A control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units and a 3D shape-morphing system
The control system for 3D shape-morphing units efficiently forms and maintains flexible 3D structures by spatiotemporally jamming interleaved assemblies, addressing the limitations of existing methods by eliminating the need for continuous energy input and enabling tunable stiffness.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/105708
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-16
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-22
AI Technical Summary
Existing methods for creating 3D structures are pre-determined and require continuous energy input, limiting their flexibility and transformable geometries.
A control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units using interleaved assemblies with elastomeric substrates, solenoid valves, stepping motors, and pneumatic control modules to spatiotemporally jam and unjam assemblies, forming flexible and dynamically refreshable 3D metasurfaces without continuous energy input.
Enables flexible and dynamically refreshable 3D shapes with tunable stiffness, allowing for energy-efficient formation and maintenance of complex 3D architectures.
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Figure CN2024105708_22012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
A CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AN ARRAY OF 3D SHAPE-MORPHING UNITS AND A 3D SHAPE-MORPHING SYSTEMTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to a control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units for creating dynamic 3D metasurfaces and a 3D shape-morphing system.BACKGROUND
[0002] The controlled transformation of two-dimensional (2D) matters into complex three-dimensional (3D) structures holds promise for various emerging areas, including soft robotics, biomedical devices, metamaterials, and the virtual reality / augmented reality applications. A variety of methods have emerged to create complex 3D structures. These methods include the use of responsive materials that respond to external stimuli, such as liquid crystal elastomers, dielectric elastomers, swellable hydrogels, and magnetically responsive soft materials. Other methods involve origami / kirigami structures, soft pneumatic actuators, multi-material structures, and mechanical buckling of pre-patterned 2D strips on soft substrates. These methods, however, generally preset shape-morphing rules at fabrication, thus the final 3D shapes are usually pre-determined and cannot be refreshed. Efforts have been dedicated to enable reprogrammable 3D structures, such as thermally activated robotic surfaces, Lorentz force-driving mechanical metasurfaces, and loading-path controlled mechanical assembly, with the cost of uninterrupted energy input or with limited transformable 3D geometries.
[0003] The present disclosure is provided to solve the above-mentioned defects in the background.SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure intends to provide a control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units and a 3D shape-morphing system, which can efficiently control and access each individual 3D shape-morphing unit in the array, so as to form a flexible and dynamically refreshable 3D metasurface and maintain the formed 3D shape without requiring constant energy input.
[0005] In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units. Wherein, each 3D shape-morphing unit comprises an interleaved assembly, an air duct, and an elastomeric substrate. The elastomeric substrates of all the 3D shape-morphing units constitute an overall elastomeric substrate. The control system comprises a solenoid valve module, a stepping motor module, a pneumatic control array module, and a processor, which is configured to control the operations of the solenoid valve module, the stepping motor module, and the pneumatic control array module. The pneumatic control array module comprises a plurality of pneumatic control units, each of which is provided with respect to a sub-array of the interleaved assemblies, and comprises a group of top steering engines, a group of top clamps, a group of bottom clamps, a group of bottom steering engines, and a tube accumulator, and a sub-array of tubes. The sub-array of tubes are connected with the air ducts in the sub-array of the interleaved assemblies and collectively controlled as a group through the tube accumulator. Each top clamp, under the operation of the corresponding top steering engine, is pulled or relaxed to close or open the upper portion of the tubes in the corresponding row or column of tubes, while each bottom clamp, under the operation of the corresponding bottom steering engine, is pulled or relaxed to close or open the lower portion of the tubes in the corresponding column or row of tubes, so as to address the individual interleaved assemblies line-by-line and perform the vacuuming and jamming of the addressed interleaved assemblies by means of the solenoid valve module, which is configured to applying vacuum and introducing air into the collectively controlled group of tubes at temporal instances. The stepping motor module is configured to pre-stretch the elastomeric substrates before the vacuuming and jamming of the addressed interleaved assemblies, and releasing the elastomeric substrates upon the jamming of the addressed interleaved assemblies, so as to form the target 3D shape.
[0006] In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides a 3D shape-morphing system, which comprises the control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units of any embodiment of the present disclosure and the array of 3D shape-morphing units. Wherein, each 3D shape-morphing unit comprises an interleaved assembly, an air duct, and an elastomeric substrate. The elastomeric substrates of all the 3D shape-morphing units constitute an overall elastomeric substrate. The control system comprises a solenoid valve module, a stepping motor module, a pneumatic control array module, and a processor, which is configured to control the operations of the solenoid valve module, the stepping motor module, and the pneumatic control array module. The pneumatic control array module comprises a plurality of pneumatic control units, each of which is provided with respect to a sub-array of the interleaved assemblies, and comprises a group of top steering engines, a group of top clamps, a group of bottom clamps, a group of bottom steering engines, and a tube accumulator, and a sub-array of tubes. The sub-array of tubes are connected with the air ducts in the sub-array of the interleaved assemblies and collectively controlled as a group through the tube accumulator. Each top clamp, under the operation of the corresponding top steering engine, is pulled or relaxed to close or open the upper portion of the tubes in the corresponding row or column of tubes, while each bottom clamp, under the operation of the corresponding bottom steering engine, is pulled or relaxed to close or open the lower portion of the tubes in the corresponding column or row of tubes, so as to address the individual interleaved assemblies line-by-line and perform the vacuuming and jamming of the addressed interleaved assemblies by means of the solenoid valve module, which is configured to applying vacuum and introducing air into the collectively controlled group of tubes at temporal instances. The stepping motor module is configured to pre-stretch the elastomeric substrates before the vacuuming and jamming of the addressed interleaved assemblies, and releasing the elastomeric substrates upon the jamming of the addressed interleaved assemblies, so as to form the target 3D shape.
[0007] The control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units and a 3D shape-morphing system of present disclosure are able to efficiently control and access each individual 3D shape-morphing unit so as to form flexible and dynamically refreshable 3D metasurfaces consisting of units with tunable stiffness through spatiotemporally jamming interleaved assemblies on soft substrates. On the pre-stretched soft substrate, each interleaved assembly can be individually spatially jammed by vacuum at distinct temporal instances during the relaxation of the pre-strain. Jamming the initially flat interleaved assembly bring about different stiffness to the interleaved assembly, which would buckle to 3D architectures with distinct buckling heights upon releasing the pre-stretched soft substrates in the temporal domain. Once jammed, the formed 3D shape is maintained by keeping the jamming of the interleaved assemblies by means of the control system without the need for continuous energy input. The jammed units can also be subsequently unjammed to recover to the 2D shapes. Thus, the present disclosure can achieve flexible and dynamically refreshable 3D shapes in an energy-efficient manner.
[0008] Other aspects of the disclosure will become apparent by consideration of the detailed description and accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] In figures that are not necessarily drawn to scale, the same reference numerals may describe similar components in different figures. The same reference signs with suffixes or different suffixes may denote different examples of similar components. The figures generally show various embodiments by way of example rather than limitation, and are used together with the description and the claims to describe the embodiments of the present disclosure. Such embodiments are illustrative, and are not intended to be exhaustive or exclusive embodiments of the present device or method.
[0010] Fig. 1 illustrates an exploded-view schematic view of the 3D shape-morphing unit according to a first embodiment of present disclosure.
[0011] Fig. 2 illustrates the correlation between tensile rigidity and applied negative pressure for interleaved assemblies with varying plies according to a second embodiment of present disclosure.
[0012] Fig. 3 illustrates the schematic flow diagram of the 3D shape-morphing process using the 3D shape-morphing unit according to a third embodiment of present disclosure.
[0013] Fig. 4 illustrates the top view and the front view of a buckling interleaved assembly according to a fourth embodiment of present disclosure.
[0014] Fig. 5 (a) illustrates the FEA (finite element analysis) and experimental results for the maximum buckling height of the interleaved assembly with the residual pre-strain as 16%according to a fifth embodiment of present disclosure.
[0015] Fig. 5 (b) illustrates the FEA and experimental results for the maximum buckling height of the interleaved assembly with the residual pre-strain as 32% according to a sixth embodiment of present disclosure.
[0016] Fig. 5 (c) illustrates the FEA and experimental results for the maximum buckling height of the interleaved assembly with the residual pre-strain as 47%according to a seventh embodiment of present disclosure.
[0017] Fig. 6 illustrates the FEA, experimental, and theoretical results for the maximum buckling height of the interleaved assembly as a function of the residual pre-strain according to an eighth embodiment of present disclosure.
[0018] Fig. 7 (a) illustrates a schematic diagram of a 3D shape-morphing structure which comprises a combination of 3D shape-morphing units arranged in a 3 × 3 array according to a ninth embodiment of present disclosure.
[0019] Fig. 7 (b) illustrates a schematic diagram of a 3D shape-morphing structure with experimental results showing one 3D configuration under an operation matrix according to a tenth embodiment of present disclosure.
[0020] Fig. 7 (c) illustrates a schematic diagram of a 3D shape-morphing structure with experimental results showing another 3D configuration under another operation matrix according to an eleventh embodiment of present disclosure.
[0021] Figs. 8 (a) -8 (c) illustrate a flow diagram of the model-based inverse design for a pixelized structure consisting of an 8 × 8 array to morph into two distinct target shapes according to a twelfth embodiment of present disclosure.
[0022] Fig. 9 illustrates an exploded-view schematic view of a highly integrated 3D shape-morphing system according to a thirteenth embodiment of present disclosure.
[0023] Figs. 10 illustrates an exploded-view schematic view of a pneumatic control array module designed for an 8 × 8 array of 3D shape-morphing units according to a fourteenth embodiment of present disclosure.
[0024] Fig. 11 illustrates a schematic flow diagram of line scanning mechanism to individually control the 8 × 8 array of 3D shape-morphing units using 2 × 8 steering engines according to a fifteenth embodiment of present disclosure.
[0025] Fig. 12 illustrates an overall control diagram of the control system according to a sixteenth embodiment of present disclosure.
[0026] Fig. 13 illustrates the pressure response of the pneumatic control unit under given control command according to a seventeenth embodiment of present disclosure.
[0027] Fig. 14 illustrates the power consumption of the control system according to an eighteenth embodiment of present disclosure.
[0028] Fig. 15 (a) illustrates a schematic diagram of a 32×24 array of 3D shape-morphing units in the peeling state and flat state according to a nineteenth embodiment of present disclosure.
[0029] Figs. 15 (b) -15 (d) illustrate experimental results of a 32×24 array of 3D shape-morphing units morphing into various shapes according to a twentieth embodiment of present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0030] In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solutions of the present disclosure, the present disclosure will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. The embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments, but they are not intended to limit the present disclosure.
[0031] “First” , “second” and similar words used in the present disclosure do not indicate any order, quantity or importance, but are only used to distinguish different components. “Include” or “comprise” and other similar words mean that an element appearing before this word covers an element listed after this word, but do not exclude other elements.
[0032] In addition, although exemplary embodiments have been described herein, the scope thereof includes any and all embodiments based on the present disclosure having equivalent elements, modifications, omissions, combinations (e.g., scenarios where various embodiments intersect) , adaptations, or changes. The elements of the claims will be construed broadly based on the language employed in the claims and are not limited to the examples described in this specification or during implementation of this application, the examples of which will be construed as non-exclusive. Accordingly, this specification and the examples are intended to be considered as examples only and the true scope and spirit are indicated by the full scope of the following claims and their equivalents.
[0033] Fig. 1 illustrates an exploded-view schematic view of the 3D shape-morphing unit according to a first embodiment of present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 1, the 3D shape-morphing unit 100 comprises an interleaved assembly 101, an air duct 102, and an elastomeric substrate 103. The interleaved assembly 101 is formed by interlacing a first zigzag strip 101a and a second zigzag strip 101b together and enclosing the same into an airtight elastomeric pocket 101c. Particularly, friction exists between the first zigzag strip 101a and a second zigzag strip 101b similar to the friction concept of interleaved phone books. The air duct 102 connects to the space within the elastomeric pocket 101c and is used for reducing or increasing the pressure in the space. As an example, if negative pressure is applied via the air duct 102, the pressure in the space is reduced, and if negative pressure is released via the air duct 102, the pressure in the space is increased. The bottom of the elastomeric pocket 101c is anchored 104 at two ends to the elastomeric substrate 104. The elastomeric substrate can be made from soft elastomers, such as but not limited to soft silicone elastomer.
[0034] Although two zigzag strips, i.e., the first zigzag strip 101a and the second zigzag strip 101b are shown in Fig. 1, this is only an example; the number of the zigzag strips is not particularly limited. In some embodiment, a zigzag strip may have another zigzag strip interlacing with itself.
[0035] The stiffness or tensile rigidity of the interleaved assembly 101 can be readily adjusted through a process known as jamming. The interleaved assembly 101 exhibits a stiff tensile rigidity in a jammed state while exhibits a soft tensile rigidity in an unjammed state. For example, the tensile rigidity of the unjammed elastomeric pocket 101c (i.e., negative pressure P = 0) is 0.723 N / mm, which can increase to as high as 21.715 N / mm upon jamming (e.g., P = 60 kPa) for a 4-ply interleaved assembly. This represents an increase in rigidity of over 30 times. That is to say, the interleaved assembly 101 has a stiffness or tensile rigidity tunable by its jamming.
[0036] The correlation between tensile rigidity and applied negative pressure is detailed in Fig. 2, the tensile rigidity and the applied negative pressure has a quantitative two-domain relationship, including the variable stiffness domain and the constant stiffness domain.
[0037] The two-domain relationship defines the following three scenarios: an OFF state representing low tensile rigidity without jamming (the negative pressure is zero, P = 0) , a variable stiffness scenario with moderate tensile rigidity (the negative pressure is more than zero and less than a threshold negative pressure depending on the plies of the interlaced zigzag strips, 0 < P < Pth) , where Pth denotes the specific threshold negative pressure that varies depending on the ply count of the interleaved papers, and an ON state characterized by high and relatively constant tensile rigidity with jamming (the negative pressure is more than the threshold negative pressure, P > Pth) .
[0038] Further, when vacuum is applied to the space within the elastomeric pocket 101c, resulting in confining pressure applied to the elastomeric pocket 101c from outside, and thus the interleaved assembly 101 become jammed and exhibit much higher tensile rigidity.
[0039] The elastomeric substrate 103 is stretchable. In case that the elastomeric substrate 103 is stretched, at least partial vacuum is applied to the space within the elastomeric pocket 101c, and the interleaved assembly 101 is thus jammed. In case that the elastomeric substrate 103 is released with the jammed interleaved assembly 101, the interleaved assembly 101 is buckled, so as to form a 3D configuration with a buckling height as shown in Fig. 3. Extensive research has been conducted on such interleaved assembly 101, particularly focusing on the behavior when a pre-stretched substrate (defined by εpre= ΔLS / LS where Ls is the initial length of the soft substrate, and ΔLs is its deformation length) releases its strain. This release leads to the buckling of stiff strips adhered to the soft substrate (see Fig. 3) .
[0040] Each individual interleaved assembly can be jammed at different temporal instants, enabling a spatiotemporally controllable buckling strategy for fabricating 3D architectures by means of one or more 3D shape-morphing units, a group of 3D shape-morphing units, or even an array of 3D shape-morphing units. Actually, each individual 3D shape-morphing unit may be denoted by either or ‘-’ , representing the jammed or unjammed state of each interleaved assembly 101, respectively. By means of designating one or more 3D shape-morphing units and defining the specific temporal instance (i.e., ) for spatiotemporally jamming each individual interleaved assembly and releasing the pre-stretched substrate, each individual interleaved assembly may be buckled as needed, flexible and dynamically refreshable 3D metasurface may be thus achieved.
[0041] Further, the jamming process is reversible. As shown in Fig. 3, When a buckled strip in the ON state is unjammed (by removing the vacuum to revert to the OFF state and allowing air in) , it reverts to its initial flat shape. As an example, the interleaved assembly may be initially flat, buckled upon jammed, and is able to be unjammed subsequently to recover to its initial flat shape. Besides, once the interleaved assembly is jammed, the formed 3D configuration maintains the shape without depending on constant energy input. That is to say, continuous energy input is not required once the assembly is jammed, making this method energy-efficient for altering the tensile rigidity.
[0042] On the pre-stretched soft substrate, each interleaved assembly can be individually spatially jammed by vacuum at distinct temporal instances during the relaxation of the pre-strain. Jamming the initially flat interleaved assembly bring about different stiffness to the interleaved assembly, which would buckle to 3D architectures with distinct buckling heights upon releasing the pre-stretched soft substrates in the temporal domain. As shown in Fig. 3, if the pre-stretched elastomeric substrate is partially released before jamming of the interleaved assembly, the jamming occurs at a lower residual pre-strain. As an example, the buckling height depends on the temporal instant when the interleaved assembly is jammed. If the jamming occurs at a lower residual pre-strain, as shown in the second line in Fig. 3, the buckling height is lower than the buckling height obtained by jamming at a higher residual pre-strain, as shown in the first line in Fig. 3. As another example, the buckling height depends on the geometry of the interleaved assembly and its residual pre-strain during the state of being jammed. Once jammed, the formed 3D shape does not require constant energy input to maintain. The jammed units can also be subsequently unjammed to recover to the 2D shapes. Thus, the present disclosure can achieve flexible and dynamically refreshable 3D shapes using an energetically efficient way.
[0043] Fig. 4 illustrates the top view and the front view of a buckling interleaved assembly according to a fourth embodiment of present disclosure. By jamming the interleaved assembly at different residual pre-strains, with the residual pre-strain as 16%as shown in Fig. 5 (a) , with the residual pre-strain as 32%as shown in Fig. 5 (b) , with the residual pre-strain as 47%as shown in Fig. 5 (c) , different buckling heights of the interleaved assembly can be obtained, as both reflected by the FEA (finite element analysis) and experimental results for the maximum buckling height of the interleaved assembly as shown in Fig. 5 (a) , Fig. 5 (b) , and Fig. 5 (c) .
[0044] We modeled each interleaved assembly at the jammed state as a beam with non-uniform thickness, allowing us to theoretically determine its buckling height. To further characterize the buckling behavior and capture more intricate details, FEA was conducted. Fig. 6 illustrates the FEA, experimental, and theoretical results for the maximum buckling height of the interleaved assembly as a function of the residual pre-strain according to an eighth embodiment of present disclosure. The specific geometries considered include a 0.5 mm-thick elastomeric pocket and interleaved assemblies measuring 7 mm in width and 19 mm in length, with zigzag strips of 5 mm width, 14 mm length, and an initial overlapping length of 11 mm between two strips. It is found that the theoretical model and the finite element simulations agree very well with the experiments (as shown in Fig. 6) , which validates the feasibility of inverse design for complex 3D metasurfaces. Additionally, the mechanical behavior of the buckled interleaved assembly is also tested, revealing a maximum resisting loading of approximately 0.3 N, which is comparable to the force exerted by a typical mouse click or a keyboard typing. This finding suggests a promising potential application in tactile displays.
[0045] Fig. 7 (a) -7 (c) illustrates a schematic diagram of an array of 3D shape-morphing units according to a ninth embodiment of present disclosure. Although nine 3D shape-morphing units arranged in a 3 × 3 array are shown in Fig. 7 (a) , this is only an example, the number and the arrangement of the 3D shape-morphing units is not particularly limited. In some embodiment, when numerous interleaved assemblies are pixelized, the structure can form highly complex shapes using a carefully designed operation matrix M. This approach offers a practical solution for large-scale dynamic shape morphing and has the potential for widespread applications.
[0046] In scenarios where there are arrays of these 3D shape-morphing units, the elastomeric substrates are pre-stretched, the interleaved assemblies are initially flat, and can be spatially jammed by applying vacuum via the air ducts at distinct temporal instances during the relaxation of the pre-strain of the pre-stretched elastomeric substrates. That is, each individual assembly can be individually addressed and spatially jammed at different temporal instants during the relaxation of the pre-strain of the pre-stretched elastomeric substrates, so as to form the target 3D shape, enabling a spatiotemporally controllable buckling strategy for fabricating 3D architectures. Besides, the geometry of the combination of 3D shape-morphing units is associated with the target 3D shape, and the residual pre-strains of the elastomeric substrates when jamming the interleaved assemblies are associated with the target 3D shape. That is to say, the target 3D shapes are theoretically predictable depending on the geometry of the combination of 3D shape-morphing units and the residual pre-strains of the elastomeric substrates when jamming the interleaved assemblies.
[0047] To represent the spatial and temporal aspects of jamming and buckling, we introduce a matrix M, with the subscript “ij” indicating the distribution of these arrays on the corresponding 2D plane. In this matrix, each element Mij is denoted by either or ‘-’ , representing the jammed or unjammed state of each interleaved assembly, respectively. Therefore, matrix M functions as an operational guide, dictating that at a specific temporal instance (i.e., ) , a designated assembly (indexed as “ij” in M) begins to buckle. This approach outlines a design and control strategy for dynamically refreshable 3D structures using spatiotemporally jammed interleaved assemblies.
[0048] As shown in Figs. 7 (b) -7 (c) , by jamming the designated interleaved assemblies in the array at different residual pre-strains according to distinct matrices M, different configurations can be obtained.
[0049] Further, since the formed 3D shapes are theoretically predictable depending on the geometry of the interleaved assemblies and the residual pre-strain, inverse design can be applied to achieve desired 3D shapes. Figs. 8 (a) -8 (c) illustrate a flow diagram of the model-based inverse design for a pixelized structure consisting of an 8 × 8 array to morph into two distinct target shapes.
[0050] To achieve a given target shape, such as the one depicted in Fig. 8 (a) with its height represented by contour colors, the 3D profile of the target shape is first obtained and expressed as a numerical table, denoted as ztarget=f (x, y) . Here the dimensions of the table (i.e., x × y) correspond to the size of the pixelized structure. Utilizing the one-to-one relationship between the buckling height and the residual pre-strain as shown in Figs. 5 (a) -5(c) , we determine the specific residual pre-strain at each spatial location (x, y) . The varying values represent the different temporal instances at which each individual interleaved assembly is jammed. Consequently, this process results in the formation of the operation matrix M. Guided by the operation matrix M, the 3D shape can be experimentally realized. In this way, the formed 3D shapes are theoretically predictable depending on the geometry of the interleaved assemblies and the residual pre-strain; thus, inverse design can be applied to achieve desired 3D shapes.
[0051] With the help of the inverse design, large scale and intricate 3D shapes can be constructed by spatiotemporally buckling multiple interleaved assemblies (e.g., over 500) placed on soft substrates. This approach even allows for the transformation of 2D images into 3D structures. A key challenge in this process is efficiently controlling and accessing each individual 3D shape-morphing unit. The present disclosure provides a control system for the array of 3D shape-morphing units as described above, which can efficiently control and access each individual 3D shape-morphing unit in the array.
[0052] Fig. 9 illustrates an exploded-view schematic view of a highly integrated 3D shape-morphing system according to a thirteenth embodiment of present disclosure. The 3D shape-morphing system comprises an array of 3D shape-morphing units as described above and a control system 900 for the array of 3D shape-morphing units, which is designed to exhibit a wide range of intricate shape transformations. Wherein, the elastomeric substrates of all the 3D shape-morphing units constitute an overall elastomeric substrate. For example, all the 3D shape-morphing units may be provided on a large elastomeric substrate. Although an array consisting of 768 3D shape-morphing units, i.e., a 32×24 array is shown in Fig. 9, this is only an example, the number of 3D shape-morphing units is not particularly limited.
[0053] The control system 900 comprises a solenoid valve module 910, a stepping motor module 920, a pneumatic control array module 930, and a processor 940. Wherein the processor 940 is configured to control the operations of the solenoid valve module 910, the stepping motor module 920, and the pneumatic control array module 930.
[0054] Figs. 10 illustrates an exploded-view schematic view of a pneumatic control array module for an 8 × 8 array of 3D shape-morphing units, enabling individual control of these 64 units using just a single solenoid valve.
[0055] The pneumatic control array module 930 comprises a plurality of pneumatic control units 931, each of which is provided with respect to a sub-array of the interleaved assemblies, and comprises a group of top steering engines 931a, a group of top clamps 931b, a group of bottom clamps 931c, a group of bottom steering engines 931d, a tube accumulator 931e, and a sub-array of tubes 931f.
[0056] The sub-array of tubes 931f are connected with the air ducts in the sub-array of the interleaved assemblies and collectively controlled as a group through the tube accumulator 931e. Each top clamp 931b, under the operation of the corresponding top steering engine 931a, is pulled or relaxed to close or open the upper portion of the tubes 931f in the corresponding row or column of tubes 931f, while each bottom clamp 931c, under the operation of the corresponding bottom steering engine 931d, is pulled or relaxed to close or open the lower portion of the tubes 931f in the corresponding column or row of tubes 931f, so as to address the individual interleaved assemblies line-by-line and perform the vacuuming and jamming of the addressed interleaved assemblies by means of the solenoid valve module 910. The solenoid valve module 910 is configured to apply vacuum and introducing air into the collectively controlled group of tubes at temporal instances. Besides, the stepping motor module 920 pre-stretches the elastomeric substrates before the vacuuming and jamming of the addressed interleaved assemblies, and releasing the elastomeric substrates upon the jamming of the addressed interleaved assemblies, so as to form the target 3D shape
[0057] In some embodiments, the pneumatic control unit 931 may further comprise a top frame 931g and a bottom frame 931h. The top frame 931g is provided on top of the group of top clamps 931b, and is opened with a sub-array of through-holes, allowing the sub-array of tubes 931f passing the group of top clamps 931b to penetrate out to access the air ducts. And the bottom frame 931h is provides at the bottom of the group of bottom clamps 931c, and is opened with a sub-array of through-holes, allowing the sub-array of tubes 931f passing the group of bottom clamps 931c to penetrate out to access the tube accumulator 931e.
[0058] In this system, the 64 tubes are collectively controlled as a group through the tube accumulator 931e, which is set to ON or OFF by the solenoid valve module 910, and the individual access to each assembly is achieved through eight bottom clamps 931c and eight top clamps 931b arranged perpendicularly. These clamps can be pulled or relaxed by the top steering engines 931a and the bottom steering engines 931d, correspondingly. As depicted in Fig. 10, a tube is closed upon pulling and opened upon relaxing. Therefore, when both the corresponding top clamp and bottom clamp for a specific tube are relaxed, it opens.
[0059] This arrangement of perpendicular top and bottom clamps introduces an efficient line scanning mechanism for individual control of each interleaved assembly. Fig. 11 illustrates a schematic flow diagram of line scanning mechanism to individually control the 8×8 array of 3D shape-morphing units using 2×8 steering engines according to a fifteenth embodiment of present disclosure, which illustrates the control system’s efficiency in managing a large number of 3D shape-morphing units.
[0060] In some embodiments, the processer 940 may control the group of top steering engines 931a and the group of bottom steering engines 931d, so as to initially pull all the top clamps 931b and bottom clamps 931c to close all tubes, and then relax the top clamp of a first target row, followed by relaxing the bottom clamps 931c of the target columns, where the target interleaved assemblies on the first target row to be jammed and buckled locate, altogether.
[0061] In some embodiments, the processor 940 may further control the group of top steering engines 931a and the group of bottom steering engines 931d, so as to reset all the top clamps 931b and bottom clamps 931c to the pulled position to close all tubes, after completing the vacuuming and jamming of the target interleaved assemblies on the first target row, and then relax the top clamp of a second target row, followed by relaxing the bottom clamps 931c of the target columns, where the target interleaved assemblies on the second target row to be jammed and buckled locate, altogether.
[0062] For example, as illustrated in Fig. 11, to operate the 1st row, for instance, all clamps are initially pulled to close all tubes. The process then involves relaxing the clamps of the 1st row (row processing) followed by relaxing the clamps of the required columns (column processing) , such as the 4th and 5th columns in this example. The completed operation for the 1st row results in the vacuuming and jamming of the interleaved assemblies at the (1st row, 4th column) and (1st row, 5th column) positions. After completing a row, all clamps are reset to the pulled position, and the process is repeated for subsequent rows according to similar rules until the entire array is addressed.
[0063] Further, in some embodiments, the processor 940 may determine an operation matrix according to the target 3D shape in the same way as described with reference to Figs. 8 (a) -8 (c) . Particularly, each element of the operation matrix is provided with respect to the array of 3D shape-morphing units one by one, and the processor 940 defines the temporal instance at which each individual interleaved assembly is jammed. Further, the processor 940 controls the solenoid valve module 910, the stepping motor module 920, and the pneumatic control array module 930, so as to spatiotemporally buckle the each interleaved assemblies to form the target 3D shape. Wherein, each element of the operation matrix defines the residual pre-strain of the elastomeric substrate when jamming the corresponding interleaved assembly.
[0064] In some embodiments, the processor 940 may further determine an operation matrix according to the target 3D shape by referring to the one-to-one relationship between the buckling height and the residual pre-strain of the elastomeric substrate when jamming the corresponding interleaved assembly, as shown in Figs. 5 (a) -5 (c) .
[0065] In some embodiments, the processor 940 may further control the operations of the solenoid valve module 910, the stepping motor module 920, and the pneumatic control array module 930, so as to pre-stretch the elastomeric substrates before the vacuuming and jamming of the addressed interleaved assemblies and spatially jam the interleaved assemblies by applying vacuum via the air ducts at distinct temporal instances during the relaxation of the pre-strain of the pre-stretched elastomeric substrates, so as to form the target 3D shape.
[0066] Fig. 12 illustrates an overall control diagram of the control system according to a sixteenth embodiment of present disclosure, which showcases the circuit diagram and connection mechanisms of a 32 × 24 3D shape-morphing unit array and its wireless interface to a client device, such as a touchscreen device or a laptop. The processor 940 processes the image information received from the touchscreen device or the laptop via the wireless interface and orchestrates the operations of the solenoid valve module 910, the stepping motor module 920, and the pneumatic control array module 930. As an example, the pneumatic control array module 930 is capable of managing an array of 32 × 24 3D shape-morphing units, which are organized into 4 × 3 pneumatic control units 931.
[0067] As illustrated in Fig. 12, the overall control comprises the following steps:
[0068] Client (GUI) Processing Step: On the client side, the interface is designed using Visual Studio development tools and C# language, converting the ON / OFF state of the pneumatic control array into a grayscale image representation. The grayscale image data is segmented and organized into data packets. In some embodiments, to ensure the integrity and accuracy of the data, a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is performed on each data packet. Once prepared and verified, the data packets are transmitted to the data gateway module via Wi-Fi.
[0069] Wireless Communication Gateway Processing Step: The hardware structure of the Wireless communication gateway includes a microcontroller unit (MCU) chip, Wi-Fi module, transceiver chips for the CAN communication bus, and transceiver chips for the RS485 communication bus. This module possesses a wireless access point (AP) mode, ensuring that the client can establish a direct wireless connection with the gateway. Additionally, it features a wireless client mode, where the client connects to the gateway through server relay mode, allowing remote control operations from distant locations. The gateway first performs data verification to ensure the accuracy and integrity of the received data packets. It then routes the data packet to the appropriate communication bus based on the identifiers within the data packet for further processing.
[0070] Data Packet Processing Step: In the pneumatic control unit, after receiving the data packet from the data gateway, data verification is first conducted to ensure the correctness of the data. Then, the image data within the packet (such as 8x8 pixel data) is processed, checking for the presence of any non-zero bytes to determine the rows that need activation. After identifying the columns that require activation, the identified data points are transmitted to the pulse-width modulation (PWM) drivers, which are responsible for actuating the precise pneumatic control.
[0071] Through these steps, the system can precisely control the pneumatic array, facilitating complex shape transformations.
[0072] The performance of the pneumatic control unit 931 has been tested and will be illustrated with reference to Figs. 13-14. Fig. 13 illustrates the pressure response of the pneumatic control unit under given control command according to a seventeenth embodiment of present disclosure. The pneumatic control unit 931 has two states, i.e., ‘0’ state (or OFF state) for tubing closed and ‘1’ state (or ON state) for tubing open, which leads to constant or decreased pressures, respectively. The switch of the state of the pneumatic control unit 931 can precisely and quickly vary the pressure response. In this way, the open / closed states of the tube can be regulated rapidly and with high precision.
[0073] Besides, it is important to note that the jamming mechanism allows the formed 3D shapes to be maintained by keeping the jamming of the interleaved assemblies by means of the control system without the need for continuous energy input. Fig. 14 illustrates the power consumption of the control system according to an eighteenth embodiment of present disclosure. The stepping motor and the steering engines of the pneumatic control array module 930 are activated only when there is a need to alter the 3D shape. During shape-morphing process, the operation of the stepping motor and the steering engines causes transient energy consumption. While during prolonged shape-display process, there is no energy consumption. As shown in Fig. 14, power consumption occurs solely during the refreshing of the 3D shape, which results in an energy-efficient system for shape display.
[0074] Fig. 15 (a) illustrates a schematic diagram of a 32×24 array of 3D shape-morphing units in the peeling state and flat state according to an nineteenth embodiment of present disclosure. A large-scale array consisting of 768 interleaved assemblies, as depicted in Fig. 15 (a) was fabricated. Utilizing the inverse control process, color images are transformed into 3D metasurfaces using the designed large-scale, pixelized interleaved assemblies. Figs. 15 (b) -15 (d) showcase the illustrations of the 32×24 array morphing into various shapes, including a word “THINK” , a representation of planet earth, and a galaxy, juxtaposed against their targeted images. For the word of THINK and the representation of planet earth, a uniform height of 8.1 mm was set for the buckled interleaved assemblies. For the shape of galaxy, two different heights of 8.1 mm and 5.6 mm were used, with the larger height in the central region of the 3D metasurface to correspond to the brighter part of the color image.
[0075] In this way, complicated and dynamically refreshable 3D architectures can be demonstrated using a large-scale array of 3D shape-morphing units, which could function as a tactile display for visually impaired or tactile metasurface in the virtual reality / augmented reality applications, paving the way for innovative accessibility applications for the visually impaired community. This approach not only demonstrates a significant advancement in 3D shape morphing technologies but also holds promise for revolutionizing user interfaces and sensory experiences in numerous applications.
[0076] The above description is intended to be illustrative and not limiting. For example, the above-mentioned examples (or one or more solutions thereof) may be used in combination with each other. For example, those of ordinary skill in the art may use other embodiments when reading the above-mentioned description. In addition, in the above-mentioned specific embodiments, various features may be grouped together to simplify the present disclosure. This should not be interpreted as an intention that features of the disclosure that do not require protection are necessary for any of the claims. Rather, the subject matter of the present disclosure may be less than the full range of features of a particular disclosed embodiment. Therefore, the following claims are incorporated herein as examples or embodiments in the particular embodiment, each claim stands alone as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that these embodiments may be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations. The scope of the present disclosure shall be determined by reference to the full scope of the appended claims and equivalent forms to which these claims are entitled.
[0077] The above embodiments are only exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, and are not used to limit the present disclosure. The scope of protection of the invention is defined by the claims. Those skilled in the art can make various modifications or equivalent substitutions to the invention within the essence and protection scope of the disclosure, and such modifications or equivalent substitutions should also be regarded as falling within the protection scope of the invention.
Claims
1.A control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units, wherein, each 3D shape-morphing unit comprises an interleaved assembly, an air duct, and an elastomeric substrate, the elastomeric substrates of all the 3D shape-morphing units constitute an overall elastomeric substrate, the control system comprises a solenoid valve module, a stepping motor module, a pneumatic control array module, and a processor, which is configured to control the operations of the solenoid valve module, the stepping motor module, and the pneumatic control array module;the pneumatic control array module comprises a plurality of pneumatic control units, each of which is provided with respect to a sub-array of the interleaved assemblies, and comprises a group of top steering engines, a group of top clamps, a group of bottom clamps, a group of bottom steering engines, and a tube accumulator, and a sub-array of tubes,the sub-array of tubes are connected with the air ducts in the sub-array of the interleaved assemblies and collectively controlled as a group through the tube accumulator,each top clamp, under the operation of the corresponding top steering engine, is pulled or relaxed to close or open the upper portion of the tubes in the corresponding row or column of tubes, while each bottom clamp, under the operation of the corresponding bottom steering engine, is pulled or relaxed to close or open the lower portion of the tubes in the corresponding column or row of tubes, so as to address the individual interleaved assemblies line-by-line and perform the vacuuming and jamming of the addressed interleaved assemblies by means of the solenoid valve module, which is configured to apply vacuum and introduce air into the collectively controlled group of tubes at temporal instances,the stepping motor module is configured to pre-stretch the elastomeric substrates before the vacuuming and jamming of the addressed interleaved assemblies, and releasing the elastomeric substrates upon the jamming of the addressed interleaved assemblies, so as to form the target 3D shape.2.The control system for any array of 3D shape-morphing units of claim 1, wherein, for each 3D shape-morphing unit, the interleaved assembly is formed by interlacing a first zigzag strip and a second zigzag strip together and enclosing the same into an airtight elastomeric pocket, the air duct connects to the space within the elastomeric pocket and is used for reducing or increasing the pressure in the space, and the bottom of the elastomeric pocket is anchored at two ends to the elastomeric substrate.3.The control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units of claim 1, wherein, the pneumatic control unit further comprises:a top frame, which is provided on top of the group of top clamps, and is opened with a sub-array of through-holes, allowing the sub-array of tubes passing the group of top clamps to penetrate out to access the air ducts; anda bottom frame, which is provides at the bottom of the group of bottom clamps, and is opened with a sub-array of through-holes, allowing the sub-array of tubes passing the group of bottom clamps to penetrate out to access the tube accumulator.4.The control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units of claim 1, wherein, when both the corresponding top clamp and bottom clamp for a tube are relaxed, the tube is opened.5.The control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units of claim 1, the processer is configured to control the group of top steering engines and the group of bottom steering engines, so as to: initially pull all the top clamps and bottom clamps to close all tubes; relax the top clamp of a first target row, followed by relaxing the bottom clamps of the target columns, where the target interleaved assemblies on the first target row to be jammed and buckled locate, altogether.6.The control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units of claim 5, wherein, the processor is further configured to control the group of top steering engines and the group of bottom steering engines, so as to: after completing the vacuuming and jamming of the target interleaved assemblies on the first target row, resetting all the top clamps and bottom clamps to the pulled position to close all tubes; relax the top clamp of a second target row, followed by relaxing the bottom clamps of the target columns, where the target interleaved assemblies on the second target row to be jammed and buckled locate, altogether.7.The control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units of claim 1, wherein, the processor is configured to: determine an operation matrix according to the target 3D shape, each element of the operation matrix is provided with respect to the array of 3D shape-morphing units one by one, and defines the temporal instance at which each individual interleaved assembly is jammed; and control the solenoid valve module, the stepping motor module, and the pneumatic control array module, so as to spatiotemporally buckle the each interleaved assemblies to form the target 3D shape.8.The control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units of claim 7, wherein, each element of the operation matrix defines the residual pre-strain of the elastomeric substrate when jamming the corresponding interleaved assembly.9.The control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units of claim 7, wherein, the processor is further configured to determine an operation matrix according to the target 3D shape by referring to the one-to-one relationship between the buckling height and the residual pre-strain of the elastomeric substrate when jamming the corresponding interleaved assembly.10.The control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units of claim 1, wherein, the processor is further configured to control the operations of the solenoid valve module, the stepping motor module, and the pneumatic control array module, so as to:pre-stretch the elastomeric substrates;spatially jam the interleaved assemblies by applying vacuum via the air ducts at distinct temporal instances during the relaxation of the pre-strain of the pre-stretched elastomeric substrates, so as to form the target 3D shape.11.The control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units of claim 1, wherein, upon the target 3D shape is formed, it is maintained by keeping the jamming of the interleaved assemblies by means of the control system without the need for continuous energy input.12.The control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units of claim 1, wherein, the array of 3D shape-morphing units is a large-scale array.13.A 3D shape-morphing system, comprising the control system for an array of 3D shape-morphing units of any one of claim 1-12; andthe array of 3D shape-morphing units.14.The 3D shape-morphing system of claim 13, further comprising a wireless interface, which is configured to receive data packets obtained by segmenting and organizing grayscale image data from a client device, and perform data verification of the received data packets, and transmit the verified data packets to the pneumatic control unit for pneumatic control processing.
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