has been described in detail in connection with only a limited number of examples, it should be readily understood that the subject matter is not limited to such disclosed examples. Rather, the subject matter can be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the subject matter. Additionally, while various examples of the subject matter have been described, it is to be understood that aspects of the disclosure may include only some of the described examples. Also, while some examples are Page 60 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)described as having a certain number of elements it will be understood that the subject matter can be practiced with less than or greater than the certain number of elements. Accordingly, the subject matter is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.

[0152] All publications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein as though fully set forth.

[0153] Subject matter incorporated by reference is not considered to be an alternative to any claim limitations, unless otherwise explicitly indicated.

[0154] Where one or more ranges are referred to throughout this specification, each range is intended to be a shorthand format for presenting information, where the range is understood to encompass each discrete point within the range as if the same were fully set forth herein.

[0155] While several aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure have been described and depicted herein, alternative aspects and embodiments may be affected by persons having ordinary skill in the art to accomplish the same objectives. Accordingly, this disclosure and the appended claims are intended to cover all such further and alternative aspects and embodiments as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

[0156] The following reference(s) are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties and a skilled person is considered to be aware of disclosure of these references. [1]Arthur D. Yaghjian, “Overcoming the Chu lower bound on antenna Q with highly dispersive lossy material,” Physical Review Applied, vol.12, pp.459–466, 2018. [2] Ra’di, Y., Simovski, C.R. and Tretyakov, S.A., 2015. “Thin perfect absorbers for electromagnetic waves: theory, design, and realizations.” Physical Review Applied, 3(3), p.037001. [3] O. J. Zobel, ”Theory and design of uniform and composite electric wave-filters,” in The Bell System Technical Journal, vol.2, no.1, pp.1-46, Jan.1923, doi: 10.1002 / j.1538- 7305.1923.tb00001. Page 61 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151P2 (SU 2024-026)

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. An energy harvester comprising: a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy being harvested; and a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

2. The energy harvester of claim 1, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane.

3. The energy harvester of claim 1, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane, and the impedance grid includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor.

4. The energy harvester of claim 1, wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested.

5. The energy harvester of claim 1, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane.

6. The energy harvester of claim 1, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits an admittancePage 62 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvester.

7. The energy harvester of claim 1, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvester, wherein the admittance imaginary component of the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvester.

8. The energy harvester of claim 1, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvester, wherein the admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester.

9. The energy harvester of claim 1, wherein the first circuitry consists of passive circuit components.

10. The energy harvester of claim 1, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits performance characteristics of a capacitor filled with a dispersive dielectric.

11. An energy harvester comprising:Page 63 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry; and a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

12. The energy harvester of claim 11, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane.

13. The energy harvester of claim 11, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane, and the impedance grid includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor.

14. The energy harvester of claim 11, wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested.

15. The energy harvester of claim 11, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane.

16. The energy harvester of claim 11, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvester.

17. The energy harvester of claim 11, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifierPage 64 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvester, wherein the admittance imaginary component of the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvester.

18. The energy harvester of claim 11, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvester, wherein the admittance exhibited by the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane includes a dispersion-less real component within the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvester.

19. The energy harvester of claim 11, wherein the first circuitry consists of passive circuit components.

20. The energy harvester of claim 11, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits performance characteristics of a capacitor filled with a dispersive dielectric.

21. An energy harvesting system comprising: a load; a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy beingPage 65 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)harvested; and a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

22. The energy harvesting system of claim 21, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane.

23. The energy harvesting system of claim 21, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane, and the impedance grid includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor.

24. The energy harvesting system of claim 21, wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested.

25. The energy harvesting system of claim 21, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane.

26. The energy harvesting system of claim 21, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvesting system.

27. The energy harvesting system of claim 21, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spacedPage 66 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvesting system, wherein the admittance imaginary component of the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.

28. The energy harvesting system of claim 21, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits performance characteristics of a capacitor filled with a dispersive dielectric.

29. The energy harvesting system of claim 21, wherein the load includes a sensor.

30. The energy harvesting system of claim 21, wherein the load includes a sensor and a wireless communication input / output (I / O) interface.

31. An energy harvesting system comprising: a load; a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry; and a dielectric spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

32. The energy harvesting system of claim 31, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane.

33. The energy harvesting system of claim 31, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the dielectric spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the dielectric spaced ground plane, and the impedance grid includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor.Page 67 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)34. The energy harvesting system of claim 31, wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the dielectric spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested.

35. The energy harvesting system of claim 31, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane.

36. The energy harvesting system of claim 31, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvesting system.

37. The energy harvesting system of claim 31, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the dielectric spaced ground plane, plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a frequency range encompassing a design frequency of the energy harvesting system, wherein the admittance imaginary component of the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the dielectric spaced ground plane has a positive slope outside of the frequency range encompassing the design frequency of the energy harvesting system, the frequency range defining a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.

38. An energy harvester comprising: a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy beingPage 68 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)harvested; and a spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

39. The energy harvester of claim 38, wherein the spaced ground plane comprises a dielectric spaced ground plane.

40. The energy harvester of claim 38, wherein the spaced ground plane comprises a magnetic spaced ground plane.

41. The energy harvester of claim 38, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid.

42. The energy harvester of claim 38, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane.

43. The energy harvester of claim 38, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane and includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor.

44. The energy harvester of claim 38, wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested.

45. The energy harvester of claim 38, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane.

46. The energy harvester of claim 38, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, andPage 69 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)(b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system.

47. The energy harvester of claim 38, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system, wherein the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system is defined as a frequency range in which the energy harvesting circuitry operates as a negative inductor.

48. The energy harvester of claim 38, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system, wherein the design energy harvesting frequency range extends from a first frequency at which the energy harvesting circuitry commences operation as negative inductor to a second frequency at which the spaced ground plane ceases to exhibit negative capacitive behavior.

49. The energy harvesting system of claim 38, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system, and wherein the admittance imaginary component of the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane has a positive slopePage 70 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)within the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.

50. An energy harvester comprising: a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry; and a spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

51. The energy harvester of claim 50, wherein the spaced ground plane comprises a dielectric spaced ground plane.

52. The energy harvester of claim 50, wherein the spaced ground plane comprises a magnetic spaced ground plane.

53. The energy harvester of claim 50, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid.

54. The energy harvester of claim 50, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane.

55. The energy harvester of claim 50, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane and includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor.

56. The energy harvester of claim 50, wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested.

57. The energy harvester of claim 50, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane.Page 71 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)58. The energy harvester of claim 50, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system.

59. The energy harvester of claim 50, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system, wherein the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system is defined as a frequency range in which the energy harvesting circuitry operates as a negative inductor.

60. The energy harvester of claim 50, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system, wherein the design energy harvesting frequency range extends from a first frequency at which the energy harvesting circuitry commences operation as negative inductor to a second frequency at which the spaced ground plane ceases to exhibit negative capacitive behavior.

61. The energy harvester of claim 50, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginaryPage 72 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system, and wherein the admittance imaginary component of the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane has a positive slope within the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.

62. An energy harvesting system comprising: a load; a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry, the second circuitry shielded from electromagnetic energy being harvested; and a spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

63. The energy harvesting system of claim 62, wherein the spaced ground plane comprises a dielectric spaced ground plane.

64. The energy harvesting system of claim 62, wherein the spaced ground plane comprises a magnetic spaced ground plane.

65. The energy harvesting system of claim 62, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid.

66. The energy harvesting system of claim 62, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane.

67. The energy harvesting system of claim 62, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane and includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor.

68. The energy harvesting system of claim 62, wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested.Page 73 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)69. The energy harvesting system of claim 62, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane.

70. The energy harvesting system of claim 62, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system.

71. The energy harvesting system of claim 62, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of energy harvesting system, and wherein the admittance imaginary component of the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane has a positive slope within the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.

72. An energy harvesting system comprising: a load; a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, wherein the rectifier circuit includes first circuitry and second circuitry; and a spaced ground plane spaced from the first circuitry.

73. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the first circuitry is defined by anPage 74 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane.

74. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the first circuitry is defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of the spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane, and the impedance grid includes at least one inductor and at least one capacitor.

75. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the second circuitry is disposed behind the spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested.

76. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane.

77. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.

78. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, wherein the design energy harvesting frequency range of thePage 75 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)energy harvesting system is defined as a frequency range in which the energy harvesting circuitry operates as a negative inductor.

79. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, wherein the design energy harvesting frequency range extends from a first frequency at which the energy harvesting circuitry commences operation as negative inductor to a second frequency at which the spaced ground plane ceases to exhibit negative capacitive behavior.

80. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, and wherein the admittance imaginary component of the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane has a positive slope within the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.

81. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, wherein the design energy harvesting frequency range is defined as a range extending from a first frequency at which the energy harvesting circuitry commences operation as a negative inductor to a second frequency at which the spaced ground plane ceases toPage 76 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)exhibit behavior as a negative capacitor, the design energy harvesting frequency range encompassing a first operating region and a second operating region of the circuitry, wherein in the first operating region the circuitry operates as a negative inductor and in the second operating region the circuitry operates as a capacitor.

82. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a first operating region of a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, and wherein the admittance imaginary component of the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane has a positive slope within a second operating region of the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.

83. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits performance characteristics of a capacitor filled with a dispersive dielectric.

84. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the load includes a sensor.

85. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the load includes a sensor and a wireless communication input / output (I / O) interface.Page 77 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)86. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the load comprises a recharging circuit for recharging a rechargeable battery.

87. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting system is configured to dynamically adjust a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system based on detected environmental electromagnetic spectrum availability.

88. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the spaced ground plane is configured to exhibit frequency-selective surface properties to enhance harvesting efficiency within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.

89. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting system is configured to dynamically adjust a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system based on detected environmental electromagnetic spectrum availability.

90. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is: (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the spaced ground plane is configured to exhibit frequency-selective surface properties to enhance harvesting efficiency within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.Page 78 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)91. The energy harvesting system of claim 72, wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when the rectifier circuit is connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load defines an nth order dispersive network.

92. An energy harvester comprising: a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, the rectifier circuit including: first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of a spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane, the impedance grid including at least one inductor and at least one capacitor; and second circuitry disposed behind the spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from the one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, the second circuitry shielded from the electromagnetic energy being harvested; wherein the spaced ground plane is spaced from the first circuitry and comprises a dielectric spaced ground plane or a magnetic spaced ground plane; and wherein the rectifier circuit is configured such that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.

93. The energy harvester of claim 92, wherein the design energy harvesting frequency range is defined as a frequency range in which the energy harvesting circuitry operates as a negative inductor.

94. The energy harvester of claim 92, wherein the design energy harvesting frequency range extends from a first frequency at which the energy harvesting circuitry commences operation as a negative inductor to a second frequency at which the spaced ground plane ceases to exhibitPage 79 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)negative capacitive behavior.

95. An energy harvesting system comprising: a load; a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, the rectifier circuit including: first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of a spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane, the impedance grid including at least one inductor and at least one capacitor; and second circuitry disposed behind the spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from the one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested; wherein the spaced ground plane is spaced from the first circuitry; and wherein the rectifier circuit is configured so that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced ground plane.

96. An energy harvester comprising: a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, the rectifier circuit including: first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of a spaced dielectric ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced dielectric ground plane, the impedance grid including at least one inductor and at least one capacitor; and second circuitry disposed behind the spaced dielectric ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from the one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested; wherein the spaced dielectric ground plane is spaced from the first circuitry andPage 80 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)comprises a dielectric spaced dielectric ground plane or a magnetic spaced dielectric ground plane; and wherein the rectifier circuit is configured such that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the spaced dielectric ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to the spaced dielectric ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced dielectric ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, wherein the design energy harvesting frequency range is defined as a frequency range in which the energy harvesting circuitry operates as a negative inductor.

97. An energy harvester comprising: a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to a load, the rectifier circuit including: first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of a spaced magnetic ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced magnetic ground plane, the impedance grid including at least one inductor and at least one capacitor; and second circuitry disposed behind the spaced magnetic ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from the one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested; wherein the spaced magnetic ground plane is spaced from the first circuitry and comprises a dielectric spaced magnetic ground plane or a magnetic spaced magnetic ground plane; and wherein the rectifier circuit is configured such that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the spaced magnetic ground plane, and (b) impedance matchedPage 81 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)to the spaced magnetic ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced magnetic ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, wherein the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope within the design energy harvesting frequency range, and wherein the design energy harvesting frequency range extends from a first frequency at which the energy harvesting circuitry commences operation as a negative inductor to a second frequency at which the spaced magnetic ground plane ceases to exhibit negative capacitive behavior.

98. An energy harvesting system comprising: a load; a rectifier circuit for delivering energy to the load, the rectifier circuit including: first circuitry defined by an impedance grid disposed in a foreground of a spaced ground plane between one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested and the spaced ground plane, the impedance grid including at least one inductor and at least one capacitor; and second circuitry disposed behind the spaced ground plane relative to a direction of radiation from the one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation to be harvested, the second circuitry shielded from the electromagnetic energy being harvested; wherein the spaced ground plane is spaced from the first circuitry and comprises a dielectric spaced ground plane or a magnetic spaced ground plane; and wherein the rectifier circuit is configured such that, when connected to the load, energy harvesting circuitry defined by the rectifier circuit and the load in combination is (a) connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane, and (b) impedance matched to thePage 82 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)spaced ground plane, wherein the energy harvesting circuitry connected in parallel across the spaced ground plane exhibits an admittance with an imaginary component having a negative slope within a design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system, and the admittance imaginary component has a positive slope within the design energy harvesting frequency range of the energy harvesting system.Page 83 of 84 Attorney Docket No.3153.151AWO (SU 2024-026)

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