Anti-neuraminidase antibodies and uses thereof
Novel antibodies with specific CDRs targeting influenza A neuraminidase inhibit NA activity, addressing the limitations of current antibodies and providing effective treatment and prevention of influenza infections.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/109845
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-07-23
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-22
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-29
AI Technical Summary
Current influenza antibodies are limited in potency and ineffective against certain virus strains, necessitating the development of novel anti-influenza antibodies that can specifically bind to and inhibit neuraminidase (NA) activity to address the unmet need for effective treatment and prevention of influenza infections.
Development of isolated antibodies and antigen-binding fragments with specific heavy and light chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs) capable of binding to influenza A neuraminidase (NA) and inhibiting its activity, including modifications to enhance affinity and breadth of interaction with various influenza A strains.
The antibodies effectively inhibit NA activity, preventing virus spread and reducing morbidity and mortality by limiting the infectious process, with potential for broad protection against influenza viral infection.
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Figure CN2025109845_29012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ANTI-NEURAMINIDASE ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOFFIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to novel anti-neuraminidase antibodies, pharmaceutical composition containing the same and the use thereof.BACKGROUND
[0002] Influenza infection causes an acute respiratory illness, and the estimated annual cases are around one billion, including 300,000 to 600,000 deaths each year worldwide1, 2. Influenza A virus (IAV) and influenza B virus (IBV) are responsible for seasonal outbreaks in humans worldwide; IAV also occasionally causes pandemics. IAV is classified into many subtypes based on the sequence of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) , containing 18 HA and 11 NA subtypes. Among these subtypes, H1N1 and H3N2 are circulating in humans. IBV has two antigenically distinct lineages circulating in humans, B / Victoria-like and B / Yamagata-like lineages3.
[0003] Although influenza antibodies have been reported, the currently existing antibodies are limited in potency and ineffective against certain virus strains. Hence, there is still an unmet need for novel anti-influenza antibodies. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Throughout the present disclosure, the articles “a, ” “an, ” and “the” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an antibody” means one antibody or more than one antibody.
[0005] The present disclosure provides, among others, isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof capable of specifically binding to influenza A neuraminidase (NA) and inhibiting NA activity.
[0006] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising three heavy chain complementarity regions (CDRs) of a heavy chain variable region (VH) and three light chain CDRs of a light chain variable region (VL) , wherein the VH comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 87, 89, 91, 93, and 95, and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 88, 90, 92, 94, and 96, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is capable of specifically binding to NA and inhibiting NA activity.
[0007] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3, wherein the HCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SGFX1X2X3TYT (SEQ ID NO: 71) , the HCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of VX4SX5DGX6NX7 (SEQ ID NO: 72) , the HCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of DPDYDKGWGX8X9RNTDRPSYDGLDVW (SEQ ID NO: 73) or ARGSDPDYDKGWGX10X11RNTDRPSYDGLDVWGX12 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , and / or a light chain variable region (VL) comprising LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3, wherein the LCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of QSLLHSNGYX13 (SEQ ID NO: 75) or SSQSLLHSNGYX14 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , the LCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of FSGX15GSGT (SEQ ID NO: 77) , the LCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of CMQALX16TPPWTF (SEQ ID NO: 78) , wherein X1 is T or P; X2 is F or L; X3 is N, E, or D, X4 is C or S; X5 is N or K; X6 is T or N; X7 is E or V; X8 is S or A; X9 is Y or L; X10 is S or A; X11 is Y or L; X12 is R or Q; X13 is T or N; X14 is T or N; X15 is S or R; X16 is E or Q, and wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is capable of specifically binding to influenza A neuraminidase (NA) and inhibiting NA activity.
[0008] In certain embodiments, the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, and the HCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the LCDR1, the LCDR2, and the LCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments wherein the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88.
[0009] In certain embodiments, the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, and the HCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the LCDR1, the LCDR2, and the LCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments wherein the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90.
[0010] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides modified antibodies having one or more amino acid residue modification relative to the antibody sequences provided herein relating to 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403, such that the modification results in improvement in affinity of the antibody to the NA or improvement in breath of interaction with NA of a variety of influenza A strains.
[0011] In certain embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein comprises a VH which is a product of or derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequence VH 3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 99) , and a VL which is a product of or derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequence VK2-28 (SEQ ID NO: 100) , and wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is capable of specifically binding to influenza A neuraminidase (NA) and inhibiting NA activity.
[0012] The present disclosure also provides isolated polynucleotides that encode the anti-influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof provided herein.
[0013] In another aspect, the present disclosure further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of the anti-influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof provided herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
[0014] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of treating or preventing influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein, or the isolated polynucleotide provided herein, or the vector provided herein, or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
[0015] The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present disclosure. The disclosure may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein.
[0016] Figure 1. Generation of NA-specific antigen probes. Figure 1A: The scheme of tetrameric NA expression construct. Figure 1B: The biotinylated N1-M5 and N2-M5 are detected by SDS-PAGE, and western blot by using streptavidin-HRP. Figure 1 C and 1D: The 1G01 binding activities of NA wild type and M5 mutant are measured by ELISA. The sialic acid cleavage activity was measured by MUNANA assay. Figure 1E: The schematic diagram of mice immunization. NA-specific B cells are detected by NA-M5-bound streptavidin conjugated with AF647 or BV421. Figure 1F and 1G: Representative gating strategy for GC B cells and NA-specific B cells. The GC B cells are gated on live, B220+, Fas+, and CD38-. The NA-specific B cells are gated from GC B cells. Figure 1H and 1I : The frequencies of GC B cells and NA-specific B cells in the draining lymph nodes and payer’s patches are shown. Data were analyzed for statistical significance using the t-test. ***: p<0.001, ****: p<0.0001, ns:non-significant.
[0017] Figure 2. The pre-existing NA MBCs are identified by single-cell RNA+VDJ sequencing. Schematic depicting our strategy for sorting NA-specific MBCs from enriched human B cells. PBMCs of 31 or 5 individuals are pooled for N1 or N2-specific MBCs sorting, respectively. Figure 3. Identification of NA inhibition mAbs from pre-existing NA MBC repertories. Figure 3A: Representative rN1 or rN2 inhibition curves by different NA mAbs in an ELLA assay. Figure 3B: Heat map of mAb inhibition activity measured by ELLA NI assay. The colored boxes indicate the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (ID50) . The recombinant NA proteins from different influenza strains are utilized in the ELLA NI assay, except the A / California / 04 / 2009-H1N1 virus was applied. Figure 3C: The mAb inhibition activity at 15 μg / ml concentration against different NA-VLPs measured by MUNANA assay.
[0018] Figure 4. Representative N1-VLP (H1N1 or H5N1) and N2-VLP inhibition curves by 4N1C4, 4N2C402, 4N2C403 and 1G01 mAbs. The dotted line represents 50%inhibition.
[0019] Figure 5. In vivo protection by prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with NA mAbs. Figure 5A: Inhibition capacity against A / California / 07 / 2009 (H1N1) was measured by a plaque reduction assay. The concentration of mAb is 15 μg / ml in the overlay medium. Figure 5B-Figure 5E: Percent of initial body weight and survival rate for mice treated prophylactic (B and C) and therapeutically (D and E) with 4N2C401, 4N2C402, 4N2C403, 1G01. For prophylactic treatment, mAbs or PBS or irrelevant human IgG mAb are administered intraperitoneally sixteen hours before challenging with a 5 x mLD50 of A / California / 07 / 2009 (H1N1) . For therapeutic treatment, mAbs or PBS or irrelevant human IgG mAb are administered intraperitoneally forty hours after infecting with a 5 x mLD50 of A / California / 07 / 2009 (H1N1) . Six mice are used per group. Symbols represent mean ± SD. The dotted line represents the humane endpoint for euthanasia (75%weight loss) . Figure 6. Cryo-EM structure of 4N2C402 with tetrameric N2. Figure 6A: The cryo-EM density map and built-model of the complex are shown. HC and LC stand for the heavy chain and light chain of the Fab, respectively. Water molecules are shown in cyan, and calcium molecules are shown as green spheres. The orange box with dashed line shows the region for panel (B) . Figure 6B: The structural model of one Fab interacting with two monomers of N2 (N2_A and N2_B) . Site_A and Site_B (red circle with dashed line) are the two major interaction sites. GlcNAc and Glycans are shown as sticks. Figure 6C: Similar to (B) , but the residues of N2 are colored based on the conversation level across different influenza strains. Highly conserved residues are shown in dark red, but variable residues are shown in green. GlcNAc and Glycans are shown as sticks. Figure 6D: The residues of N2_A that interact with the Fab are shown in pink, while the rest are shown in blue. The red star indicates the location of the active site of N2. Figure 6E: Key interacting residues of HC and LC with N2_A in Site_Aare shown as sticks. Dashed lines with numbers indicate hydrogen-bonds (H-bonds) . Figure 6F: Similar to (E) , but for interactions of LC with N2_B in Site_B. Figure 6G:Representative N1-VLP (H1N1 or H5N1) and N2-VLP inhibition curves by 4N1C4, 4N2C402, 02-Y81S and 02-Y81T mAbs.
[0020] Figure 7. Sequence alignment of NA broad inhibition mAbs. VH and VL sequence alignments of 4N2C4 lineage NA broad inhibition mAbs. The FR and CDR are indicated based on the IMGT sequence alignment. The boxes indicate the HC CDR3 and LC CDR1 that bind to the N2 active site. The arrows indicate the LC FR3 and CDR2 residues that bind to the N2 non-active site.
[0021] Figure 8. Amino acid sequences of certain sequences provided herein.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0022] The features and advantages of the disclosed compositions and methods will be more readily understood, by those of ordinary skill in the art, from reading the following detailed description. It is to be appreciated that certain features of the disclosed compositions and methods, which are, for clarity, described above and below in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the disclosed compositions and methods that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any sub-combination. In addition, references in the singular may also include the plural (for example, “a” and “an” may refer to one, or one or more) unless the context specifically states otherwise.
[0023] The use of numerical values in the various ranges specified in this application, unless expressly indicated otherwise, are stated as approximations as though the minimum and maximum values within the stated ranges were both proceeded by the word "about. " In this manner, slight variations above and below the stated ranges can be used to achieve substantially the same results as values within the ranges. Also, the disclosure of these ranges is intended as a continuous range including every value between the minimum and maximum values.
[0024] The term “about” and its grammatical equivalents in relation to a reference numerical value and its grammatical equivalents as used herein can include a range of values plus or minus 10%from that value, such as a range of values plus or minus 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1%from that value. For example, the amount “about 10” includes amounts from 9 to 11.
[0025] Definitions
[0026] The term “antibody” as used herein includes any immunoglobulin, monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, monovalent antibody, bivalent antibody, multivalent antibody, bispecific antibody, multi-specific antibody that binds to a specific antigen. A native intact antibody comprises two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains. Mammalian heavy chains are classified as alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, each heavy chain consists of a variable region (VH) and a first, second, third, and optionally fourth constant region (CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4 respectively) ; mammalian light chains are classified as λ or κ, while each light chain consists of a variable region (VL) and a constant region. The antibody has a “Y” shape, with the stem of the Y consisting of the second and third constant regions of two heavy chains bound together via disulfide bonding. Each arm of the Y includes the variable region and first constant region of a single heavy chain bound to the variable and constant regions of a single light chain. The variable regions of the light and heavy chains are responsible for antigen binding. The variable regions in both chains generally contain three highly variable loops called the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) (light chain CDRs including LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3, heavy chain CDRs including HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3) . The constant regions of the heavy and light chains are not involved in antigen-binding, but exhibit various effector functions. Antibodies are assigned to classes based on the amino acid sequences of the constant regions of their heavy chains. The five major classes or isotypes of antibodies are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, which are characterized by the presence of alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu heavy chains, respectively. Several of the major antibody classes are divided into subclasses such as IgG1 (gamma1 heavy chain) , IgG2 (gamma2 heavy chain) , IgG3 (gamma3 heavy chain) , IgG4 (gamma4 heavy chain) , IgA1 (alpha1 heavy chain) , or IgA2 (alpha2 heavy chain) .
[0027] The term “antigen-binding fragment” as used herein refers to an antibody fragment formed from a portion of an antibody comprising one or more CDRs, or any other antibody fragment that binds to an antigen but does not comprise an intact native antibody structure. Examples of antigen-binding fragment include, without limitation, a diabody, a Fab, a Fab', a F(ab') 2, a Fd, an Fv fragment, a disulfide stabilized Fv fragment (dsFv) , a (dsFv) 2, a bispecific dsFv (dsFv-dsFv') , a disulfide stabilized diabody (ds diabody) , a single-chain antibody molecule (scFv) , an scFv dimer (bivalent diabody) , a bispecific scFv dimer, a single-chain Fv-Fc antibody (scFv-Fc) , a camelized single domain antibody, a nanobody, a domain antibody, and a bivalent domain antibody. An antigen-binding fragment is capable of binding to the same antigen to which the parent antibody binds.
[0028] As used herein, a “bispecific” antibody refers to an artificial antibody which has fragments derived from two different monoclonal antibodies. A bispecific antibody may bind to overlapping epitopes or to two different epitopes. The two epitopes may present on the same antigen, or they may present on two different antigens. As such, the terms “multi-specific” antibody refers to an artificial antibody which has fragments derived from multiple different monoclonal antibodies, and may be capable of binding to more than one epitope.
[0029] The term “chimeric” as used herein, means an antibody or antigen-binding fragment, having a portion of heavy and / or light chain derived from one species, and the rest of the heavy and / or light chain derived from a different species.
[0030] The term “epitope” as used herein refers to the specific group of atoms or amino acids on an antigen to which an antibody binds. Two antibodies may bind the same or a closely related epitope within an antigen if they exhibit competitive binding for the antigen. An epitope can be linear or conformational (i.e. including amino acid residues spaced apart) . For example, if an antibody or antigen-binding fragment blocks binding of a reference antibody to the antigen by at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, then the antibody or antigen-binding fragment may be considered to bind the same / closely related epitope as the reference antibody. The capacity to block, or compete with, the binding of the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment of the present disclosure to neuraminidase typically indicates that an antibody or the antigen-binding fragment to be screened binds to an epitope or binding site on neuraminidase that structurally overlaps with the binding site on neuraminidase that is immunospecifically recognized by the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment of the present disclosure. Alternatively, this can indicate that an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment of the present disclosure to be screened binds to an epitope or binding site that is sufficiently proximal to the binding site immunospecifically recognized by the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment of the present disclosure to sterically or otherwise inhibit binding of the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragment of the present disclosure to neuraminidase.
[0031] “Fab” with regard to an antibody refers to that portion of the antibody consisting of a single light chain (both variable and constant regions) bound to the variable region and first constant region of a single heavy chain by a disulfide bond. The heavy chain fragment of the Fab is known as “Fd” .
[0032] “Fab'” refers to a Fab fragment that includes a portion of the hinge region.
[0033] “F (ab') 2” refers to a dimer of Fab’ .
[0034] “Fc” with regard to an antibody (e.g. of IgG, IgA, or IgD isotype) refers to that portion of the antibody consisting of the second and third constant domains of a first heavy chain bound to the second and third constant domains of a second heavy chain via disulfide bonding. Fc with regard to antibody of IgM and IgE isotype further comprises a fourth constant domain. The Fc portion of the antibody is responsible for various effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) , Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) , but does not function in antigen binding.
[0035] “Fv” with regard to an antibody refers to the smallest fragment of the antibody to bear the complete antigen binding site. An Fv fragment consists of the variable region of a single light chain bound to the variable region of a single heavy chain.
[0036] “Single-chain Fv antibody” or “scFv” refers to an engineered antibody consisting of a light chain variable region and a heavy chain variable region connected to one another directly or via a peptide linker sequence (Huston JS et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 85: 5879 (1988) ) .
[0037] “ScFab” refers to a fusion polypeptide with a Fd linked to a light chain via a polypeptide linker, resulting in the formation of a single chain Fab fragment (scFab) .
[0038] “Single-chain Fv-Fc antibody” or “scFv-Fc” refers to an engineered antibody consisting of a scFv connected to the Fc region of an antibody.
[0039] The term “valent” as used herein refers to the presence of a specified number of antigen binding sites in a given molecule. The term “monovalent” refers to an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment having only one single antigen-binding site; and the term “multivalent” refers to an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment having multiple antigen-binding sites. As such, the terms “bivalent” , “tetravalent” , and “hexavalent” denote the presence of two binding sites, four binding sites, and six binding sites, respectively, in an antigen-binding molecule. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is bivalent.
[0040] A “bispecific ds diabody” is a diabody target two different antigens (or epitopes) .
[0041] The term “fully human” when used with reference to an antibody, refers to an antibody that are either directly derived from a human or based upon a human sequence. When an antibody is derived from or based on a human sequence and subsequently modified, it is still to be considered fully human as used throughout the specification. In other words, the term “fully human” when used with reference to an antibody, is intended to include binding molecules having variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences or based on variable or constant regions occurring in a human or human lymphocyte and modified in some form. Thus, the fully human antibody may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences, comprise substitutions and / or deletions (e.g., mutations introduced by, for instance, random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo) . “Based on” as used herein refers to the situation that a nucleic acid sequence may be exactly copied from a template, or with minor mutations, such as by error-prone PCR methods, or synthetically made matching the template exactly or with minor modifications. Semi-synthetic molecules based on human sequences are also considered to be human as used herein.
[0042] The term “affinity” as used herein refers to the strength of non-covalent interaction between an immunoglobulin molecule (i.e. antibody) or fragment thereof and an antigen.
[0043] The term “amino acid” as used herein refers to an organic compound containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain specific to each amino acid. The names of amino acids are also represented as standard single letter or three-letter codes in the present disclosure, which are summarized as follows.
[0044] A “conservative substitution” with reference to amino acid sequence refers to replacing an amino acid residue with a different amino acid residue having a side chain with similar physiochemical properties. For example, conservative substitutions can be made among amino acid residues with hydrophobic side chains (e.g. Met, Ala, Val, Leu, and Ile) , among residues with neutral hydrophilic side chains (e.g. Cys, Ser, Thr, Asn and Gln) , among residues with acidic side chains (e.g. Asp, Glu) , among amino acids with basic side chains (e.g. His, Lys, and Arg) , or among residues with aromatic side chains (e.g. Trp, Tyr, and Phe) . As known in the art, conservative substitution usually does not cause significant change in the protein conformational structure, and therefore could retain the biological activity of a protein.
[0045] The term “diagnosis” , “diagnose” or “diagnosing” refers to the identification of a pathological state, disease or condition, such as identification of influenza A infection, or refer to identification of a subject with influenza A infection who may benefit from a particular treatment regimen. In some embodiments, diagnosis contains the identification of presence or amount of influenza A. In some embodiments, diagnosis refers to the identification of influenza A infection in a subject.
[0046] “Effector functions” as used herein refer to biological activities attributable to the binding of Fc region of an antibody to its effectors such as C1 complex and Fc receptor. Exemplary effector functions include: complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) mediated by interaction of antibodies and C1q on the C1 complex; antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by binding of Fc region of an antibody to Fc receptor on an effector cell; and phagocytosis. Effector functions can be evaluated using various assays such as Fc receptor binding assay, C1q binding assay, and cell lysis assay.
[0047] The term “Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity” and “ADCC” refer to a cell-mediated reaction in which nonspecific cytotoxic cells that express FcRs (e.g. Natural Killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) recognize bound antibody on a target ceil and subsequently cause lysis of the target cell. The primary cells for mediating ADCC, NK cells, express FcγRIII only, whereas monocytes express FcγRI, FcγRII and FcγRIII. FcR expression on hematopoietic cells is summarized in Table 3 on page 464 of Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol 9: 457-92 (1991) .
[0048] The term “specific binding” or “specifically binds” in reference to the interaction of a binding molecule, e.g., an antibody, and its binding partner, e.g., an antigen, means that the interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure, e.g., an antigenic determinant or epitope, on the binding partner. In other words, the antibody preferentially binds or recognizes the binding partner even when the binding partner is present in a mixture of other molecules or organisms. The binding may be mediated by covalent or non-covalent interactions or a combination of both. Antibodies or fragments thereof that immunospecifically bind to an antigen may be cross-reactive with related antigens, carrying the same epitope. Specific binding can be characterized in binding affinity, for example, represented by Kd value, i.e., the dissociation constant between the antigen and antigen-binding molecule. Kd may be determined by using any conventional method known in the art, including but are not limited to radioimmunoassays (RIA) , enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) , surface plasmon resonance method, microscale thermophoresis method, HPLC-MS method and flow cytometry (such as FACS) method. A Kd value of ≤10-6 M (e.g. ≤5x10-7 M, ≤2x10-7 M, ≤10-7 M, ≤5x10-8 M, ≤2x10-8 M, ≤10-8 M, ≤5x10-9 M, ≤4x10-9M, ≤3x10-9M, ≤2x10-9 M, or ≤10-9 M) can indicate specific binding between an antibody or antigen binding fragments thereof and neuraminidase (e.g. spike protein of neuraminidase, or receptor binding domain of the spike protein of neuraminidase) .
[0049] The term “homologous” as used herein refers to nucleic acid sequences (or its complementary strand) or amino acid sequences that have sequence identity of at least 60%(e.g. at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 88%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%) to another sequences when optimally aligned.
[0050] The phrase “host cell” as used herein refers to a cell into which an exogenous polynucleotide and / or a vector can be or has been introduced.
[0051] The term “isolated” means one substance has been altered by the hand of man from the natural state. If an “isolated” composition or substance occurs in nature, it has been changed or removed from its original environment, or both. For example, a polynucleotide or a polypeptide naturally present in a living animal is not “isolated, ” but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide is “isolated” if it has been sufficiently separated from the coexisting materials of its natural state so as to exist in a substantially pure state. An “isolated nucleic acid sequence” refers to the sequence of an isolated nucleic acid molecule. In certain embodiments, an “isolated antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof” refers to the antibody or antigen-binding fragments thereof having a purity of at least 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%as determined by electrophoretic methods (such as SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, capillary electrophoresis) , or chromatographic methods (such as ion exchange chromatography or reverse phase HPLC) . In some embodiment, an isolated antibody or antigen binding fragment is a recombinant protein or antigen binding fragment.
[0052] The term “modified antibody” , “modified antibodies” , or a grammatic variation as used herein refers to an antibody that has been modified, bioengineered, or combined with one or more modification elements so it is not a naturally occurring antibody.
[0053] The term “kit” as used herein refers to a packaged combination of reagents in predetermined amounts with instructions for performing a therapeutics, or a diagnostic or detection assay.
[0054] The term “neutralizing” as used herein in relation to the antibody or the antigen binding fragment of the present disclosure refers to antibody or the antigen binding fragment that inhibit replication of influenza A virus. Exemplary assays for determining neutralizing activity are described in the Examples provided herein.
[0055] In some embodiments, the inhibitory activity of an antibody can be represented as half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the antibody against the sialic acid.
[0056] The term “nucleic acid” or “polynucleotide” as used herein refers to deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or ribonucleic acids (RNA) and polymers thereof in either single-or double-stranded form. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular polynucleotide sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g. degenerate codon substitutions) , alleles, orthologs, SNPs, and complementary sequences as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and / or deoxyinosine residues (see Batzer et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 19: 5081 (1991) ; Ohtsuka et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260: 2605-2608 (1985) ; and Rossolini et al., Mol. Cell. Probes 8:91-98 (1994) ) .
[0057] “Percent (%) sequence identity” with respect to amino acid sequence (or nucleic acid sequence) is defined as the percentage of amino acid (or nucleic acid) residues in a candidate sequence that are identical to the amino acid (or nucleic acid) residues in a reference sequence, after aligning the sequences and, if necessary, introducing gaps, to achieve the maximum number of identical amino acids (or nucleic acids) . Conservative substitution of the amino acid residues may or may not be considered as identical residues. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid (or nucleic acid) sequence identity can be achieved, for example, using publicly available tools such as BLASTN, BLASTp (available on the website of U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) , see also, Altschul S.F. et al., J. Mol. Biol., 215: 403–410 (1990) ; Stephen F. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 25: 3389–3402 (1997) ) , ClustalW2 (available on the website of European Bioinformatics Institute, see also, Higgins D.G. et al., Methods in Enzymology, 266: 383-402 (1996) ; Larkin M. A. et al., Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) , 23 (21) : 2947-8 (2007) ) , and ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. A person skilled in the art may use the default parameters provided by the tool, or may customize the parameters as appropriate for the alignment, such as for example, by selecting a suitable algorithm.
[0058] The term “polypeptide” or “protein” means a string of at least two amino acids linked to one another by peptide bonds. Polypeptides and proteins may include moieties in addition to amino acids (e.g., may be glycosylated) and / or may be otherwise processed or modified. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a “polypeptide” or “protein” can be a complete polypeptide chain as produced by a cell (with or without a signal sequence) , or can be a functional portion thereof. Those of ordinary skill will further appreciate that a polypeptide or protein can sometimes include more than one polypeptide chain, for example linked by one or more disulfide bonds or associated by other means. The term also includes amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acids are chemical analogs of a corresponding naturally-occurring amino acid and polymers.
[0059] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the designated carrier, vehicle, diluent, excipient (s) , and / or salt is generally chemically and / or physically compatible with the other ingredients comprising the formulation, and physiologically compatible with the recipient thereof.
[0060] The term “recombinant” when used with reference to a polypeptide (e.g., antibody, antigen) or a polynucleotide, refers to a polypeptide or polynucleotide that is produced by a recombinant method. A “recombinant polypeptide” includes any polypeptide expressed from a recombinant polynucleotide. A “recombinant polynucleotide” includes any polynucleotide which has been modified by the introduction of at least one exogenous (i.e., foreign, and typically heterologous) nucleotide or the alteration of at least one native nucleotide component of the polynucleotide, and need not include all of the coding sequence or the regulatory elements naturally associated with the coding sequence. A “recombinant vector” refers to a non-naturally occurring vector, including, e.g., a vector comprising a recombinant polynucleotide sequence.
[0061] As used herein, the term “sample” refers to a biological specimen that is obtained or derived from a subject of interest. The sample contains a cellular and / or other molecular entity that is to be characterized and / or identified, for example based on physical, biochemical, chemical and / or physiological characteristics.
[0062] The term “subject” includes human and non-human animals. Non-human animals include all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as non-human primates, mice, rats, cats, rabbits, sheep, dogs, cows, chickens, amphibians, and reptiles. Except when noted, the terms “patient” or “subject” are used herein interchangeably.
[0063] The term “vector” as used herein refers to a vehicle into which a genetic element may be operably inserted so as to bring about the expression of that genetic element, such as to produce the protein, RNA or DNA encoded by the genetic element, or to replicate the genetic element. A vector may be used to transform, transduce, or transfect a host cell so as to bring about expression of the genetic element it carries within the host cell. Examples of vectors include plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, artificial chromosomes such as yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) , bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) , or P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) , bacteriophages such as lambda phage or M13 phage, and animal viruses. A vector may contain a variety of elements for controlling expression, including promoter sequences, transcription initiation sequences, enhancer sequences, selectable elements, and reporter genes. In addition, the vector may contain an origin of replication. A vector may also include materials to aid in its entry into the cell, including but not limited to a viral particle, a liposome, or a protein coating. A vector can be an expression vector or a cloning vector. The present disclosure provides vectors (e.g. expression vectors) containing the nucleic acid sequence provided herein encoding the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, at least one promoter (e.g. SV40, CMV, EF-1α) operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence, and at least one selection marker.
[0064] Anti-NA Antibodies
[0065] The present disclosure in one aspect provides antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof capable of binding to neuraminidase and inhibiting influenza A infection and / or replication.
[0066] The influenza virus is a segmented negative-strand RNA virus from the Orthomyxoviridae family, which includes three distinct types: A, B, and C. Type A influenza viruses are known for their broad host range, infecting various species including humans, horses, marine mammals, pigs, ferrets, and chickens. These viruses are further classified into subtypes based on the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on their viral envelope. There are 18 different HA subtypes and 11 NA subtypes, ranging from H1 to H18 and N1 to N11 respectively.
[0067] Among humans, notable subtypes that have caused illnesses include H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2. Additionally, there are subtypes such as H5N1 (bird flu) and others like H6N1, H7N7, and several more, which have infected humans.
[0068] The influenza virus replication relies on HA and NA on the viral envelope. The more abundant protein HA binds the sialic acid receptor and mediates viral entry into host cells, while NA cleaves sialic acid residues from newly formed viral particles to release virions from the cell membrane. Compared with the highly variable head domain of HA, the active site in the head of NA is relatively conserved with slower antigenic drift, indicating NA is a potential target for broader protection against influenza viral infection.
[0069] The present disclosure provides antibodies that inhibit NA activity, and hence capable of preventing virus spread, limiting the infectious process and reducing morbidity and mortality.
[0070] These NA inhibition monoclonal antibodies are identified from the plasmablasts induced by influenza infection, which are pan-NA broadly inhibition antibodies. The pan-NA antibodies inhibit the NA activity by binding to the relatively conserved active sites and mimicking the sialic acid receptor binding. Some NA inhibition antibodies also prevent NA enzymatic activity by binding to epitopes surrounding the active site, thereby hindering access to its natural substrate through steric hindrance.
[0071] Illustrative Anti-Influenza A Neuraminidas Antibodies
[0072] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprising one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) CDRs from a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region of antibodies 3N1C6, 20N1C2, 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403 provided herein. In certain embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is capable of specifically binding to influenza A neuraminidase (NA) and inhibiting NA activity.
[0073] Antibody “3N1C6” as used herein refers to a monoclonal fully human antibody having a heavy chain variable region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87, and a light chain variable region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88.
[0074] Antibody “20N1C2” as used herein refers to a monoclonal fully human antibody having a heavy chain variable region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89, and a light chain variable region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90.
[0075] Antibody “4N2C4” as used herein refers to a monoclonal fully human antibody having a heavy chain variable region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91, and a light chain variable region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92.
[0076] Antibody “4N2C402” as used herein refers to a monoclonal fully human antibody having a heavy chain variable region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93, and a light chain variable region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94.
[0077] Antibody “4N2C403” as used herein refers to a monoclonal fully human antibody having a heavy chain variable region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95, and a light chain variable region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96.
[0078] Table 1 below shows the heavy chain and light chain variable region amino acid sequences of antibodies 3N1C6, 20N1C2, 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403. Table 1. Variable region amino acid sequences of 5 antibodies
[0079] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising three heavy chain complementarity regions (CDRs) of a heavy chain variable region (VH) and three light chain CDRs of a light chain variable region (VL) , wherein the VH comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 87, 89, 91, 93, and 95, and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 88, 90, 92, 94, and 96, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is capable of specifically binding to influenza A NA and inhibiting NA activity. In some embodiments, the influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprising a pair of amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of:SEQ ID NOs: 87 / 88, 89 / 90, 91 / 92, 93 / 94, and 95 / 96.
[0080] In some embodiments, the three heavy chain CDRs and the three light chain CDRs are determined based on the Kabat definition, the Chothia definition, the AbM definition or IMGT definition.
[0081] CDR boundaries for the antibodies and antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein may be defined or identified by the conventions of known in the art, including Kabat definition (see details in, Kabat E. A. et al., Sequences of Proteins of immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991) ) , Chothia definition (see details in, Chothia, C. et al., J Mol Biol. Dec 5; 186 (3) : 651-63 (1985) ; Chothia, C. and Lesk, A.M., J. Mol. Biol., 196, 901 (1987) ; Chothia, C. et al., Nature. Dec 21-28; 342 (6252) : 877-83 (1989) ) , AbM definition (see details in, MacCallum, R. M. et al., J. Mol. Biol. 262: 732-745 (1996) ; ) , or IMGT (see details in, Marie-Paule Lefranc et al., Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 27: 55-77 (2003) ; Marie-Paule Lefranc et al., Immunome Research, 1 (3) , (2005) ; Marie-Paule Lefranc, Molecular Biology of B cells (second edition) , chapter 26, 481-514, (2015) ) , or Al-Lazikani (Al-Lazikani, B., Chothia, C., Lesk, A. M., J. Mol. Biol., 273 (4) , 927 (1997) .
[0082] In some embodiments, the three heavy chain CDRs and the three light chain CDRs are set forth in below Table 2.
[0083] Table 2 below shows the exemplary CDR amino acid sequences of antibodies 3N1C6, 20N1C2, 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403 Table 2. CDR amino acid sequences of 5 antibodies
[0084] A) Antibodies relating to 3N1C6 and 20N1C2
[0085] In certain embodiments, the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, and the HCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the LCDR1, the LCDR2, and the LCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments wherein the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88.
[0086] In certain embodiments, the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises the HCDR1, the HCDR2, and the HCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the LCDR1, the LCDR2, and the LCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments wherein the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90.
[0087] B) Antibodies relating to 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403
[0088] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments derived from or relating to antibodies 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403. As shown in Table 1 and Table 2, the CDR sequences as well as the VH and the VL sequences of the three antibodies are highly homologous. In fact, the three antibodies are derived from the same set of human germline immunoglobulin sequences, i.e. the VH3-30 and the VK2-28 sequences. Despite of the sequence variations, all three antibodies showed specific binding of NA, which indicates that the sequence variations do not eliminate the specific binding to NA.
[0089] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments comprising: a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3, wherein the HCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SGFX1X2X3TYT (SEQ ID NO: 71) , the HCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of VX4SX5DGX6NX7 (SEQ ID NO: 72) , the HCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of DPDYDKGWGX8X9RNTDRPSYDGLDVW (SEQ ID NO: 73) or ARGSDPDYDKGWGX10X11RNTDRPSYDGLDVWGX12 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , and / or a light chain variable region (VL) comprising LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3, wherein the LCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of QSLLHSNGYX13 (SEQ ID NO: 75) or SSQSLLHSNGYX14 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , the LCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of FSGX15GSGT (SEQ ID NO: 77) , the LCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of CMQALX16TPPWTF (SEQ ID NO : 78) , wherein X1 is T or P; X2 is F or L; X3 is N, E, or D, X4 is C or S; X5 is N or K; X6 is T or N; X7 is E or V; X8 is S or A; X9 is Y or L; X10 is S or A; X11 is Y or L; X12 is R or Q; X13 is T or N; X14 is T or N; X15 is S or R; X16 is E or Q, and wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is capable of specifically binding to influenza A neuraminidase (NA) and inhibiting NA activity.
[0090] In some embodiments, the LCDR1 comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 110, 111 or 112. In some embodiments, the HCDR3 comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 101, 102 or 103.
[0091] In some embodiments, the HCDR1 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 19 and 25, the HCDR2 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 14, 20 and 26, the HCDR3 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 15, 21, and 27, the LCDR1 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16, 22, and 28, the LCDR2 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17, 23, and 29, and / or the LCDR3 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 18, 24, and 30.
[0092] In some embodiments, the HCDR1, the HCDR2, and the HCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and the LCDR1, the LCDR2, and the LCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively.
[0093] In some embodiments, the HCDR1, the HCDR2, and the HCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the LCDR1, the LCDR2, and the LCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22-24, respectively.
[0094] In some embodiments, the HCDR1, the HCDR2, and the HCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 25-27, respectively, and the LCDR1, the LCDR2, and the LCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 28-30, respectively.
[0095] In some embodiments, the VH further comprises HFR1, HFR2, HFR3 and HFR4, and / or the VL further comprises LFR1, LFR2, LFR3 and LFR4, wherein: the HFR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of QGX17LX18ESGGGVVQPX19RSLX20LX21CAX22 (SEQ ID NO:79) , the HFR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of X23HWVRQX24PGKGLEWVA (SEQ ID NO: 80) , the HFR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of YYX25X26SVKGRFTVSRDNSKX27TLFLQMNX28LRX29EDTALYYC (SEQ ID NO: 81) , the HFR4 comprises the amino acid sequence of GTTVX30VSS (SEQ ID NO: 82) , the LFR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of DIVMTQSPLFLX31VTPGEX32ASISCR (SEQ ID NO: 83) , the LFR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of YLDWYLQKPGQSPQLLIYWGSNRAX33GVSDR (SEQ ID NO: 84) , the LFR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of DFTLX34IX35NVEAEDVGVYY (SEQ ID NO: 85) , and / or the LFR4 comprises the amino acid sequence of GQGTX36VDIK (SEQ ID NO: 86) , wherein X17 is Q or R; X18 is E or Q; X19 is G or R; X20 is R or T; X21 is F or S; X22 is A or G; X23 is M or L; X24 is A or T; X25 is A or R; X26 is G or D; X27 is N or T; X28 is N or H; X29 is P or A; X30 is T or I; X31 is P or S; X32 is P or S; X33 is S or P; X34 is R or T; X35 is T, Y, or R;X36 is R or K.
[0096] In some embodiments, the HFR1 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 55, and 63, the HFR2 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 48, 56, and 64, the HFR3 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 49, 57, and 65, the HFR4 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 50, 58, and 66, the LFR1 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 51, 59, and 67, the LFR2 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 52, 60, and 68, the LFR3 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 53, 61, and 69, and / or the LFR4 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 54, 62, and 70.
[0097] In some embodiments, the VH comprise an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 91, 93, and 95, and / or the VL comprise an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 92, 94, and 96.
[0098] In some embodiments, the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92. In some embodiments, the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94. In some embodiments, the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96.
[0099] C) Modified Antibodies relating to 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403
[0100] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides modified antibodies having one or more amino acid residue modification relative to the antibody sequences provided herein relating to 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403, such that the modification results in improvement in affinity of the antibody to the NA or improvement in breath of interaction with NA of a variety of influenza A strains.
[0101] Without wishing to be bound by theory, but it is believed that the antibodies provided herein relating to 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403 interact with two different sites on the NA (in particular N2) to provide for specific and strong binding. The binding interfaces have been elucidated by structural analysis, which support rational design of the antibody sequences to fine-tune the binding properties for different needs. By identifying the key amino acid residues on the antibody sequences that interact with the NA protein, as well as the corresponding residues on the NA protein and the type of interaction, it is possible to modify the antibodies provided herein at one or more specific positions. These modifications can, for example, increase binding affinity to NA, or decrease binding to enhance flexibility and broader interaction with NA of a variety of influenza A strains.
[0102] In one aspect, the VH of the antibodies provided herein relating to 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403 is believed to interact with a first site on the NA (e.g. N2) , which at least partially overlaps with the active site for sialic acid binding. Specifically, the amino acid residue (s) in the HCDR3 sequences that interacts with this first site on the N2 include, but are not limited to, the residues at positions 113, 114, 115, 116, and / or 118, corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 93.
[0103] Using antibody 4N2C402 as an illustrative example, it is found that the heavy chain CDR3 of antibody 4N2C402 inserts deeply into the active site of N2 (for example, N2 from A / H3N2 / Kansas / 14 / 2017) . Specifically, Asp residue at position 115 (Asp115) on the heavy chain CDR3 forms an intricate hydrogen bond (H-bond) network with Arg 292 / Arg371 / Arg118 of N2. This interaction mimics the binding of the substrate sialic acid and inhibitor OSE in the active site. Nearby residues Asn113 and Thr114 of the heavy chain CDR3 form H-bonds with His347 and Lys431 of N2, respectively. The Arg116 on the heavy chain CDR3 is another important residue contributing to the binding, forming H-bonds with the side chains of Asp151 / Glu227 and the carbonyl oxygen of the peptide bond of Trp178 of N2. More details are shown in Figure 6 (E) and 6 (F) of the present disclosure.
[0104] In another aspect, the VL of the antibodies provided herein relating to 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403 is believed to interact with surface residues of a second site of N2, which is variable across different influenza A strains. Specifically, the amino acid residue (s) in the VL (e.g. LFR2, LFR3 and LCDR1) that interacts with this second site on the N2 include, but are not limited to, the residues at positions 81, 35, 65, and / or 59 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 94.
[0105] Using antibody 4N2C402 as an illustrative example, it is found that the light chain Tyr81 contributes to the binding through hydrophobic interaction with Arg400 of N2. The light chain CDR1 helps stabilize the conformation of heavy chain CDR3, and the light chain Tyr35 participates in the binding by forming H-bonds with Asp151 and through hydrophobic interaction with Arg150 of N2. The interaction between the light chain and N2 is further stabilized by H-bonds formed between light chain Asp65 and Arg400 or Arg394 of N2, and between light chain Arg59 and Asp399 of N2. In addition, the carbonyl oxygen of the peptide bond of the heavy chain Pro117 of the antibody forms an H-bond with N2 Arg152. More details are shown in Figure 6 (E) and 6 (F) of the present disclosure.
[0106] Accordingly, by modifying an interacting residue in the heavy chain and / or the light chain of the antibodies provided herein relating to 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403, it is possible to adjust (e.g. increase or decrease) the binding affinity of these antibodies to NA (e.g. N2) .
[0107] In certain embodiments, one or more of the interacting residues in the heavy chain and / or the light chain can be mutated to reduce or weaken the interaction (e.g. the hydrogen bond or the hydrophobic interaction) with NA, such that the binding can be decreased to allow reduced specificity and hence breath in binding. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides modified influenza A antibodies and the antigen binding fragment thereof, wherein the modification reduces binding affinity to the second site of N2. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the second site of N2 is variable across different influenza A strains, and reduction in binding to this second site of N2 can improve breadth of binding of the antibodies to N2 of different influenza A strains.
[0108] In some embodiments, the second site of N2 include the amino acid residue at position 400, 151, 150, 152, 394, and / or 399 of N2. For example, for N2 from A / H3N2 / Kansas / 14 / 2017, the second site on the N2 comprises one or more amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Arg400, Asp151, Arg150, Arg152, Arg394, and / or Asp399.
[0109] Any suitable mutations can be introduced to the one or more interacting residues in the heavy chain and / or the light chain of the antibody sequences provided herein relating to 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403 to reduce the binding to the second site of N2. In certain embodiments, the modified influenza A antibodies and the antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a modified VL, wherein the modified VL (or the LFR3) comprises or is modified to comprise an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of S, T, A, I, L, V, and G at the position corresponding to position 81 of SEQ ID NO: 94. It is believed that the amino acid residue Tyrosine at position 81 of SEQ ID NO: 94 (i.e., the light chain variable domain of antibody 4N2C402) contributes to the binding with the residue at position 400 of N2 (see Figure 6 (F) of the present disclosure) . In certain embodiments, the modified influenza A antibodies and the antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a modified VL, wherein the VL is modified at positions 35, 65, and / or 59 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 94, such that the binding to the second site on the N2 is reduced.
[0110] In certain embodiments, one or more of the interacting residues in the heavy chain and / or the light chain can be mutated to promote or strengthen the interaction (e.g. the hydrogen bond or the hydrophobic interaction) , such that the binding affinity can be increased. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides modified influenza A antibodies and the antigen binding fragment thereof, wherein the modification increases binding affinity to the first site of N2.
[0111] The first site of N2 at least overlaps with the active site of N2 responsible for sialic acid binding. In some embodiments, the first site on the N2 include one or more amino acid residues at positions 292, position 371, and / or position 118; one or more amino acid residues at positions 347 and / or 431; and / or one or more amino acid residues at positions 151, 227 and / or 178. For example, for N2 from A / H3N2 / Kansas / 14 / 2017, the first site on the N2 comprises one or more amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of a) Arg292, Arg371, and / or Arg118, b) His347, and / or Lys431, and / or c) Asp151 / Glu227, and / or Trp178.
[0112] Any suitable mutations can be introduced to the one or more interacting residues in the heavy chain and / or the light chain of the antibody sequences provided herein relating to 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403 to increase the binding to the first site of N2. In certain embodiments, the modified influenza A antibodies and the antigen binding fragment thereof comprises the HCDR3 which is modified to comprise an amino acid residue at position 114 selected from the group consisting of D, R, H, K, E, N, and Q wherein the position is corresponding to SEQ ID NO:93. In certain embodiments, the modified influenza A antibodies and the antigen binding fragment thereof comprises the HCDR3 which is modified to comprise an amino acid residue at position 118 selected from the group consisting of R, K, Q, N, E, H, V, I, T, and L, wherein the position is corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 93. It is believed that the amino acid residue Thr at position 114 of SEQ ID NO: 93 (i.e., the heavy chain variable domain of antibody 4N2C402) contributes to the binding the residue at position 275 of N2, and the amino acid residue Ser at position 118 of SEQ ID NO: 93 contributes to the binding the residue at position 220 of N2. Such modified antibodies are believed to increase binding affinity to the first site of N2.
[0113] In certain embodiments, the modified influenza A antibodies and the antigen binding fragment thereof comprises the LCDR1 which is modified to comprise an amino acid residue at position 28 and / or 30 independently selected from the group consisting of Q, N, R, K, E, D, H, and Y, wherein the position is corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 94. In certain embodiments, the LCDR2 is modified to comprise an amino acid residue at position 72 and / or position 73 independently selected from the group consisting of Q, N, R, K, E, D, H, and Y, wherein the position is corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 94. The amino acid residues at position 28, 30, 72 and 73, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 94 (i.e., the light chain variable domain of antibody 4N2C402) contributes to the binding to the glycan at the Asn146 of N2. Such modified antibodies are believed to increase binding affinity to the conserved glycan at Asn146 within the first site of N2.
[0114] In certain embodiments, the one or more residues interacting with the first site can be mutated to increase the binding affinity to N2, while one or more residues interacting with the second site of N2 can be mutated to decrease the binding to N2 to allow breath in binding to N2 of a variety of influenza A strains. In certain embodiments, the modified influenza A antibodies and the antigen binding fragment thereof comprise the VL which is modified to reduce binding affinity to the second site of N2, and the VL and / or the VH which is modified to increase binding affinity to the first site of N2. In certain embodiments, the VL is modified to reduce binding affinity to the second site of N2, and wherein the VL is modified to: a) comprise an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of S, T, A, I, L, V, and G at the position corresponding to position 81 of SEQ ID NO: 94; and / or b) comprise an amino acid residue at positions 35, 65, and / or 59 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 94 such that the binding to the second site on the N2 is reduced. In certain embodiments, the VL and / or the VH is modified to increase binding affinity to the first site of N2, wherein the VH is modified to comprise: a) an amino acid residue at position 114 of the HCDR3 selected from the group consisting of D, R, H, K, E, N, and Q; and / or b) an amino acid residue at position 118 of the HCDR3 selected from the group consisting of R, K, Q, N, E, H, V, I, T, and L, wherein the position is corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 93; and / or wherein the VL is modified to comprise a) the LCDR1 is modified to have an amino acid residue at position 28 and / or position 30 independently selected from the group consisting of Q, N, R, K, E, D, H, and Y, and / or b) the LCDR2 is modified to have an amino acid residue at position 72 and / or position 73 independently selected from the group consisting of Q, N, R, K, E, D, H, and Y, wherein the position is corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 94.
[0115] D) Antibodies derived from the same germline sequences as 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403
[0116] In certain embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein comprises a VH which is a product of or derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequence VH 3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 99) , and a VL which is a product of or derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequence VK2-28 (SEQ ID NO: 100) , and wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is capable of specifically binding to influenza A neuraminidase (NA) and inhibiting NA activity.
[0117] An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that is “aproduct of” or “derived from” a particular human-germline immunoglobulin gene sequences may contain one or more amino acid residue differences as compared to the germline immunoglobulin sequence, due to, for example, naturally-occurring somatic mutations or intentional introduction of site-directed mutation. However, a selected antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein typically is at least 75% (e.g. at least 80%, at least 85%) identical to an amino acid sequence encoded by a human germline immunoglobulin gene and may contain amino acid residues that identify the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof as being human when compared to the germline immunoglobulin amino acid sequences of other species (e.g. rat germline sequences) .
[0118] In certain embodiments, the VH comprises HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of DPDYDKGWGX8X9RNTDRPSYDGLDVW (SEQ ID NO: 73) or ARGSDPDYDKGWGX10X11RNTDRPSYDGLDVWGX12 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , and the VH is a product of or derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequence VH 3-30 (SEQ ID NO:99) , and the VL is a product of or derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequence VK2-28 (SEQ ID NO: 100) , wherein X8 is S or A; X9 is Y or L; X10 is S or A; X11 is Y or L; X12 is R or Q, and the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is capable of specifically binding to influenza A neuraminidase (NA) and inhibiting NA activity.
[0119] In some embodiments, the VH has a sequence identity of at least 74% (e.g., at least 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, or 84%) over the length of the human germline immunoglobulin sequence VH 3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 99) , and / or the VL has a sequence identify of at least 80% (e.g., at least 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, or 91%) over the length of the human germline immunoglobulin sequence VK2-28 (SEQ ID NO: 100) . The amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 99 and SEQ ID NO: 100 are provided below.
[0120] In some embodiments, the HCDR3 comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 101, 102 or 103. In some embodiments, the HCDR3 comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 15, 21 or 27.
[0121] In some embodiments, the VL comprises LCDR1 comprising: the amino acid sequence of QSLLHSNGYX13 (SEQ ID NO: 75) or SSQSLLHSNGYX14 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , wherein X3 is N, E, or D, X4 is C or S. In some embodiments, the LCDR1 comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 16, 22, and 28. In some embodiments, the LCDR1 comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 110, 111 or 112.
[0122] In some embodiments, the HCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, and / or the LCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0123] In some embodiments, the VH further comprises HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SGFX1X2X3TYT (SEQ ID NO: 71) , wherein X1 is T or P; X2 is F or L; X3 is N, E, or D. In some embodiments, the HCDR1 comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 13, 19 and 25. In some embodiments, the VH further comprises HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of VX4SX5DGX6NX7 (SEQ ID NO: 72) , wherein X4 is C or S; X5 is N or K; X6 is T or N; X7 is E or V. In some embodiments, the HCDR2 comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 14, 20 and 26.
[0124] In some embodiments, the VL further comprises LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of FSGX15GSGT (SEQ ID NO: 77) , wherein X15 is S or R. In some embodiments, the LCDR2 comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 17, 23, and 29. In some embodiments, the VL further comprises LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of CMQALX16TPPWTF (SEQ ID NO: 78) , wherein X16 is E or Q. In some embodiments, theLCDR3 comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 18, 24, and 30.
[0125] In some embodiments, the VH and / or the VL provided herein is modified to a) increase binding affinity to a first site of N2 which at least partially overlaps with the active site for sialic acid binding; or b) reduce binding affinity to the second site of N2 which is variable across different influenza A strains, or both a) and b) .
[0126] In some embodiments, the first site of N2 comprises one or more amino acid residues at positions 292, position 371, and / or position 118; one or more amino acid residues at positions 347 and / or 431; and / or one or more amino acid residues at positions 151, 227 and / or 178 of N2.In some embodiments, the second site of N2 comprises amino acid residue at position 400, 151, 150, 152, 394, and / or 399 of N2.
[0127] In some embodiments, the VL is modified to reduce binding affinity to the second site of N2, and wherein the VL is modified to: a) comprise an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of S, T, A, I, L, V, and G at the position corresponding to position 81 of SEQ ID NO: 94; and / or b) comprise an amino acid residue at positions 35, 65, and / or 59 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 94 such that the binding to the second site on the N2 is reduced.
[0128] In some embodiments, the VL and / or the VH is modified to increase binding affinity to the first site of N2. In some embodiments, wherein the VH is modified to comprise: a) an amino acid residue at position 114 of the HCDR3 selected from the group consisting of D, R, H, K, E, N, and Q; and / or b) an amino acid residue at position 118 of the HCDR3 selected from the group consisting of R, K, Q, N, E, H, V, I, T, and L, wherein the position is corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 93.
[0129] In some embodiments, the VL is modified to comprise: a) the LCDR1 is modified to have an amino acid residue at position 28 and / or position 30 independently selected from the group consisting of Q, N, R, K, E, D, H, and Y, and / or b) the LCDR2 is modified to have an amino acid residue at position 72 and / or position 73 independently selected from the group consisting of Q, N, R, K, E, D, H, and Y, wherein the position is corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 94.
[0130] NA and the epitope
[0131] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein is capable of inhibiting sialidase activity of different subtypes of the NA, and in particular, the NA is N1, N2, N3, N5, N8, or any combination thereof.
[0132] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein is capable of inhibiting sialidase activity of N1 from one or more influenza A viruses (e.g. H1N1, H5N1) , and / or the N2 is from an H3N2 influenza A virus.
[0133] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein is capable of inhibiting sialidase activity of N1 from an H1N1 influenza virus, and / or the N2 is from an H3N2 influenza virus. In certain embodiments, the H1N1 influenza virus is an H1N1-pandemic-like virus strain.
[0134] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein is capable of inhibiting sialidase activity of N1 from any one or more of: A / Michigan / 45 / 2015, A / California / 07 / 2009, A / Indonesia / 5 / 2005, A / California / 07 / 2009 I223R / H275Y, A / Swine / Jiangsu / J004 / 2018, A / Stockholm / 18 / 2007, A / Brisbane / 02 / 2018, A / Mississippi / 3 / 2001, A / Netherlands / 603 / 2009, A / Netherlands / 602 / 2009, A / Vietnam / 1203 / 2004, A / G4 / SW / Shangdong / 1207 / 2016, A / G4 / SW / Henan / SN13 / 2018, A / G4 / SW / Jiangsu / J004 / 2018, A / New Jersey / 8 / 1976, and A / grackle / Texas / 24 / 2024.
[0135] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein is capable of inhibiting sialidase activity of N2 from any one or more of: A / Kansas / 14 / 2017, A / Washington / 01 / 2007, A / HongKong / 68, A / South Australia / 34 / 2019, A / Switzerland / 8060 / 2017, A / Singapore / INFIMH-16-0019 / 2016, A / Switzerland / 9715293 / 2013, A / Leningrad / 134 / 17 / 57, A / Florida / 4 / 2006, A / Netherlands / 823 / 1992, A / Norway / 466 / 2014, A / Switzerland / 8060 / 2017, A / Texas / 50 / 2012, A / Victoria / 361 / 2011, A / HongKong / 2671 / 2019, A / SW / Mexico / SG1444 / 2011, A / Tanzania / 205 / 2010, A / Aichi / 2 / 1968, A / Bilthoven / 21793 / 1972, A / Netherlands / 233 / 1982, A / Shanghai / 11 / 1987, A / Nanchang / 933 / 1995, A / Fukui / 45 / 2004, and A / Brisbane / 10 / 2007.
[0136] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein is capable of inhibiting sialidase activity of N3 from any one or more of: A / mallard / Minnesota / AI09-3100 / 2009, and A / Canada / rv504 / 2004.
[0137] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein is capable of inhibiting sialidase activity of N5 from any one or more of: A / mallard / Sweden / 86 / 2003, and A / aquatic bird / Korea / CN5 / 2009.
[0138] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein is capable of inhibiting sialidase activity of N8 from any one or more of the N8 is from A / chicken / Netherlands / emc-3 / 2014-H5N8, and A / harbor seal / New Hampshire / 179629 / 2011.
[0139] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein are capable of binding to a first epitope comprising one or more amino acid residues in N2 selected from the group consisting of D151, R150, R152, W178, E227, R292, R371, R118, H347, K341, R394, R400, and D399, based on N2 NA numbering. The amino acid sequence of N2 is provided herein (SEQ ID NO: 104) .
[0140] In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein binds to the epitope comprising one or more amino acid residues in N2 selected from the group consisting of D151, R150, R152, W178, E227, R292, R371, R118, H347, K341, based on N2 NA numbering, and the paratope on the antibody comprises heavy chain N113, T114, D115 and light chain Y35.
[0141] In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein binds to a second epitope comprising one or more amino acid residues in N2 selected from the group consisting of R394, R400, D399, based on N2 NA numbering. In certain embodiments, the corresponding paratope on the antibody comprises light chain Y81, D65 and R59.
[0142] As used herein, the term “paratope” with respect to an antibody refers to a group of amino acid residues on the variable regions of the antibody that makes direct contact with the antigen and form the antigen binding site of the variable regions. A paratope normally comprises or consists of amino acid residues in one or more CDR sequences.
[0143] General Antibody Related
[0144] In some embodiments, the influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein further comprise an immunoglobulin constant region, optionally a constant region of human immunoglobulin, or optionally a constant region of human IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, or IgE.
[0145] In some embodiments, the constant region comprises one or more mutations that increases the half-life of the antibody.
[0146] In some embodiments, the influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein is a fully human antibody.
[0147] In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment thereof is a Fab, a Fab', a F (ab') 2, a Fd, an Fv fragment, a disulfide stabilized Fv fragment (dsFv) , a (dsFv) 2, a bispecific dsFv (dsFv-dsFv') , a single-chain antibody molecule (scFv) , an scFv dimer (bivalent diabody) , a bispecific scFv dimer, or a multispecific antibody.
[0148] In some embodiments, the influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein is bispecific.
[0149] Antibody Variants
[0150] In certain embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragments thereof provided herein comprise one or more mutations in one or more of the CDR sequences provided in Table 2 above, one or more of the non-CDR sequences of the heavy chain variable region or light chain variable region provided in Table 1, yet retaining specific binding affinity to NA of influenza A. In certain embodiments, at least one (or all) of the mutation (s) comprises a conservative substitution.
[0151] In certain embodiments, the antibody variants provided herein comprises an HCDR1 having no more than 3, 2, or 1 amino acid mutations in a HCDR1 sequence of the parent antibody listed in Table 2, an HCDR2 having no more than 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acid mutations in a HCDR2 sequence of the parent antibody listed in Table 2, HCDR3 having no more than 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acid mutations in a HCDR3 sequence of the parent antibody listed in Table 2, LCDR1 having no more than 2 or 1 amino acid mutations in a LCDR1 sequence of the parent antibody listed in Table 2, LCDR2 having no more than 3, 2, or 1 amino acid mutations in a LCDR2 sequence of the parent antibody listed in Table 2, and / or LCDR3 having no more than 3, 2, or 1 amino acid mutations in a LCDR3 sequence of the parent antibody listed in Table 2, and in the meantime retain the binding specificity to NA of influenza A , optionally having binding affinity to NA of influenza A at a level similar to or even higher than its parent antibody.
[0152] a) Affinity Variants
[0153] The variants of the antibodies or the antigen binding fragments thereof can retain their parent antibodies’ binding specificity to NA of influenza virus, or may further have one or more desirable properties conferred by the mutation (s) . For example, the variants may have improved antigen-binding affinity, improved glycosylation pattern, reduced risk of glycosylation, reduced deamination, reduced or depleted effector function (s) , improved FcRn receptor binding in a pH dependent manner, increased pharmacokinetic half-life, pH sensitivity, and / or compatibility to conjugation (e.g. one or more introduced cysteine residues) . Such variants are also known as affinity variants, glycosylation variants, cysteine variants, Fc variants, and so on, are known in the art.
[0154] Affinity variants may have modifications or substitutions in CDR sequences (Table 2) , FR sequences provided here, or variable region sequences (Table 1) . FR sequences can be identified based on CDR sequences and variable region sequences, as a CDR region is flanked by two FR regions.
[0155] These variants retain or improve the parent antibody's binding affinity to the NA of the influenza A. Methods include generating and screening a library of antibody variants with phage display technology or using software to simulate binding and identify key residues for modification.
[0156] Affinity variants may have up to 20 substitutions (or up to 18, up to 15, up to 12, up to 10, up to 8, or up to 6) in CDR and / or FR sequences. In certain embodiments, the antibody variants provided herein retains at least part of (or the entirety of) the paratope of their parent antibodies.
[0157] b) Glycosylation Variants
[0158] Anti-influenza A antibodies and fragments may be glycosylation variants, altering glycosylation levels. They may introduce or remove glycosylation sites, which are typically N-linked (asparagine residues) or O-linked (serine or threonine residues) .
[0159] Certain exemplary embodiments include a mutation at N297 (e.g., N297A, N297Q, or N297G) to remove the glycosylation site.
[0160] c) Cysteine-engineered Variants
[0161] These variants have introduced free cysteine residues, useful for conjugation with therapeutic compounds, labels, or radioisotopes. Methods for engineering such antibodies are known (e.g., WO2006 / 034488) .
[0162] d) Fc Variants
[0163] Anti-influenza A antibodies and fragments may include Fc variants with modifications to alter effector functions (e.g., ADCC, ADCP, CDC) .
[0164] Fc variants with increased ADCC and / or Fcγ receptor affinity may have amino acid substitutions at specific positions (e.g., 234, 235, 236, 238) . Examples include substitutions like 234Y, 235Q, and combinations like 239D / 332E for improved effector functions. Fc variants with reduced effector functions may have substitutions at positions like 220, 226, and 234. Examples include 220S, 226S, and combinations like L234A / L235A.
[0165] Fc variants with improved binding to neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) at pH 6.0 and minimal binding at pH 7.4 can have an extended half-life. Examples of substitutions include 234F, 235Q, and combinations like M428L / N434S.
[0166] Antigen-binding Fragments
[0167] Provided herein are also anti-influenza A antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the antibodies and antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise all or a portion of the heavy chain variable domain and / or all or a portion of the light chain variable domain.
[0168] Various types of antigen-binding fragments are known in the art and can be developed based on the anti-influenza A antibodies provided herein, including for example, the exemplary antibodies whose CDR are shown in Table 2 above, and variable sequences are shown in Table 1, and their different variants (such as affinity variants, glycosylation variants, Fc variants, cysteine-engineered variants and so on) .
[0169] In certain embodiments, an anti-influenza A antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a diabody, a Fab, a Fab', a F (ab') 2, a Fd, an Fv fragment, a disulfide stabilized Fv fragment (dsFv) , a (dsFv) 2, a bispecific dsFv (dsFv-dsFv') , a disulfide stabilized diabody (ds diabody) , a single-chain antibody molecule (scFv) , an scFv dimer (bivalent diabody) , a bispecific scFv dimer, a multispecific antibody, a domain antibody, and a bivalent domain antibody.
[0170] Various techniques can be used for the production of such antigen-binding fragments. Illustrative methods include, enzymatic digestion of intact antibodies (see, e.g. Morimoto et al., Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 24: 107-117 (1992) ; and Brennan et al., Science, 229: 81 (1985) ) , recombinant expression by host cells such as E. Coli (e.g. for Fab, Fv and ScFv antibody fragments) , screening from a phage display library as discussed above (e.g. for ScFv) , and chemical coupling of two Fab'-SH fragments to form F (ab') 2 fragments (Carter et al., Bio / Technology 10: 163-167 (1992) ) . Other techniques for the production of antibody fragments will be apparent to a person skilled in the art.
[0171] In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment is a scFv. Generation of scFv is described in, for example, WO 93 / 16185; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5, 571, 894; and 5, 587, 458. ScFv may be fused to an effector protein at either the amino or the carboxyl terminus to provide for a fusion protein (see, for example, Antibody Engineering, ed. Borrebaeck) .
[0172] In certain embodiments, the anti-influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof provided herein are bivalent, tetravalent, hexavalent, or multivalent. Any molecule being more than bivalent is considered multivalent, encompassing for example, trivalent, tetravalent, hexavalent, and so on.
[0173] A bivalent molecule can be monospecific if the two binding sites are both specific for binding to the same antigen or the same epitope. This, in certain embodiments, provides for stronger binding to the antigen or the epitope than a monovalent counterpart. Similar, a multivalent molecule may also be monospecific. In certain embodiments, in a bivalent or multivalent antigen-binding moiety, the first valent of binding site and the second valent of binding site are structurally identical (i.e. having the same sequences) , or structurally different (i.e. having different sequences albeit with the same specificity) .
[0174] A bivalent can also be bispecific, if the two binding sites are specific for different or overlapping antigens or epitopes. This also applies to a multivalent molecule. For example, a trivalent molecule can be bispecific when two binding sites are monospecific for a first antigen (or epitope) and the third binding site is specific for a second antigen (or epitope) .
[0175] In some embodiments, the modified antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof disclosed herein, wherein the modified antibody can comprise at least one amino acid subsequent substitutions in the antigen-binding domain, the human IgG constant domain, a light chain of the modified antibody, a heavy chain of the modified antibody, or a combination thereof. In some cases, the subsequent substitution can comprise substituting a cysteine residue to a non-cysteine residue. In some cases, the cysteine residue can be substituted with a serine residue.
[0176] Conjugates
[0177] In some embodiments, the anti-influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof further comprise one or more conjugate moieties. A conjugate moiety is a moiety that can be attached to the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof either directly or via a linker or through another conjugate moiety. It is contemplated that a variety of conjugate moieties may be linked to the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof provided herein (see, for example, “Conjugate Vaccines” , Contributions to Microbiology and Immunology, J. M.Cruse and R. E. Lewis, Jr. (eds. ) , Carger Press, New York, (1989) ) . These conjugate moieties may be linked to the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof by covalent binding, affinity binding, intercalation, coordinate binding, complexation, association, blending, or addition, among other methods.
[0178] In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof provided herein may be engineered to contain specific sites outside the epitope binding portion that may be utilized for binding to one or more conjugate moieties. For example, such a site may include one or more reactive amino acid residues, such as for example cysteine or histidine residues, to facilitate covalent linkage to a conjugate moiety.
[0179] Examples of such conjugate moieties include but are not limited to, therapeutic agent, a radioactive isotope, a detectable label, a pharmacokinetic modifying moiety, or a purifying moiety. In some embodiments, the conjugate moiety comprises a clearance-modifying agent (e.g. a polymer such as PEG which extends half-life) , a chemotherapeutic agent, a toxin, a radioactive isotope, a lanthanide, a detectable label (e.g. a luminescent label, a fluorescent label, an enzyme-substrate label) , a DNA-alkylator, a topoisomerase inhibitor, a tubulin-binder, a purification moiety or other anticancer drugs.
[0180] Examples of detectable label may include a fluorescent labels (e.g. fluorescein, rhodamine, dansyl, phycoerythrin, or Texas Red) , enzyme-substrate labels (e.g. horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, luceriferases, glucoamylase, lysozyme, saccharide oxidases or β-D-galactosidase) , radioisotopes (e.g. 123I, 124I, 125I, 131I, 35S, 3H, 111In, 112In, 14C, 64Cu, 67Cu, 86Y, 88Y, 90Y, 177Lu, 211At, 186Re, 188Re, 153Sm, 212Bi, and 32P, other lanthanides) , luminescent labels, chromophoric moieties, digoxigenin, biotin / avidin, DNA molecules or gold for detection.
[0181] In certain embodiments, the conjugate moiety can be a clearance-modifying agent which helps increase half-life of the antibody. Illustrative examples include water-soluble polymers, such as PEG, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, copolymers of ethylene glycol / propylene glycol, and the like. The polymer may be of any molecular weight, and may be branched or unbranched. The number of polymers attached to the antibody may vary, and if more than one polymer are attached, they can be the same or different molecules. In certain embodiments, the conjugate moiety can be a purification moiety such as a magnetic bead. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof provided herein is used as a base for a conjugate.
[0182] Polynucleotides and Recombinant Methods
[0183] The present disclosure provides isolated polynucleotides that encode the anti-influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof provided herein. DNA encoding the monoclonal antibody is readily isolated, e.g., from B cells, and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g. by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of the antibody) . The encoding DNA may also be obtained by synthetic methods.
[0184] The isolated polynucleotide that encodes the anti-influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof can be inserted into a vector for further cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression (i.e., expression vector) , using recombinant techniques known in the art. Many vectors are available. In some embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide is operably linked to a promoter.
[0185] The present disclosure provides vectors (e.g. expression vectors) comprising the isolated polynucleotide provided herein. In certain embodiments, the expression vector comprises a viral vector or a non-viral vector. Examples of viral vectors include, without limitation, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, lentivirus vector, retrovirus vector, and adenovirus vector. Examples of non-viral vectors include, without limitation, naked DNA, plasmid, exosome, mRNA, and so on. In certain embodiments, the expression vector is suitable for gene therapy in human. Suitable vectors for gene therapy include, for example, adeno-associated virus (AAV) , or adenovirus vector. In certain embodiments, the expression vector comprises a DNA vector or a RNA vector. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are polymeric excipients, such as without limitation, microspheres, microcapsules, polymeric micelles and dendrimers. The polynucleotides, or polynucleotide vectors of the present disclosure may be encapsulated, adhered to, or coated on the polymer-based components by methods known in the art (see for example, W. Heiser, Nonviral gene transfer techniques, published by Humana Press, 2004; U.S. patent 6025337; Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 57 (15) : 2177-2202 (2005) ) .
[0186] Vectors comprising the polynucleotide sequence encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be introduced to a host cell for cloning or gene expression.
[0187] Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing DNA in the vectors described herein include prokaryotes, yeast, or higher eukaryote cells. Prokaryotic cells include eubacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms like Enterobacteriaceae (e.g., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Serratia, and Shigella) , Bacilli (e.g., Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) , Pseudomonas (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) , and Streptomyces.
[0188] Eukaryotic microbes such as filamentous fungi or yeast are also suitable for cloning or expressing anti-influenza A antibody-encoding vectors. Commonly used yeast includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast) , and other useful genera and species include Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces (e.g., Kluyveromyces lactis) , Pichia pastoris, Candida, Trichoderma reesei, Neurospora crassa, Schwanniomyces occidentalis, and Aspergillus (e.g., Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus niger) .
[0189] For the expression of glycosylated antibodies or antigen fragments, host cells derived from multicellular organisms, such as plant and insect cells, are suitable. Invertebrate cells include those from baculoviral strains and insect hosts like Spodoptera frugiperda, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Drosophila melanogaster, and Bombyx mori. Plant cell cultures from cotton, corn, potato, soybean, petunia, tomato, and tobacco are also viable options.
[0190] Vertebrate cells are commonly used for antibody production, with propagation in culture being routine. Useful mammalian host cell lines include monkey kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40 (COS-7) , human embryonic kidney line (293 cells) , baby hamster kidney cells (BHK) , Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) , mouse Sertoli cells (TM4) , monkey kidney cells (CV1) , African green monkey kidney cells (VERO-76) , human cervical carcinoma cells (HELA) , canine kidney cells (MDCK) , buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A) , human lung cells (W138) , human liver cells (Hep G2) , mouse mammary tumor (MMT 060562) , TRI cells, MRC 5 cells, FS4 cells, and human hepatoma line (Hep G2) .
[0191] Host cells are transformed with the described expression or cloning vectors for anti-influenza A antibody production and cultured in conventional nutrient media. The media can be modified as necessary for inducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes encoding the desired sequences. The antibody may also be produced by homologous recombination.
[0192] To express the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, host cells are cultured under conditions that allow the vector to be expressed. Various media are suitable, such as Ham's F10, Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) , RPMI-1640, and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) . Media may be supplemented with hormones, growth factors, salts, buffers, nucleotides, antibiotics, trace elements, and glucose. The culture conditions (temperature, pH, etc. ) are those typically used with the selected host cell.
[0193] Using recombinant techniques, antibodies can be produced intracellularly, in the periplasmic space, or secreted into the medium. For intracellular production, particulate debris is removed by centrifugation or ultrafiltration. When antibodies are secreted into the medium, supernatants are concentrated using protein concentration filters. Protease inhibitors and antibiotics may be included to prevent proteolysis and contamination.
[0194] Anti-influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein can be purified using techniques such as hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation, salting out, and affinity chromatography, with affinity chromatography being preferred.
[0195] For immunoaffinity purification, Protein A immobilized on a solid phase is used, particularly for antibodies based on human gamma1, gamma2, or gamma4 heavy chains. Protein G is recommended for all mouse isotypes and human gamma3. Other purification techniques include ion-exchange chromatography, ethanol precipitation, Reverse Phase HPLC, chromatography on silica or heparin, SDS-PAGE, and ammonium sulfate precipitation.
[0196] Following preliminary purification, the antibody mixture may undergo low pH hydrophobic interaction chromatography using an elution buffer with a pH between 2.5-4.5, preferably at low salt concentrations, to further purify the desired antibody.
[0197] Pharmaceutical Composition
[0198] In another aspect, the present disclosure further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of the anti-influenza A antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof provided herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
[0199] In another aspect, the present disclosure further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of the polynucleotides encoding the anti-influenza A antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof provided herein, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
[0200] The present disclosure further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an expression vector comprising the polynucleotides encoding the one or more of anti-influenza A antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
[0201] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a second bioactive agent, such as a second therapeutic agent or a second prophylactic agent.
[0202] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may include various carriers such as liquids, gels, or solids, as well as aqueous and nonaqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents, isotonic agents, buffers, antioxidants, anesthetics, suspending agents, chelating agents, diluents, adjuvants, excipients, and other non-toxic auxiliary substances. Examples of these components include antioxidants, fillers, binders, disintegrants, preservatives, lubricants, flavorings, thickeners, coloring agents, emulsifiers, and stabilizers like sugars and cyclodextrins.
[0203] Antioxidants like methionine, ascorbic acid, EDTA, sodium thiosulfate, and others help reduce oxidation of antibodies, preserving their binding affinity and stability. Including antioxidants like methionine in compositions can prevent oxidation and extend shelf-life, thereby improving the efficacy of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0204] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can encompass a wide range of components. Aqueous vehicles might include sodium chloride injection, Ringer’s injection, dextrose solutions, and sterile water injection. Nonaqueous vehicles could be fixed oils of vegetable origin, such as cottonseed, corn, sesame, or peanut oil. Antimicrobial agents might include phenols, cresols, and benzyl alcohol, while isotonic agents could include sodium chloride and dextrose. Buffers like phosphate and citrate, antioxidants such as sodium bisulfate, local anesthetics like procaine hydrochloride, suspending agents like sodium carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, emulsifying agents like Polysorbate 80 (TWEEN-80) , and chelating agents like EDTA and EGTA are also commonly used.
[0205] Pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared in various forms, including liquids, suspensions, emulsions, pills, capsules, tablets, sustained-release formulations, or powders. Oral formulations might include carriers like mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, and cellulose.
[0206] These compositions can be formulated for different routes of administration, such as intravenous, oral, nasal, rectal, percutaneous, or intramuscular. For example, intravenous formulations may be lyophilized powders or fluid solutions, while nasal formulations may be aerosols, drops, or gels.
[0207] Injectable pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared in conventional forms, including liquid solutions, suspensions, emulsions, or solid forms suitable for generating these liquids. Preparations for injection might include sterile solutions, lyophilized powders, and sterile emulsions. Unit-dose parenteral preparations are typically packaged in ampoules, vials, or syringes, ensuring sterility and non-pyrogenicity.
[0208] To prepare a sterile lyophilized powder, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment is dissolved in a suitable solvent with excipients that improve stability. This solution is then lyophilized and apportioned into vials for storage at 4℃ to room temperature. Reconstitution with sterile water provides a formulation for parenteral administration.
[0209] The pharmaceutical composition may contain the modified antibody or antigen-binding fragment at suitable concentrations. These compositions can be administered via intravenous (IV) , intramuscular (IM) , or subcutaneous (SC) injection, or a combination of these methods.
[0210] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can further comprise one or more bioactive agent that can comprise a therapeutic agent or a prophylactic agent.
[0211] Methods of Treatment or Prevention
[0212] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of treating or preventing influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein, or the isolated polynucleotide provided herein, or the vector provided herein, or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein.
[0213] The terms “treating” and “treatment” encompass a wide range of outcomes including alleviating, slowing, reducing, or entirely removing disease symptoms, or causing a regression of the disease itself. They may also involve curing the disease or a combination of these effects.
[0214] The terms “preventing” or “prevention” relates to measures that slow the onset, reduce the risk of emergence, or lessen the severity of a disease. Prevention can also involve delaying symptom development, alleviating related symptoms, or inducing immunity to defend against the disease.
[0215] With respect to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein, a therapeutically effective amount can inhibit or reduce the development of influenza virus disease. This can include inhibiting or reducing the onset, development, and / or severity of symptoms exemplary symptoms of influenza virus infection, which include, but are not limited to, body aches (especially joints and throat) , fever, nausea, headaches, irritated eyes, fatigue, sore throat, reddened eyes or skin, abdominal pain, myalgia, edema, and inflammatory infiltrates. Additionally, it can inhibit or reduce the duration of the disease or its associated symptoms, reduce organ failure related to the infection, and lessen the need for or length of hospitalization. An effective amount may also increase the overall survival of subjects with influenza virus infection or associated diseases and prevent the onset or progression of secondary infections related to the influenza virus.
[0216] The preferred method of administering these treatments is through one or more injections.
[0217] In certain embodiments, the subject has or is at risk of the influenza infection. In certain embodiments, the subjects are individuals at higher risk of complications, such as hospitalized patients, infants, those with compromised immune systems, and the elderly.
[0218] In certain embodiments, the administration is post-exposure. In certain specific embodiments, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is given to a subject within 72 hours after the initial symptoms of an influenza virus infection or disease manifest. More precisely, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein can be administered between 12 to 72 hours, or even within 12 to 48 hours, following symptom onset. This approach is applied once the patient is diagnosed with an influenza virus infection or disease, which may specifically be identified as an influenza A virus infection or disease.
[0219] Subjects that can be treated by the present disclosure are, in general, human and other primate subjects, such as monkeys and apes for veterinary medicine purposes.
[0220] In certain embodiments, the subject is human or other primate subjects, such as monkeys and apes for veterinary medicine purposes.
[0221] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a second active agent, optionally the second active agent is a therapeutic agent or a prophylactic agent for influenza virus infection. Therapeutic agent used to treat influenza virus infection such as, for example antiviral agents. Specific antiviral agents include: oseltamavir zanamivir nucleoside analogs (e.g., zidovudine, acyclovir, gangcyclovir, vidarabine, idoxuridine, trifluridine, and ribavirin) , foscarnet, amantadine, rimantadine saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, alpha-interferons and other interferons, AZT, influenza virus vaccines (e.g., and ) . In a specific embodiment, the subject is refractory to oseltamivir or zanamavir. In a specific embodiment, the method further comprises administering to the subject an antiviral agent, such as, e.g., an NA inhibitor, such as, e.g., oseltamivir or zanamivir.
[0222] Methods of detection and kits
[0223] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of detecting presence or amount of NA antigen of an influenza virus in a sample, comprising contacting the sample with one or more of the antibody or antigen binding fragment provided herein, and determining the presence or the amount of the NA antigen in the sample.
[0224] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising one or more of the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein. In certain embodiments, the kit disclosed herein is a therapeutic kit. In certain embodiments, the kit disclosed herein is a diagnostic kit.
[0225] The kits provided can be either therapeutic or diagnostic. Each kit may include antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, alongside typical kit components such as containers holding pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and additional containers if required. The kits also come with detailed instructions that guide the user on the quantities, administration, and mixing of the components.
[0226] Furthermore, some kits feature antibodies labeled with enzymes and include necessary substrates and cofactors. They may also contain stabilizers, buffers, and other additives to enhance the sensitivity and stability of the assay. These reagents might be provided as dry powders, often lyophilized, which when reconstituted, achieve the desired concentration for use.
[0227] In addition to detection reagents, kits designed for various immunoassays, like ELISA, are included. Components of these kits may be pre-attached to a solid support or applied during use. The kits are equipped with means to generate signals, which might be pre-associated with an antibody or combined with other components at the time of use. These kits also contain additional reagents such as blocking agents, washing reagents, and enzyme substrates.
[0228] Detection kits come with one or more antibodies or antigen-binding fragments and detailed instructions for use. They are packaged with containers suitable for holding the detection compositions, ensuring they are well-organized for commercial sale. These kits may include a detectable label, provided in the same or a separate container.
[0229] Additionally, devices for carrying out these detection methods are provided. These may include a chamber or tube for sample input, a fluid handling system with optional filters, mixing chambers for adding capture agents or detection reagents, and a detection device for quantifying the detectable label bound to the capture agent immunocomplex. The sample flow through these devices can be passive or active, depending on the design of the apparatus.
[0230] Variant of NA and Detection Methods
[0231] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a variant of neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A virus, comprising 292K (corresponding to full length N2 numbering) or 293K (corresponding to full length N1 numbering) substitution, wherein the substitution reduces binding to sialic acid.
[0232] The amino acid sequence of N1 from A / H1N1 / Michigan / 45 / 2015 is as follows SEQ ID NO: 105, and the amino acid sequence of N1 (R293K) mutant is shown in SEQ ID NO: 106:
[0233] The amino acid sequence of N2 from A / H1N1 / Michigan / 45 / 2015 is as follows SEQ ID NO: 104, and the amino acid sequence of N2 (R292K) mutant is shown in SEQ ID NO: 107:
[0234] In certain embodiments, the variant substantially retains binding to antibody 1G01. The heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of 1G01 is as follows:
[0235] VH (SEQ ID NO: 108) :
[0236] The heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of 1G01 is as follows: VL (SEQ ID NO: 109) :
[0237] In certain embodiments, the NA is derived from N1 or N2.
[0238] In certain embodiments, the variant of NA comprises an amino acid sequence at least 90%homologous to SEQ ID NO: 104 or 105, and comprises an amino acid substitution at position 292 (corresponding to full length N2 numbering) or position 293 (corresponding to full length N1 numbering) , wherein the substitution reduces binding to sialic acid and wherein the variant has reduced binding to sialic acid than SEQ ID NO: 104 or 105.
[0239] In certain embodiments, the variant of NA comprises an amino acid sequence at least 90%homologous to SEQ ID NO: 104 or 105, and comprises 292K (corresponding to full length N2 numbering) or 293K (corresponding to full length N1 numbering) , wherein the variant has reduced binding to sialic acid than SEQ ID NO: 104 or 105.
[0240] In certain embodiments, the variant of NA comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106 or 107.
[0241] The variant of NA provided herein are particularly useful in identifying B cells expressing NA-binding BCRs. Since B cells express sialic acid on its surface and NA naturally binds to sialic acid, it is almost impractical to use NA to identify B cells expressing anti-NA BCR, as the NA will bind to B cells even if they do not express NA-binding BCRs. The variants of NA provided herein, however, have significantly reduced binding to sialic acid and hence have significantly reduced noise when binding to anti-NA BCRs on B cells.
[0242] In certain embodiments, the variants of NA provided herein further comprise a detectable label. Any suitable detectable label known in the art can be used, for example, without limitation, a fluorescent labels (e.g., fluorescein, rhodamine, dansyl, phycoerythrin, or Texas Red) , enzyme-substrate labels (e.g., horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, luceriferases, glucoamylase, lysozyme, saccharide oxidases or β-D-galactosidase) , radioisotuopes, other lanthanides, luminescent labels, chromophoric moiety, digoxigenin, biotin / avidin, a DNA molecule or gold for detection. Detectable label can allow direct or indirect detection of the NA-binding molecules and anti-NA-BCR expressing B cells.
[0243] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of detecting presence of a B cell receptor (BCR) of interest expressed on a B cell, wherein the BCR of interest is capable of specifically binding to neuraminidase of influenza A virus, the method comprising: contacting the B cell with the variant provided herein, detecting binding of the variant to the B cell, wherein the binding of the variant to the B cell indicates presence of the BCR of interest on the B cell.
[0244] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method identifying from a sample a B cell expressing a BCR of interest, wherein the BCR of interest is capable of specifically binding to neuraminidase of influenza A virus, the method comprising: contacting the sample with the variant provided herein, detecting the binding of the variant to a B cell in the sample, wherein the B cell is identified as expressing the BCR of interest based on the binding of the variant to the B cell.
[0245] A skilled person can further test the anti-NA BCR expressing B cells to identify the amino acid sequences of the anti-NA BCR expressed on the B cells.
[0246] The following examples are provided to better illustrate the claimed invention and are not to be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention. All specific compositions, materials, and methods described below, in whole or in part, fall within the scope of the present invention. These specific compositions, materials, and methods are not intended to limit the invention, but merely to illustrate specific embodiments falling within the scope of the invention. One skilled in the art may develop equivalent compositions, materials, and methods without the exercise of inventive capacity and without departing from the scope of the invention. It will be understood that many variations can be made in the procedures herein described while still remaining within the bounds of the present invention. It is the intention of the inventors that such variations are included within the scope of the invention. EXAMPLE 1 (Generation of NA-specific antigen probes)
[0247] To generate NA probes to identify NA-specific MBCs, we expressed tetrameric NA antigens via fusing avitag and the tetrabrachion (TB) tetramerization domain to the N1 or N2 ectodomain (Figure 1A) , and biotin was site-specifically added onto the avitag of the NA (Figure 1B) . The substrate of NA is sialic acid, which is presented on many glycoproteins of MBCs. The NA probes can non-specifically bind to MBCs via sialic acid expressed on the MBCs rather than binding to a specific B cell receptor. Here, we developed low-background N1-M5 (R293K, N1 numbering) and N2-M5 (R292K, N2 numbering) antigen probes. Both N2-M5 and N1-M5 showed similar 1G01 binding to their respective wild-types, while the sialic acid cleavage activities of N2-M5 and N1-M5 were ~10-fold reduced, indicating a considerable reduction in sialic acid binding (Figure 1C and 1D) .
[0248] To demonstrate the specificity of NA-M5 probes, we immunized mice with N1 or N2 antigens and used N2-M5 or N1-M5 probes to identify the NA-specific B cells in the draining inguinal lymph nodes (iLNs) at days 7–8. Peyer’s patches (PP) were utilized as a negative control (Figure 1E) . Germinal center (GC) B cells (B220+FAS+CD38-) were detected in both the iLNs and PP. However, N1-or N2-specific GC B cells were only detected in the iLNs, accounting for ~28%of GC B cells, compared with less than 2%of NA-specific GC B cells in the PP (Figure 1F–I) . These results demonstrated that the NA-M5 probes can specifically identify NA-specific B cells. EXAMPLE 2 (Single-cell RNA+VDJ sequencing identifies NA pre-existing MBCs)
[0249] Next, we utilized the NA probes combined with single-cell RNA+VDJ sequencing to comprehensively characterize the immune profile of NA pre-existing MBCs. The PBMCs of 31 / 38 or 5 / 38 subjects were pooled for N1 or N2 analysis, respectively (Figure 2) . Approximately 20 million B cells were enriched by negative selection using magnetic beads and applied for N1-or N2-specific MBC sorting. N1-and N2-specific MBCs account for 1.05%and 1.21%of total MBCs, respectively (Figure 2) , after B cell enrichment. Consistent with previous results, both N1-and N2-specific MBCs were dominated by class-unswitched (CD27+IgD+) MBCs, at a frequency of ~80% (Figure 2) . EXAMPLE 3 (NA inhibition mAbs were identified from NA pre-existing MBC repertories)
[0250] Pan-NA broad inhibition antibodies share common features that include a long VH-CDR3 (~21 amino acids) that inserts into the NA active site and a high mutation rate. Thus, we used the following criteria to define NA broad inhibition precursor MBCs: (1) CDR3 > 18 amino acids, (2) VH mutation rate of ~10%, and (3) Ig isotype of IgG. To examine whether NA broad inhibition precursors exist in the N1 and N2 pre-existing MBC repertories, we randomly picked 60 VDJ sequences that adhered to the above criteria and expressed them as IgG1. Among the antibodies screened, we found that antibodies 3N1C6, 5N1C / , and 20N1C2 exhibited inhibition against recombinant N1 (rN1) from strain A / Michigan / 45 / 2015-H1N1 but no inhibition was detected against rN2 from strain A / Kansas / 14 / 2017-H3N2 (Figure 3A) . Antibodies 4N2C4 and 4N2C402 displayed cross-inhibition against rN1 and rN2, and 4N2C403 showed strong rN2 inhibition but weak rN1 inhibition (Figure 3A) . Interestingly, antibodies 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403 originated from one clonal lineage but harbored distinct mutation rates (Figure 7) . To further evaluate the inhibition breadth of these antibodies, we established a NA panel derived from group 1, group 2, and IBVs. The ELLA demonstrated that antibodies 3N1C6, 5N1C / , and 20N1C2 inhibited N1 from two H1N1 pandemic-like strains and N1 from H5N1, and the potency of 3N1C6 and 20N1C2 was higher than that of 5N1C / (Figure 3B) . However, these three antibodies did not exhibit any cross-inhibition against N5, N8, and NA from group 2.4N2C4 showed broad inhibition activity against NAs from different influenza viral strains, including N1, N2, N3, N5, and N8. The V gene usages and mutation rates of previously reported NA inhibition antibodies and the newly identified antibodies are summarized in Table 3.
[0251] The ELLA measured the inhibition antibody that targets the NA active site or the surrounding epitopes. The MUNANA inhibition assay measured the inhibition antibody that targets the enzyme active site specifically using a small NA substrate. To further characterize the inhibition profile of the above antibodies, we established a NA-viral-like particle (VLP) panel and measured NA-VLP inhibition by a MUNANA assay. The results demonstrated 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403 displayed inhibition against several NA-VLPs (Figure 3C) . The inhibition potencies of 4N2C402 and 1G01 (positive control) against N1-VLP and N2-VLP were comparable and higher than those of 4N2C4 and 4N2C403 (Figure 4A) . Notably, 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403 effectively inhibited the N1-VLP derived from H5N1, including the recent cow H5N1 (Figure 4B) . Interestingly, 4N2C4 lineage antibodies utilized the VH3-30 gene, which is the main VH gene used by NA MBC repertories, accounting for ~4%of MBCs (Table 3) . This frequency is ~13-fold higher than that of the VH gene used by previously reported broad NA inhibition antibodies (Table 3) . EXAMPLE 4 (In vivo protection of NA BImAbs)
[0252] Next, we evaluated whether the NA mAbs inhibit the replication of influenza virus using a plaque assay. We found that, in the presence of 4N2C4, 4N2C402, and 4N2C403 (15 μg / mL) , no plaques were observed for strain A / California / 04 / 2009-H1N1. Then, we tested the protection potency of the NA mAbs in a prophylactic setting against strain A / California / 04 / 2009-H1N1 using a 5 x 50%mouse lethal dose (mLD50) . The results indicated that 4N2C402 and 1G01 fully protected mice from weight loss and mortality (Figure 5B and 5C) . 4N2C401-and 4N2C403-treated mice showed similar weight loss (~10%) from day 3 to day 4 compared with the IgG control group, while bodyweight gradually recovered to the initial level after day 4. 4N2C403 treatment provided full protection with 100%survival and 4N2C401 treatment resulted in an 83%survival rate. For therapeutic treatment, the bodyweight of mice in the PBS-or control IgG-treated groups continuously decreased from day 2 to day 8, while bodyweight started to increase at day 6 in the antibody-treated groups (Figure 5D) . 4N2C402 provided full protection, whereas 4N2C4, 4N2C403, and 1G01 conferred 66%, 83%, and 66%survival rates, respectively (Figure 5E) . These results demonstrated that these NA mAbs inhibit viral replication in vitro and provide protection against viral infection in vivo. EXAMPLE 5 (Cryo-EM structure of 4N2C402 with tetrameric N2)
[0253] To elucidate the epitopes and structural basis for the strong protection of 4N2C402 against N2 and N1, we determined the high resolution cryo-EM structure of 4N2C402 with the N2 from A / H3N2 / Kansas / 14 / 2017 at an overall resolution of In the overall structure (Figure 6A and B) , one Fab molecule binds to one N2 promoter N2_A (Site_A) and a neighboring copy N2_B (Site_B) of the N2 tetramer. In Site_A, the CDR3 of HC and the CDR1 of LC fully blocks the active site of N2_A (Figure 6D) which is highly conserved across different influenza strains (Figure 6C) . Interestingly, nearby the Site_A, there is a highly conserved glycosylation site (Asn146) that might play a role in Fab binding. In Site_B, the FR3 and CDR2 of LC interacts with surface residues of N2_B that are variable across different strains (Figure 6C) .
[0254] In Site_A, the HC of CDR3 inserts deeply into the active site. The HC Asp115 residue forms an intricate hydrogen bond (H-bond) network with Arg 292 / Arg371 / Arg118 of N2 (Figure 5E, upper panel) . This interaction mimics the binding of the substrate sialic acid and inhibitor OSE in the active site38 and resembles the binding mode of FNI927. Nearby residues Asn113 and Thr114 of HC form H-bonds with His347 and Lys431 of N2, respectively. The HC Arg116 is another important residue contributing to the binding (Figure 6E, lower panel) , forming H-bonds with the side chains of Asp151 / Glu227 and the carbonyl oxygen of the peptide bond of Trp178 of N2. The LC of CDR1 helps stabilize the conformation of HC of CDR3. Moreover, the LC Tyr35 participates in the binding by forming H-bonds with Asp151 and through hydrophobic interaction with Arg150 of N2 (Figure 6E, lower panel) . In addition, the N2 Arg152 forms an H-bond with the carbonyl oxygen of the peptide bond of HC Pro117. In Site_B, the interaction is stabilized by H-bonds formed between LC Asp65 and Arg400 / Arg394 of N2, and between LC Arg59 and Asp399 of N2. The LC Tyr81 contributes to the binding through hydrophobic interaction with Arg400 of N2 (Figure 6F) . The Y81S and Y81T mutations in 4N2C402 (T81 is present in 4N2C4 and Y is present in 4N2C402) enhanced inhibition activity against N5-VLPs. 4N2C402 wild type, 4N2C402-Y81S and 4N2C402-Y81T exhibited similar inhibition potency against N1-and N3-VLPs (Figure 6G) . EXAMPLE 6 (Discussion)
[0255] Sialic acid-binding to HA and NA is one of the main challenges when utilizing HA and NA probes to isolate HA-and NA-specific B cells because sialic acid is abundant on B cells. One previous study generated an HA-Y98F mutant protein that showed significantly reduced sialic acid binding, and this mutant is now widely used as a probe in the HA vaccinology field to isolate HA-specific B cells. In this study, we generated an NA-M5 (N1-R293K, N2-R292K) mutant that significantly reduces sialic acid binding while retaining the binding capacity to NA broad inhibition antibody 1G01 (Figure 1) . The NA-M5 probe can be applied to isolate NA-specific B cells, including broad inhibition B cells. Indeed, the identification of NA broad inhibition antibody 4N2C4 in the current study is direct supporting evidence. We believe that the NA-M5 antigen probe will have beneficial applications in NA vaccinology research.
[0256] The identified NA BImAbs from pre-existing NA-specific MBC repertoires harbor high VH SHMs (Table 3) , indicating that these NA-specific MBCs have experienced a germinal center response and may rapidly differentiate into plasma cells secreting functional NA inhibition antibody upon exposure to homologous NA antigens1. These NA MBCs may also re-enter the germinal center for further affinity maturation following heterologous immunization2. The 4N2C402 antibody harbors higher numbers of VH SHMs, suggesting that 4N2C402-MBCs may have experienced strict N1-or N2-specific clonal selection during repeated seasonal influenza exposure3.
[0257] The cryo-EM structures of 4N2C402, bound to N2, revealed a conserved epitope footprint located in the N2 active site, consistent with the results of the MUNANA assay. 4N2C402 inserts a long HC CDR3 into the N2 active site. Notably, the LC CDR1 of 4N2C402 is also binding to the active site. The engagement of both HC CDR3 and LC CDR1 in the active site effectively blocks the accessibility of the sialic acid substrate. Our study is the first to report such a blocking mechanism by the NA BImAb. In addition to binding to the active site, we observed that 4N2C402 utilizes the FR3 and FR2 residues to interact with a neighboring N2 monomer (the second epitope) .
[0258] The identification of the 4N2C4 broad NA inhibition antibody in pre-existing NA-specific MBC repertoires has important implications for future NA-based universal flu vaccine design. These broad NA inhibition antibodies can also be applied as broad therapeutics approach against influenza infection. The frequency of VH3-30 usage by 4N2C4-MBCs is relatively high (around 4%) in the total NA-specific MBC repertoires, suggesting that NA vaccines targeting 4N2C4-like B cells may be more effective in eliciting broad NA inhibition antibodies. Furthermore, NA-based immunogen design can focus on the conserved epitopes targeted by 4N2C. EXAMPLE 7 Materials and Methods Influenza NA ELISA
[0259] The 96-well half-area high-binding plates (Corning 3690) were coated with 50 μl per well of recombinant NA protein (2 μg / ml) diluted in PBS and incubated overnight at 4℃. For NA antibodies detection in human plasma, the plates were blocked by PBS supplemented with 0.1%Tween-20 (PBST) and 3%milk (Beyotime) for 1 hour at RT. For NA mAbs detection, the plates were blocked with 3%bovine serum albumin (BSA) (BBI Life Sciences) in PBST for 1 hour at RT. Plates were washed 6 times with TBST (0.1%Tween-20) . The human heat-inactivated plasmas were added with 1: 80 starting dilution and 3-fold serial dilution in PBST (0.05%Tween-20) with 1%milk. The mAbs were 3-fold serially diluted in PBST (0.05%Tween-20) with 1%BSA with a starting concentration of 3 μg / ml and 75 μl per well was added and incubated for 1.5 hours at RT.Plates were washed 6 times with TBST and 50 μl per well of Peroxidase-conjugated AffiniPure Goat anti-Human IgG (H+L) secondary antibody (Jackson) (1: 10000) was added and incubated for 1.5 hours at RT. Plates were washed 6 times with TBST and 50 μl per well of TMB substrate (Thermo Fisher) was added. The plates were incubated for 7 min at RT and the color development was stopped by adding 50 μl per well of ELISA Stopping Solution (BBI Life Sciences) . The absorbance was read at 450 nm with a microtiter plate reader and the data were analyzed with Microsoft Excel. The endpoint titer or the minimal binding concentration was calculated by using GraphPad Prism 10. The OD450 value 0.1 was used as the cutoff. The mAb 1G01 was used as a positive control for all assays. Influenza NA ELLA and ELLA-based inhibition assay
[0260] For ELLA-based titration of the recombinant NA or influenza virus, the flat-bottom 96-well MaxiSorp plates (Thermo Scientific) were coated for 16-20 hours at 4 ℃ with 150 μl / well of fetuin (Sigma) at 50 μg / ml. Fetuin-coated plates were blocked with 200 μl of 1%bovine BSA (BBI Life Sciences) in PBS for 1 hour at RT. The plates were washed 6 times with TBST (0.1%Tween-20) , then the plates were incubated with 3-fold serial dilutions of recombinant NAs or influenza virus in PBS with 1 mM CaCl2 and 0.1%BSA for 16 hours at 37 ℃. Following incubation, the plates were washed 6 times with TBST, then 100 μl of 2 μg / ml HRP-conjugated peanut agglutinin (Sigma) diluted in PBS was added. The plates were incubated for 1 hour and 45 mins at RT in the dark. After 6 times washing with TBST, 100 μl / well of TMB substrate (Thermo Fisher) was added. The plates were incubated for 5 mins at RT and the color development was stopped by adding 100 μl / well of ELISA Stopping Solution (BBI Life Sciences) . The absorbance was read at 450 nm with a microtiter plate reader. The content of recombinant NAs or influenza virus that resulted in 90 to 95%of the maximum signal was chosen for use in the subsequent ELLA-based inhibition assay. To measure the NA inhibition (NI) titers, the antibodies or human heat-inactivated plasma were 3-fold serially diluted with a starting dilution of 30 μg / ml or 1: 10 dilution in PBS with 1 mM CaCl2 and mixed with the fixed amounts of recombinant NAs or influenza virus. Then, the mixtures were transferred to the fetuin-coated plates and incubated for 16 hours at 37 ℃. Eight wells containing diluent without antibody or human serum were served as the positive (virus or NA-only) control. The flowing steps were the same as the above-described ELLA assay. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism 10, and the 50%inhibitory dose (ID50) was defined as the concentration or dilution at which 50%of the NA activity was inhibited, compared to virus or NA-only control. Detection of NA-specific memory B cells in human PMBC Detection of NA-specific memory B cells (MBCs) in samples was performed using NA-M5 probes. To further enhance specificity, identification of NA (N1 and N2) -specific MBCs was performed using two fluorochromes for N1-M5 or N2-M5 protein. Thus, 300 ng of the biotinylated NA-M5 was incubated with 30 ng of either streptavidin-Alexa Fluor 647 or streptavidin-BV421 for 30 min at 4 ℃. Then, 5-10 million PBMCs were placed in U-bottom 96 well plates and stained with 300 ng of above NA-M5 probe in FACS buffer (0.5%BSA in PBS) at 4 ℃ for 30 mins. Without washing, cells were further incubated with surface antibody matrix (CD14, CD16, CDA56, CD3, CD19, CD20, CD38, CD27, IgD, IgG, CD95, CD11c, CXCR3) diluted in FACS buffer for 30 min at 4 ℃. Viability staining was performed using Live / Dead Fixable Blue Stain Kit (Thermo) at 4 ℃ for 30 min. Cells were subsequently washed twice and resuspended in FACS buffer before acquisition. The acquisition was performed using Cytek Aurora. The frequency of antigen-specific MBCs was expressed as a percentage of total memory B cells (Singlets, Lymphocytes, Live, CD3-CD14-CD16-CD56-CD19+CD20+CD38+ / -IgD+ / -CD27+ / -) . Generation of NA-VLP
[0261] To generate NA-Viral Like Particles (VLP) , HEK293T cells were co-transfected with 750 ng of pMDLg / pRRE, 250 ng of pRSV-Rev, and 800 ng of pcDNA3.1 encoding the indicated NA by using Lipofectamine 3000 (Thermo) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 2 days, the supernatant of the transfected cells was harvested and stored at -80℃ in aliquots. The pseudo-particles used in this study were generated with NAs from H3N2 A / Kansas / 14 / 2017, H1N1 A / Michigan / 45 / 2015, H5N1 A / Indonesia / 5 / 2005 and A / grackle / Texas / 24 / 2024, H12N5 A / mallard / Sweden / 86 / 2003, H6N3 A / mallard / Minnesota / AI09-3100 / 2009, H7N9 A / Guangdong / GZ8H002 / 2017. NA-MUNANA assay
[0262] The NA-FluorTM Influenza Neuraminidase Assay Kit (Applied Biosystems) was employed to test the NA-inhibition activities of mAbs. Briefly, mAbs were serially diluted and mixed with a fixed amount of NA-VLP in 96-well black plates (Thermo) and incubated for 30 min at 37℃. Subsequently, the NA-FluorTM substrate (MUNANA) was added at a final concentration of 200 μM. The plates were incubated for 1 hour at 37 ℃, then the reaction was stopped with NA-FluorTM stop solution and the NA activity was measured by fluorescence using Synergy H1 microplate reader (BioTek) (excitation at 365 nm and emission at 445 nm) . Plaque reduction neutralization assay
[0263] On day 1, 5 x 105 MDCK cells were seeded in 6-well plates or 35 mm dishes and cultured for 24 hours. On day 2, 70 pfu of A / California / 07 / 2009 (H1N1) or A / Kansas / 14 / 2017 (H3N2) was incubated with NA mAbs in Opti-MEM with 1%S / P at the concentration of 15 μg / ml for 1 hour at RT. The MDCK cells were washed once with PBS and infected with 250 μl of virus-mAb mixture per well for 1h at 37℃ with shaking every 15-20 mins. Then, the 2 ml overlay consisted of 1 x MEM, 0.64%agar, 0.01%diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) , 1 μg / ml L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) -treated trypsin and 15 μg / ml mAb was added. The cells were incubated for 48-72 hours at 37℃. Following incubation, the cells were fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 20 min at RT. Following fixation, the overlay was removed, and the plates were stained with crystal violet for 20 min at RT. The plates were washed with sterile water before counting the plaques. In vivo challenge
[0264] Passive transfer experiments were performed to assess the prophylactic and therapeutic capacity. All mAbs were administered in 100 μl PBS and injected intraperitoneally. The negative control mice were treated with PBS or an irrelevant human IgG mAb at the same dose and the positive control mice were treated with 1G01. In the prophylactic assay, on day 0, the 8-10 weeks-old mice were intraperitoneally injected with 100 μg NA mAbs. On day 1, the mice were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and intranasally challenged with 5 x 50%mouse lethal dose (5 x mLD50) of A / California / 07 / 2009 (H1N1) . While in the therapeutic assay, on day 0, the 8-10 weeks old mice were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and intranasally challenged with 5 x mLD50 of A / California / 07 / 2009 (H1N1) . On day 2, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with 100 μg NA mAbs. The weight loss was monitored daily for 14 days and the mice that lost more than 25%of their initial body weight were euthanized.
[0265] Cryo-EM Sample Preparation and Data Collection
[0266] To form a complex of N2-Fab, purified N2 (~1mg / mL) was incubated with purified Fab at (~1mg / mL) at a molar ratio of 1: 1 on ice for 30 mins. To reduce aggregation and complex dissociation on the grids, the complex was modified at surface-exposed lysines with low-molecular weight polyethylenglycol (PEG) 53. Specifically, the complex at ~1 mg / mL were incubated with MS (PEG) 12 methyl-PEG-NHS-ester (Thermo Fisher) at a 1: 30 molar ratio for 2 hrs on ice. Then, a total of 3 μL of the treated complex was applied to glow-discharged (Coolglow, SuPro Instruments) holey carbon grids (Quantifoil R1.2 / 1.3 400 mesh) . The grids were blotted for 4 seconds at ~100 %humidity and 4 ℃, and then plunge-frozen in liquid ethane using the Vitrobot Mark IV (Thermo Fisher Scientific) .
[0267] The cryo-EM data were collected on a Titan Krios G4 (FEI) operating at 300 kV, equipped with a Selectris X imaging filter (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and a Falcon 4i direct electron detector (Thermo Fisher Scientific) . An imaging filter with a slit width of 10 eV was used. All cryo-EM movies were recorded using EPU (Thermo Fisher Scientific) , with a total electron dose at ~50 electrons The nominal magnification of 130 kx corresponds to a calibrated pixel size of on the specimen. The defocus range for the samples was between 0.8 and 2.2 μm. Image processing
[0268] The image processing workflows are illustrated in detail in Fig. S7 and were performed using cryoSPARC v4. Model building and refinement
[0269] AlphaFold 34 predictions of the N2 and Fab were used as initial models for model rebuilding into the cryo-EM density map of high resolution. The initial models were first docked into the cryo-EM density map using UCSF Chimera5. Iterative manual rebuilding and adjustment were performed in Coot6, including with additions of water molecules, glycans, and ions. Then, the model was refined using Phenix7. Structural figures were prepared using USCF Chimera, ChimeraX8 and Pymol (https: / / pymol. org / 2 / ) . REFERENCES 1. Mesin, L., Schiepers, A., Ersching, J., Barbulescu, A., Cavazzoni, C.B., Angelini, A., Okada, T., Kurosaki, T., and Victora, G.D. (2020) . Restricted Clonality and Limited Germinal Center Reentry Characterize Memory B Cell Reactivation by Boosting. Cell 180, 92-106 e111.10.1016 / j. cell. 2019.11.032. 2. Turner, J.S., Zhou, J.Q., Han, J., Schmitz, A.J., Rizk, A.A., Alsoussi, W.B., Lei, T., Amor, M., McIntire, K.M., Meade, P., et al. (2020) . Human germinal centres engage memory and naive B cells after influenza vaccination. Nature 586, 127-132.10.1038 / s41586-020-2711-0. 3. Abbott, R.K., and Crotty, S. (2020) . Factors in B cell competition and immunodominance. Immunol Rev 296, 120-131.10.1111 / imr. 12861. 4. Jumper, J., Evans, R., Pritzel, A., Green, T., Figurnov, M., Ronneberger, O., Tunyasuvunakool, K., Bates, R., Zidek, A., Potapenko, A., et al. (2021) . Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold. Nature 596, 583-589.10.1038 / s41586-021-03819-2. 5. Pettersen, E.F., Goddard, T.D., Huang, C.C., Couch, G.S., Greenblatt, D.M., Meng, E.C., and Ferrin, T.E. (2004) . UCSF Chimera--avisualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J Comput Chem 25, 1605-1612.10.1002 / jcc. 20084. 6. Emsley, P., and Cowtan, K. (2004) . Coot: model-building tools for molecular graphics. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 60, 2126-2132.10.1107 / S0907444904019158. 7. Adams, P.D., Afonine, P.V., Bunkoczi, G., Chen, V.B., Davis, I.W., Echols, N., Headd, J.J., Hung, L.W., Kapral, G.J., Grosse-Kunstleve, R.W., et al. (2010) . PHENIX: a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 66, 213-221.10.1107 / S0907444909052925. 8. Pettersen, E.F., Goddard, T.D., Huang, C.C., Meng, E.C., Couch, G.S., Croll, T.I., Morris, J.H., and Ferrin, T.E. (2021) . UCSF ChimeraX: Structure visualization for researchers, educators, and developers.Protein Sci 30, 70-82.10.1002 / pro.3943.
Claims
1.An isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising three heavy chain complementarity regions (CDRs) of a heavy chain variable region (VH) and three light chain CDRs of a light chain variable region (VL) , wherein the VH comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 87, 89, 91, 93, and 95, and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 88, 90, 92, 94, and 96, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is capable of specifically binding to influenza A neuraminidase (NA) and inhibiting NA activity.2.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH and the VL comprises a pair of amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 87 / 88, 89 / 90, 91 / 92, 93 / 94, and 95 / 96.3.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the three heavy chain CDRs and the three light chain CDRs are determined based on the Kabat definition, the Chothia definition, or the AbM definition.4.An isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising:a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3, whereinthe HCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SGFX1X2X3TYT (SEQ ID NO: 71) ,the HCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of VX4SX5DGX6NX7 (SEQ ID NO: 72) ,the HCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of DPDYDKGWGX8X9RNTDRPSYDGLDVW (SEQ ID NO: 73) or ARGSDPDYDKGWGX10X11RNTDRPSYDGLDVWGX12 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , and / orb) a light chain variable region (VL) comprising LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3, whereinthe LCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of QSLLHSNGYX13 (SEQ ID NO: 75) or SSQSLLHSNGYX14 (SEQ ID NO: 76) ,the LCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of FSGX15GSGT (SEQ ID NO: 77) ,the LCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of CMQALX16TPPWTF (SEQ ID NO: 78) ,wherein X1 is T or P; X2 is F or L; X3 is N, E, or D, X4 is C or S; X5 is N or K; X6 is T or N; X7 is E or V; X8 is S or A; X9 is Y or L; X10 is S or A; X11 is Y or L; X12 is R or Q; X13 is T or N; X14 is T or N; X15 is S or R; X16 is E or Q, and wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is capable of specifically binding to influenza A neuraminidase (NA) and inhibiting NA activity.5.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein:the HCDR1 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 19 and 25,the HCDR2 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 14, 20 and 26,the HCDR3 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 15, 21, and 27,the LCDR1 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16, 22, and 28,the LCDR2 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17, 23, and 29, and / orthe LCDR3 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 18, 24, and 30.6.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the preceding claims, wherein:a) the HCDR1, the HCDR2, and the HCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, respectively, and the LCDR1, the LCDR2, and the LCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, respectively;b) the HCDR1, the HCDR2, and the HCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19-21, respectively, and the LCDR1, the LCDR2, and the LCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22-24, respectively; orc) the HCDR1, the HCDR2, and the HCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 25-27, respectively, and the LCDR1, the LCDR2, and the LCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 28-30, respectively.7.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the preceding claims, wherein the VH further comprises HFR1, HFR2, HFR3 and HFR4, and / or the VL further comprises LFR1, LFR2, LFR3 and LFR4, wherein:a) the HFR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of QGX17LX18ESGGGVVQPX19RSLX20LX21CAX22 (SEQ ID NO: 79) ,b) the HFR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of X23HWVRQX24PGKGLEWVA (SEQ ID NO: 80) ,c) the HFR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of YYX25X26SVKGRFTVSRDNSKX27TLFLQMNX28LRX29EDTALYYC (SEQ ID NO: 81) ,d) the HFR4 comprises the amino acid sequence of GTTVX30VSS (SEQ ID NO: 82) ,e) the LFR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of DIVMTQSPLFLX31VTPGEX32ASISCR (SEQ ID NO: 83) ,f) the LFR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of YLDWYLQKPGQSPQLLIYWGSNRAX33GVSDR (SEQ ID NO: 84) ,g) the LFR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of DFTLX34IX35NVEAEDVGVYY (SEQ ID NO: 85) , and / orh) the LFR4 comprises the amino acid sequence of GQGTX36VDIK (SEQ ID NO: 86) ,wherein X17 is Q or R; X18 is E or Q; X19 is G or R; X20 is R or T; X21 is F or S; X22 is A or G; X23 is M or L; X24 is A or T; X25 is A or R; X26 is G or D; X27 is N or T; X28 is N or H; X29 is P or A; X30 is T or I; X31 is P or S; X32 is P or S; X33 is S or P; X34 is R or T; X35 is T, Y, or R; X36 is R or K.8.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 7, wherein:the HFR1 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 55, and 63,the HFR2 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 48, 56, and 64,the HFR3 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 49, 57, and 65,the HFR4 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 50, 58, and 66,the LFR1 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 51, 59, and 67,the LFR2 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 52, 60, and 68,the LFR3 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 53, 61, and 69, and / orthe LFR4 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 54, 62, and 70.9.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the preceding claims, wherein:a) the VH comprise an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 91, 93, and 95, and / orb) the VL comprise an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 92, 94, and 96.10.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the preceding claims, wherein:a) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92;b) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94; orc) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96.11.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the claims 4-10, wherein the VH and / or the VL is modified to:a) increase binding affinity to a first site of N2 which at least partially overlaps with the active site for sialic acid binding;optionally, the first site of N2 comprises one or more amino acid residues at positions 292, position 371, and / or position 118; one or more amino acid residues at positions 347 and / or 431; and / or one or more amino acid residues at positions 151, 227 and / or 178 of N2;orb) reduce binding affinity to a second site of N2 which is variable across different influenza A strains;optionally, the second site of N2 comprises amino acid residue at position 400, 151, 150, 152, 394, and / or 399 of N2;orc) both a) and b) .12.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 11, wherein the VL is modified to reduce binding affinity to the second site of N2, and wherein the VL is modified to:a) comprise an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of S, T, A, I, L, V, and G at the position corresponding to position 81 of SEQ ID NO: 94; and / orb) comprise an amino acid residue at positions 35, 65, and / or 59 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 94 such that the binding to the second site on the N2 is reduced.13.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 11 -12, wherein the VL and / or the VH is modified to increase binding affinity to the first site of N2,optionally wherein the VH is modified to comprise:a) an amino acid residue at position 114 of the HCDR3 selected from the group consisting of D, R, H, K, E, N, and Q; and / orb) an amino acid residue at position 118 of the HCDR3 selected from the group consisting of R, K, Q, N, E, H, V, I, T, and L,wherein the position is corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 93;optionally wherein the VL is modified to comprisec) the LCDR1 is modified to have an amino acid residue at position 28 and / or position 30 independently selected from the group consisting of Q, N, R, K, E, D, H, and Y, and / ord) the LCDR2 is modified to have an amino acid residue at position 72 and / or position 73 independently selected from the group consisting of Q, N, R, K, E, D, H, and Y,wherein the position is corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 94.14.An isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising a VH and a VL, wherein:a) the VH comprises HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of DPDYDKGWGX8X9RNTDRPSYDGLDVW (SEQ ID NO: 73) or ARGSDPDYDKGWGX10X11RNTDRPSYDGLDVWGX12 (SEQ ID NO: 74) , and the VH is a product of or derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequence VH 3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 99) , andb) the VL is a product of or derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequence VK2-28 (SEQ ID NO: 100) ,wherein X8 is S or A; X9 is Y or L; X10 is S or A; X11 is Y or L; X12 is R or Q, and the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is capable of specifically binding to influenza A neuraminidase (NA) and inhibiting NA activity.15.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 14, wherein the HCDR3 comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 101, 102 and 103, or a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 15, 21 and 27.16.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 14, wherein the VH has a sequence identity of at least 74% (e.g., at least 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, or 84%) over the length of the human germline immunoglobulin sequence VH 3-30 (SEQ ID NO: 99) , and / or the VL has a sequence identify of at least 80% (e.g., at least 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, or 91%) over the length of the human germline immunoglobulin sequence VK2-28 (SEQ ID NO: 100) .17.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-16, wherein the VL comprises LCDR1 comprising:a) the amino acid sequence of QSLLHSNGYX13 (SEQ ID NO: 75) or SSQSLLHSNGYX14 (SEQ ID NO: 76) , wherein X3 is N, E, or D, X4 is C or S; orb) a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 16, 22, and 28.18.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-17, wherein the HCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, and / or the LCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.19.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-18, wherein the VH further comprises:a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SGFX1X2X3TYT (SEQ ID NO: 71) , wherein X1 is T or P; X2 is F or L; X3 is N, E, or D; or a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 13, 19 and 25, and / orb) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of VX4SX5DGX6NX7 (SEQ ID NO: 72) ., wherein X4 is C or S; X5 is N or K; X6 is T or N; X7 is E or V; or a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 14, 20 and 26.20.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-19, wherein the VL further comprises:a) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of FSGX15GSGT (SEQ ID NO: 77) , wherein X15 is S or R; or a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 17, 23, and 29, and / orb) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of CMQALX16TPPWTF (SEQ ID NO: 78) , wherein X16 is E or Q; or a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 18, 24, and 30.21.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-20, wherein the VH and / or the VL is modified to:a) increase binding affinity to a first site of N2 which at least partially overlaps with the active site for sialic acid binding;optionally, the first site of N2 comprises one or more amino acid residues at positions 292, position 371, and / or position 118; one or more amino acid residues at positions 347 and / or 431; and / or one or more amino acid residues at positions 151, 227 and / or 178 of N2;orb) reduce binding affinity to a second site of N2 which is variable across different influenza A strains;optionally, the second site of N2 comprises amino acid residue at position 400, 151, 150, 152, 394, and / or 399 of N2;orc) both a) and b) .22.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 21, wherein the VL is modified to reduce binding affinity to the second site of N2, and wherein the VL is modified to:a) comprise an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of S, T, A, I, L, V, and G at the position corresponding to position 81 of SEQ ID NO: 94; and / orb) comprise an amino acid residue at positions 35, 65, and / or 59 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 94 such that the binding to the second site on the N2 is reduced.23.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 21 -22, wherein the VL and / or the VH is modified to increase binding affinity to the first site of N2,optionally wherein the VH is modified to comprise:a) an amino acid residue at position 114 of the HCDR3 selected from the group consisting of D, R, H, K, E, N, and Q; and / orb) an amino acid residue at position 118 of the HCDR3 selected from the group consisting of R, K, Q, N, E, H, V, I, T, and L,wherein the position is corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 93;optionally wherein the VL is modified to comprisee) the LCDR1 is modified to have an amino acid residue at position 28 and / or position 30 independently selected from the group consisting of Q, N, R, K, E, D, H, and Y, and / orf) the LCDR2 is modified to have an amino acid residue at position 72 and / or position 73 independently selected from the group consisting of Q, N, R, K, E, D, H, and Y,wherein the position is corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 94.24.An isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising:a) the HCDR1, the HCDR2, and the HCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, respectively, and the LCDR1, the LCDR2, and the LCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, respectively;b) the HCDR1, the HCDR2, and the HCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, respectively, and the LCDR1, the LCDR2, and the LCDR3 comprise the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, respectively.25.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 18, wherein:a) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88; orb) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90.26.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the preceding claims, which is capable of inhibiting sialidase activity of different subtypes of the NA, and optionally, the NA is N1, N2, N3, N5, N8, or any combination thereof.27.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the preceding claims, wherein the N1 is from an H1N1 influenza virus, and / or the N2 is from an H3N2 influenza virus.28.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the preceding claims, wherein the N1 is a N1 from A / Michigan / 45 / 2015, A / California / 07 / 2009, or A / Indonesia / 5 / 2005, the N2 is a N2 from A / Kansas / 14 / 2017, the N3 is a N3 from A / mallard / Minnesota / AI09-3100 / 2009, the N5 is a N5 from A / mallard / Sweden / 86 / 2003, or the N8 is a N8 from A / chicken / Netherlands / emc-3 / 2014-H5N8.29.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the preceding claims, capable of binding to a first epitope comprising the amino acids (N2 NA numbering) D151, R150, R152, W178, E227, R292, R371, R118, H347, K341; and / or capable of binding to a second epitope comprising R394, R400, D399 of N2.30.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the preceding claims, further comprising an immunoglobulin constant region, optionally a constant region of human immunoglobulin, or optionally a constant region of human IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, or IgE.31.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the preceding claims, wherein: a) the constant region comprises one or more mutations that increases the half-life of the antibody; and / or b) the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is linked to one or more conjugate moieties; optionally, the conjugate moiety comprises a clearance-modifying agent, a chemotherapeutic agent, a toxin, a radioactive isotope, a lanthanide, a luminescent label, a fluorescent label, an enzyme-substrate label, a DNA-alkylators, a topoisomerase inhibitor, a tubulin-binders, or other anticancer drugs.32.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the preceding claims, which is a fully human antibody, a chimeric antibody or bispecific antibody.33.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the preceding claims, wherein the antigen-binding fragment thereof is a Fab, a Fab', a F (ab') 2, a Fd, an Fv fragment, a disulfide stabilized Fv fragment (dsFv) , a (dsFv) 2, a bispecific dsFv (dsFv-dsFv') , a single-chain antibody molecule (scFv) , an scFv dimer (bivalent diabody) , a bispecific scFv dimer, or a multispecific antibody.34.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of the preceding claims, which binds to the same epitope as an antibody of any of claims 1-33.35.An isolated polynucleotide encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the preceding claims.36.The isolated polynucleotide of claim 35, wherein the polynucleotide is operably linked to a promoter.37.An expression vector comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim 36.38.A host cell comprising the expression vector of claim 37.39.The host cell of claim 38, which is capable of producing the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-34.40.A method of producing the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-34, comprising culturing the host cell of any of claims 38-39 under the condition at which the expression vector of claim 37 is expressed.41.A pharmaceutical composition comprising:a) the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-34, or the isolated polynucleotide of claim 35, andb) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.42.A method of treating or preventing influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of claims 1-34, or the isolated polynucleotide of claim 35, or the vector of claim 37, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 41.43.The method of claim 42, wherein the subject has or is at risk of the influenza infection.44.The method of claim 42, wherein the administration is post-exposure.45.The method of claim 42, wherein the subject is human.46.The method of any of claims 41-45, further comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a second active agent, optionally the second active agent is a therapeutic agent or a prophylactic agent for influenza virus infection.47.A method of detecting presence or amount of NA antigen of an influenza virus in a sample, comprising contacting the sample with one or more of the antibody or antigen binding fragment of any of claims 1-34, and determining the presence or the amount of the NA antigen in the sample.48.Use of one or more of the antibody or antigen binding fragment of any of claims 1-34 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating influenza virus infection.49.A variant of neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A virus, comprising R292K (full length N2 numbering) or R293K (full length N1 numbering) substitution, wherein the substitution reduces binding to sialic acid.50.The variant of claim 49, wherein the variant substantially retains binding to antibody 1G01.51.The variant of claim 50, wherein the NA is derived from N1 or N2.52.The variant of claim 51, comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%homologous to SEQ ID NO: 104 or 105, and comprises an amino acid substitution at position 292 (corresponding to full length N2 numbering) or position 293 (corresponding to full length N1 numbering) , wherein the substitution reduces binding to sialic acid.53.The variant of claim 52, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106 or 107.54.The variant of claim 53, further comprising a detectable label.55.A method of detecting presence of a B cell receptor (BCR) of interest expressed on a B cell, wherein the BCR of interest is capable of specifically binding to neuraminidase of influenza A virus, the method comprising: contacting the B cell with the variant of any of claims 49-54, detecting binding of the variant to the B cell, wherein the binding of the variant to the B cell indicates presence of the BCR of interest on the B cell.56.A method identifying from a sample a B cell expressing a BCR of interest, wherein the BCR of interest is capable of specifically binding to neuraminidase of influenza A virus, the method comprising: contacting the sample with the variant of any of claims 49-54, detecting the binding of the variant to a B cell in the sample, wherein the B cell is identified as expressing the BCR of interest based on the binding of the variant to the B cell.57.The method of claim 55 or 56, wherein the influenza A virus comprises H1N1 or H3N2 influenza virus.
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