Photovoltaic module and method for the production thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to a photovoltaic module comprising a glass panel (110) on a light incidence side; a plurality of solar cells (120); an electrical contact structure (130) that is arranged between the glass panel (110) and the plurality of solar cells (120) and electrically connects the plurality of solar cells (120); and an optically transparent adhesive (140) in which the electrical contact structure (130) is at least partially embedded.

Description

[0001] PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE AND METHOD FOR ITS MANUFACTURING

[0002] The present invention relates to a photovoltaic module and a method for its manufacture.

[0003] BACKGROUND

[0004] Conventional photovoltaic modules can be designed as double-glass modules, with the solar cells embedded in an encapsulating material. This material completely surrounds and protects the solar cells. In particular, it protects against mechanical stresses, as the cells are decoupled from the glass. The encapsulating material consists, for example, of an EVA film (EVA = ethylene vinyl acetate) and serves as a shear reinforcement for the module. However, film-based photovoltaic modules are more complex to manufacture, have a higher CO2 footprint, require lamination, and are more difficult to recycle. On the other hand, omitting the encapsulating material often results in limited light yield, or high-efficiency solar cells are currently unsuitable for this application.

[0005] Lead is also required to ensure long-term stability, and the plastic material in the module interacts with the solar cells, altering their properties. Furthermore, in conventional photovoltaic modules, the solar cells are electrically interconnected via soldered cell connectors. These connectors are typically electrically conductive wires or ribbons, or busbars. Soldered connections represent a weak point, as thermal and mechanical stresses can compromise the long-term stability of the electrical connections and thus the functionality of the entire module.

[0006] Therefore, there is a need for alternative photovoltaic modules with high light output that do not require encapsulation, but at the same time ensure long-term stability with regard to thermal and mechanical stresses.

[0007] Brief description of the invention

[0008] At least some of the aforementioned problems are solved by a photovoltaic module according to claim 1 and a method for its manufacture according to claim 10. The dependent claims relate to further advantageous embodiments of the photovoltaic module and the manufacturing method.

[0009] The present invention relates to a photovoltaic module comprising a glass pane on a light-incident side, a plurality of solar cells, an electrical contact structure, and an optically transparent adhesive. The electrical contact structure is arranged between the glass pane and the plurality of solar cells and electrically connects the plurality of solar cells to one another. The electrical contact structure is at least partially embedded in the optically transparent adhesive.

[0010] The "embedding" in the optically transparent adhesive should be understood as follows: in a cross-sectional view through the electrical contact structure, more than half of the surface of the electrical contact structure is in direct contact with the optically transparent adhesive, and less than half of the surface is exposed. However, up to two-thirds of the cross-section of the electrical contact structure may protrude from the optically transparent adhesive.

[0011] The light-incident side is also called the front and is the side of the module that faces the direction of sunlight after the photovoltaic module has been installed. The back side would accordingly be the opposite direction, from which – with correct installation – direct sunlight is normally not possible. The electrical contact structure consists of a variety of cell connectors and can include electrically conductive wires, ribbons, or busbars to electrically connect the solar cells to each other.

[0012] Optionally, the glass plate includes recesses in which the optically transparent adhesive with the partially embedded electrical contact structure is arranged, wherein the electrical contact structure is advantageously embedded at least halfway in the optically transparent adhesive.

[0013] Optionally, the optically transparent adhesive has a refractive index in the range of 1.3 to 1.7 or approximately 1.5. Advantageously, the optically transparent adhesive has a refractive index similar to that of glass. This reduces light refraction at the glass-adhesive interface. Examples of suitable materials include light-stabilized acrylic resins, epoxy resins, and hot melt adhesives such as EVA, POE (polyolefin elastomer), and silicone (e.g., Home 13M Optically Clear Adhesive, Henkel Adhesives, Optically Clear Adhesives for Outstanding Lamination - tesa).

[0014] Optionally, the glass pane on the side facing the solar cells includes a light conversion layer containing a material that converts wavelengths of incident UV light to longer wavelengths. This light conversion layer can be applied directly to the glass pane (without an intermediate layer) to influence reflections and refractions of the light. This offers the advantage of enabling the use of HJT solar cells (heterojunction cells) and future cell designs that may be subject to degradation by UV light. Organic compounds (carbon rings with specific side chains) can be used as materials. Possible materials include EJ-298 and EJ-298G (wavelength shifting paint - Eljen Technology, April 24, 2024). Other materials are available from companies such as Cybrid, Raybo WTn (Cybrid Technologies Inc.), PV Business, SET Business, and 3C.

[0015] Optionally, the photovoltaic module further comprises an additional glass pane (or a back cover) on a side facing away from the light and / or a seal, wherein the plurality of solar cells are embedded in a gas-filled space between the glass pane and the additional glass pane. The electrical contact structure can extend between the plurality of solar cells and the additional glass pane to electrically connect at least some of the plurality of solar cells in series. The seal provides a gas-tight closure to the gas-filled space. A vacuum is formed within the gas-filled space to electrically connect the plurality of solar cells to the contact structure via a press-fit contact.

[0016] The "embedding" of the solar cells in the gas-filled space means that the solar cells are surrounded by a gas within the gas-filled space (e.g., a protective gas such as nitrogen or argon) and are in direct contact with this gas. The resulting photovoltaic module can therefore be a glass-glass module, where glass panes are formed on both sides, i.e., on the light-incident side (front) as well as on the back (back glass). In particular, the photovoltaic module does not include any polymer encapsulation of the solar cells (for example, in an EVA film). Thus, the solar cells are arranged without encapsulation between the two glass panes (in the gas-filled space).

[0017] According to the exemplary embodiments, the photovoltaic module does not have any soldered connections for the electrical contacting of the solar cells. The solar cells are electrically interconnected by press contacts, thus creating a solderless, weldless, or adhesive-free connection. The press or pressure contact can be created by a vacuum that forces the two glass panes together, thereby establishing electrical contact with the solar cells via the electrical contact structure.

[0018] This embodiment also does not include an electrically conductive coating. Therefore, a so-called ECA material (Electric Conductive Coating) is also unnecessary. The photovoltaic module can thus be ECA-free.

[0019] This design of the photovoltaic modules offers the advantage that no mechanical stresses can occur due to temperature fluctuations, as the solar cells can move relative to the two glass panes without causing any stress. The electrical press contacts are thus kept permanently intact.

[0020] Optionally, the seal includes butyl. This ensures that the pressure differential is maintained, thus guaranteeing a permanent electrical connection via the pressure or crimp contact.

[0021] Optionally, the multitude of solar cells includes at least one of the following cell types: thin-film cells, tandem cells, perovskite silicon cells, heterojunction solar cells, or a combination thereof. The thin-film cells, for example, can be formed on an additional support material (substrate). One of the glass sheets could also serve as the support material.

[0022] Back-contact solar cells, also known as BC cells, are electrically contacted only from one side. In these cells, both the (highly doped) p-regions and the (highly doped) n-regions can be electrically contacted from the back. This offers the technical advantage that no busbars, cell connectors, wires, or strips between the solar cells, nor any soldered, welded, or adhesive connections are required. Electrical contacting of the solar cells can be achieved simply by correctly placing the solar cells onto the glass plate with the electrical contact structure and then applying pressure. In embodiments of back-contact solar cells, the electrical contact structure only needs to be formed on one glass plate.

[0023] Heterojunction solar cells, such as HJT solar cells (HJT; English: hetero junction cells), represent a combination of crystalline silicon and thin-film cells, where, for example, amorphous silicon is deposited onto the monocrystalline silicon. Thin-film cells are semiconductor layers that are often only a few micrometers thick and are produced by a CVD (chemical vapor deposition) process or sputtering.

[0024] Perovskite solar cells are simple and inexpensive to manufacture because the mineral perovskite allows for easy coating of substrates. Through photon recycling, they possess a significantly higher efficiency than other cell types. Disadvantages of perovskite-silicon solar cells, such as their sensitivity to mechanical stress, are overcome in certain applications because the electrical connections are established solely through pressure contact resulting from the pressure difference between the ambient air and the lower pressure within the module. Therefore, no EVA encapsulation or solder contacts are required, which are often the source of voltage issues in conventional modules. A tandem cell consists of at least two sub-cells, which, for example, exhibit different absorption wavelength ranges.Exemplary embodiments relate in particular to perovskite-silicon tandem glass-glass modules, which are sealed between the glasses at low pressure, with the electrical connection also being made via press contacts.

[0025] Optionally, an anti-reflective coating is formed in the gas-filled space on at least one of the following components: on a surface of the glass layer, on a surface of the further glass layer, on a surface of the multitude of solar cells.

[0026] Optionally, a protective gas such as nitrogen or argon is present in the gas-filled space. The protective gas can be in direct contact with the solar cells.

[0027] Examples of implementation also relate to a method for manufacturing a photovoltaic module. The method includes:

[0028] - Providing a glass pane with an electrical contact structure;

[0029] - Forming an optically transparent adhesive on the glass pane; - Embedding an electrical contact structure in the optically transparent adhesive; and

[0030] - Arrange a large number of solar cells onto the electrical contact structure in order to electrically connect the large number of solar cells.

[0031] The electrical contact structure can comprise a plurality of cell connectors arranged in series, each cell connector having a first section partially embedded in an optically transparent adhesive and a second section that is bendable away from the glass sheet. Optionally, the plurality of solar cells are interconnected in series by the plurality of cell connectors, with each solar cell being positioned on the first section of a cell connector and the second section of the preceding cell connector being positioned on the respective solar cell to connect the adjacent solar cells in series via bilateral electrical contact.

[0032] Optionally, the procedure includes further

[0033] - Applying a back cover, wherein the plurality of solar cells are arranged in a gas-filled space between the glass pane and the back cover;

[0034] - Creating a vacuum in the gas-filled space to electrically connect the contact structure to the multitude of solar cells via a press contact; and

[0035] - Sealing the gas-filled gap to maintain the press contact.

[0036] The back cover may, in particular, include another glass pane or a back glass panel.

[0037] The negative pressure in the gas-filled space creates the press-fit or pressure contact between the multitude of solar cells and the contact structure. This pressure contact is permanently maintained by the seal. Therefore, no permanent connections (such as soldered or adhesive joints) are required.

[0038] Exemplary embodiments overcome the problems of conventional photovoltaic modules by eliminating the need for EVA or encapsulation material within the module, with electrical contact established via press contacts. To still utilize first-order reflections from the round wire, the electrical contact structure (e.g., the corresponding round wires) is locally embedded (embedded) in the front glass or at least in an optically clear adhesive (OCA). This allows, as with polymer encapsulation, for some of the light reflected from the exemplary round wires in the module to be utilized through total internal reflection at the glass / air interface. This advantage is retained in these exemplary embodiments despite the omission of an encapsulation material.

[0039] Furthermore, UV-sensitive solar cells such as perovskite tandem or HJT cells can be used. For this purpose, an additional UV light-shift coating (light conversion layer 160) is advantageously applied to the inner surface of the glass. This coating is excited by UV light and emits light at a longer wavelength. The emitted light radiates in all directions, and 50% would be lost through an air gap between the UV light-shift layer and the glass. By utilizing total internal reflection, approximately 75% of this light can be utilized.

[0040] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0041] The embodiments of the present invention are better understood from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings, which, however, should not be understood as limiting the disclosure to the specific embodiments, but merely serve for explanation and understanding.

[0042] Fig. i shows a cross-sectional view through a photovoltaic module according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0043] Fig. 2 shows further details of the photovoltaic module according to further embodiments.

[0044] Fig. 3 illustrates a light path in a photovoltaic module according to exemplary embodiments.

[0045] Fig. 4 shows a schematic flowchart for a process for manufacturing photovoltaic modules according to exemplary embodiments.

[0046] Fig. 5 illustrates further aspects of the manufacture of a photovoltaic module according to exemplary embodiments.

[0047] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] Fig. i shows a cross-sectional view through a photovoltaic module according to an exemplary embodiment. The photovoltaic module comprises a glass pane n on a light-incident side (i.e., from where the light comes), a plurality of solar cells 120, an electrical contact structure 130, and an optically transparent adhesive 140. The electrical contact structure 130 is arranged between the glass pane n and the plurality of solar cells 120 and electrically connects the plurality of solar cells 120 to one another. The electrical contact structure 130 is at least partially embedded in the optically transparent adhesive 140.

[0049] Furthermore, the photovoltaic module includes a back cover 115 on a side facing away from the light, which is assumed below to be another glass pane. This is not mandatory in exemplary embodiments, but has advantages (e.g., it eliminates the need to laminate the entire module). In the illustrated embodiment, the electrical contact structure 130 also extends between the plurality of solar cells 120 and the additional glass pane 115 in order to electrically connect at least some of the plurality of solar cells 120 in series. The plurality of solar cells 120 are located in a gas-filled space 150 between the glass pane 110 and the additional glass pane 115. In particular, they have direct contact with the gas in the gas-filled space 150. The gas can be a protective gas such as nitrogen or argon.This is not atmospheric air, which contains oxygen and humidity.

[0050] Finally, the photovoltaic module includes a seal 180 to gas-tightly close the gas-filled cavity 150. A negative pressure can be created in the gas-filled cavity 150 compared to the surroundings of the photovoltaic module to electrically connect the multiple solar cells 120 to the contact structure 130 via a press contact (or pressure contact). For example, the seal 180 can be made of butyl. This material offers the technical advantage of maintaining the pressure differential over a long period of time.

[0051] Fig. 2 shows further details of the photovoltaic module (again in a cross-sectional view) according to further embodiments, in which the glass pane 110 has recesses 170 in which the optically transparent adhesive 140 with the partially embedded electrical contact structure 130 is arranged. The electrical contact structure 130 contacts a connection area of ​​the solar cell 120, where solder pads 122, 135 on the solar cells can be formed as silver-plated areas. Through the press contact, the contact structure 130 partially penetrates the solder pads 135 of the connection area 122. The connection area 122 can, for example, include a contact finger formed on the solar cell 120 to collect and conduct a generated current.Furthermore, the glass pane 110 has a light conversion layer 160 on the side facing the solar cells 120, made of a material that converts wavelengths of incident UV light to longer wavelengths. Due to the negative pressure in the gas-filled space 150, the electrical contact structure 130 exerts a contact pressure on the solar cells 120 via the glass pane 110. A soldered connection is therefore not required.

[0052] Exemplary embodiments can thus achieve a film-free fixation of a plurality of solar cells 120 between two glass panes 110, 115, wherein the front glass pane 110 (light-facing side) has been modified such that optical losses due to the absence of internal reflections are avoided. This is achieved by embedding the electrical contact structure 130 in the glass pane 110 or in an optically transparent adhesive 140. Ideally, the glass pane 110 is already provided with recesses 170 during manufacturing (e.g., as rolled glass), into which the electrical contact structure 130 can be inserted as cell connectors.

[0053] The optically transparent adhesive 140 (OCA, Optical Clear Adhesive) provides the optical bond between the electrical contact structure 130 and the glass pane 110. UV-stable acrylics with a refractive index of approximately 1.5 can be used for this purpose, thus improving the optical properties. This makes it possible to reduce shading losses of the electrical contact structure 130 by at least simple reflection. The light is guided around the electrical contact structure 130 and thus reaches an area that lies behind the metallic electrical contact structure 130 and is shaded in conventional photovoltaic modules.

[0054] As shown in Fig. 1, the formation of depressions 170 is not mandatory. The contact structure 130 can also be bonded to an unstructured glass (i.e., without depressions 170). However, even in this embodiment, the electrical contact structure 130 is at least partially embedded in optically transparent adhesive 140 to prevent adverse reflections. For this purpose, the optically transparent adhesive 140 can, for example, have a meniscus that is flat enough to cause first and second reflections.

[0055] Fig. 3 further illustrates the previously mentioned light guidance, which, according to the embodiments shown, avoids optical losses. The section of the photovoltaic module shown depicts the glass pane 110 with a light conversion layer 160 on its inner surface, which changes the wavelengths of the incident light after it passes through the glass pane 110. Recesses 170 are provided in the glass pane 110, in which the optically transparent adhesive 140 is formed together with the electrical contact structures 130. Various shapes are conceivable for the electrical contact structure 130. Fig. 3 shows some examples.

[0056] These can, for example, have a circular cross-section 130b, a dome-shaped cross-section 130a, or a triangular cross-section 130c. It is understood that the cross-sectional shape of the electrical contact structure 130 can be chosen arbitrarily. In particular, all parts of the electrical contact structure 130 can have the same cross-section, e.g., one of the three cross-sections 130a, 130b, 130c shown, or another (e.g., flat, oval, rectangular). Below the glass pane 110, a portion of a solar cell 120 is shown, on which contact fingers 190 are arranged. These fingers are electrically contacted by the electrical contact structure 130 and conduct the current from the solar cell 120.

[0057] The light conversion layer 160 can be formed directly on the glass pane 110. The outer surface of the glass pane 110 can be in direct contact with the ambient air. A gas-filled space 150 is again present between the light conversion layer 160 and a surface of the solar cell 120.

[0058] This design significantly increases the light yield. Unlike conventional photovoltaic modules, light striking the electrical contact structure 130 can be used to generate electricity. In some embodiments, the electrical contact structure 130 reflects a light beam back. However, due to total internal reflection within the glass panes at the glass / air interface, the reflected light beam reaches the light conversion layer 160, which absorbs the light beam and emits light with a longer wavelength (at least the UV component). The emitted light radiates in all directions and would be lost by 50% if there were an air gap between the light conversion layer 160 and the glass / air interface. According to these embodiments, however, total internal reflection occurs again at the glass / air interface, so that up to approximately 75% of the light emitted by the light conversion layer 160 can be utilized.

[0059] The design shown overcomes the disadvantages of conventional photovoltaic modules, in particular minimizing optical losses. By integrating the electrical contact structure 130 (e.g., the solder wires) into a foil-free module, the light is reflected within the module and not reflected back outwards.

[0060] Since the glass pane 110 has a UV light-transmitting material (light conversion layer 160) on its inner surface to increase the wavelength of the incident light, exemplary embodiments are also suitable for UV-sensitive tandem solar cells. As described above, a portion of the light generated by the light conversion layer 160 is made further usable through total internal reflection at a glass / air interface.

[0061] These embodiments are also suitable for the use of so-called perovskite-silicon solar cells or perovskite tandem cells, which are sensitive to humidity, temperature, and mechanical stresses and therefore cannot be used in conventional silicon module technology with soldered, encapsulated solar cells. These solar cells have a higher efficiency, which can be utilized according to the embodiments described.

[0062] Advantageously, an anti-reflective coating can also be applied to the glass pane 110 (e.g., on the inside or outside). The anti-reflective coating can also be placed between the glass pane 110 and the light conversion layer 160 and / or on a surface of the solar cells 120. This suppresses potential reflections at the material interfaces (e.g., from the glass into the gas-filled space 150). This further increases the light yield of the incident light on the first glass pane 110. Reflections at glass / gas interfaces within the photovoltaic module can thus be largely avoided. In particular, an anti-reflective coating with a refractive index close to 1 with respect to air can be used. This also further optimizes the use of perovskite tandem cells for the solar cells 130.The light output is thus optimized and is not negatively affected by the glass-gas transition.

[0063] Fig. 4 shows a schematic flowchart for a process for manufacturing photovoltaic modules according to exemplary embodiments. The process comprises:

[0064] - Providing S110 of a glass pane 110 with an electrical contact structure 130;

[0065] - Forming S120 of an optically transparent adhesive 140 on the glass pane 110;

[0066] - Embedding an electrical contact structure 130 in the optically transparent adhesive 140; and

[0067] - Arrange S140 a plurality of solar cells 120 onto the electrical contact structure 130 to electrically connect the plurality of solar cells 120.

[0068] It goes without saying that the steps can also be performed in a different order. For example, embedding step S130 can be performed before training step S120. The same applies to all the process steps mentioned below. These, too, can be performed in a different order, provided it is technically possible.

[0069] As shown in Fig. 5, the electrical contact structure 130 can comprise a plurality of cell connectors arranged in series, each cell connector having a first section 131 that is partially embedded in the optically transparent adhesive 140, and a second section 132 that is bendable away from the glass sheet 110. During the manufacture of the photovoltaic module, the cell connectors 131, 132 can be embedded in the glass sheet 110 such that, for example, a maximum of 2 / 3 of the cell connector cross-section protrudes from the glass sheet 110 for contact purposes. For interconnection in the photovoltaic module, the first sections 131 of the cell connectors can be fixed in the glass sheet 110 to the length of a first solar cell 120a. This can be achieved, for example, by means of the recesses 170 and / or the optically transparent adhesive 140 (not shown in Fig. 5).For the back-side contacting of the adjacent second solar cell 120b, the respective second sections 132 can be bent away from the glass plate 110 as a conductor strip or wire. In a further step, the second solar cell 120b is then placed between the bent-away second sections 132 and the glass plate 110 with the embedded first sections 131. The second sections 132 are then placed onto the second solar cell 120b. These steps are repeated until all solar cells 120 are arranged.

[0070] By applying the back cover 115 (e.g. another glass pane), the photovoltaic module is then completed by pressing between the glass pane 110 and the exemplary back cover 115 with solar cells 120 arranged in between and contact structure 130 formed on both sides, using a vacuum and a seal 180 as described above.

[0071] Examples of implementation overcome at least the following disadvantages of conventional photovoltaic modules:

[0072] Optical losses caused by a lack of encapsulation material are largely avoided.

[0073] - Despite the lack of shear bonding (i.e., solar cells embedded in an EVA film), mechanical stability can be maintained.

[0074] - Pressure stress due to the press contacts on the solder strips (Herz pressure) is avoided.

[0075] - The breakage test according to IEC standard shows no adverse effects.

[0076] - The positional stability of the electrical contact structure 130 is improved by the recesses 170.

[0077] - Heat generation within the module does not lead to any adverse effects. - These implementation examples are particularly suitable for thin-film modules, back-contact solar cells, and double-glass modules. The absence of the encapsulation film results in a new module concept.

[0078] - In a glass-glass photovoltaic module, interconnection of solar cells is unnecessary.

[0079] The features of the invention disclosed in the description, claims and figures may be essential for the realization of the invention, either individually or in any combination.

[0080] REFERENCE MARK LIST no. Glass pane (front glass)

[0081] 115 Back cover (e.g. additional glass pane)

[0082] 120 solar cells

[0083] 122 contact areas of the solar cells

[0084] 130 electrical contact structure

[0085] 130a, 130b, 130c different cross-sections of the contact structure

[0086] 131, 132 sections of the electrical contact structure (cell connectors)

[0087] 140 optically transparent adhesive

[0088] 150 gas-filled space

[0089] 160 Light conversion layer (to longer wavelengths)

[0090] 170 depressions

[0091] 180 Sealing

[0092] 190 contact fingers

Claims

REQUIREMENTS 1. Photovoltaic module comprising: a glass pane (no) on a light-incidence side; a plurality of solar cells (120); an electrical contact structure (130) arranged between the glass pane (110) and the plurality of solar cells (120) and electrically connecting the plurality of solar cells (120); and an optically transparent adhesive (140) in which the electrical contact structure (130) is at least partially embedded.

2. Photovoltaic module according to claim 1, wherein the glass pane (110) has recesses (170) in which the optically transparent adhesive (140) is arranged, wherein the electrical contact structure (130) is embedded at least halfway in the optically transparent adhesive (140).

3. Photovoltaic module according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the optically transparent adhesive (140) has a refractive index in the range of 1.3 to 1.7 or approximately 1.

5.

4. Photovoltaic module according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the glass pane (110) has on the side facing the solar cells (120) a light conversion layer (160) made of a material which converts wavelengths of incident UV light to longer wavelengths.

5. Photovoltaic module according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising: a further glass pane (115) on a side facing away from the light, wherein the electrical contact structure (130) extends between the plurality of solar cells (120) and the further glass pane (115) to electrically connect at least a portion of the plurality of solar cells (120) in series, and wherein the plurality of solar cells (120) are embedded in a gas-filled space (150) between the glass pane (110) and the further glass pane (115); and a seal (180) to close the gas-filled space (150) gas-tight, wherein a vacuum is formed in the gas-filled space (150) to electrically connect the plurality of solar cells (150) to the electrical contact structure (130) via a press contact.

6. Photovoltaic module according to claim 5, wherein the sealant (180) comprises butyl.

7. Photovoltaic module according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the plurality of solar cells (120) comprises at least one of the following cell types: thin-film cells on a substrate material, tandem cells, perovskite silicon cells, heterojunction solar cells or a combination thereof.

8. Photovoltaic module according to one of the preceding claims, wherein an antireflection coating is formed in the gas-filled space (150) on at least one of the following components: on a surface of the glass layer (110), on a surface of the further glass layer (115), on a surface of the plurality of solar cells (120). 9- Photovoltaic module according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a protective gas such as nitrogen or argon is present in the gas-filled space (150) and the protective gas is in direct contact with the plurality of solar cells (120).

10. Method for manufacturing a photovoltaic module, the method comprises: Providing (S110) a glass pane (110) with an electrical contact structure (130); Forming (S120) an optically transparent adhesive (140) on the glass pane (110); Embedding (S130) an electrical contact structure (130) in the optically transparent adhesive (140); and Arrange (S140) a plurality of solar cells (120) on the electrical contact structure (130) to electrically connect the plurality of solar cells (120).

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the electrical contact structure (130) comprises a plurality of cell connectors arranged in series, each cell connector having a first section (131) that is partially embedded in the optically transparent adhesive (140) and a second section (132) that is bendable away from the glass sheet (110), and wherein the plurality of solar cells (120) are connected in series by the plurality of cell connectors (131, 132) in such a way that each solar cell (120b) is arranged on a first section (131) of a cell connector and the second section (132) of a cell connector arranged in series upstream is placed on the The respective solar cell (120b) is arranged to electrically contact the respective solar cell (120b) on both sides.

12. Method according to claim 10 or claim n, which further comprises: applying a back cover (115), wherein the plurality of solar cells (120) are arranged in a gas-filled space (150) between the glass pane (110) and the back cover (115); Forming a vacuum in the gas-filled space (150) to electrically connect the electrical contact structure (130) to the plurality of solar cells (120) via a press contact; and Sealing the gas-filled space (150) to maintain the press contact.

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