Anti-NKG2a antibodies, fusion proteins and uses thereof
Anti-NKG2A antibodies and fusion proteins targeting NKG2A/CD94 and MHC-1 interactions enhance immune responses by blocking immune inhibition, improving NK cell cytotoxicity and T cell function against tumor cells, without significant cytokine release.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/102862
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-06-24
- Filing Date
- 2025-06-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing therapies fail to effectively block the interaction between NKG2A/CD94 and MHC-1 molecules, leading to immune inhibition and reduced immune response, particularly in tumor lesions and chronic viral infections, without causing severe cytokine release.
Development of anti-NKG2A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that specifically target NKG2A/CD94, blocking their interaction with MHC-1 molecules, and fusion proteins combining these antibodies with IL-2 mutants to enhance immune response.
The antibodies and fusion proteins enhance NK cell cytotoxicity and T cell responses, reversing immune inhibition and improving immune function, particularly against HLA-E expressing tumor cells, while minimizing cytokine release.
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Figure CN2025102862_02012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ANTI-NKG2A ANTIBODIES, FUSION PROTEINS AND USES THEREOFTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to the anti-NKG2A antibodies, fusion proteins and uses thereof.BACKGROUND
[0002] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and do not necessarily constitute prior art.
[0003] NKG2A, also known as KLRC1 (killer cell lectin like receptor C1) in human, belongs to NKG2 family, which is a group of transmembrane proteins expressed on both T and NK cells. This family of proteins is characterized by the type II membrane orientation and the presence of a C-type lectin domain. NKG2A is expressed at the cell surface as a heterodimer with CD94 (killer cell lectin like receptor D1, also called KLRD1) in humans and mice and recognizes the non-classical class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) molecules human leukocyte antigen (HLA) -E in humans and Qa-1b in mice. Binding of NKG2A / CD94 to its cognate ligand inhibits T and NK cell effector functions (Le Dréan et al., 1998, Rapaport et al., 2015) .
[0004] NKG2A is revealed to be a key immune checkpoint for both natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+(CD8 positive) T cells NKG2A expression in CD8+ T cells is found to be highly regulated, differing from its expression pattern in NK cells. NKG2A is barely expressed in CD8+ T cells of healthy individuals, but upregulated in tumor lesions and during chronic viral infection. The expression of NKG2A in CD8+ T cells can be modulated a number of cytokines such as Interleukin-23 (IL-23) , IL-21, IL-15, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, IL-2 and TGF-β (Wang X, et al., Implications of NKG2A in immunity and immune-mediated diseases. Front Immunol. 2022 Aug 10. )
[0005] IL-2 exerts crucial functions during immune homeostasis via its effects on regulatory T (Treg) cells, and the optimizing and fine-tuning of effector lymphocyte responses. Binding of IL-2 to its receptors (IL-2Rβγ or IL-2Rαβγ complex) leads to the activation of multiple signaling pathways with initial signal transduction involving the recruitment of Janus family tyrosine kinases (JAK1 and JAK3) to the cytoplasmic domains of IL-2Rβγ or IL-2Rαβγ. The activation of JAK kinases results in the recruitment and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) , STAT3, STAT5A, and STAT5B. These pathways have mediated the survival, proliferation, differentiation, activation, cytokine production etc. in different types of immune cells (Jiang T, et al., Role of IL-2 in cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology. 2016 Apr 25. )SUMMARY
[0006] For the above-mentioned purpose, the disclosure is related to anti-NKG2A antibodies or antigen-binding fragment thereof, fusion proteins and the uses thereof. The anti-NKG2A antibodies or antigen-binding fragment thereof block the interaction between NKG2A / CD94 and MHC-1 molecule, reversing the immune inhibition and improving immune response (e.g., innate immune response) . In addition, the fusion proteins also don’ t cause sever cytokine release and help to decrease adverse effect. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL) , wherein the VH comprises complementarity determining regions HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 having an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ ID NO: 20, respectively; and the VL comprises complementarity determining regions LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 having an amino acid sequence as shown in RSSKSLLHSNXNTY (SEQ ID NO: 21) , SEQ ID NO: 22, and 23, respectively; X is G or A.
[0007] In some embodiments, the VH and the VL are selected from the following groups:
[0008] a) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, and the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 8;
[0009] b) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9, and the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 10;
[0010] c) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11, and the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0011] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof blocks the interaction between NKG2A / CD94 and MHC-1 molecule (e.g., HLA-E) .
[0012] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof improves the NK mediated cytotoxicity to HLA-E expressed tumor cells.
[0013] In some embodiments, the antibody binding to NKG2A or antigen-binding fragment thereof doesn’ t bind to or barely binds to NKG2E (killer cell lectin like receptor C3, KLRC3) .
[0014] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A or antigen-binding fragment thereof reverses the NKG2A / HLA-E mediated inhibition of T cell responses.
[0015] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a fusion protein, comprising an anti-NKG2A antibody moiety and a IL2 mutant linked to the C-terminus of the anti-NKG2A antibody moiety, wherein the anti-NKG2A antibody moiety comprises the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described above.
[0016] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody moiety comprises two heavy chains paired with two light chains respectively, at least one of the heavy chains links to one IL2 mutant directly or via a peptide linker.
[0017] In some embodiments, both heavy chains link to the IL2 mutant. In some embodiments, one of the heavy chains links to the IL2 mutant.
[0018] In some embodiments, the IL2 mutant comprises the amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0019] In some embodiments, the IL2 mutant links to the heavy chain via a (G4S) n linker, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. Optionally, n is 3 or 4.
[0020] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprising
[0021] i) the heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13, and the light chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 14; or
[0022] ii) a heavy chain 1 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15, a heavy chain 2 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 26, and the light chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0023] The fusion protein benefits for increasing or inducing NK cells proliferation or immune function.
[0024] In another aspect, the present disclosure is related to an isolated polynucleotide encoding any fragment of the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the fusion protein.
[0025] In another aspect, the present disclosure is related to an isolated vector comprising the polynucleotide described above.
[0026] In another aspect, the present disclosure is related to a host cell comprising the isolated polynucleotide or the isolated vector described above.
[0027] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the fusion protein, the isolated polynucleotide, the isolated vector, or the host cell, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0028] In another aspect, provide herein is a kit, comprising the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the fusion protein, the isolated polynucleotide, the isolated vector, or the host cell.
[0029] In another aspect, provide herein is the use of the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the fusion protein, the isolated polynucleotide, the isolated vector, or the host cell, the pharmaceutical composition, the kit in the manufacture of a therapeutic agent in the diagnosis, prevention or treatment for an oncology-related disease, an inflammation or autoimmunity disease, or an infectious disease.
[0030] In another aspect, provide herein is a method of diagnosing, preventing or treating an oncology-related disease, an inflammation or autoimmunity disease, or an infectious disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administrating to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the fusion protein, the isolated polynucleotide, the isolated vector, or the host cell, the pharmaceutical composition, the kit.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0031] The following is a brief description of the drawings, which are presented for the purposes of illustrating the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein and not for the purposes of limiting the same.
[0032] Figure 1 shows the binding activity detected by FACS of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2, Tab3 and isotype hIgG4 to CHOK1-hNKG2A / CD94 cells.
[0033] Figure 2 shows the binding activity detected by FACS of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2, Tab3 and isotype hIgG4 to CHOK1-cynoNKG2A / CD94 cells.
[0034] Figure 3 shows the binding activity detected by FACS of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2, Tab3 and isotype hIgG4 to NK92 cells.
[0035] Figure 4A shows the binding specificity detected by FACS to cAb050, Tab1, Tab2, Tab3 and isotype hIgG4 to CHOK1-hNKG2A / CD94 cells.
[0036] Figure 4B shows the binding of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2, Tab3, positive control (an NKG2E-recognized antibody) and human IgG4 isotype to NKG2E detected by ELISA assay.
[0037] Figure 5 shows the blocking activities of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2, Tab3 and isotype hIgG4 binding to CHOK1-hNKG2A / CD94 cells.
[0038] Figure 6 shows the effect of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2, Tab3 and isotype hIgG4 in NK92 mediated cytotoxicity detected by FACS.
[0039] Figure 7A and 7B show the effects of cAb050, Tab3 and isotype hIgG4 in CD107a degranulation in NKG2A+ (NKG2A positive) or NKG2A- (NKG2A negative) NK cells, respectively.
[0040] Figure 8 shows the effects of cAb050, Tab3 and isotype hIgG4 on primary NK mediated cytotoxicity.
[0041] Figure 9 shows the functional activity of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2, Tab3 and isotype hIgG4 for reversing the inhibition of NFAT signaling in a NKG2A / CD94-expressing Jurkat cell line stimulated by CHO / OKT3 / HLA-E.
[0042] Figure 10 shows the binding activity detected by FACS of cAb050, H50. H23, H50. H24 and isotype hIgG4 to 293T-hNKG2A / CD94 cells.
[0043] Figure 11 shows the activity of cAb050, cAb050 derived humanized variant H50. H24, Tab1, Tab2 and isotype hIgG4 to block the interaction between NKG2A / CD94 and HLA-E assessed by competitive FACS.
[0044] Figure 12 shows the effects of Tab3, cAb050, cAb050 derived humanized variant H50. H24 and isotype hIgG4 on NK92 -mediated cytotoxicity.
[0045] Figure 13 shows that ES015.125, ES015.126, ES015.129, ES015.130, hIgG1LAL, and rhIL-2 induce NK92 cell proliferation by CellTiter-Glo at day 3.
[0046] Figure 14A shows the pSTAT5%effects of ES015.125, ES015.126 and hIgG1LALA isotype control on CD56+CD3-cells.
[0047] Figure 14B shows the pSTAT5%effects of ES015.129, ES015.130 and hIgG1LALA isotype control on CD56+CD3-cells.
[0048] Figure 15A shows the pSTAT5%effects of ES015.125, ES015.126 and hIgG1LALA isotype control on CD56+CD3+ cells.
[0049] Figure 15B shows the pSTAT5%effects of ES015.129, ES015.130 and hIgG1LALA isotype control on CD56+CD3+ cells.
[0050] Figure 16A shows the pSTAT5%effects of ES015.125, ES015.126 and hIgG1LALA isotype control on CD56-CD3+CD8+ cells.
[0051] Figure 16B shows the pSTAT5%effects of ES015.129, ES015.130 and hIgG1LALA isotype control on CD56-CD3+CD8+ cells.
[0052] Figures 17A–17F show the cytokine release effects [IL-12p70 (A) , TNF-a (B) , IL-10 (C) , IL-6 (D) , IFNγ (E) , IL-8 (F) ] of ES015.125, ES015.126, ES015.129, ES015.130, rhIL-2, CD3+CD28 and hIgG1LALA isotype control by PBMC.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0053] The present disclosure is explained in greater detail below. This description is not intended to be a detailed catalog of all the different ways in which the invention may be implemented, or all the features that may be added to the instant invention. For example, features illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be incorporated into other embodiments, and features illustrated with respect to a particular embodiment may be deleted from that embodiment. In addition, numerous variations and additions to the various embodiments suggested herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the instant disclosure which do not depart from the instant invention. Hence, the following description is intended to illustrate some particular embodiments of the invention, and not to exhaustively specify all permutations, combinations and variations thereof.
[0054] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosure pertains. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the practice for testing of the present disclosure, the preferred materials and methods are described herein. In describing and claiming the present disclosure, the following terminology will be used.
[0055] Anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof
[0056] Provided herein is an anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL) , wherein the VH comprises complementarity determining regions HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 having an amino acid sequence as shown in NTYIH (SEQ ID NO: 18) , RIDPANDDTNYAPKFQG (SEQ ID NO: 19) and YGNFLYYYSLDY (SEQ ID NO: 20) , respectively; and the VL comprises complementarity determining regions LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 having an amino acid sequence as shown in RSSKSLLHSNXNTY (SEQ ID NO: 21) , RMSNLAS (SEQ ID NO: 22) , MQHLESPYT (SEQ ID NO: 23) , respectively; X is G or A.
[0057] In some embodiments, X is G. In some embodiments, X is A.
[0058] As used herein, “antibody” refers to a polypeptide of the immunoglobulin (Ig) family that binds with an antigen. For example, a naturally occurring “antibody” of the IgG type is a tetramer comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VL) and a light chain constant region (abbreviated herein as CL) . The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain. The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR) , interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR) . Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. See generally, Fundamental Immunology, Ch. 7 (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, N.Y. (1989)) .
[0059] The term “antigen-binding fragment” refers to an antibody fragment including Fab, F (ab) 2, Fab’ , F (ab’ ) 2, Fv, domain antibodies (dAb) , other monovalent and divalent fragments, complementarity determining region (CDR) fragments, single-chain antibodies (e.g., scFv, scFab, and scFabAC) , chimeric antibodies, diabodies, triabodies, minibodies, nanobodies, and polypeptides that contain at least a portion of an antibody that is sufficient to confer specific antigen binding to the polypeptide, and fusions and derivatives of the foregoing. The antigen-binding fragment may be produced by recombinant DNA techniques or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact antibodies. See, e.g., Holliger and Hudson, Nature Biotechnology 23: 1126-1136 (2005) and Hust et al., BMC Biotech 7: 14 (2007) .
[0060] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment encompasses (unless where otherwise indicated or where otherwise suggested by context) a monoclonal antibody, a polyclonal antibody, a murine antibody, hamster antibody, goat antibody, rabbit antibody, a chimeric antibody, a primatized antibody, a humanized antibody, a (fully) human antibody, a multimeric antibody, a heterodimeric antibody, a hemidimeric antibody, a bi-, tri-, or tetravalent antibody, a bispecific antibody, a single chain antibody (e.g., scFv, scFab, and scFabAC) , Bis-scFv, a diabody, triabody or tetrabody, single domain antibodies, and modified Fab fragments. In certain embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is monovalent. In certain embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is bivalent.
[0061] In some embodiments, for purpose of producing humanized antibody with CDR grafting method, the CDRs are defined using Kabat definition except heavy chain CDR1, which is defined using a combination of Kabat and Chothia systems.
[0062] Kabat and Chothia systems are known to these skilled in the art, see, for example, Kabat E A, Wu T T, Perry H M, et al., Sequence of Proteins of Immunological Interest [J] . 1991. Chothia, C. et al., (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196: 901‐917. Al‐lazikani et al., (1997) J. Molec. Biol. 273: 927‐948.
[0063] In some embodiments, HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 contain amino acid sequences as shown in SEQ ID NO: 18, 19 and 20, respectively; and the VL comprises complementarity determining regions LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 having an amino acid sequence as shown in RSSKSLLHSNXNTY (SEQ ID NO: 21) , SEQ ID NO: 22 and 23, respectively, wherein X is G.
[0064] In some embodiments, HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 contain amino acid sequences as shown in SEQ ID NO: 18, 19 and 20, respectively; and the VL comprises complementarity determining regions LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 having an amino acid sequence as shown in RSSKSLLHSNXNTY (SEQ ID NO: 21) , SEQ ID NO: 22 and 23, respectively, wherein X is A.
[0065] In some embodiments, the CDR1, the CDR2, and / or the CDR3 comprise amino acid sequences having at most 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 mutation on the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and / or LCDR3; the mutation may be selected from an insertion, a deletion, and / or a substitution; the substitution is preferably a substitution of conserved amino acids.
[0066] In some specific embodiments, the CDR1, the CDR2, and / or the CDR3 comprise sequences that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and / or LCDR3, respectively.
[0067] The term “conserved amino acid” herein generally refers to amino acids that belong to the same class or have similar characteristics (e.g., charge, side chain size, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, backbone conformation, and rigidity) .
[0068] Illustratively, the following six groups are examples of amino acids that are considered to be conserved replacement of each other: 1) alanine (A) , serine (S) , and threonine (T) ; 2) aspartic acid (D) and glutamic acid (E) ; 3) asparagine (N) and glutamine (Q) ; 4) arginine (R) , lysine (K) , and histidine (H); 5) isoleucine (I) , leucine (L) , methionine (M) , and valine (V) ; and 6) phenylalanine (F) , tyrosine (Y) , and tryptophan (W) .
[0069] The amino acid in the disclosure is shown in standard single-letter code, which is well-known to those skilled in the art.
[0070] In some embodiments, the VH and the VL are selected from the following:
[0071] a) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, and the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 8;
[0072] b) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9, and the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 10; or
[0073] c) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11, and the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0074] The identity percentage of two amino acid sequences is determined by dividing the number of the same residues by the total number of the amino acid residues and multiplying the quotient by 100 to obtain a percentage. Gaps are excluded when assessing identity. Therefore, two copies of completely identical sequences have 100%identity, but sequences with deletion, addition or replacement may have a lower degree of identity. A person skilled in the art will recognize that there are several computer programs that can be used to determine the identity of sequences, such as those programs using algorithms such as BLAST. BLAST nucleotide search is performed using the NBLAST program, and BLAST protein search is performed using the BLASTP program, and default parameters of each program are used.
[0075] In the present disclosure, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof includes conservative substitutions within their sequence (such as framework region) preferably do not significantly affect the desired activity of the polypeptide, antibody, or antigen-binding fragment. Substitutions may be naturally occurring or may be introduced for example using mutagenesis (e.g., Hutchinson et al., 1978, J. Biol. Chem. 253: 6551) . The amino acids glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine, for example, can often be substituted for one another (amino acids having aliphatic side chains) . Of these possible substitutions, it is preferred that glycine and alanine are used to substitute for one another (since they have relatively short side chains) and that valine, leucine and isoleucine are used to substitute for one another (since they have larger aliphatic side chains which are hydrophobic) . Other amino acids which may often be substituted for one another include but are not limited to, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan (amino acids having aromatic side chains) ; lysine, arginine and histidine (amino acids having basic side chains) ; aspartate and glutamate (amino acids having acidic side chains) ; and asparagine and glutamine (amino acids having amide side chains) .
[0076] In some embodiments, the VH comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the VH comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 9, and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the VH comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 11, and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10, or conservative substitutions thereof.
[0077] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment contains a Fc fragment that is to communicate to the immune system when the antibody binds its target, the Fc fragment can be of any class (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD or IgA) or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule, preferably, the Fc fragment is IgG molecule. In some embodiments, the Fc fragment is human wildtype IgG Fc fragment. In certain embodiments, the Fc fragment is human IgG, e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4, optionally, with one or more mutation compared to wildtype human IgG molecules. Exemplary Fc fragment is human IgG4 with S228P mutation, which means the amino acid S (standard single-letter code) at position 228 (defined with Kabat) is mutated to amino acid P.
[0078] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is chimeric or humanized.
[0079] Typically, chimeric antibodies include the heavy and / or light chain variable regions, including both CDR and framework residues, of one species (typically mouse) fused to constant regions of another species (typically human) . Humanized antibodies typically include heavy and / or light chain CDRs from a murine antibody grafted into a non-human primate or human antibody variable region framework, usually further containing a human constant region. See, e.g., Riechmann et al. (1988) Nature 332: 323-327.
[0080] Methods of making all of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described above are well known to one of skill in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,715; Morrison et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (21) : 6851-5; Sharon et al. (1984) Nature 309 (5966) : 364-7; Takeda et al. (1985) Nature 314 (6010) : 452-4.
[0081] In certain embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragments is generated by Selected Lymphocyte Antibody Method (SLAM) (Babcook et al., 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 93, 7843-7848; de Wildt et al., 1997, J. Immunol. Methods, 207: 61-67 and in Lagerkvist et al., 1995, BioTechniques 18:862-869) which enables the isolation from any species of cells producing high affinity antibodies during in vivo immune responses. The above methods rely on the isolation of individual antibody-producing cells which are then clonally expanded followed by screening for those clones which produce anti-NKG2A antibodies followed by the subsequent identification of the sequence of their variable heavy (VH) and light (VL) chain genes. Thus, B cells that are positive for antibodies to NKG2A are isolated. The B cells may be from human, mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit, goat, or other mammalian species. The antibody genes in these B cells may be cloned and expressed in a host cell (e.g., E. coli. ) , e.g., by conventional recombinant DNA technology. The antibodies expressed cells may be purified by conventional means. If the antibodies are from a non-human source, they may be humanized by conventional methods, such as by mutagenesis of their genes. The humanized antibodies may be subsequently expressed in a host cell and may be purified.
[0082] Monoclonal antibodies may be prepared by any method known in the art such as the hybridoma technique (Kohler &Milstein, Nature, 1975, 256: 495-497) , the trioma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., Immunology Today, 1983, 4, 72) and the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al., “Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy” , pp. 77-96, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1985) . The methods for creating and manufacturing recombinant antibodies are well known in the art (see for example, Simmons et al., 2002, Journal of Immunological Methods, 263, 133-147) .
[0083] Antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the present disclosure may also be generated using various phage display methods known in the art which include those disclosed by Brinkman et al., 1995, J. Immunol. Methods, 182: 41-50; Ames et al., 1995, J. Immunol. Methods, 184, 177-186; Kettleborough et al., 1994, Eur. J. Immunol., 24, 952-958.
[0084] Also, transgenic (e.g., genetically engineered) mice, or other organisms, including other mammals, may be used to produce the antibody or antigen-binding fragment (see for example US 6, 300, 129) . For example, it is known that mice engineered to replace only the variable regions of mouse immune loci (heavy chain V, D, and J segments, and light chain V and J segments) with corresponding human variable sequences can be used to produce large quantities of high affinity antibodies with human variable sequences (see, e.g., US 6, 586, 251) .
[0085] NKG2A is an inhibitory receptor who is selectively expressed on cytotoxic lymphocytes, including natural killer cells (NK) and CD8 positive (CD8+) T cells. Understandably, the blockade of NKG2A and its ligand (s) MHC-1 molecule, such as HLA-E (human) , Qa-1 (mouse) , benefits for improving immune response mediated by natural killing cells (NK) and CD8+ T cells in a subject (e.g., human, mouse) in need. The NKG2A and CD94 molecule (e.g., co-expressing on NK or CD8+ T cells) form the inhibitory isoform NKG2A / CD94 heterodimer. The anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided by the present disclosure blocks the interaction between the heterodimer NKG2A / CD94 and MHC-1 molecule, preferably, human MHC-1 protein HLA-E.
[0086] Overexpression of HLA-E is observed in various types of tumors, the overexpressed HLA-E functions to inhibit the cytotoxicity of cytotoxic lymphocytes, thus the blockade of NKG2A-HLA-E axis can enhance the cell-based immunotherapeutic efficacy, i.e., the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein improves the immune response, optionally innate immune response.
[0087] Recent research shows that HLA-E and Qa-1 usually show overexpression on the virus infected cell surfaces and are able to be bound. Moreover, the blockade of NKG2A-ligand interaction is an efficient approach to treat autoimmune diseases. NKG2A / CD94 receptor has been found to exert a critical influence on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by modulating T cell activity. Typically, the interaction of NKG2A with its ligands was essential for immunologic memory development and clonal expansion of autoreactive T cells, as well as contributed to the protection of activated CD4+ T cells from lysis by NKG2A+ NK cell.
[0088] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof improves the lysis of HLA-E overexpressing cells. In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof improves the lysis of HLA-E expressing tumor cells. In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof improves primary NK-mediated specific lysis against HLA-E expressing tumor cells. In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof improves the NK mediated cytotoxicity to HLA-E expressed tumor cells.
[0089] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof increases the response of NK cells, such as NKG2A expressing NK cells.
[0090] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment upregulates CD107a (lysosomal associated membrane protein 1) expression in NK cell degranulation.
[0091] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof reverses the inhibition of T cell responses, such as NKG2A expressing T cells. In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A or antigen-binding fragment thereof reverses the NKG2A / HLA-E mediated inhibition of T cell responses. In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A or antigen-binding fragment thereof reverses the NKG2A / HLA-E mediated inhibition of NKG2A expressing T cell responses.
[0092] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof activates NKG2A-expressing T cells or increases the response of NKG2A-expressing T cells.
[0093] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof activates the NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) signaling in NKG2A-expressing T cells.
[0094] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment doesn’ t bind to or barely binds to NKG2E, thus the antibody or antigen-binding fragment barely decrease or reduce the activating activity mediated by NKG2E or NKG2E / CD94 heterodimer, thus reducing adverse effects caused by non-specific binding.
[0095] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof blocks the interaction between NKG2A and HLA-E with IC50 no more than 5 nM, 4.5 nM, 4 nM, 3.5 nM, 3 nM, 2.5 nM, 2 nM, 1.5 nM, 1 nM, 0.8 nM, 0.5 nM or 0.1 nM.
[0096] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof blocks the interaction between NKG2A and HLA-E with IC50 no more than 5 nM, 3 nM, 1 nM or 0.8 nM.
[0097] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to NKG2A with EC50 no more than 1 nM, 0.9 nM, 0.8 nM, 0.7 nM, 0.6 nM, 0.5 nM, 0.4 nM, 0.3 nM, 0.2 nM, or 0.1 nM.
[0098] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to NKG2A with EC50 no more than 1 nM, 0.5 nM or 0.3 nM.
[0099] In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to NKG2A with KD no more than 0.2 nM, 0.15 nM, 0.1 nM, 0.05 nM, 0.01 nM, 1E-5 nM, 1E-6 nM, or 1E-7 nM, 1E-8 nM or 1E-9 nM. In some embodiments, the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to NKG2A with KD no more than 0.2 nM, 0.1 nM or 1E-8 nM.
[0100] The antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds to NKG2A with EC50 no more than 1 nM, 0.8 nM or 0.6 nM, or with KD (affinity constant, KD=koff / kon, or KD= Kd / Ka) no more than 9.9E-8 nM, 9.9E-9 nM or 9.9E-10 nM.
[0101] The EC50 or IC50 could be measured by the well-known method in the art, such as FACS assay, competitive FACS (Fluorescence-activated cell sorting) . The KD could be measured by the well-known method in the art, such as Bio-Layer Interferometry (Octet) .
[0102] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is cross-reactive, optionally the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds to cynomolgus NKG2A and human NKG2A.
[0103] Fusion protein
[0104] The present disclosure provides a fusion protein, comprising an anti-NKG2A antibody moiety and a IL2 mutant linked to the C-terminus of the anti-NKG2A antibody moiety, wherein the anti-NKG2A antibody moiety comprises the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described above.
[0105] The anti-NKG2A antibody moiety comprises two heavy chains paired with two light chains respectively, at least one of the heavy chains links to one IL2 mutant directly or via a peptide linker. In some embodiments, the IL2 mutant links to the C-terminus of the heavy chain of the fusion protein via a peptide linker.
[0106] In some embodiments, both of the heavy chains link to the IL2 mutant at its C-terminus. In some embodiments, one of the heavy chains links to the IL2 mutant at its C-terminus. In some embodiments, the N-terminus of the IL2 mutant links to the C-terminus of the heavy chains.
[0107] In some embodiments, the IL2 mutant comprises or have an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the IL2 mutant comprises or have the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0108] In some embodiments, the IL2 mutant links to the heavy chain via a (G4S) n linker, n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, n is 4. In some embodiments, n is 5.
[0109] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprising:
[0110] i) the heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13, and the light chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 14; or
[0111] ii) a heavy chain 1 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15, a heavy chain 2 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 26, and the light chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0112] As described above, the fusion protein comprises the mutation selected from an insertion, a deletion, and / or a substitution; the substitution is preferably a substitution of conserved amino acids.
[0113] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprising: (1) the heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 13, and the light chain comprising an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14; or (2) the heavy chain 1 comprising an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 15, the heavy chain 2 comprising an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 26, and the light chain comprising an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0114] The fusion protein can improve immune response, optionally innate immune response.
[0115] In some embodiments, the fusion protein increases or induces NK cells proliferation. The fusion protein benefits for regulating the population of NKG2A positive immune cells and promoting the proliferation of NKG2A positive immune cells, to active and kill undesired cells (e.g., tumor cells) .
[0116] In some embodiments, the immune cells include NK cells, T cells, Natural killer T cells (NKT) . In some embodiments, the fusion protein increases NKG2A+ NK, CD8+ T and / or NKT cells immune function. In some embodiments, the fusion protein increases NK cells immune function by inducing STAT5 phosphorylation in NKG2A positive cells.
[0117] The fusion protein provided herein don’ t cause sever cytokine release and helps to decreases adverse effect.
[0118] Polynucleotides, Vectors and Host Cells
[0119] The present disclosure provides an isolated polynucleotide encoding any fragment of the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment or the fusion protein. Such as the amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to any one of amino acid sequences as shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, or 26.
[0120] In some embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide encodes the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, or 26.
[0121] The polynucleotide is nucleic acid sequence of DNA, RNA, DNA / RNA hybrids, or modifications thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is a nucleic acid sequence of DNA. The encoding polynucleotide (DNA or RNA) may be recombinant or synthetic molecule.
[0122] The present disclosure also relates to sequence variants of the polynucleotide described above. For example, the present disclosure includes nucleic acid sequences that are about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%or 100%identical to any of the polynucleotide sequences provided herein, including fragments thereof and complements thereto. The present disclosure also includes polynucleotide that varies from the polynucleotide sequences specifically provided herein due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.
[0123] The polynucleotide may further include regulatory sequences (e.g., a promoter sequence, an untranslated 5’ region, and an untranslated 3’ region) and / or vector sequences. For example, the polynucleotide constitutes a vector.
[0124] As used herein, the terms “vector” refers to a polynucleotide that can be engineered to contain a cloned polynucleotide or polynucleotides that can be propagated in a host cell. A vector can include one or more of the following elements: an origin of replication, one or more regulatory sequences (such as, for example, promoters and / or enhancers) that regulate the expression of the polypeptide of interest, and / or one or more selectable marker genes (such as, for example, antibiotic resistance genes and genes that can be used in colorimetric assays, for example, β-galactosidase) .
[0125] In some implementations, a polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) is introduced using a viral expression system (e.g., vaccinia or other pox virus, retrovirus, or adenovirus) , which may involve the use of a non-pathogenic (defective) , replication competent virus, or may use a replication defective virus.
[0126] In one aspect, the present disclosure also provides an isolated vector containing the polynucleotide as described herein. The provided isolated polynucleotide can be inserted into a vector for further cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression, using recombinant techniques known in the art.
[0127] The vector components generally include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: a signal sequence, an origin of replication, one or more marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter (e.g., SV40, CMV, EF-1α) , and a transcription termination sequence.
[0128] In some embodiments, the vector provided herein, at least one promoter (e.g., SV40, CMV, EF-1α) operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence, and at least one selection marker. Examples of vectors include, but are not limited to, retrovirus (including lentivirus) , adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpesvirus (e.g., herpes simplex virus) , poxvirus, baculovirus, papillomavirus, papovavirus (e.g. SV40) , lambda phage, and M13 phage, plasmid pcDNA3.3, pMD18-T, pOptivec, pCMV, pEGFP, pIRES, pQD-Hyg-GSeu, pALTER, pBAD, pcDNA, pCal, pL, pET, pGEMEX, pGEX, pCI, pEGFT, pSV2, pFUSE, pVITRO, pVIVO, pMAL, pMONO, pSELECT, pUNO, pDUO, Psg5L, pBABE, pWPXL, pBI, p15TV-L, pPro18, pTD, pRS10, pLexA, pACT2.2, pCMV-SCRIPT. RTM., pCDM8, pCDNA1.1 / amp, pcDNA3.1, pRc / RSV, PCR 2.1, pEF-1, pFB, pSG5, pXT1, pCDEF3, pSVSPORT, pEF-Bos etc.
[0129] The present disclosure provides hose cells containing the isolated polynucleotide or the isolated vector as described herein.
[0130] As used herein, the terms “host cell” refers to a cell that may be or has been a recipient of a vector or isolated polynucleotide. Host cells may be prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells. Exemplary eukaryotic cells include mammalian cells, such as primate or non-primate animal cells.
[0131] Vectors containing the polynucleotide sequence encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can be introduced to a host cell for cloning or gene expression. Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the above-described polynucleotide (nucleic acid sequence of DNA, RNA or DNA / RNA hybrids) in the vectors herein are, for example, prokaryotic cells such as E. coli, or other microbial cells, or eukaryotic cells including but not limited to mammalian cells such as human, mouse, monkey, rabbit, goat, hamster, or rat cells, insect cells, avian cells, plant cells and eukaryotic cells.
[0132] In some embodiments, the host cells may be, for example, (1) bacterial cells, such as E. coli; (2) fungal cells and Aspergillus cells, yeast cells, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and K. lactis; (3) insect cell lines, such as (acell line from Spodoptera frugiperda) cells (Protein Sciences Corp., Meriden, Conn., USA) ; (4) mammalian cells; or (5) plant cells.
[0133] Typical mammalian cells include COS1 and COS7 cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, NS0 myeloma cells, NIH 3T3 cells, 293 cells, HEPG2 cells, HeLa cells, C127, 3T3, BHK, Bowes melanoma cells, L cells, MDCK, HEK293, WI38, murine ES cell lines (e.g., from strains 129 / SV, C57 / BL6, DBA-1, 129 / SVJ) , K562, Jurkat cells, and BW5147. The invention thus provides cells that express the antibodies of the present invention, including but not limited to hybridoma cells, B cells, plasma cells, as well as mammalian and human host cells recombinantly modified to express the antibodies of the present invention (e.g., adult embryonic stem cells) . Other useful mammalian cell lines are well known and readily available from the American Type Culture Collection ( “ATCC” ) (Manassas, Va., USA) and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) Human Genetic Cell Repository at the Coriell Cell Repositories (Camden, N. J., USA) . These cell types are only representative, and this list is not meant to be an exhaustive list.
[0134] In some embodiments, the host cell is a mammalian cultured cell line, such as CHO, BHK, NS0, 293 and their derivatives.
[0135] A vector can be introduced into the host cell by methods known in the art, e.g., electroporation, chemical transfection (e.g., DEAE-dextran) , transformation, transfection, and infection and / or transduction (e.g., with recombinant virus) . Thus, non-limiting examples of vectors include viral vectors (which can be used to generate recombinant virus) , naked DNA or RNA, plasmids, cosmids, phage vectors, and DNA or RNA expression vectors associated with cationic condensing agents.
[0136] Kit
[0137] The disclosure provides a kit that contains the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the fusion protein, the isolated polynucleotide, the isolated vector, or the host cell described above. Such kits can further include, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as, for example, containers with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers etc., as will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art. Instructions, either as inserts or a labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and / or guidelines for mixing the components, can also be included in the kit.
[0138] Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0139] The disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition that contains the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the fusion protein, the isolated polynucleotide, the isolated vector, or the host cell described above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in any manner known in the art.
[0140] The pharmaceutical composition could be formulated for parenteral (e.g., orally, nasally, or by inhalation, ophthalmic, rectal, intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) administration in dosage unit form (i.e., physically discrete units containing a predetermined quantity of active compound for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage) . The formulation of the pharmaceutical composition is compatible with their intended route of administration (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) .
[0141] Pharmaceutical acceptable carriers for use in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may include, for example, a sterile diluent (e.g., sterile water or saline) , a fixed oil, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents, antibacterial or antifungal agents, such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite, chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, buffers, such as acetates, citrates, or phosphates, and isotonic agents, such as sugars (e.g., dextrose) , polyalcohols (e.g., mannitol or sorbitol) , or salts (e.g., sodium chloride) , or any combination thereof. Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
[0142] Preparations of the compositions can be formulated and enclosed in ampules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials. Where required (as in, for example, injectable formulations) , proper fluidity can be maintained by, for example, the use of a coating, such as lecithin, or a surfactant. Absorption of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be prolonged by including an agent that delays absorption (e.g., aluminum monostearate and gelatin) . Alternatively, controlled release can be achieved by implants and microencapsulated delivery systems, which can include biodegradable, biocompatible polymers (e.g., ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid) .
[0143] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated into an injectable composition. The injectable pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared in any conventional form, such as for example liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, or solid forms suitable for generating liquid solution, suspension, or emulsion. Preparations for injection may include sterile and / or non-pyretic solutions ready for injection, sterile dry soluble products, such as lyophilized powders, ready to be combined with a solvent just prior to use, including hypodermic tablets, sterile suspensions ready for injection, sterile dry insoluble products ready to be combined with a vehicle just prior to use, and sterile and / or non-pyretic emulsions. The solutions may be either aqueous or nonaqueous.
[0144] In some embodiments, a sterile, lyophilized powder is prepared by dissolving the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or fusion protein as disclosed herein in a suitable solvent. The solvent may contain an excipient which improves the stability or other pharmacological components of the powder or reconstituted solution, prepared from the powder. Excipients that may be used include, but are not limited to, water, dextrose, sorbitol, fructose, corn syrup, xylitol, glycerin, glucose, sucrose, or other suitable agents.
[0145] The pharmaceutical compositions may be included in a container, package or dispenser alone or as part of a kit with labels and instructions for administration.
[0146] Methods of Use
[0147] The present disclosure provides a use of the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the fusion protein, the isolated polynucleotide, the isolated vector, the host cell, the pharmaceutical composition, or the kit in the manufacture of a therapeutic agent in the diagnosis, prevention or treatment for an oncology-related disease, an inflammation or autoimmunity disease, or an infectious disease.
[0148] The present disclosure provides a use of the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the fusion protein, the isolated polynucleotide, the isolated vector, the host cell, the pharmaceutical composition, or the kit in the manufacture of a therapeutic agent for improving immune response to an oncology-related disease, an inflammation or autoimmunity disease, or an infectious disease.
[0149] The present disclosure provides a method of diagnosing, preventing, or treating an oncology-related disease, an inflammation or autoimmunity disease, or an infectious disease in a subject in need thereof, containing administrating to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the fusion protein, the isolated polynucleotide, the isolated vector, the host cell, or the pharmaceutical composition described above.
[0150] The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of composition or active agent as disclosed herein effective to “treat” a disease in a subject.
[0151] As use herein, the term “treat” “treating” or “treatment” refers to alleviating or ameliorating the disease (i.e., slowing or arresting the development of the disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof) ; or alleviating or ameliorating at least one physical parameter or biomarker associated with the disease, including those which may not be discernible to the patient. For example, for cancer, “treat” “treating” or “treatment” may refer to dampen or slow the tumor or malignant cell growth, proliferation, or metastasis, removal of all or part of the tumor, inhibiting or slowing tumor growth and metastasis, delaying the development of a tumor, or some combination thereof.
[0152] As used herein, the term “prevent" “preventing” or “prevention” refers to the prophylactic treatment of the disease; or delaying the onset or progression of the disease.
[0153] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent or the active agent (e.g., the anti-NKG2A or antigen-binding fragment thereof, fusion protein) can enhance immune response to the disease, or could reduce adverse effects in diagnosing, preventing or treating the disease.
[0154] The method can enhance immune response (such as innate immune response) and obtain a low adverse effect. The NKG2A signal pathway is blocked by the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the fusion protein, as such, this is helpful for treating extensive diseases.
[0155] In some embodiments, the method benefits for improving the lysis of HLA-E expressing tumor cells; increasing the response of NK cells; inducing NK cells proliferation; upregulating CD107a; reversing the NKG2A / HLA-E mediated inhibition of T cell responses; activating NKG2A-expressing T cells or increasing the response of NKG2A-expressing T cells; activating NFAT signaling in NKG2A-expressing T cells; and / or inducing STAT5 phosphorylation in NKG2A positive cells.
[0156] The method increases the response of NK cells and / or T cells, thus the disease is ameliorated by the stimulation of immune cells.
[0157] In some embodiments, the method improves the lysis of HLA-E expressing cells, such as HLA-E expressing tumor cells, the tumor herein could be malignant tumor and benign tumor.
[0158] In some embodiments, the oncology-related disease includes solid tumor or liquid tumor. In some embodiments, the oncology-related disease includes malignant tumor and benign tumor. In some embodiments, the oncology-related disease includes breast cancer, carcinoid cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, glioma, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, bladder cancer, urethral cancer, or hematologic malignancy. In some embodiments, the cancer is unresectable melanoma or metastatic melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) , small cell lung cancer (SCLC) , bladder cancer, or metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. In some embodiments, the subject has a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) , renal cell carcinoma (RCC) , triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) , and colorectal carcinoma.
[0159] In some embodiments, without limitation, the methods of treatment reduce the rate of the increase of volume of a tumor in a subject over time, reduce the risk of developing a metastasis, or reduce the risk of developing an additional metastasis in a subject. In some embodiments, the treatment can halt, slow, retard, or inhibit progression of a cancer. In some embodiments, the treatment can result in the reduction of in the number, severity, and / or duration of one or more symptoms of the cancer in a subject.
[0160] In some embodiments, the infectious disease includes viral infectious disease and bacterial infectious disease.
[0161] In some embodiments, the inflammation or autoimmunity disease is characterized by redness, swelling, heat and pain, as consequences of capillary dilation with edema and migration of phagocytic leukocytes. Some examples of inflammatory responses include arthritis, contact dermatitis, hyper-IgE syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, allergic asthma, and idiopathic inflammatory disease. Idiopathic inflammatory disease includes, for example, psoriasis and lupus (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) , drug-induced lupus erythematosus, and lupus nephritis) .
[0162] The subject contains mammals including primate, rodent, canine and swine, such as mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, pig, monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like. In some embodiments, the subject contains mouse, cynomolgus, and human. Except when noted, the term “patient” or “subject” are used herein interchangeably.
[0163] The daily dosage of the therapeutic agent could obtain from cell culture assays, animal studies or clinical research. A therapeutically effective amount of therapeutic agent or active agent (such as, antibody or antigen-binding fragment) will be an amount that treats the disease in a subject, decreases the severity, frequency, and / or duration of one or more symptoms of a disease in a subject. The effectiveness and dosing can be determined by a health care professional or veterinary professional using methods known in the art, as well as by the observation of one or more symptoms of disease in a subject. In addition, it is understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, gender, and diet of the subject, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, and the half-life of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment in vivo.
[0164] EXAMPLES
[0165] The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
[0166] Standard reference works setting forth the general principles of recombinant DNA technology known to those of skill in the art include Ausubel et al., Current Protocols In Molecular Biology, John Wiley &Sons, New York (1998 and Supplements to 2001) ; Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2d Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y. (1989) ; Kaufman et al., Eds., Handbook Of Molecular And Cellular Methods In Biology And Medicine, CRC Press, Boca Raton (1995) ; McPherson, Ed., Directed Mutagenesis: A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Oxford (1991) .
[0167] Standard reference works setting forth the general principles of immunology known to those of skill in the art include Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, 2d Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1999) , and Roitt et al., Immunology, 3d Ed., Mosby-Year Book Europe Limited, London (1993) . Standard reference works setting forth the general principles of medical physiology and pharmacology known to those of skill in the art include Fauci et al., Eds., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th Ed., McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (1998) .
[0168] The materials used in the examples of the present disclosure are known and commercially available.
[0169] Example 1: Reagents generation
[0170] 1.1 Reference antibodies
[0171] The reference antibodies Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3 have been generated according to patent WO2020102501A1 (SEQ ID NOs: 107 and 118) , WO2019126514A2 (SEQ ID NOs: 13 and 14) and CN111153995A (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 5) respectively. The heavy chain variable region (VH) and light chain variable region (VL) sequences of Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3 are shown in Table 1.
[0172] Table 1. Variable region sequences of Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3
[0173] 1.2 Stable cell lines
[0174] Human, cynomolgus and mouse NKG2A / CD94 stably expressing cell lines, CHOK1 / hNKG2A, 293T / hNKG2A, CHOK1 / cynoNKG2A and CHOK1 / mNKG2A, have been generated for hybridoma screening and in vitro assays. CHOK1 or 293T cells were transfected with human, cynomolgus or mouse NKG2A / CD94 expression plasmid and selectively cultured in medium containing 0.2 μg / mL puromycin for 2 weeks. Single cell clones were then isolated by limiting dilution and screened by FACS to obtain the monoclonal cell lines stably expressing human, cynomolgus or mouse NKG2A / CD94. For Jurkat-NFAT-Human NKG2A / CD94 stable pool generation, Jurkat-NFAT cells were transfected with human NKG2A and CD94 expression plasmid and selectively cultured in medium containing 400 μg / mL hygromycin and 0.2 μg / mL puromycin.
[0175] 1.3 Recombinant proteins
[0176] Human NKG2A / CD94 extracellular domain (ECD, UNIPROT_P26715, Pro94 -Leu233, Accession#Q13241-1, Lys32 -Ile179) recombinant proteins with human Fc tag was purchased from ChemPartner for immunization and hybridoma screening.
[0177] Human CD94 extracellular domain (ECD, Accession#Q13241-1, Lys32 -Ile179) recombinant proteins with 6 ⅹ his tag was purchased from Acro Biosystem.
[0178] Human NKG2E extracellular domain (ECD, Accession#Q07444-1, Glu98 -Ser240) recombinant proteins with human Fc tag (rhNKG2E-ECD-Fc protein) was purchased from R&D System for specificity characterization.
[0179] The recombinant protein of HLA-E*01: 03 HLA-A leader 3-11 Tetramer-VMAPRTLVL-PE (HLA-E-PE) was purchased from MBL for cell-based blocking assay.
[0180] Example 2: Hybridoma development and screening
[0181] 2.1 Immunization and fusion
[0182] 40 mice from two strains (SJL, NOD) were immunized with Fc-tagged human NKG2A / CD94 ECD-Fc recombinant protein or human NKG2A / CD94 over-expressed cell line using a quick immunization strategy. Using human and cynomolgus NKG2A / CD94 over-expressing cell lines as antigen, serum titer of the immunized mice was detected by FACS assay. Final boost was conducted when the serum titers reached a high level. Three days after the final boost, pooled splenocytes cells were harvested and fused with SP2 / 0 mouse myeloma cells. The fused cells were then seeded into 384-well plates for screening.
[0183] 2.2 Primary and secondary screening
[0184] 10-12 days after fusion, supernatants harvested from each well of hybridoma cells were primarily screened by ACUMEN assay using CHOK1 / hNKG2A / CD94 and CHOK1 / hNKG2C / CD94 as antigen. The hybridoma cells in the positive wells were expanded and a secondary confirmation screening was performed using the same ELISA assay as the primary screening. FACS binding with CHOK1 / hNKG2A / CD94, CHOK1 / cynoNKG2A / CD94 and CHOK1 were also included in secondary screening. Then the hybridoma cells secreting antibodies with top human NKG2A binding and cross-reactive binding to cynomolgus activity were subcloned.
[0185] 2.3 Hybridoma Subcloning and screening
[0186] The selected hybridoma cells were limited diluted into 96-well plates at the density of 1 cell / well to obtain monoclonal hybridoma cells. Supernatants harvested from these monoclonal cells were screened by the same FACS assay as Example 2.2. Antibodies secreted from positive clones were quantified by Bio-Layer Interferometry and then assayed for human NKG2A / CD94 binding affinity and the activity to block the interaction between NKG2A / CD94 and its ligand HLA-E. As shown in Table 2, the monoclonal antibody secreting from clone 211B6G7 showed nanomolar human NKG2A / CD94 binding affinity and good blocking activity.
[0187] Table 2. Mouse antibody characterization summary
[0188] Example 3: Chimeric antibody generation and characterization
[0189] 3.1 Chimeric antibody generation
[0190] Heavy chain and light chain variable regions of clone 211B6G7 secreted monoclonal antibody was sequenced. According to the sequencing results, a human IgG4 chimeric antibody with S228P mutation at Fc region was generated and named as cAb050, where the suffix “c” stands for chimeric. The amino acid sequences of heavy chain variable region and the light chain variable region of cAb050 were shown below in standard single-letter code, CDRs of which were underlined. CDRs were defined using Kabat definition except heavy chain CDR1, which was defined using a combination of Kabat and Chothia systems.
[0191] VH: (SEQ ID NO: 7)
[0192] VL: (SEQ ID NO: 8)
[0193] 3.2 Chimeric antibody characterization
[0194] 3.2.1 Binding activity
[0195] Human NKG2A / CD94 binding activity of cAb050, three benchmark antibodies and human IgG4 isotype (hIgG4) was detected by FACS assay using CHOK1-hNKG2A / CD94 or 293T-hNKG2A / CD94, CHOK1-cynoNKG2A / CD94, NK92 cells as antigen. All test monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) strongly bind to CHOK1-hNKG2A / CD94 (Figure 1) , CHOK1-cynoNKG2A / CD94 (Figure 2) and NK92 (Figure 3) with similar affinity. The EC50 and top geometric mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values analyzed using Four-Parameter nonlinear fitting by GraphPad Prism 9.0 are summarized in Table 3.
[0196] Table 3. Binding of cAb050 and Tab1, 2, 3 to membrane NKG2A / CD94
[0197] 3.2.2 Affinity detection
[0198] The binding affinity of cAb050 and Tab1, 2, 3 to human NKG2A / CD94 ECD recombinant protein was determined using Bio-Layer Interferometry (Octet) . The association and dissociation curves were fit with 1: 1 binding model, and the Ka / Kd / KD values for each antibody were calculated and summarized in Table 4. cAb050 (KD, 0.090 nM) showed a higher antigen binding affinity than all the reference antibodies in the test.
[0199] Table 4. Human NKG2A / CD94 binding affinity of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3
[0200] 3.2.3 Binding specificity
[0201] The binding of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3 to NKG2C was detected by FACS assay using CHOK1-hNKG2C / CD94 cells (Figure 4A) as antigen (refer to method described in Example 3.2.1) . As shown in Figure 4A, cAb050 and Tab1 could weakly bind to NKG2C, and Tab2, Tab3 didn’ t bind to NKG2C.
[0202] The binding of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2, Tab3, positive control and isotype control to NKG2E was detected by ELISA assay using rhNKG2E-ECD-Fc protein (Figure 4B) as antigen. As shown in Figure 4B, all the testing antibodies can’ t recognize NKG2E protein.
[0203] 3.2.4 Blocking activities
[0204] The activities of cAb050 and Tab1, 2, 3 to block the interaction between NKG2A / CD94 and HLA-E were assessed by competitive FACS. Briefly CHOK1-hNKG2A / CD94 cells were preincubated with 10 μg / mL testing antibodies or IgG4 isotype for 30 minutes. Then the recombinant protein of HLA-E-PE complex tetramer were added for another 1-hour incubation. The blocking activities were determined by quantitating the blockade of the ligands binding to CHOK1-hNKG2A / CD94 cells. As shown in Figure 5, cAb050 and Tab1, 2 can fully block the interaction between NKG2A / CD94 and HLA-E, however Tab3 could only partially block the interaction between NKG2A / CD94 and HLA-E. The IC50 values and top blocking ratios analyzed using Four-Parameter nonlinear fitting by GraphPad Prism 9.0 are summarized in Table 5.
[0205] Table 5. Blocking activities of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3
[0206] 3.2.5 NK92 mediated cytotoxicity assay
[0207] The effect of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3 in NK92 mediated cytotoxicity was studied. In brief, serial dilutions of antibodies and NK-92 cells in 100 μl / well (in triplicates) were added to U-bottomed 96-well microtiter plates for pre-incubation. Target cells (tumor cell line LCL721.221) were loaded with specific peptide to induce HLA-E expression. Labeling target cells with fluorescence enhancing ligand (DELFIA BATDA Reagent) and addition of 100 μl (1ⅹ104) of target cells to each well. Following a short centrifugation, the co-cultures were incubated for 2 h at 37℃ in a 95%humidified chamber with 5%CO2. They were then centrifuged for 5 min, and 20 μl of supernatant from each well was picked and added to 100 μl europium solution (Eu) . Percentages of specific releases (lysis) were calculated using the following formula:
[0208] As shown in Figure 6, all the testing antibodies could improve the specific lysis of HLA-E expressing tumor cells. And the cAb050 and Tab3 showed the most potent efficacy.
[0209] 3.3.6 CD107a degranulation assay
[0210] The effects of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3 in NK cell degranulation were studied with this assay. Briefly, NK cells were isolated from human PBMC (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell) using Ficoll gradient and the human NK cell isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotech) . NK cells were cultured overnight with recombinant human (rh) IL-2 (400IU / ml) . Following activation, the cell viability was more than 90%, as determined by cell counter. NK cells were then co-cultured for four hours with 5 ⅹ l04 of the human B-lymphoblastoid target cell line 721.221 expressing HLA-E in the presence of anti-human NKG2A antibodies or hIgG4 isotype control. Cells were then collected and stained for the following markers: anti-human CD3, anti-human CD56, live / dead, and anti-human CD107a, and anti-NKG2A antibody. Cells were acquired fresh on BD Canto II. Percentage degranulation (%CD107) among NKG2A+ or NKG2A-NK cells was subsequently analyzed on FlowJo (flow cytometry software) . In the presence of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3, there was an increase in NK cell degranulation as measured by CD107a expression by flow cytometry (Figure 7A) . The increase in NK cell response was not observed on NKG2A negative (-) NK cells, which showed that the antibody effect was specific to NKG2A expressing NK cells (Figure 7B) .
[0211] 3.2.7 Primary NK cytotoxicity assay
[0212] The effects of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3 on primary NK mediated cytotoxicity were studied with this assay. Briefly, NK cells were isolated from human PBMC using Ficoll gradient and the human NK cell isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotech) . NK cells were cultured 4-5 days with recombinant human IL-2 (Peprotech, Cat No. 200-02) and recombinant human IL-12 (Peprotech, Cat No. 200-12) . After NK activation, serial dilutions of antibodies and NK cells were added to U-bottomed 96-well microtiter plates for pre-incubation. Target cells (tumor cell line LCL721.221) were loaded with specific peptide to induce HLA-E expression. Labeling target cells with fluorescence enhancing ligand (DELFIA BATDA Reagent) and addition of 100 μl (1ⅹ104) of target cells to each well. Following a short centrifugation, the co-cultures were incubated for 2 h at 37℃ in a 95%humidified chamber with 5%CO2. They were then centrifuged for 5 min, and 20 μl of supernatant from each well was picked and added to 100 μl europium solution (Eu) . Percentages of specific releases (specific cytotoxicity) were calculated using the following formula:
[0213] As shown in Figure 8, cAb0150 and Tab3 significantly improved primary NK-mediated specific lysis against HLA-E expressing tumor cells.
[0214] 3.2.8 Jurkat-NFAT NKG2A / CD94 reporter assay
[0215] cAb050, Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3 were tested for the functional activity of reversing the inhibition of NFAT signaling in a NKG2A / CD94-expressing Jurkat cell line stimulated by CHO / OKT3 / HLA-E (Chinese Hamster Ovary cells that have been engineered to express the single chain OKT3 and HLA-E) . NKG2A expressing Jurkat effector cells were co-cultured with CHO / scOKT3 / HLA-E target cells at an effector cell-to target cell ratio (E: T) of 6: 1. The anti-NKG2A antibodies or hIgG4 isotype antibody was added to the co-culture at titrating concentrations. Following five hours of incubation at 37℃, luciferase activity was quantified using One-Glo Reagent. Relative Luciferase Units (RLU) data was plotted using GraphPad software. The NKG2A antibodies reversed the NKG2A / HLA-E mediated inhibition of T cell responses. Specifically, as shown in Figure 9, the cAb050 reversed the inhibition of NFAT signaling in a NKG2A-expressing Jurkat T cell line stimulated CHO / OKT3 / HLA-E, with an EC50 value of 0.32 nM.
[0216] 3.2.9 Epitope Analysis
[0217] The epitope binning for cAb050, Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3 was carried out by competitive ELISA method. Briefly, Ab1 was immobilized overnight on ELISA plate at 4℃. After blocking with PBS-2%BSA to reduce nonspecific binding, the plates were washed with PBS-0.05%Tween 20 and incubated with mixture of 50 μl / well Ab2 and 50 μl / well biotinylated-NKG2A / CD94 ECD recombinant protein at 37℃ for 1 hour. After washing, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled detection antibody was added and incubated at 37℃ for 1 hour. Color development was conducted by the addition of 100 μl / well of TMB solution. After incubation at room temperature (RT, 25±5℃) for 10-15 minutes, the reaction was stopped by adding 100 μl 1N HCl. Then the plates were read immediately using plate reader for optical density at 450 nm.
[0218] Finally, the relative binding signals of Ab2 in tandem were calculated by normalization. High relative binding signals represent low competition between Ab2 and Ab1 for binding antigen. Likewise, low relative signals represent high competition between Ab2 and Ab1. As shown in Table 6, all antibodies were in the same bin, although Tab2 couldn’ t fully compete with other antibodies which may cause by relative weak affinity to NKG2A / CD94.
[0219] Table 6. Epitope binning of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3
[0220] The binding epitopes of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3 on NKG2A / CD94 were further mapped using hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) . Three key peptides were identified, “IDNEEEMKF” , “FKHEIKDSDNAEL” , “LQVNRL” , naming peptide-1, -2 and -3 respectively.
[0221] Table 7. Epitope mapping of cAb050, Tab1, Tab2 and Tab3
[0222] The binding of cAb050 resulted in reduced hydrogen deuterium exchange only in the peptide -2, indicating that antibody covers this region on NKG2A / CD94 may be critical.
[0223] Example 4: Antibody humanization
[0224] 4.1 Humanization design
[0225] Complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting method was used for humanization of cAb050.
[0226] Briefly, IGH1-2*06 and IGKV1-33*01 were first selected as humanization templates for heavy chain and light chain, respectively, based on their homology to the original mouse antibody sequences. CDRs were defined using Kabat definition except heavy chain CDR1, which was defined using a combination of Kabat and Chothia systems. For grafting, the CDRs and different combinations of canonical residues from cAb050 were grafted onto the templates. The resulting variants were produced and designated as H50. H23, H50. H24, where the prefix “hu” indicates “humanized” , and the number in the suffix denotes the serial number. All the variants were tested in multiple in vitro assays to select the best ones that retained the property of the parental antibody.
[0227] The sequences of H50. H23 and H50. H24 were shown below.
[0228] 4.2 Characterization of the humanized variants
[0229] 4.2.1 Binding activity
[0230] The binding of cAb050 and cAb050 derived humanized variants to cell membrane human NKG2A / CD94 was detected by FACS assay using 293T / hNKG2A / CD94 cells. As shown in Figure 10, H50. H23 and H50. H24 retained human NKG2A / CD94 binding activity of the parental antibody cAb050. The EC50 and top MFI values analyzed using Four-Parameter nonlinear fitting by GraphPad Prism 9.0 are summarized in Table 8.
[0231] Table 8. Binding of cAb050 derived humanized variants to 293T / hNKG2A / CD94
[0232] 4.2.2 Affinity detection
[0233] The binding affinity of cAb050 derived humanized variants to human NKG2A / CD94 was determined using Bio-Layer Interferometry (Octet) . The association and dissociation curves were fit with 1: 1 binding model, and the Ka / Kd / KD values for each antibody were calculated and summarized in Table 9. H50. H23 and H50. H24 retained human NKG2A / CD94 binding affinity of the parental antibody cAb050.
[0234] Table 9. Human NKG2A / CD94 binding affinity of cAb050 derived humanized variants
[0235] 4.2.3 Blocking activity
[0236] The activity of cAb050 and cAb050 derived humanized variant H50. H24 to block the interaction between NKG2A / CD94 and HLA-E was assessed by competitive FACS (Figure 11, refer to the method described in Example 3.2.4) . The IC50 values and top blocking ratios analyzed using Four-Parameter nonlinear fitting by GraphPad Prism 9.0 are summarized in Table 10.
[0237] Table 10. Blocking activity of cAb050 and cAb050 derived humanized variant
[0238] 4.2.4 NK92 mediated cytotoxicity assay
[0239] The effect of cAb050, H50. H24 and Tab3 in NK92 mediated cytotoxicity was studied. In brief, serial dilutions of antibodies and NK-92 cells in 100 μl / well (in duplicates) were added to U-bottomed 96-well microtiter plates for pre-incubation. Target cells (tumor cell line LCL721.221) were loaded with specific peptide to induce HLA-E expression. Labeling target cells with fluorescence enhancing ligand (DELFIA BATDA Reagent) and addition of 100 μl (1ⅹ104) of target cells to each well. Following a short centrifugation, the co-cultures were incubated for 2 h at 37℃ in a 95%humidified chamber with 5%CO2. They were then centrifuged for 5 min, and 20 μl of supernatant from each well was picked and added to 100 μl europium solution (Eu) . Percentages of specific releases were calculated using the following formula:
[0240] As shown in Figure 12, all the testing antibodies could improve the specific lysis of HLA-E expressing tumor cells. And the H50. H24 and Tab3 showed the most potent efficacy. The EC50 values are analyzed using Four-Parameter nonlinear fitting by GraphPad Prism 9.0. EC50 value of Tab3 is 0.12nM, H50. H24 is 0.18nM.
[0241] Example 5: NKG2A-IL2v fusion protein generation and characterization
[0242] 5.1 Generation of NKG2A-IL2v fusion proteins
[0243] Anti-NKG2A / IL2v molecule is constructed as an anti-NKG2A antibody moiety linked to IL-2 mutant / IL2v (SEQ ID NO: 12, derived from patent PCT / CN2023 / 105943) at the C-terminus of the heavy chains of the anti-NKG2A antibody moiety, and human IgG 1 heavy chain (carrying mutations L234A, L235A (EU numbering) to remove effector function. A flexible (Gly4Ser) 3 (wave underlined) linker was genetically linked between anti-NKG2A and IL-2 mutant.
[0244] The anti-NKG2A / IL2v molecule ES015.125 comprising one anti-NKG2A antibody moiety (i.e., H50. H24) and two IL2v separately linked to the anti-NKG2A antibody moiety at the C-terminus of each of the heavy chain constant region. ES015.126 comprising one non-relevant IgG moiety (amino acid sequence in italic with mutations underlined) and two IL2v linked to the C-terminus of each of the heavy chain constant region as negative control. The ES015.129 comprising one anti-NKG2A antibody moiety (i.e., H50. H24) and one IL2v linked to the anti-NKG2A antibody moiety at the C-terminal of one heavy chain constant region (amino acid sequence in italic with mutations underlined) . The ES015.130 comprising one non-relevant IgG moiety (amino acid sequence in italic with mutations underlined) and one IL2v linked to the C-terminal of one heavy chain constant region as negative control. The amino acid sequences of the above molecules are shown as below.
[0245] For expression, the DNA encoding the light chain and the heavy chain in either the same expression vector or separate expression vectors were used to transfect CHO cell for transfection. The culture media were harvested, and the fusion protein was purified by Protein A Sepharose column.
[0246] 5.2 Proliferation of NK92 cells by NKG2A-IL2v fusion proteins
[0247] NK92 cells were harvested, counted and assessed for viability. Cells were washed three times with PBS to remove residual IL-2 and resuspended in IL-2 free medium (RPMI 1640, 10%FBS) or TANK medium. The washed NK92 cells were incubated in a cell incubator for 2 hours (IL-2 starvation) . After starvation, cells were resuspended to 10, 000 cells per well in fresh medium without IL-2 and 50 μl of cell suspension was transferred to 96 well cell culture treated flat bottom plates and supplemented with 50 μl of diluted testing antibody (in medium without IL-2) , recombinant human IL-2 (rhIL-2, purchased from R&D system) or hIgG1LALA (control well) to reach a final volume of 100 μl per well. Plates were incubated in an incubator for 2 -3 days. After 2-3 days, CellTiter-Glo (CTG, Promega) reagent and cell culture plates were equilibrated to room temperature. CellTiter-Glo solution was prepared as described in the manufacturer's instructions and 100. μl of solution was added to each well. After 10 minutes of incubation, the remaining aggregates were resuspended by pipetting and 150 μl of the mixture was transferred to a white flat bottom plate. Luminescence was measured with a Tecan multimode reader.
[0248] Figure 13 shows that ES015.125 and ES015.129 induce NK92 proliferation in NKG2A-dependent manner.
[0249] 5.3 pSTAT5 assay
[0250] Freshly isolated PBMCs from healthy donors were inoculated into 96-well round bottom plates (500000 cells / well) in warmed medium, then add live / dead staining (1: 1000) and Fc Block (2μl / well) buffer incubate at room temperature for 10 mins. After live and dead staining, wash cells once with culture medium. Adding test samples into cells and incubated at 37℃ for 15 min or 30 min. Add BD fixation buffer by 1: 1 volume ratio immediately, incubate at 37℃ for 10 mins. Centrifuge at 400g for 5mins, discard the supernatant, FACS buffer wash cells twice. Stain CD3, CD8, CD56, NKG2A and pSTAT5 at 4 ℃ for 30mins. After that, wash cells twice with FACS buffer and analysis was performed using a BD Canto flow cytometer.
[0251] As shown in Figures 14A –Figure 16B, both ES015.125 and ES015.129 tested were equally potent on NK cells (Figures 14A and 14B) , NKT cells (Figures 15A and 15B) and T cells (Figures 16A and 16B) in inducing STAT5 phosphorylation in NKG2A positive cell population.
[0252] 5.4 Cytokine release assay
[0253] Harvested PBMCs by centrifugated at the speed of 400g, 5min and resuspend the cells with complete medium. Dilute the testing antibodies ES015.125, ES015.126, ES015.129, ES015.130, rhIL-2, CD3 antibody+CD28 antibody (both purchased from Invitrogen) and isotype hIgG1LALA start from 1111 nM in complete medium. Add cells and antibodies to each well by cell / antibody ratio at 1: 1 (60μl (2E5 cells / well) +60uL) ; allow cells and testing samples incubate at 37℃ for 2 days. Harvest the cell supernatant and detect the cytokine production according to HTRF (Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence) protocol.
[0254] As shown in Figures 17A –17F, ES015.125 and ES015.129 didn’ t cause sever cytokine release by PBMC with NKG2A expression.
[0255] While particular embodiments have been described, alternatives, modifications, variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents that are or may be presently unforeseen may arise to applicants or others skilled in the art. Accordingly, the appended claims as filed and as they may be amended are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents.
Claims
1.An anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL) , wherein the VH comprises complementarity determining regions HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 having an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 18, 19 and SEQ ID NO: 20, respectively; andthe VL comprises complementarity determining regions LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 having an amino acid sequence as shown in RSSKSLLHSNXNTY (SEQ ID NO: 21) , SEQ ID NO: 22 and 23, respectively; X is G or A.2.The anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein X is A.3.The anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-2, wherein the VH and the VL are selected from the following groups:a) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, and the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 8;b) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9, and the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 10; orc) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11, and the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 10.4.The anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-3, wherein the VH comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8;the VH comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 9, and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10; orthe VH comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 11, and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10.5.The anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-4, comprising one or more of the following: wherein(1) the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof blocks the interaction between NKG2A / CD94 and MHC-1 molecule, optionally, the MHC-1 molecule is HLA-E;(2) the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof improves the lysis of HLA-E overexpressing cells;(3) the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof improves the lysis of HLA-E expressing tumor cells; optionally the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof improves primary NK-mediated specific lysis against HLA-E expressing tumor cells;(4) the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof increases the response of NK cells, optionally the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof increases the response of NKG2A expressing NK cells;(5) the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof improves the NK mediated cytotoxicity to HLA-E expressed tumor cells;(6) the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof upregulates CD107a (lysosomal associated membrane protein 1) expression in NK cell degranulation;(7) the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof reverses the inhibition of T cell responses, optionally, the anti-NKG2A or antigen-binding fragment thereof reverses the NKG2A / HLA-E mediated inhibition of T cell responses;(8) the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof activates NKG2A-expressing T cells or increases the response of NKG2A-expressing T cells;(9) the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof activates the NFAT signaling in NKG2A-expressing T cells;(10) the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof doesn’t bind to or barely binds to NKG2E; and / or(11) the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof improves immune response, optionally innate immune response.6.The anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-5, wherein(1) the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof blocks the interaction between NKG2A and HLA-E with IC50 no more than 5 nM, 3 nM, 1 nM or 0.8nM;(2) the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to NKG2A with EC50 no more than 1 nM, 0.5 nM or 0.3 nM; and / or(3) the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to NKG2A with KD no more than 0.2 nM, 0.1 nM or 1E-8 nM.7.The anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-6, comprising a Fc fragment derived from human IgG, preferably IgG1 or IgG4.8.A fusion protein, comprising an anti-NKG2A antibody moiety and a IL2 mutant linked to the C-terminus of the anti-NKG2A antibody moiety, wherein the anti-NKG2A antibody moiety comprises the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-7.9.The fusion protein of claim 8, wherein the anti-NKG2A antibody moiety comprises two heavy chains paired with two light chains respectively, at least one of the heavy chains links to one IL2 mutant directly or via a peptide linker.10.The fusion protein of claim 8 or 9, wherein both of the heavy chains link to the IL2 mutant; or one of the heavy chains links to the IL2 mutant.11.The fusion protein of any claims 8-10, wherein the IL2 mutant comprises the amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12.12.The fusion protein of any claims 1-11, wherein the IL2 mutant links to the heavy chain via a (G4S) n linker, n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, optionally n is 3 or 4.13.The fusion protein of any claims 8-12, wherein the fusion protein comprisingi) the heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13, and the light chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 14; orii) a heavy chain 1 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15, a heavy chain 2 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 26, and the light chain comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%sequence identity SEQ ID NO: 14.14.The fusion protein of any claims 8-13, whereinthe heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 13, and the light chain comprising an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14; orthe heavy chain 1 comprising an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 15, the heavy chain 2 comprising an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 26, and the light chain comprising an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14.15.The fusion protein of any claims 8-14, wherein the fusion protein increases or induces NK cells proliferation; and / orthe fusion protein increases NKG2A+ NK CD8+ T and / or NKT cells immune function, optionally the fusion protein increases NK cells immune function by inducing STAT5 phosphorylation in NKG2A positive cells.16.An isolated polynucleotide encoding any fragment of the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-7, or the fusion protein of any claims of 8-15.17.An isolated vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 16.18.A host cell comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim 16 or the isolated vector of claim 17.19.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-7, the fusion protein of any claims of 8-15, the isolated polynucleotide of claim 16, the isolated vector of claim 17, or the host cell of claim 18, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.20.A kit, comprising the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-7, the fusion protein of any claims of 8-15, the isolated polynucleotide of claim 16, the isolated vector of claim 17, or the host cell of claim 18.21.Use of the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-7, the fusion protein of any claims of 8-15, the isolated polynucleotide of claim 16, the isolated vector of claim 17, the host cell of claim 18, the pharmaceutical composition of claim 19, or the kit of claim 20 in the manufacture of a therapeutic agent in the diagnosis, prevention or treatment for an oncology-related disease, an inflammation or autoimmunity disease, or an infectious disease.22.A method of diagnosing, preventing or treating an oncology-related disease, an inflammation or autoimmunity disease, or an infectious disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administrating to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-NKG2A antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-7, the fusion protein of any claims of 8-15, the isolated polynucleotide of claim 16, the isolated vector of claim 17, or the host cell of claim 18, the pharmaceutical composition of claim 19, the kit of claim 20.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the method comprising enhancing immune response to the disease, optionally, the method comprising any of the following:(1) improving the lysis of HLA-E expressing tumor cells;(2) increasing the response of NK cells;(3) inducing NK cells proliferation;(4) upregulating CD107a;(5) reversing the NKG2A / HLA-E mediated inhibition of T cell responses;(6) activating NKG2A-expressing T cells or increasing the response of NKG2A-expressing T cells;(7) activating NFAT signaling in NKG2A-expressing T cells; and / or(8) inducing STAT5 phosphorylation in NKG2A positive cells.24.The use of claim 21 or the method of any of claims 22-23, wherein the oncology-related disease comprises solid tumor or liquid tumor, preferably, the oncology-related disease comprises breast cancer, carcinoid cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, glioma, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, bladder cancer, urethral cancer, or hematologic malignancy;the infectious disease comprises viral infectious disease and bacterial infectious disease;the inflammation or autoimmunity disease comprises arthritis, contact dermatitis, hyper-IgE syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, allergic asthma, and idiopathic inflammatory disease.
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