Intelligent monitoring system for in-SITU ion dynamics monitoring on rechargeable batteries

Abstract

The invention relates to an intelligent battery performance monitoring system that continuously monitors ion mobility and dynamics detected during battery operation to improve the performance and efficiency of rechargeable batteries.

Description

[0001] INTELLIGENT MONITORING SYSTEM FOR IN-SITU ION DYNAMICS MONITORING ON RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES

[0002] The technical field related to the invention:

[0003] The invention relates to an intelligent battery performance monitoring system that continuously monitors ion mobility and dynamics detected during battery operation to improve the performance and efficiency of rechargeable batteries.

[0004] State of the art:

[0005] Rechargeable batteries are known as one of the most prominent types that are used in almost all battery-powered electronic devices. In battery usage, when the user cannot observe real-time performance and usage data, the instantaneous operating states of devices, considering their operational duration and achieved performance values, hold significant importance in terms of their efficiency. Comprehensive analyses need to be conducted to enhance the overall performance of rechargeable batteries. The currently available EQCM (Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance) technique can only quantitatively monitor the movement of ions entering and exiting a single electrode material, meaning it is limited to tracking ion movement solely in semi-battery cells.

[0006] Sensor technologies are used in various fields. One of these is known as Water Based (Aqueous) Batteries. Here, sensor integration is a design that offers the opportunity to examine ion dynamics simultaneously with cell operation in both metal-characterised (Li-ion, Na-ion, K-ion, Mg-ion, Zn-ion, Ca-ion, Al-ion) aqueous batteries and nonmetal characterised (H+ ion, H3O+ ion, NH4+ ion) aqueous batteries. Thanks to sensor technology, problems such as corrosion, passivation, formation of dendrite (branching of metal) structures, dissolution of the active electrode material in the aqueous electrolyte, H2 and 02 gases formed in the aqueous environment as a result of decomposition of water, which are frequently encountered in metal characterised aqueous batteries, can occur. In nonmetal-characterised aqueous batteries, issues such as loss of active substance in the cell due to the conversion of ammonium to ammonia may occur. Another type is referred to as Organic Electrolyte Batteries. Organic electrolyte batteries offer various advantages in terms of energy density and performance. Under a constant electric field, organic electrolytes decompose on the basis of redox reaction and form a solid interlayer on the anode (positive) electrode or cathode (negative) electrode surfaces. The formation reactions of this solidintermediate layer, which plays roles such as protecting or increasing the conductivity of the active anode electrode and cathode electrodes in organic electrolyte batteries, are very complex and still remain entirely unknown in battery technologies.

[0007] In order to study the instantaneous behaviour of battery cells with precision accuracy, the overall performance characteristics of the sensor, such as linear operating range, slope, linearity coefficient and response time, are critical. The analysis and observation of these behaviours are necessary to monitor the sudden side reactions that occur when the battery cell is operating at high sensitivity, and it is advantageous to be able to predict the behaviour by analysing them.

[0008] For rechargeable batteries, the techniques used for in situ ion dynamics and their intended use are as follows:

[0009] 1 . Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS): EIS is a frequently used technique to monitor the in-battery ion movement and understand the battery's electrochemical properties. This technique is widely used for studying particularly the movement of ions in the battery and electrode surface properties.

[0010] 2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: In situ NMR is used to observe lithium ions, especially in rechargeable batteries directly. This method provides information on ion diffusion coefficients, pathways and potential blockages on ion movement.

[0011] 3. Operando X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS): These techniques are used to monitor structural changes in electrode materials during battery operation. This provides information on how the entry and exit of ions affect the electrode structures.

[0012] 4. Neutron Scattering: This technique is used to study the position and movement of ions in battery materials. It provides information on ion diffusion paths and velocities. 5. Elektrokimyasal Kuvars Kristal Mikroterazi (EQCM): EQCM, gergek zamanli olarak iyon giri§ini ve giki§im dlgebilen bir ybntemdir, bbylece iyon dinamigi hakkmda bilgi saglamaktadir.

[0013] 6. Operando Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy: These techniques can provide information on ion dynamics and other electrochemical reactions by studying the chemical environment and changes in batteries.

[0014] Considering the first studies on the techniques used for ion dynamics, the EQCM technique quantitatively investigates the ion dynamics occurring at only one electrode of liquid electrolyte battery derivatives; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is another technique used for ion dynamics under alternating current in batteries. The NMR technique is used in the study of ion dynamics from battery technology; the Neutron scattering technique is a technique developed to examine the microscopic arrangement of the magnetic moment in materials and to address problems in its structure. Today, it is another advanced characterisation technique used at the academic level for the ion dynamics of batteries. Raman spectroscopy is a technique developed to investigate the vibration and sub-frequency modes of molecules, and this technique is known as another technique used in the ion dynamics of liquid and solid electrolyte batteries.

[0015] In the known state of the art, there are various improvements, such as methods to address electrolyte leakage problems in lithium batteries, including a sensor specifically designed for monitoring and inspection of storage batteries, and methods to assess the health status of a lithium-ion battery pack. Some of the developments on this topic are as follows:

[0016] The patent file numbered "CN217655261 U" in the known state of the art was examined. The application relates to a sensor and system that optimises the process of monitoring and evaluating storage batteries. This invention improves connection reliability by simplifying assembly operations and provides the ability to monitor the state of charge and health status of storage batteries. The assembly through two connecting components simplifies the overall system structure and provides a system with fewer components and less complexity due to the simplicity of the overall structure. Hence, it provides an important source of information for battery management systems by monitoring performance losses in storage batteries and calculating critical parameters such as state of charge and health status. This invention offers the potential for more effective monitoring and evaluation of storage batteries, extending battery lifetime and improving battery safety. There is room for improvement here in terms of optimisation tests, integration of the sensor into the battery cell, ion Dynamics studies, etc.

[0017] The patent file numbered "CN1 10095522A", available in the known state of the art, has been examined. The invention subject to the application aims to solve the problems of electrolyte leakage in lithium batteries. It aims to provide a solution to electrolyte leakage problems in lithium batteries. In conventional lithium batteries, when electrolyte leakage occurs, battery performance may decrease and even safety risks may occur. This invention provides the ability to precisely monitor electrolyte leakage using a specially designed organic transistor chemical sensor. The structure of the sensor, together with a uniform insulating layer and customisable receptor layer, can improve the safety and optimise the performance of lithium batteries by detecting electrolyte leakage at an early stage. Thus, it provides an effective solution to the electrolyte leakage problems faced by battery technology. Here, the focus is on the lithium battery electrolyte leakage problem, utilising organic transistor chemical sensor technology and highlighting the integration of the sensor into the battery for lithium battery electrolyte leakage detection.

[0018] The patent file numbered "CN104459550A", existing in the known state of the art, has been examined. The invention subject to the application relates to a sensor specially designed for monitoring and controlling storage batteries. This sensor, which includes an expansion interface, storage chip, GSM module, network card interface chip, conversion circuit, touch screen interface chip, liquid crystal data interface and power transmission interface chip, is capable of directly monitoring important parameters of the storage battery such as impedance, voltage and surface temperature. Thanks to these features, the sensor enables effective monitoring of storage batteries and offers various practical solutions to storage battery technologies with the advantages of easy installation, long service life and monitoring of various parameters. It includes a sensor specially designed for monitoring and inspection of storage batteries. It provides effective monitoring of storage batteries and offers various practical solutions to storage battery technologies with the advantages of easy installation, long service life and monitoring of various parameters. It uses a GSM module to enable remote transmission of data and remote monitoring of storage batteries. It includes a Network Card Interface Chip that facilitates connection to the network and a touch screen interface chip that allows the user to interact with the sensor.

[0019] Although there are different improvements similar to the intelligent battery performance monitoring system in the known state of the art, there are deficiencies and inadequacies in different areas, as mentioned above.

[0020] As a result, due to the above-mentioned drawbacks and the inadequacy of the existing solutions on the subject, it has become necessary to make a development in the relevant technical field.

[0021] Objectives of the invention:

[0022] The most important object of the invention is to continuously monitor the ion mobility and dynamics detected during battery operation by means of a sensor technology that can be used in various rechargeable batteries, in particular water-based batteries and batteries with organic electrolytes.

[0023] A further object of the invention is the quantitative analysis of ion diffusion in situ in both half and whole cells.

[0024] Another object of the invention is the simultaneous investigation of the internal mechanism of closed rechargeable battery systems without damaging the cell.

[0025] Another object of the invention is to investigate ion dynamics in a more detailed and in situ manner by using a solid-state composite or polymeric liquid membrane ion- selective electrochemical sensor with its capacity to detect carrier ions in the battery under a constant electric current.

[0026] Another aim of the invention is to understand better the factors that cause performance degradation by quantitatively detecting the change in the target carrier ion involved in side reactions such as electrolyte decomposition, hydrolysis of water, electrolyte evaporation, corrosive reactions, conversion-based redox reactions occurring in the battery and to eliminate these problems in the following steps.

[0027] Another object of the invention is to focus on the ability of the sensor to make precise measurements within the operating voltage range of the battery, to obtain fast and repetitive results, and to perform with short response times.

[0028] Another object of the invention is to optimise battery performance, increase energy efficiency and extend battery life by performing detailed and precise analyses.

[0029] A further aim of the invention is to contribute to the future development of battery technologies in the rechargeable battery industry by providing a more comprehensive understanding of ion behaviour.

[0030] The structural and characteristic features and all advantages of the invention will be more clearly understood by means of the figures given below and the detailed description written with reference to these figures. Therefore, the evaluations should be made by taking these figures and the detailed description into consideration.

[0031] Description of the figures:

[0032] FIGURE-1 : Drawing giving a representative image of an intelligent battery performance monitoring system, which is the subject matter of the invention.

[0033] Reference numbers:

[0034] 1. Anode electrode

[0035] 2. Device terminal of reference electrode

[0036] 3. Reference electrode

[0037] 4. Device terminal of ion-selective sensor

[0038] 5. Sensor body

[0039] 6. Insulation

[0040] 7. Ion-selective sensor 8. Cathode electrode

[0041] Description of the invention:

[0042] The invention relates to an intelligent battery performance monitoring system that continuously monitors ion mobility and dynamics detected during battery operation to improve the performance and efficiency of rechargeable batteries.

[0043] The intelligent battery performance monitoring system consists of anode electrode (1 ), device terminal of reference electrode (2), reference electrode (3), device terminal of ion-selective sensor (4), sensor body (5), insulation (6), ion-selective sensor (7) and cathode electrode (8).

[0044] The smart battery performance monitoring system simultaneously examines the processes involved in the performance and efficiency of rechargeable batteries and focuses on a sensor technology developed to perform quantitative analyses of redox mechanisms. It can monitor in real-time the quantitative changes that occur in these carriers as a result of the reactions of all carrier ions (including Li-ion, Na-ion, K-ion, Mg-ion, Zn-ion, Ca-ion and nonmetal carrier NH4+ion) with other ions or molecules in the environment. The ion-selective sensor (7), enhanced in terms of sensor technology, performs in situ quantitative processing of ion dynamics under a constant electric field in all components (anode, cathode and separator) of closed rechargeable battery systems, provided that it does not damage the battery cells and does not adversely affect the battery performance.

[0045] It is capable of detecting the carrier ion selected according to a specific battery type under a constant electric current. The ion-selective sensor (7) provides optimised performance under dynamic operating conditions (different charge-discharge levels) within the operating voltage range of the battery. It focuses on the ability to make precise measurements under various operating conditions of the battery (high and low voltages, different temperature ranges), to obtain fast and repetitive results during discharge and charge cycles in the internal dynamics of the battery, and to perform with short response times in these results. A broader perspective is considered, focusing on understanding and optimising the internal dynamics of the battery and improving its performance. The processes are carried out using solid-state, composite or polymeric liquid membrane ion-selective sensors (7). The ion-selective sensor (7) focuses on the capacity to monitor ion movements in the battery in more detail. Ion diffusion in both half- and full-cells can be monitored in detail.

[0046] The developed ion-selective sensor (7) is mounted inside the liquid electrolyte battery cell at a distance equal to the anode electrode (1 ) and cathode electrode (8). This integration enables the ion-selective sensor (7) to provide more sensitive and accurate readings. During assembly, the ion-selective sensor (7) uses the three-electrode battery cell's reference electrode (3) for signal readings. This three-electrode structure allows both the electrode materials to read the potential changes precisely and the ion- selective sensor (7) to read the signal inside the cell. This improves the overall performance and safety of the battery and helps prevent misleading readings or side reactions.

[0047] The reference sensor (3) establishes a potentiostat connection with the device terminal (2) of the reference electrode. The ion-selective sensor (7) connects the potentiostat with the device terminal on the ion-selective sensor (4). The ion-selective sensor (7), the ion-selective sensor body (5), and insulation (6) parts are included.

[0048] Optimisation tests to improve the performance of the ion-selective sensor (7) and determination of advanced potentiometric properties (linear operating range, slope, limit of detection, limit of observability, selectivity, response time, repeatability, pH operating range and lifetime) enable more precise measurement and evaluation of battery performance.

[0049] Technical specifications and components of the method of the intelligent battery performance monitoring system:

[0050] 1 . Solid-State Composite or Polymeric Liquid Membrane Ion-Selective Electrochemical Sensor: The invention is based on the formation of a solid-state composite or polymeric liquid membrane ion-selective sensor (7) which is sensitive to the target carrier ion. This ion-selective sensor (7) is capable of detecting, under a constant electric current, the carrier ion selected according to a specific type of battery of different types. This allows the internal dynamics of the battery to be monitored more precisely. Reversible or irreversible redox reactions can be analysed simultaneously without damaging the cell.

[0051] 2. Optimisation Tests and Determination of Advanced Performance Characteristics of the Electrochemical Sensor: The overall performance of the ion-selective sensor (7) against the target ion is achieved by optimising the sensor components. For the overall performance characteristics, standard test solutions are used in a certain concentration range of the target ion and the linear operating range, linearity coefficient, slope in the linear operating range and response time of the ion-selective sensor (7) are tested. A series of tests are carried out to evaluate the advanced potentiometric performance characteristics of the ion-selective sensor (7) for which the optimisation study has been completed. These tests include linear operating range, slope, limit of detection, limit of observability, selectivity, repeatability, pH operating range and lifetime of the ion- selective sensor (7).

[0052] 3. Integration of the Electrochemical Sensor into the Battery Cell: The developed ion- selective sensor (7) is mounted in the liquid electrolyte battery cell at a distance equal to the anode electrode (1 ) and cathode electrode (8). This integration enables the ion- selective sensor (7) to provide more precise and accurate readings. During assembly, the ion-selective sensor (7) uses the reference sensor (3) of the three-electrode battery cell for signal readings. This three-electrode structure allows both the electrode materials to accurately read potential changes and the ion-selective sensor (7) to read the signal inside the cell. This improves the overall performance and safety of the battery and helps to prevent misleading readings or side reactions.

[0053] 4. Investigation of In-Situ Cell Ion Dynamics in Electrochemical Sensor Integrated Battery Cell: The integrated ion-selective sensor (7) continuously monitors the ion mobility and dynamics detected during battery operation. The ion-selective sensor (7) installed between the anode electrode (1 ) and the cathode electrode (8) monitors the movement of carrier ions in real-time. These movements are detected by potential changes read using the reference electrode (3) of the three-electrode battery cell. During operation, the ion-selective sensor (7) is able to measure changes in the concentration of the targeted ions, possible side reactions occurring on the surface of the electrodes and the overall thermodynamic stability of the electrolyte. This information is used to optimise battery performance, improve energy efficiency and extend battery life. The analysis of cell dynamics is performed throughout the discharge and charge cycles of the battery. This is a critical step to understanding the changing internal dynamics over the entire operating life of the battery. Unlike existing Electrochemical techniques (such as EQCM and EIS), this new sensor technology is able to monitor ion diffusion in detail in both half and full cells.

[0054] 5. Precise Measurement and Fast Response Time: The ion-selective sensor (7) has the ability to make precise measurements within the operating voltage range of the battery, obtain fast and repetitive results, and perform with short response times. This feature emphasises the ability to effectively track instantaneous changes in the dynamic conditions of the battery. This enables the instantaneous death of batteries to be analysed in detail and to assist in the solution efforts.

[0055] These technical elements are used to gain a more detailed understanding of the battery's internal dynamics, optimise its performance and improve its energy efficiency. Continuous and precise monitoring of ion movements is an important contribution to advances in rechargeable battery technologies.

Claims

CLAIMS1. 1 . Intelligent battery performance monitoring system that continuously monitors the ion mobility and dynamics detected during battery operation to improve the performance and efficiency of rechargeable batteries, characterised by:- at least one ion selective sensor (7) in all components of closed rechargeable battery systems, which can monitor the ion movements inside the battery in real-time in half and full cells, within the operating voltage range of the battery and under dynamic operating conditions, capable of detecting the carrier ion selected according to a specific battery type under a constant electric current, and of obtaining results throughout the discharge and charge cycles in the internal dynamics of the battery,- at least one reference electrode (3) of the three-electrode battery cell that the ion-selective sensor (7) uses as a reference for signal readings during installation in the electrolyte,- at least one anode electrode (1 ) in a liquid electrolyte battery cell in which the ion-selective sensor (7) is located equidistant from the cathode electrode (8),- at least one cathode electrode (8) in a liquid electrolyte battery cell in which the ion-selective sensor (7) is located equidistant from the anode electrode (1 ),2.

2. An intelligent battery performance monitoring method that continuously monitors the ion mobility and dynamics detected during battery operation to improve the performance and efficiency of rechargeable batteries characterised by the following steps:- battery performance monitoring using solid-state composite or polymeric liquid membrane ion selective sensor (7),- determination of advanced performance characteristics of the ion- selective sensor (7) by optimisation tests,- integration of the ion-selective sensor (7) into the battery cell,- investigation of in situ cell ion dynamics in the ion-selective sensor (7) integrated battery cell.

3. An intelligent battery performance monitoring system according to claim 1 , characterised in that it comprises a solid-state composite or polymeric liquid membrane ion-selective sensor (7).

4. An intelligent battery performance monitoring system according to claim 1 , characterised in that it comprises an ion-selective sensor (7) that simultaneously monitors reversible and irreversible redox reactions without damaging the cell.

5. A smart battery performance monitoring method according to claim 2, characterised in that the optimisation tests and determination of further performance characteristics of the ion-selective sensor (7) comprises the following testing process steps:- linear operating range of the ion-selective sensor (7),- slope of the ion-selective sensor (7),- determination limit of the ion-selective sensor (7),- limit of observability of the ion-selective sensor (7),- selectivity of the ion-selective sensor (7),- repeatability of the ion-selective sensor (7),- pH operating range of the ion-selective sensor (7),- lifetime characteristics of the ion-selective sensor (7).

6. A smart battery performance monitoring method according to claim 2, characterised in that the integration of the ion-selective sensor (7) into the battery cell comprises the following process steps:- the sensor (7) is mounted in the liquid electrolyte battery cell at a distance equidistant from the positive electrode (1 ) and the cathode electrode (8),- using the reference electrode (3) of the three-electrode battery cell for signal readings of the ion-selective sensor (7),- the three-electrode structure enables both precise reading of the potential changes of the electrode materials and the ion-selective sensor (7) to read the signal inside the cell.

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