Lidar system and vehicle system
By employing VCSEL units with large apertures and SPAD photosensitive units, the LiDAR system addresses detection accuracy and size issues, achieving long-distance detection with enhanced power density and compactness.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/108920
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-07-16
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-16
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-22
AI Technical Summary
Existing LiDAR systems face challenges in achieving compact size, low cost, and high performance due to issues with stray light, halos, and crosstalk affecting detection accuracy, while VCSELs have insufficient power density for long-distance detection when combined, increasing system size.
The use of VCSEL light-emitting units with large apertures and SPAD photosensitive unit groups minimizes stray light and crosstalk, enhancing detection accuracy and power density, allowing long-distance detection while maintaining compactness.
The solution achieves higher detection accuracy and power density, enabling effective target detection at long distances while reducing the LiDAR system's overall size, making it more compact and efficient.
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Figure CN2025108920_22012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
LIDAR SYSTEM AND VEHICLE SYSTEMTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to the technical field of laser radar detection, in particular to a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system and a vehicle system.BACKGROUND
[0002] LiDAR systems can provide real-time and precise scene distance information, with inherent advantages in environmental perception. Thanks to the advantages of wide detection range, high precision, and the like, they are widely used in the fields of autonomous driving, etc.
[0003] The core devices for transmission and reception in a LiDAR system are a light source and a detector. At present, driven by multifaceted considerations, designing a LiDAR system that meets the requirements of compact space, low cost, and high performance has become the primary goal of laser radar manufacturers.SUMMARY
[0004] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a LiDAR system is provided, including: a light source, configured to generate a light signal and including a plurality of vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) light-emitting units; and a detector, configured to detect a returned light signal and including a plurality of single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) photosensitive unit groups, where the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units each have a light-emitting aperture with an area greater than 700 square micrometers.
[0005] According to the other aspect of the present disclosure, a vehicle system is provided, including the foregoing LiDAR system. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the VCSEL light-emitting units and the SPAD photosensitive
[0006] unit groups are jointly used as the light source and the detector respectively, so that the highly sensitive SPAD photosensitive unit groups can be less adversely affected by stray light, halos, and crosstalk, thereby achieving higher detection accuracy during target detection. In addition, the VCSEL light-emitting units are set to have a large light-emitting aperture area, so that on the one hand, the power density of the VCSEL light-emitting units can be significantly increased, thereby allowing effective detection of targets at long distances; and on the other hand, the overall size of the LiDAR system can be reduced, thereby enhancing its compactness.
[0007] According to the embodiments described hereinafter, these and other aspects of the present disclosure will be apparent and elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] In the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the drawings, more details, features and advantages of the present disclosure are disclosed. In the drawings:
[0009] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a LiDAR system according to some embodiments;
[0010] FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram illustrating the arrangement of VCSEL light-emitting units in the prior art;
[0011] FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram illustrating the arrangement of VCSEL light-emitting units according to some embodiments;
[0012] FIG. 2C is a schematic diagram illustrating the arrangement of VCSEL light-emitting units according to some other embodiments;
[0013] FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram illustrating the arrangement of VCSEL chips according to some embodiments;
[0014] FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram illustrating the arrangement of SPAD photosensitive unit groups corresponding to the arrangement of VCSEL chips in FIG. 3A according to some embodiments; and
[0015] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a vehicle system according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
[0016] Further detailed description of the present disclosure will be provided below in conjunction with the drawings and embodiments. It can be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely to illustrate the related invention, and are not intended to limit the invention. Additionally, it should be noted that for ease of description, only parts related to the related invention are shown in the drawings.
[0017] In the present disclosure, unless otherwise specified, the use of the terms "first" , "second" , etc. to describe various elements is not intended to define the positional relationship, temporal relationship, or importance relationship of these elements, and such terms are simply used to distinguish one element from another element. In some examples, the first element and the second element may refer to the same instance of the element, while in some cases, they may also refer to different instances based on contextual descriptions.
[0018] In the present disclosure, the terms used in the description of various described examples are for the purpose of describing specific examples only, and are not intended to be limiting. Unless otherwise explicitly stated in the context, if the number of elements is not specifically limited, the element can be one or plural. As used herein, the term "a plurality of" means two or more, and the term "based on" shall be interpreted as "based at least in part on" . In addition, the terms "and / or" and "at least one of... " encompass any one and all possible combinations of the listed items.
[0019] At present, driven by multifaceted considerations, designing a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system that meets the requirements of compact space, low cost, and high performance has become the primary goal of laser radar manufacturers. The core devices for transmission and reception in a LiDAR system are a light source and a detector. The semiconductor device that can be used as the light source of the LiDAR system is a semiconductor laser. The semiconductor laser uses a semiconductor material as a working material and achieves laser output by means of a semiconductor process. According to differences in resonant cavity manufacturing processes, semiconductor lasers are classified into edge emitting lasers (EEL) , vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) , etc. Specifically, the laser emission direction of the EEL is parallel to the wafer surface; and optical films are coated on two sides of the chip to form a resonant cavity, so that the laser light is emitted parallel to the substrate surface. The laser emission direction of the VCSEL is perpendicular to the wafer surface; and optical films are coated on upper and lower surfaces of the chip to form a resonant cavity, so that the laser light is emitted perpendicular to the substrate surface. As a device available for reception and detection, the single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is rapidly becoming the detector of choice for the compact high-performance LiDAR system.
[0020] In related technologies, the EELs are typically used with the SPADs in the long-distance LiDAR systems. Although the laser emitted by the EEL has high brightness (which is crucial for long-distance detection, as the laser power density (i.e., brightness) is relatively high (typically 20,000-30,000 watts per square millimeter) and there are a large number of returned signal photons) , because the SPAD is highly sensitive and the EEL can only emit laser light in large areas, such system is susceptible to adverse effects from stray light, halos, and crosstalk.
[0021] In addition, while the VCSEL is easy to individually activate, the LiDAR system is less adversely affected by stray light, halos, and crosstalk. However, the emitted laser power density (i.e., brightness) of the VCSEL is relatively low (typically 1,000-2,000 watts per square millimeter) , which is insufficient to meet the application requirements of the long-distance LiDAR system. In related technologies, in order to obtain sufficient laser power, a plurality of micro-VCSELs are usually combined to achieve higher power. However, such a combination of the plurality of micro-VCSELs significantly increases the overall size of the LiDAR system, making it no longer compact.
[0022] In view of this, in the present disclosure, the VCSEL light-emitting units and the SPAD photosensitive unit groups are jointly used as the light source and the detector respectively, so that the highly sensitive SPAD photosensitive unit groups can be less adversely affected by stray light, halos, and crosstalk, thereby achieving higher detection accuracy during target detection. In addition, the VCSEL light-emitting units are set to have a large light-emitting aperture area, so that on the one hand, the power density of the VCSEL light-emitting units can be significantly increased, thereby allowing effective detection of targets at long distances; and on the other hand, the overall size of the LiDAR system can be reduced, thereby enhancing its compactness.
[0023] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0024] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a LiDAR system 100 according to some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 1, the LiDAR system 100 may include a light source 115 and a detector 125. The light source 115 is configured to generate a light signal, to output laser light from a target such as an object in a scanning field of view (FOV) . The light source 115 may be, for example, a semiconductor-based laser. Further reference is made to FIG. 3A, where FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram illustrating the arrangement of VCSEL chips 300 according to some embodiments. The light source 115 may include a plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units. In the example shown in FIG. 1, the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units may be mounted on a VCSEL light-emitting unit board 130. The detector 125 is configured to detect a returned light signal and generate a current and / or voltage signal proportional to the incident intensity of the returned light. Based on such current and / or voltage signal, distance information of the target such as the object in the FOV can be derived. Further reference is made to FIG. 3B, where FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram illustrating the arrangement of SPAD photosensitive unit groups 120 corresponding to the arrangement of VCSEL chips 300 in FIG. 3A according to some embodiments. The detector 125 may include a plurality of SPAD photosensitive unit groups 120. In the example shown in FIG. 1, the plurality of SPAD photosensitive unit groups 120 may be mounted on a SPAD photosensitive unit board 140. The SPAD operates in a Geiger mode, with a bias voltage higher than a breakdown voltage. Even when only one photon enters, the diode remains in a reverse breakdown state, generates a component-specific saturated output current, and exhibits infinite gain, thereby enabling single-photon detection capability.
[0025] In some embodiments, the LiDAR system 100 may further include an optical scanning device configured to guide the light signal generated by the light source 115 to scan a target region 180. In some embodiments, the optical scanning device may include one or more scanning mirrors that are rotatable about respective axes to steer the light signal for scanning the environment based on a scanning pattern. For example, the scanning mirror may include one or more rotating mirrors 170 and one or more galvanometers 175 and 185. The rotating mirror is configured to rotate about its rotation axis to ensure that the light scan the surrounding environment along a first direction, such as a horizontal direction. The galvanometer is configured to swing around its swing axis to ensure that the light scan the surrounding environment along a second direction, such as a vertical direction. In some embodiments, the rotating mirror 170 may be a polygonal mirror with multiple faces, such as three faces shown in FIG. 1. The optical scanning device may also collect the light incident on the target region 180 into a return laser beam. In some embodiments, the LiDAR system 100 can achieve a horizontal angular resolution of less than 0.1° in the case of providing a horizontal field of view greater than 120°. In some embodiments, based on the region of interest (ROI) requirements, the LiDAR system 100 can adjust a horizontal scanning resolution of LiDAR to achieve a horizontal angular resolution of less than 0.05°.
[0026] In the example shown in FIG. 1, the optical scanning device may further include a galvanometer combination, namely a first galvanometer 175 and a second galvanometer 185. As shown in FIG. 1, the center of the first galvanometer 175 is coated with a high-reflectivity coating 155, where the high-reflectivity coating 155 may have a high reflectivity (e.g., greater than approximately 90-95%) . Therefore, in this example, all or substantially all of the light beams incident on the high-reflectivity coating 155 can be reflected to facilitate the formation of an output beam. In addition, as shown in FIG. 1, two sides of the first galvanometer 175 and the entirety of the second galvanometer 185 can be coated with an anti-reflective coating 165 (e.g., with a reflectivity of less than approximately 0.5%) to promote the direct transmission of light beams through the coating. In some embodiments, the anti-reflective coating includes a gradient-index (GRIN) anti-reflective coating, an anti-reflective coating based on magnesium fluoride and / or fluoropolymer, a multi-layer interference coating (e.g., alternating layers of a low-refractive-index material such as silicon dioxide and a high-refractive-index material) , an absorptive coating (e.g., a coating based on titanium nitride and niobium nitride) , etc.
[0027] In some embodiments, the LiDAR system 100 may further include a transmission optical device 150 and a reception optical device 160. The transmission optical device 150 is configured to receive the light signal generated by the light source 115 and transmit the light signal to the optical scanning device, for example, to the galvanometer 175 and the rotating mirror 170 as shown in FIG. 1. The reception optical device 160 is configured to collect a returned light signal onto the detector 125. For example, the reception optical device 160 may include one or more collecting lenses (such as a single plano-convex lens or a lens group) to collect the returned light signal and / or focus the collected returned light signal onto the detector 125. In some embodiments, the transmission optical device 150 and the reception optical device 160 are horizontally arranged, that is, the transmission optical device 150 and the reception optical device 160 are arranged in a horizontal plane or approximately in a horizontal plane. In association with the transmission optical device 150 and the reception optical device 160, the light source 115, the detector 125, and the optical scanning device are arranged or approximately arranged in the same horizontal plane as the transmission optical device 150 and the reception optical device 160. By horizontally arranging the transmission optical device 150 and the reception optical device 160, it is convenient to reduce the overall size of the LiDAR system, especially the height, so as to enhance its compactness.
[0028] In some embodiments, the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units 110 each have a light-emitting aperture 200. The light-emitting aperture 200 is designed to be larger than the light-emitting aperture of the VCSEL light-emitting unit in related technologies, that is, a large light-emitting aperture area is achieved. In some embodiments, the area of the light-emitting aperture 200 is greater than 700 square micrometers. Preferably, the area of the light-emitting aperture 200 is greater than 700 square micrometers and less than 2,000 square micrometers. More preferably, the area of the light-emitting aperture 200 is greater than 1, 250 square micrometers and less than 2,000 square micrometers. The setting of the area of the light-emitting aperture 200 will be elaborated in detail below, and will not be repeated herein.
[0029] The LiDAR system 100 may further include other components not depicted in FIG. 1, such as a power bus, a power supply, an LED indicator, and a switch. Additionally, there may be other communication connections between components, such as a direct connection between the light source 115 and the detector 125 to provide a reference signal, so that the time from transmitting the light signal to detecting the returned light signal can be accurately measured.
[0030] Further reference is made to FIG. 2A to FIG. 2C. FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram illustrating the arrangement of VCSEL light-emitting units 110 in the prior art; FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram illustrating the arrangement of VCSEL light-emitting units 110 according to some embodiments; and FIG. 2C is a schematic diagram illustrating the arrangement of VCSEL light-emitting units 110 according to some other embodiments.
[0031] As shown in FIG. 2A, the VCSEL light-emitting units 110 in the prior art are typically in a circular shape, with an optical aperture generally ranging from 10 micrometers to 20 micrometers. Each VCSEL light-emitting unit 110 usually can only generate a laser power of 1-2 watts, which is insufficient to meet the application requirements of the long-distance LIDAR system. In the example shown in FIG. 2A, there is a gap d between every two adjacent VCSEL light-emitting units 110. This gap d limits the power density that the VCSEL light-emitting units 110 can achieve, because the power density depends on the ratio of the total power generated by the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units 110 to the total emission area (including the gap) . The typical emitted laser power density (i.e., brightness) of the VCSEL is relatively low (usually 1,000-2,000 watts per square millimeter) , which is much lower than the laser power density (i.e., brightness) that the EEL can achieve (usually 20,000-30,000 watts per square millimeter) . Therefore, the low power density of the VCSEL seriously restricts the application of a combined VCSEL-SPAD architecture. Thus, in the prior art, in order to obtain sufficient laser power, a plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units 110 are usually combined together to generate a power of more than 10 watts per channel. As shown in FIG. 2A, for each channel, the arrangement of 2×3 VCSEL light-emitting units 110 is adopted. When each VCSEL light-emitting unit 110 can generate a laser power of 2 watts, six VCSEL light-emitting units 110 can be combined to generate a power of more than 12 watts for the channel. However, simply increasing the number of VCSEL light-emitting units 110 will inevitably lead to an increase in the overall size of the LiDAR system, especially in height, which is detrimental to its compactness.
[0032] As shown in FIG. 2B, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the aperture of the VCSEL light-emitting unit 110 is adjusted to 40 micrometers, so that a higher peak power can be obtained. For example, a conventional VCSEL light-emitting unit 110 with an aperture of 20 micrometers can generate a peak power of 2 watts. For the arrangement of 2×2 VCSEL light-emitting units (there is a 20-micrometer gap between every two adjacent VCSEL light-emitting units) , a peak power of 8 watts can be generated, the overall area of a combination thereof is 60 micrometers × 60 micrometers, and the overall power density is approximately 2,000 watts per square millimeter. When the aperture of the VCSEL light-emitting unit 110 is 40 micrometers (the aperture is doubled) , a peak power of 8 watts can be generated, and the power density within the aperture is approximately 6,000 watts per square millimeter. This means that the power density is increased by about 3 times. By eliminating the gap d between every two adjacent VCSEL light-emitting units 110 in each channel, that is, by setting the VCSEL light-emitting units to have a large light-emitting aperture area, the power density of the VCSEL can be significantly increased.
[0033] In some embodiments, the emitted peak laser power of each of the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units 110 is greater than 4 watts, so that the emitted power density of each of the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units is greater than 5,000 W / mm2. In this case, the peak laser power of 4 watts is sufficient for scanning the target region, while the higher power density (exceeding the power density of 5,000 W / mm2) enables effective detection of targets at long distances. Moreover, since the VCSEL light-emitting units are set to have a large light-emitting aperture area and the gap between every two adjacent VCSEL light-emitting units in each channel is eliminated, it is possible to allow effective detection of targets at long distances (beyond 200 meters) while maintaining the small overall size of the LiDAR system without compromising its compactness. In some embodiments, the height of the LiDAR system 100 is less than 35 millimeters.
[0034] With continued reference to FIG. 2B, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the light-emitting aperture 200 is circular with a first diameter. In some embodiments, the first diameter is greater than or equal to 30 micrometers, i.e., the light-emitting aperture 200 is designed as a large aperture. Preferably, the first diameter is greater than or equal to 30 micrometers and less than 50 micrometers. More preferably, the first diameter is greater than or equal to 40 micrometers and less than 50 micrometers.
[0035] Further referring to FIG. 2C, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the light-emitting aperture 200 is square or rectangular. When the side length of the square is approximately equal to the diameter of the circle, the area of the square is 20-30%greater than the area of the circle, and the power of the light signal transmitted by the VCSEL light-emitting unit 110 is substantially proportional to the light-emitting area. Therefore, compared with the conventional circular VCSEL light-emitting unit 110, by setting the light-emitting aperture 200 as square or rectangular (rather than circular) , the power can be additionally increased by 20-30%. Moreover, a part of the light signal returned from the light signal transmitted by the light-emitting unit 110 will still fall within the SPAD photosensitive unit group 120 which is generally square or rectangular in shape, because the two square or rectangular shapes are matched. Such a design helps further increase the signal-to-noise ratio and detection distance of the laser radar.
[0036] Although FIG. 2B and FIG. 2C show circular or rectangular light-emitting apertures 200, it can be understood that the shape of the light-emitting aperture 200 is not limited to the shapes shown in FIG. 2B and FIG. 2C. For example, the light-emitting aperture 200 may have a shape similar to a rectangle with four rounded corners, which is not limited in the present disclosure.
[0037] Further reference is made to FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B. FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram illustrating the arrangement of VCSEL chips 300 according to some embodiments; and FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram illustrating the arrangement of SPAD photosensitive unit groups 120 corresponding to the arrangement of VCSEL chips 300 in FIG. 3A according to some embodiments.
[0038] As shown in FIG. 3B, in order to achieve a vertical angular resolution of less than 0.1° in the case of providing a vertical field of view greater than 25°, a sufficient number of SPAD photosensitive unit groups 120 are required to achieve the small vertical angular resolution. For ease of description, the embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below by taking an example where the second direction Y is the vertical direction. In this case, the first direction X is the horizontal direction, which is perpendicular to the second direction Y. In some embodiments, the plurality of SPAD photosensitive unit groups 120 include at least 256 SPAD photosensitive unit groups along the second direction Y. In this case, the vertical angular resolution is 25° / 256 = 0.098°, which is less than 0.1°. In the example shown in FIG. 3B, the plurality of SPAD photosensitive unit groups 120 include at least 512 SPAD photosensitive unit groups along the second direction Y. In this case, the vertical angular resolution is 25° / 512 = 0.048°, which is less than 0.05°. In some embodiments, based on the ROI requirements, the LiDAR system 100 can adjust a vertical scanning resolution of LiDAR by changing the arrangement of VCSEL chips 300 and the corresponding arrangement of SPAD photosensitive unit groups 120. For example, a spacing between two adjacent SPAD photosensitive unit groups 120 along the second direction Y is reduced to increase the vertical scanning resolution. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, each SPAD photosensitive unit group 120 in the plurality of SPAD photosensitive unit groups includes nine SPAD photosensitive units 310 arranged in a 3×3 grid pattern. As shown in FIG. 3B, each SPAD photosensitive unit group 120 includes 3×3 SPAD photosensitive units 310. Since the individual SPAD is a binary device with only two states: "an output signal exists" and "no output signal exists" , in order to measure light intensity, SPAD arrays are actually used in the LiDAR system, that is, a plurality of SPAD photosensitive units 310 form a SPAD photosensitive unit group 120. Each SPAD photosensitive unit 310 outputs individually as a pixel, thereby directly generating an image.
[0039] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units 110 form a plurality of VCSEL chips 300. In some embodiments, the plurality of VCSEL chips 300 include a first group of VCSEL chips 320 and a second group of VCSEL chips 330 arranged side by side along the first direction X. In the example shown in FIG. 3A, 512 VCSEL light-emitting units 110 form four VCSEL chips 300. Each VCSEL chip in the four VCSEL chips 300 includes 128 VCSEL light-emitting units 110. The four VCSEL chips 300 are divided into two groups, namely the first group of VCSEL chips 320 and the second group of VCSEL chips 330, with two VCSEL chips in each group. In some other embodiments, the 512 VCSEL light-emitting units 110 may also form eight VCSEL chips 300. Each VCSEL chip in the eight VCSEL chips 300 includes 64 VCSEL light-emitting units 110. The eight VCSEL chips 300 are divided into two groups, namely the first group of VCSEL chips 320 and the second group of VCSEL chips 330, with four VCSEL chips in each group. However, it can be understood that the groups of VCSEL chips and the number of VCSEL light-emitting units in each VCSEL chip are not limited in the present disclosure. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, additional VCSEL chips may also be arranged to meet the requirements of redundancy design.
[0040] As shown in FIG. 3A, the first group of VCSEL chips 320 and the second group of VCSEL chips 330 are arranged in a staggered manner along the second direction Y. Specifically, a plurality of first VCSEL chips in the first group of VCSEL chips 320 are sequentially arranged along the second direction and spaced apart from one another; a plurality of second VCSEL chips in the second group of VCSEL chips 330 are sequentially arranged along the second direction and spaced apart from one another; and each first VCSEL chip in the plurality of first VCSEL chips and the second VCSEL chip adjacent to the first VCSEL chip along the first direction X are arranged in a staggered manner along the second direction Y. The corresponding emission fields of view of the adjacent VCSEL chips in the first group of VCSEL chips 320 and the second group of VCSEL chips 330 are stitched along the second direction Y. That is, the emission field of view of each first VCSEL chip in the plurality of first VCSEL chips and the emission field of view of the second VCSEL chip adjacent to the first VCSEL chip along the first direction X are stitched along the second direction Y. Each VCSEL chip 300 is configured to transmit the light signal to the target region. By arranging the plurality of VCSEL chips 300 in a staggered manner along the vertical direction, the continuity of the field of view in the vertical direction can be ensured when the laser radar detects the target region.
[0041] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, for each of the plurality of first VCSEL chips 320 and the plurality of second VCSEL chips 330, the VCSEL light-emitting units are arranged in multiple rows and columns; the VCSEL light-emitting units in each column are sequentially arranged along the second direction Y and spaced apart from one another; and every two VCSEL light-emitting units adjacent along the first direction X in two adjacent columns are arranged in a staggered manner along the second direction Y.
[0042] Referring to FIG. 3A, each VCSEL chip in the plurality of VCSEL chips 300 includes multiple rows and columns of VCSEL light-emitting units 110. The VCSEL light-emitting units 110 in each column of each VCSEL chip are sequentially arranged along the second direction Y. As shown in FIG. 3A, for each VCSEL chip 300, multiple columns of VCSEL light-emitting units 110 are sequentially arranged along the first direction X, and every two adjacent VCSEL light-emitting units along the first direction X in every two adjacent columns of VCSEL light-emitting units 110 are arranged in a staggered manner in the second direction Y, so that the emission fields of view of the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units 110 in the VCSEL chip 300 are mutually staggered along the vertical direction, thereby achieving uniform coverage of the detection fields of view. In some embodiments, the staggering distance can be determined based on the size of the VCSEL light-emitting units. However, it can be understood that the arrangement of VCSEL light-emitting units in each VCSEL chip are not limited in the present disclosure.
[0043] According to the other aspect of the present disclosure, a vehicle system is provided, including the LiDAR system according to any one of the foregoing embodiments. The vehicle system includes but is not limited to vehicles, aircrafts, drones, ships, etc.
[0044] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a vehicle system 400 according to some embodiments. In the example shown in FIG. 4, the vehicle system 400 is a vehicle, which may be a vehicle with any level of automation. For example, the vehicle may be a partially automated vehicle, a highly automated vehicle, a fully automated vehicle, or an unmanned vehicle. The partially automated vehicle can perform some driving functions without the intervention of a human driver. For example, the partially automated vehicle can perform blind spot monitoring, lane keeping and / or lane changing operations, automatic emergency braking, intelligent cruising and / or traffic following, etc. Some operations of the partially automated vehicle may be limited to specific applications or driving scenarios (for example, limited to highway driving only) . The highly automated vehicle can perform all the operations of the partially automated vehicle but with a few restrictions. The highly automated vehicle can also detect its own limit when operated and request the driver to take over control of the vehicle when necessary. The fully automated vehicle can perform all vehicle operations without the intervention of a driver, and can also detect its own limit and request the driver to take over when necessary. The unmanned vehicle can operate on its own without any intervention of a driver.
[0045] The LiDAR system is often a basic sensor for at least the partially automated vehicle. In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, the motor vehicle 100 may include a single LiDAR system 100 arranged below a windshield of the vehicle. The LiDAR system 100 is arranged below the windshield of the vehicle to facilitate scanning around the vehicle. Due to the relatively small overall size, especially height of the LiDAR system in the embodiments, it is less likely to obstruct the field of view of the driver while driving. In some other embodiments, the vehicle may include a plurality of LiDAR systems 100. In some embodiments, the plurality of LiDAR systems 100 are attached to or integrated into various positions of the vehicle. The (plurality of) LiDAR systems 100 are configured to perform laser scanning on the surrounding environment to measure data from the target region, such as the distance, angle, and / or speed of the object. Based on the scattered light returned to the (plurality of) LiDAR systems 100, data representing the perceived external environment (e.g., image data or 3D point cloud data) can be generated.
[0046] The following describes some exemplary solutions of the present disclosure.
[0047] Solution 1. A LiDAR system, including:
[0048] a light source, configured to generate a light signal and including a plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units; and
[0049] a detector, configured to detect a returned light signal and including a plurality of SPAD photosensitive unit groups,
[0050] where the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units each have a light-emitting aperture with an area greater than 700 square micrometers.
[0051] Solution 2. The LiDAR system according to solution 1, where the light-emitting aperture is circular with a first diameter greater than or equal to 30 micrometers.
[0052] Solution 3. The LiDAR system according to solution 1 or 2, where the light-emitting aperture is square or rectangular.
[0053] Solution 4. The LiDAR system according to any one of solutions 1 to 3, where the plurality of SPAD photosensitive unit groups include at least 256 SPAD photosensitive unit groups, so that a vertical angular resolution of less than 0.1° is achieved in the case of providing a vertical field of view greater than 25°.
[0054] Solution 5. The LiDAR system according to any one of solutions 1 to 4, where the emitted peak laser power of each of the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units is greater than 4 watts, so that the emitted power density of each of the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units is greater than 5,000 W / mm2; and the VCSEL light-emitting units are configured to illuminate a target region at a distance beyond 200 meters.
[0055] Solution 6. The LiDAR system according to any one of solutions 1 to 5, where the height of the system is less than 35 millimeters.
[0056] Solution 7. The LiDAR system according to any one of solutions 1 to 6, where the light source includes a plurality of VCSEL chips composed of the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units; the plurality of VCSEL chips include a first group of VCSEL chips and a second group of VCSEL chips arranged side by side along a first direction; a plurality of first VCSEL chips in the first group of VCSEL chips are sequentially arranged along a second direction and spaced apart from one another; a plurality of second VCSEL chips in the second group of VCSEL chips are sequentially arranged along the second direction and spaced apart from one another; and each first VCSEL chip in the plurality of first VCSEL chips and the second VCSEL chip adjacent to the first VCSEL chip along the first direction are arranged in a staggered manner along the second direction.
[0057] Solution 8. The LiDAR system according to solution 7, where an emission field of view of each first VCSEL chip in the plurality of first VCSEL chips and an emission field of view of the second VCSEL chip adjacent to the first VCSEL chip along the first direction are stitched along the second direction.
[0058] Solution 9. The LiDAR system according to solution 7, where for each of the plurality of first VCSEL chips and the plurality of second VCSEL chips, the VCSEL light-emitting units are arranged in multiple rows and columns; the VCSEL light-emitting units in each column are sequentially arranged along the second direction and spaced apart from one another; and every two VCSEL light-emitting units adjacent along the first direction in two adjacent columns are arranged in a staggered manner along the second direction.
[0059] Solution 10. The LiDAR system according to any one of solutions 1 to 9, where each SPAD photosensitive unit group in the plurality of SPAD photosensitive unit groups includes nine SPAD photosensitive units arranged in a 3×3 grid pattern.
[0060] Solution 11. The LiDAR system according to any one of solutions 1 to 10, further comprising:
[0061] an optical scanning device, configured to guide the light signal generated by the light source to scan a target region and achieve a horizontal angular resolution of less than 0.1° in the case of providing a horizontal field of view greater than 120°.
[0062] Solution 12. The LiDAR system according to solution 11, further comprising:
[0063] a transmission optical device, configured to receive the light signal generated by the light source and transmit the light signal to the optical scanning device; and
[0064] a reception optical device, configured to collect the returned light signal onto the detector, where the transmission optical device and the reception optical device are horizontally arranged.
[0065] Solution 13. A vehicle system, including the LiDAR system according to any one of solutions 1 to 12.
[0066] Solution 14. The vehicle system according to solution 13, where the vehicle system includes a vehicle; and the LiDAR system is arranged below a windshield of the vehicle.
[0067] Although the present disclosure has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and the foregoing description, such illustration and description shall be considered as illustrative and schematic rather than restrictive; and the present disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Those skilled in the art can understand and implement variations of the disclosed embodiments when practicing the claimed subject matter by studying the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the term "comprising" does not exclude other elements or steps not listed, the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude a plurality of, the term "a plurality of" means two or more, and the term "based on" shall be interpreted as "based at least in part on" . The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to obtain a benefit.
Claims
1.A light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system, comprising:a light source, configured to generate a light signal and comprising a plurality of vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) light-emitting units; anda detector, configured to detect a returned light signal and comprising a plurality of single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) photosensitive unit groups,wherein the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units each have a light-emitting aperture with an area greater than 700 square micrometers.2.The LiDAR system according to claim 1, wherein the light-emitting aperture is circular with a first diameter greater than or equal to 30 micrometers.3.The LiDAR system according to claim 1, wherein the light-emitting aperture is square or rectangular.4.The LiDAR system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the plurality of SPAD photosensitive unit groups comprise at least 256 SPAD photosensitive unit groups, so that a vertical angular resolution of less than 0.1° is achieved in the case of providing a vertical field of view greater than 25°.5.The LiDAR system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the emitted peak laser power of each of the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units is greater than 4 watts, so that the emitted power density of each of the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units is greater than 5,000 W / mm2; and the VCSEL light-emitting units are configured to illuminate a target region at a distance beyond 200 meters.6.The LiDAR system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the height of the system is less than 35 millimeters.7.The LiDAR system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the light source comprises a plurality of VCSEL chips composed of the plurality of VCSEL light-emitting units; the plurality of VCSEL chips comprise a first group of VCSEL chips and a second group of VCSEL chips arranged side by side along a first direction; a plurality of first VCSEL chips in the first group of VCSEL chips are sequentially arranged along a second direction and spaced apart from one another; a plurality of second VCSEL chips in the second group of VCSEL chips are sequentially arranged along the second direction and spaced apart from one another; and each first VCSEL chip in the plurality of first VCSEL chips and the second VCSEL chip adjacent to the first VCSEL chip along the first direction are arranged in a staggered manner along the second direction.8.The LiDAR system according to claim 7, wherein an emission field of view of each first VCSEL chip in the plurality of first VCSEL chips and an emission field of view of the second VCSEL chip adjacent to the first VCSEL chip along the first direction are stitched along the second direction.9.The LiDAR system according to claim 7, wherein for each of the plurality of first VCSEL chips and the plurality of second VCSEL chips, the VCSEL light-emitting units are arranged in multiple rows and columns; the VCSEL light-emitting units in each column are sequentially arranged along the second direction and spaced apart from one another; and every two VCSEL light-emitting units adjacent along the first direction in two adjacent columns are arranged in a staggered manner along the second direction.10.The LiDAR system according to claim 7, wherein each SPAD photosensitive unit group in the plurality of SPAD photosensitive unit groups comprises nine SPAD photosensitive units arranged in a 3×3 grid pattern.11.The LiDAR system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising:an optical scanning device, configured to guide the light signal generated by the light source to scan a target region and achieve a horizontal angular resolution of less than 0.1° in the case of providing a horizontal field of view greater than 120°.12.The LiDAR system according to claim 11, further comprising:a transmission optical device, configured to receive the light signal generated by the light source and transmit the light signal to the optical scanning device; anda reception optical device, configured to collect the returned light signal onto the detector, wherein the transmission optical device and the reception optical device are horizontally arranged.13.A vehicle system, comprising the LiDAR system according to any one of claims 1 to 12.14.The vehicle system according to claim 13, wherein the vehicle system comprises a vehicle; and the LiDAR system is arranged below a windshield of the vehicle.
Citation Information
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