Compounds and use thereof as WRN inhibitors
Compounds inhibiting WRN helicase activity address the challenge of treating MSI-H cancers by inducing cell death with minimal side effects, providing a targeted therapeutic solution for these tumors.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/110233
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-07-25
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-24
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-29
AI Technical Summary
There is a significant unmet medical need in treating microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) cancers due to the lack of effective treatments targeting Werner Syndrome RecQ helicase (WRN), which is essential for the survival of these cancer cells, leading to challenges in inducing cell death with minimal side effects.
Development of compounds that inhibit WRN helicase activity, including those with a fused bicyclic core structure, which can bind covalently or noncovalently to the WRN protein, providing therapeutic options for MSI-H cancers.
The compounds effectively inhibit WRN helicase activity, leading to anti-proliferative effects, activation of DNA damage signaling markers, and induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MSI-H cancer cells, offering a targeted approach to treat these cancers.
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Figure PCTCN2025110233-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
COMPOUNDS AND USE THEREOF AS WRN INHIBITORSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONSThis application claims priority to International Patent Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 107627, filed on July 25, 2024, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUNDGenetic instability is a hallmark of cancer and typically arises from mutations in key DNA damage repair and / or reversal proteins. Intrinsic DNA damage response (DDR) defects can be exploited with DDR inhibitors via the concept of synthetic lethality. Synthetic lethality arises when a combination of deficiencies in the expression of two or more genes or corresponding loss of function of related gene product proteins leads to cell death, whereas a singular deficiency / loss of function does not. Tumor-specific genetic defects can create a vulnerability, which enable the use of targeted agents that are synthetically lethal to such tumor-specific genomic defect and induce the death of tumor cells with minimal side effects. Therefore, pathways involved in DNA repair mechanisms can be targeted by cytotoxic treatments based on synthetic lethality, turning dysregulated repair processes against tumor cells to achieve tumor treatment.A notable example of synthetic lethal interactions between DDR inhibitors and key tumor-associated DDR defects is mismatch repair-deficient tumors and Werner Syndrome RecQ helicase (WRN) inhibitors. Defects in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) can promote a hyper-mutable state in which cells develop insertion and deletion mutations (indels) at microsatellites. This hypermutation, termed microsatellite instability (MSI) , has been identified to contribute to the development of certain cancers. Tumor MSI occurs when one or more MS regions have dramatically higher numbers of MS indels. Tumors with MS regions that do not display dramatically higher numbers of MS indels are generally referred to as microsatellite stable ( “MSS” ) . While progress has been made in the treatment of certain microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) cancers using immunotherapies (e.g, anti-PD1) , there is still a significant unmet medical need in many other MSI-H indications (André T., et al. Pembrolizumab in Microsatellite-Instability-High Advanced Colorectal Cancer. N Engl J Med 383 (23) : 2207-2218 (2020) ) .Recently, genomics screens have identified the Werner Syndrome RecQ helicase (WRN) as being selectively required for the survival of cell lines with defective mismatch repair that have become MSI-H (Chan, E. M. et al. WRN helicase is a synthetic lethal target in microsatellite unstable cancers. Nature 2019, 568, 551–556) . WRN is synthetic lethal with MSI cancers. Depletion of WRN leads to anti-proliferative effects and results in activation of multiple DNA damage signaling markers, induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MMR cancer models but not cancer cells with an intact MMR pathway. WRN provides a DNA repair and maintenance function that is essential for cell survival in MSI cancers. It has been shown that dinucleotide TA repeats are selectively unstable in MSI cells and undergo large scale expansions, which form secondary DNA structures that require the WRN helicase for unwinding (Wietmarschen et al. Repeat expansions confer WRN dependence in microsatellite-unstable cancers, Nature, 2020, 586, 292-298) . Upon WRN helicase inhibition, expanded TA repeats in MSI cells are subject to nuclease cleavage and chromosome breakage. The present application provides certain compounds for treating cancers, particularly MSI cancers, by inhibiting WRN helicase activity.SUMMARYIn one embodiment, provided herein are certain compounds as Werner Syndrome RecQ helicase (WRN) inhibitors. In one embodiment, the compounds bind to WRN protein covalently or noncovalently. In one embodiment, the compounds comprise a fused bicyclic core structure.In one embodiment, provided herein is are compounds of Formula (I) , (II) , or (III) :or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M9, M9, M10, M11, R1, R2, and W are defined herein or elsewhere.Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound provided herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.Also provided herein are methods of treating cancers, particularly cancers characterized as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) , comprising administering to a subject having the cancer a therapeutically effective amount of a compound provided herein or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONDEFINITIONSUnless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. All patents, applications, published applications and other publications are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event that there are a plurality of definitions for a term herein, those in this section prevail unless stated otherwise.As used herein, and in the specification and the accompanying claims, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” and the definite article “the” include plural as well as single referents, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.As used herein, the terms “comprising” and “including” can be used interchangeably. The terms “comprising” and “including” are to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features or components as referred to, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more features, or components, or groups thereof. Additionally, the terms “comprising” and “including” are intended to include examples encompassed by the term “consisting of” . Consequently, the term “consisting of” can be used in place of the terms “comprising” and “including” to provide for more specific embodiments.As used herein, the term “or” is to be interpreted as an inclusive “or” meaning any one or any combination. Therefore, “A, B or C” means any of the following: “A; B; C; A and B; A and C; B and C; A, B and C” . An exception to this definition will occur only when a combination of elements, functions, steps or acts are in some way inherently mutually exclusive.As used herein, the phrase “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “Aand / or B” herein is intended to include both A and B; A or B; A (alone) ; and B (alone) . Likewise, the phrase “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) .It should be noted that if there is a discrepancy between a depicted structure and a name for that structure, the depicted structure is to be accorded more weight.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which is saturated. In one embodiment, the alkyl group has, for example, from one to twenty-four carbon atoms (C1-C24 alkyl) , four to twenty carbon atoms (C4-C20 alkyl) , six to sixteen carbon atoms (C6-C16 alkyl) , six to nine carbon atoms (C6-C9 alkyl) , one to fifteen carbon atoms (C1-C15 alkyl) , one to twelve carbon atoms (C1-C12 alkyl) , one to eight carbon atoms (C1-C8 alkyl) or one to six carbon atoms (C1-C6 alkyl) and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (isopropyl) , n-butyl, n-pentyl, 1, 1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl) , 3-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, and the like. Unless otherwise specified, an alkyl group is optionally substituted.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “alkylene” refers to a straight or branched multivalent (e.g., divalent or trivalent) hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group (or groups) , consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, which is saturated. In one embodiment, the alkylene has, for example, from one to twenty-four carbon atoms (C1-C24 alkylene) , one to twelve carbon atoms (C1-C12 alkylene) , one to six carbon atoms (C1-C6 alkylene) , two to four carbon atoms (C2-C4 alkylene) , one to two carbon atoms (C1-C2 alkylene) . Examples of alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, and the like. Unless otherwise specified, an alkylene is optionally substituted.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. The term “alkenyl” also embraces radicals having “cis” and “trans” configurations, or alternatively, “E” and “Z” configurations, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. In one embodiment, the alkenyl group has, for example, from two to twenty-four carbon atoms (C2-C24 alkenyl) , four to twenty carbon atoms (C4-C20 alkenyl) , six to sixteen carbon atoms (C6-C16 alkenyl) , six to nine carbon atoms (C6-C9 alkenyl) , two to fifteen carbon atoms (C2-C15 alkenyl) , two to twelve carbon atoms (C2-C12 alkenyl) , two to eight carbon atoms (C2-C8 alkenyl) or two to six carbon atoms (C2-C6 alkenyl) and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, prop-1-enyl, but-1-enyl, pent-1-enyl, penta-1, 4-dienyl, and the like. Unless otherwise specified, an alkenyl group is optionally substituted.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which contains one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. In one embodiment, the alkynyl group has, for example, from two to twenty-four carbon atoms (C2-C24 alkynyl) , four to twenty carbon atoms (C4-C20 alkynyl) , six to sixteen carbon atoms (C6-C16 alkynyl) , six to nine carbon atoms (C6-C9 alkynyl) , two to fifteen carbon atoms (C2-C15 alkynyl) , two to twelve carbon atoms (C2-C12 alkynyl) , two to eight carbon atoms (C2-C8 alkynyl) or two to six carbon atoms (C2-C6 alkynyl) and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, and the like. Unless otherwise specified, an alkynyl group is optionally substituted.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “cycloalkyl” refers to a non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, and which is saturated. Cycloalkyl group may include fused, bridged, or spiro ring systems. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl has, for example, from 3 to 15 ring carbon atoms (C3-C15 cycloalkyl) , from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (C3-C10 cycloalkyl) , or from 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (C3-C8 cycloalkyl) . The cycloalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Examples of monocyclic cycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Examples of polycyclic cycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, adamantyl, norbornyl, decalinyl, 7, 7-dimethyl-bicyclo [2.2.1] heptanyl, and the like. Unless otherwise specified, a cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “cycloalkylene” is a multivalent (e.g., divalent or trivalent) cycloalkyl group. Unless otherwise specified, a cycloalkylene group is optionally substituted.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “cycloalkenyl” refers to a non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, and which includes one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Cycloalkenyl may include fused, bridged, or spiro ring systems. In one embodiment, the cycloalkenyl has, for example, from 3 to 15 ring carbon atoms (C3-C15 cycloalkenyl) , from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (C3-C10 cycloalkenyl) , or from 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (C3-C8 cycloalkenyl) . The cycloalkenyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Examples of monocyclic cycloalkenyl radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, and the like. Unless otherwise specified, a cycloalkenyl group is optionally substituted. Similarly, as used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “cycloalkynyl” refers to a non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, and which includes one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical that has one or more skeletal chain atoms selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, or combinations thereof. A numerical range can be given to refer to the chain length in total. For example, a -CH2OCH2CH3 radical is referred to as a “C4” heteroalkyl. Connection to the parent molecular structure can be through either a heteroatom or a carbon in the heteroalkyl chain. One or more heteroatom (s) in the heteroalkyl radical can be optionally oxidized. One or more nitrogen atoms, if present, can also be optionally quaternized. In some embodiment, a heteroalkyl is a haloalkyl. In some embodiment, a heteroalkyl is an alkoxy. Unless otherwise specified, a heteroalkyl group is optionally substituted.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “aryl” refers to a monocyclic aromatic group and / or multicyclic aromatic group that contain at least one aromatic hydrocarbon ring. In certain embodiments, the aryl has from 6 to 18 ring carbon atoms (C6-C18 aryl) , from 6 to 14 ring carbon atoms (C6-C14 aryl) , or from 6 to 10 ring carbon atoms (C6-C10 aryl) . Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, azulenyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, biphenyl, and terphenyl. The term “aryl” also refers to bicyclic, tricyclic, or other multicyclic hydrocarbon rings, where at least one of the rings is aromatic and the others of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, for example, dihydronaphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralinyl) . Unless otherwise specified, an aryl group is optionally substituted.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “arylene” is a multivalent (e.g., divalent or trivalent) aryl group. Unless otherwise specified, an arylene group is optionally substituted.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic aromatic group and / or multicyclic aromatic group that contains at least one aromatic ring, wherein at least one aromatic ring contains one or more (e.g., one, one or two, one to three, or one to four) heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N. The heteroaryl may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl has from 5 to 20, from 5 to 15, or from 5 to 10 ring atoms. The term “heteroaryl” also refers to bicyclic, tricyclic, or other multicyclic rings, where at least one of the rings is aromatic and the others of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, wherein at least one aromatic ring contains one or more heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N. Examples of monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, and triazinyl. Examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, indolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothienyl, quinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzopyranyl, indolizinyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, chromonyl, coumarinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, indazolyl, purinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, dihydroisoindolyl, and tetrahydroquinolinyl. Examples of tricyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, carbazolyl, benzindolyl, phenanthrollinyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, and xanthenyl. Unless otherwise specified, a heteroaryl group is optionally substituted.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “heteroarylene” is a multivalent (e.g., divalent or trivalent) heteroaryl group. Unless otherwise specified, a heteroarylene is optionally substituted.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “heterocyclyl” refers to a monocyclic and / or multicyclic non-aromatic group that contains one or more (e.g., one, one or two, one to three, or one to four) heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur. The heterocyclyl may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom. A heterocyclyl group can be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, tetracyclic, or other multicyclic ring system, wherein the multicyclic ring systems can be a fused, bridged or spiro ring system. Heterocyclyl multicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or more rings. A heterocyclyl group can be saturated or partially unsaturated. Saturated heterocycloalkyl groups can be termed “heterocycloalkyl” . Partially unsaturated heterocycloalkyl groups can be termed “heterocycloalkenyl” if the heterocyclyl contains at least one double bond, or “heterocycloalkynyl” if the heterocyclyl contains at least one triple bond. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl has, for example, 3 to 18 ring atoms (3-to 18-membered heterocyclyl) , 4 to 18 ring atoms (4-to 18-membered heterocyclyl) , 5 to 18 ring atoms (5-to 18-membered heterocyclyl) , 4 to 8 ring atoms (4-to 8-membered heterocyclyl) , or 5 to 8 ring atoms (5-to 8-membered heterocyclyl) . Examples of heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, and piperidinyl. Unless otherwise specified, a heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted.
[0001] As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “heterocyclylene” is a multivalent (e.g., divalent or trivalent) heterocyclyl group. Unless otherwise specified, a heterocyclylene is optionally substituted.Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “3 to 18” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., a heterocyclyl with “3 to 18 ring atoms” means that the heterocyclyl group can consist of 3 ring atoms, 4 ring atoms, 5 ring atoms, 6 ring atoms, 7 ring atoms, 8 ring atoms, 9 ring atoms, 10 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 18 ring atoms. Similarly, a C1-C6 alkyl means that the alkyl group can consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms.As used herein and unless otherwise specified, a “cycloalkylalkyl” group is a radical of the formula: -alkyl-cycloalkyl, wherein alkyl and cycloalkyl are defined above. Substituted cycloalkylalkyl groups may be substituted at the alkyl, the cycloalkyl, or both the alkyl and the cycloalkyl portions of the group. Representative cycloalkylalkyl groups include but are not limited to cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclobutylethyl, cyclopentylethyl, cyclohexylethyl, cyclopentylpropyl, cyclohexylpropyl and the like.As used herein and unless otherwise specified, an “aralkyl” group is a radical of the formula: -alkyl-aryl, wherein alkyl and aryl are defined above. Substituted aralkyl groups may be substituted at the alkyl, the aryl, or both the alkyl and the aryl portions of the group. Representative aralkyl groups include but are not limited to benzyl and phenethyl groups and aralkyl groups wherein the aryl group is fused to a cycloalkyl group such as indan-4-yl ethyl.As used herein and unless otherwise specified, other similar composite terms mirror the above description for “cycloalkylalkyl” and “aralkyl” . For example, a “heterocyclylalkyl” group is a radical of the formula: -alkyl-heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl and heterocyclyl are defined above. A “heteroarylalkyl” group is a radical of the formula: -alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein alkyl and heteroaryl are defined above. A “heterocycloalkylalkyl” group is a radical of the formula: -alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, wherein alkyl and heterocycloalkyl are defined above.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “halogen” , “halide” or “halo” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and / or iodine. As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the terms “haloalkyl, ” “haloalkenyl, ” “haloalkynyl, ” and “haloalkoxy” refer to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and alkoxy structures that are substituted with one or more halo groups or with combinations thereof.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “alkoxy” refers to -O- (alkyl) , wherein alkyl is defined above. As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “aryloxy” refers to -O- (aryl) , wherein aryl is defined above.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “alkyl sulfonyl” refers to –SO2-alkyl, wherein alkyl is defined above.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “carboxyl” and “carboxy” refers to -COOH.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “alkoxycarbonyl” refers to -C (=O) O- (alkyl) , wherein alkyl is defined above. As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “arylalkyloxy” refers to -O- (alkyl) - (aryl) , wherein alkyl and aryl are defined above. As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “cycloalkyloxy” refers to -O- (cycloalkyl) , wherein cycloalkyl is defined above. As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “cycloalkylalkyloxy” refers to -O- (alkyl) - (cycloalkyl) , wherein cycloalkyl and alkyl are defined above.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “acyl” refers to –C (O) -Raa, wherein Raa can be, but is not limited to, hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, each of which is defined above. In certain embodiments, Raa may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “acyloxy” refers to –O-C (O) -Raa, wherein Raa can be, but is not limited to, hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, each of which is defined above. In certain embodiments, Raa may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “amino” refers to –N (R#) (R#) , wherein each R#independently can be, but is not limited to, hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, each of which is defined above. When a -N (R#) (R#) group has two R#other than hydrogen, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a ring. In one embodiment, the ring is a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered ring. In one embodiment, one or more ring atoms are heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, or N. The term “amino” also includes N-oxide (–N+ (R#) (R#) O-) . In certain embodiments, each R#or the ring formed by -N (R#) (R#) independently may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “amide” or “amido” refers to –C (O) N (R#) 2 or –NR#C (O) R#, wherein each R#independently can be, but is not limited to, hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, each of which is defined above. When a –C (O) N (R#) 2 group has two R#other than hydrogen, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a ring. In one embodiment, the ring is a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered ring. In one embodiment, one or more ring atoms are heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, or N. In certain embodiments, each R#or the ring formed by -N (R#) (R#) independently may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “aminoalkyl” refers to - (alkyl) - (amino) , wherein alkyl and amino are defined above. As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “aminoalkoxy” refers to -O- (alkyl) - (amino) , wherein alkyl and amino are defined above.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “alkylamino” refers to -NH (alkyl) or -N (alkyl) (alkyl) , wherein alkyl is defined above. Examples of such alkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, -NHCH3, -NHCH2CH3, -NH (CH2) 2CH3, -NH (CH2) 3CH3, -NH (CH2) 4CH3, -NH (CH2) 5CH3, -N (CH3) 2, -N (CH2CH3) 2, -N ( (CH2) 2CH3) 2, -N (CH3) (CH2CH3) , and the like.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “arylamino” refers to -NH (aryl) or -N (aryl) (aryl) , wherein aryl is defined above. As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, similar composite terms such as “arylalkylamino” and “cycloalkylamino” mirrors the descriptions above for “alkylamino” and “arylamino” .As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “sulfanyl” , “sulfide” , or “thio” refers to -S-Raa, wherein Raa can be, but is not limited to, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, each of which is defined above. In certain embodiments, Raa may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “sulfoxide” refers to –S (O) -Raa, wherein Raa can be, but is not limited to, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, each of which is defined above. In certain embodiments, Raa may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “sulfonyl” or “sulfone” refers to –S (O) 2-Raa, wherein Raa can be, but is not limited to, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, each of which is defined above. In certain embodiments, Raa may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “sulfonamido” or “sulfonamide” refers to –S (=O) 2–N (R#) 2 or –N (R#) –S (=O) 2–R#, wherein each R# independently can be, but is not limited to, hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, each of which is defined above. When a –S (=O) 2–N (R#) 2 group has two R#other than hydrogen, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a ring. In one embodiment, the ring is a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered ring. In one embodiment, one or more ring atoms are heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, or N. In certain embodiments, each R#or the ring formed by -N (R#) (R#) independently may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.“Azide” refers to a –N3 radical. “Cyano” refers to a –CN radical. “Nitro” refers to the –NO2 radical. “Oxa” refers to the –O–radical. “Oxo” refers to the =O radical.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “optional” or “optionally” (e.g., optionally substituted) means that the subsequently described event of circumstances may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not. For example, “optionally substituted alkyl” means that the alkyl radical may or may not be substituted and that the description includes both substituted alkyl radicals and alkyl radicals having no substitution.When the groups described herein are said to be “substituted, ” they may be substituted with any appropriate substituent or substituents. Illustrative examples of substituents include, but are not limited to, those found in the exemplary compounds and embodiments provided herein, as well as halogen (chloro, iodo, bromo, or fluoro) ; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; hydroxyl; alkoxy; alkoxyalkyl; amino; alkylamino; carboxy; nitro; cyano; thiol; thioether; imine; imide; amidine; guanidine; enamine; aminocarbonyl; acylamino; phosphonate; phosphine; thiocarbonyl; sulfinyl; sulfone; sulfonamide; ketone; aldehyde; ester; urea; urethane; oxime; hydroxyl amine; alkoxyamine; aryloxyamine, aralkoxyamine; N-oxide; hydrazine; hydrazide; hydrazone; azide; isocyanate; isothiocyanate; cyanate; thiocyanate; oxo (═O) ; B (OH) 2, O (alkyl) aminocarbonyl; cycloalkyl, which may be monocyclic or fused or non-fused polycyclic (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl) , or a heterocyclyl, which may be monocyclic or fused or non-fused polycyclic (e.g., pyrrolidyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, or thiazinyl) ; monocyclic or fused or non-fused polycyclic aryl or heteroaryl (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, acridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiophenyl, or benzofuranyl) aryloxy; aralkyloxy; heterocyclyloxy; and heterocyclyl alkoxy.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “isomer” refers to different compounds that have the same molecular formula. “Stereoisomers” are isomers that differ only in the way the atoms are arranged in space. “Atropisomers” are stereoisomers from hindered rotation about single bonds. “Enantiomers” are a pair of stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. A mixture of a pair of enantiomers in any proportion can be known as a “racemic” mixture. “Diastereoisomers” are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetric atoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other. The absolute stereochemistry can be specified according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog R-Ssystem. When a compound is an enantiomer, the stereochemistry at each chiral carbon can be specified by either R or S. Resolved compounds whose absolute configuration is unknown can be designated (+) or (-) depending on the direction (dextro-or levorotatory) which they rotate plane polarized light at the wavelength of the sodium D line. However, the sign of optical rotation, (+) and (-) , is not related to the absolute configuration of the molecule, R and S. Certain compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and can thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that can be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry at each asymmetric atom, as (R) -or (S) -. The present chemical entities, pharmaceutical compositions and methods are meant to include all such possible isomers, including racemic mixtures, optically substantially pure forms and intermediate mixtures. Optically active (R) -and (S) -isomers can be prepared, for example, using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques.“Stereoisomers” can also include E and Z isomers, or a mixture thereof, and cis and trans isomers or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein is isolated as either the E or Z isomer. In other embodiments, a compound described herein is a mixture of the E and Z isomers.It is to be understood that the compounds provided herein may contain chiral centers. Such chiral centers may be of either the (R) or (S) configuration, or may be a mixture thereof. It is to be understood that the chiral centers of the compounds provided herein may undergo epimerization in vivo. Optically active (+) and (-) , (R) -and (S) -, or (D) -and (L) -isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques, such as chromatography on a chiral stationary phase.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “enantiomeric purity” or “enantiomer purity” refers to a qualitative or quantitative measure of a purified enantiomer. The enantiomeric purity of compounds described herein may be described in terms of enantiomeric excess (ee) , which indicates the degree to which a sample contains one enantiomer in greater amounts than the other. A racemic mixture has an ee of 0%, while a single completely pure enantiomer has an ee of 100%. Examples of the enantiomeric purity include an ee of at least about 10%, at least about 12%, at least about 14%, at least about 16%, at least about 18%, at least about 20%, at least about 22%, at least about 24%, at least about 26%, at least about 28%, at least about 30%, at least about 32%, at least about 34%, at least about 36%, at least about 38%, at least about 40%, at least about 42%, at least about 44%, at least about 46%, at least about 48%, at least about 50%, at least about 52%, at least about 54%, at least about 56%, at least about 58%, at least about 60%, at least about 62%, at least about 64%, at least about 66%, at least about 68%, at least about 70%, at least about 72%, at least about 74%, at least about 76%, at least about 78%, at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about or at least about 99%. Similarly, “diastereomeric purity” may be described in terms of diasteriomeric excess (de) , which indicates the degree to which a sample contains one diastereoisomers in greater amounts than the other (s) .It should also be noted a compound described herein can contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms. For example, the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium (3H) , iodine-125 (125I) , sulfur-35 (35S) , or carbon-14 (14C) , or may be isotopically enriched, such as with deuterium (2H) , carbon-13 (13C) , or nitrogen-15 (15N) . As used herein, an “isotopolog” is an isotopically enriched compound. The term “isotopically enriched” refers to an atom having an isotopic composition other than the natural isotopic composition of that atom. “Isotopically enriched” may also refer to a compound containing at least one atom having an isotopic composition other than the natural isotopic composition of that atom. The term “isotopic composition” refers to the amount of each isotope present for a given atom. Radiolabeled and isotopically enriched compounds are useful as therapeutic agents, e.g., cancer therapeutic agents, research reagents, e.g., binding assay reagents, and diagnostic agents, e.g., in vivo imaging agents. All isotopic variations of a compound described herein, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the embodiments provided herein. In some embodiments, there are provided isotopologs of a compound described herein, for example, the isotopologs are deuterium, carbon-13, and / or nitrogen-15 enriched. As used herein, “deuterated” , means a compound wherein at least one hydrogen (H) has been replaced by deuterium (indicated by D or 2H) , that is, the compound is enriched in deuterium in at least one position.The compounds provided herein may be enantiomerically pure or be stereoisomeric or diastereomeric mixtures. As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “stereoisomerically pure” means a composition that comprises one stereoisomer of a compound and is substantially free of other stereoisomers of that compound. For example, a stereoisomerically pure composition of a compound having one chiral center will be substantially free of the opposite enantiomer of the compound. A stereoisomerically pure composition of a compound having two chiral centers will be substantially free of other diastereomers of the compound. A typical stereoisomerically pure compound comprises greater than about 80%by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 20%by weight of other stereoisomers of the compound, more preferably greater than about 90%by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 10%by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, even more preferably greater than about 95%by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 5%by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, and most preferably greater than about 97%by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 3%by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound. As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “stereoisomerically enriched” means a composition that comprises greater than about 60%by weight of one stereoisomer of a compound, preferably greater than about 70%by weight, greater than about 80%by weight, or greater than 90%by weight of one stereoisomer of a compound.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “tautomer” or “tautomeric form” refers to isomeric forms of a compound that are in equilibrium with each other. In one embodiment, a tautomer is formed by the migration of a proton from one atom of a molecule to another atom of the same molecule (known as proton tautomers, such as keto-enol tautomerization or imine-enamine tautomerization) . The concentrations of the isomeric forms will depend on the environment the compound is found in and may be different depending upon, for example, whether the compound is a solid or is in an organic or aqueous solution. For example, pyridine or pyridyl can be optionally substituted by oxo to form a respective pyridone or pyridon-yl and may include its tautomeric form such as a respective hydroxy-pyridine or hydroxy-pyridyl (e.g., 2-pyridone and 2-hydroxypyridine are a pair of tautomers) . In another example, pyrazoles may exhibit the following isomeric forms, which are referred to as tautomers of each other:All tautomers of the compounds described herein are within the scope of the present application.The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a derivative of a compound wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines, alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids, and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such non-toxic salts include, but are not limited to, those derived from inorganic and organic acids selected from 2-acetoxybenzoic, 2-hydroxyethane sulfonic, acetic, ascorbic, benzene sulfonic, benzoic, bicarbonic, carbonic, citric, edetic, ethane disulfonic, 1, 2-ethane sulfonic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, glycollyarsanilic, hexylresorcinic, hydrabamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydroiodic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthoic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauryl sulfonic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methane sulfonic, napsylic, nitric, oxalic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phosphoric, polygalacturonic, propionic, salicylic, stearic, subacetic, succinic, sulfamic, sulfanilic, sulfuric, tannic, tartaric, toluene sulfonic, and the commonly occurring amine acids, e.g., glycine, alanine, phenylalanine, arginine, etc. Pharmaceutically acceptable salt also encompasses salt derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as ammonia, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, deanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, benethamine, benzathine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable salt also encompasses salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and the like. In the salt form, the ratio of the compound to the cation or anion of the salt can be 1: 1, or any ratio other than 1: 1, e.g., 3: 1, 2: 1, 1: 2, or 1: 3.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “subject” refers to an animal, including, but not limited to, a primate (e.g., human) , cow, sheep, goat, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, or mouse. The terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein in reference, for example, to a mammalian subject, such as a human subject. In one embodiment, the subject is a mammal. In one embodiment, the subject is a human.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the terms “treat, ” “treating, ” and “treatment” refer to the eradication or amelioration of a disease or disorder, or of one or more symptoms associated with the disease or disorder. In general, treatment occurs after the onset of the disease or disorder. In certain embodiments, the terms refer to minimizing the spread or worsening of the disease or disorder resulting from the administration of one or more prophylactic or therapeutic agents to a subject with such a disease or disorder.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the terms “manage, ” “managing, ” and “management” refer to preventing or slowing the progression, spread or worsening of a disease or disorder, or of one or more symptoms thereof. Sometimes, the beneficial effects that a subject derives from a prophylactic or therapeutic agent do not result in a cure of the disease or disorder.The term “therapeutic agent” refers to any agent that can be used in treating, preventing, or alleviating a disease, disorder, or condition, including in the treatment, prevention, or alleviation of one or more symptoms of a disease, disorder, or condition and / or a symptom related thereto. The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a therapeutic agent sufficient to mediate a clinically relevant elimination, reduction, or amelioration of such symptoms. An effect is clinically relevant if its magnitude is sufficient to impact the health or prognosis of a recipient subject. A “therapeutically effective amount” may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the substance / molecule / agent to elicit a desired response in the individual. A therapeutically effective amount encompasses an amount in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the substance / molecule / agent are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “IC50” refers an amount, concentration, or dosage of a compound that is required for 50%inhibition of a maximal response in an assay that measures such response.As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, ” “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, ” “physiologically acceptable carrier, ” or “physiologically acceptable excipient” refers to a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent, or encapsulating material. In one embodiment, each component is “pharmaceutically acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical formulation, and suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of humans and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. See, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, Lippincott Williams &Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, 2005; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 5th Edition, Rowe et al., Eds., The Pharmaceutical Press and the American Pharmaceutical Association: 2005; and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, 3rd Edition, Ash and Ash Eds., Gower Publishing Company: 2007; Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation, Gibson Ed., CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, 2004.As used herein, the term “synthetic lethality” refers to a phenomenon, such that deletion of a single gene shows no or low lethality to a cell or organism but deletion of a plurality of genes shows lethality or significantly high lethality. In particular, the term “synthetic lethality” used herein refers to lethality to cancer cells. As a non-limiting example, a reduction of the production, level, activity, expression, or presence of WRN protein via use of a WRN inhibitor is an example of a synthetic lethality in microsatellite unstable cancer cells.As used herein, the term “WRN” refers to Werner syndrome ATP-dependent helicase, a member of the RecQ subfamily of DNA helicase proteins involved in DNA replication, DNA damage repair, and telomere maintenance. WRN protein contains a N-terminal 3'to 5'exonuclease domain, an ATP-dependent helicase domain and RQC (RecQ helicase conserved region) domain in its central region, and a C-terminal HRDC (helicase RNase D C-terminal) domain and nuclear localization signal. WRN is encoded by the WRN gene. Defects in this gene are the cause of Werner syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by accelerated aging and an elevated risk for certain cancers. As used herein, the term “WRN inhibitor” refers to any compound that reduces the level and / or activity of WRN. The term “WRN” encompasses mutants, fragments, variants, isoforms, and homologs of full-length wild-type WRN, such as proteins having at least 80%to the amino acid sequence of wild-type WRN amino acid sequence. In one embodiment, the protein is encoded by the WRN gene (Entrez gene ID 7486; Ensembl ID ENSG00000165392) . Exemplary WRN sequences are available at the Uniprot database under accession number Q14191. As used herein, “disease or disorder mediated by WRN” includes cancer, which may be treated by WRN inhibition, particularly cancers characterized as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) .As used herein, the term “microsatellite” refers to short, repeated sequence of DNA. The smallest nucleotide repeated unit of a microsatellite is referred to as the “repeated unit” or “repeat unit. ” In some embodiments, the stability of a microsatellite locus is evaluated by comparing some metric of the distribution of the number of repeated units at a microsatellite locus to a reference number or distribution.The terms “microsatellite unstable cancer” , “microsatellite instability-high cancer” , “microsatellite high cancer” , “MSI-high cancer” , ‘MSIhi’ , and ‘MSI-H’a re used interchangeably and refer to cancers having a high number of alterations in the length of simple repetitive genomic sequences within microsatellites. Among other phenotypes, MSI causes changes in the size of microsatellite loci (e.g., a change in the number of repeated units at microsatellite loci) during DNA replication. The determination of MSI-H tumor status for patients can be performed using, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for MSI-H status. Microsatellite instability can be found in colorectal cancer, gastric cancer and endometrial cancer in particular, but also in adrenocortical, uterine, cervical, esophageal, breast, kidney, prostate and ovarian cancers. Other examples of microsatellite high cancers include uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, stomach adenocarcinoma, rectal adenocarcinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, uterine carcinosarcoma, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, endocervical adenocarcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, breast carcinoma, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma and ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma. A cancer that has “defective mismatch repair” (dMMR) or “dMMR character” includes cancer types associated with documented MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, MSH3, MSH6, MLH3, and PMS1 mutations or epigenetic silencing, microsatellite fragile sites, or other gene inactivation mechanisms, including but not limited to cancers of the lung, breast, kidney, large intestine, ovary, prostate, upper aerodigestive tract, stomach, endometrium, liver, pancreas, hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue, skin, thyroid, pleura, autonomic ganglia, central nervous system, soft tissue, pediatric rhabdoid sarcomas, melanomas and other cancers. A cell or cancer with “defective” mismatch repair has a significantly reduced (e.g., at least about 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%or 90%decrease) amount of mismatch repair.As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term “about” or “approximately” refers to a value that is similar to a stated reference value. In certain embodiments, the term “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fall within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context. For example, when used in the context of an amount of a lipid component of a nanoparticle composition, “about” may mean ±10%of the recited value.COMPOUNDSIn one embodiment, provided herein are certain compounds as WRN inhibitors. In one embodiment, the compounds comprise a moiety that binds with WRN protein covalently. In one embodiment, the compounds further comprise a fused bicyclic core structure. In one embodiment, the fused bicyclic core comprises two six-membered rings. In one embodiment, the fused bicyclic core comprises a six-membered ring and a five-membered ring. In one embodiment, the fused bicyclic core comprises one or more nitrogen atoms on the ring.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (I) , (II) , or (III) :or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:whereinis a single bond or double bond, as valency permits;M1, M2, and M3 are each independently C or N, as valency permits;M4 is CR4 or N, as valency permits;M5 is CR5 or N, as valency permits;M6 is CR6 or N, as valency permits;M7 is CR7 or N, as valency permits;or M6 and M7 form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring;M8 is CR8, N, NR8, O, or S, as valency permits;M9 is C or N, as valency permits;M10 is CR10, N, NR10, O, or S, as valency permits;M11 is C or N, as valency permits;R1 is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C6-10 aryl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, -N (R0) 2, -N (R0) (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , -S- (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) , -O- (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) , -O- (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , optionally substituted 4-to 8-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, or - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) ;or R1 and M6, or R1 and M10, together with the intervening atom (s) , form an optionally substituted 3-to 10-membered ring;R2 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C3-14 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C3-14 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C1-8 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-8 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C6-10 aryl, optionally substituted 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 3-to 14-membered heterocyclyl, - (optionally substituted C0-3 alkylene) -C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted C6-10 aryl) , or - (optionally substituted C0-3 alkylene) -C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) ;R4 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, or halogen;R5 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, or halogen;R6 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, halogen, cyano, -OR0, or -N (R0) 2;R7 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, halogen, cyano, -OR0, -N (R0) 2, or -N (R0) -C (=O) - (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) ;R8 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, or halogen;R10 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, halogen, cyano, -OH, -N (R0) 2, or -N (R0) -C (=O) - (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) ;W is W1, W2, W3, W4, or W5;W1 isW2 isW3 iswherein the displayed carbocycle is optionally further substituted;W4 iswherein the displayed carbocycle is optionally further substituted;W5 isRa is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl, - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted phenyl) , - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) , or - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl) ;Ra’ is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl;Rb is H, deuterium, halogen, or optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl;Rc is H, deuterium, halogen, or optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl;X is -CN, F, -SO2Rd, -SO (=NRd’ ) Rd, -SORd, -C (=O) Rd, or -CO2Re;Rd is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl, or -N (R0) 2;Rd’ is H or optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl;Re is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, or optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl;or Ra and Rb, Ra and Rc, Ra and Rd, Rb and Rd, or Ra and Ra’ , together with the intervening atom (s) , form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring;each instance of R0 is independently H, or optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl; or two instances of R0, together with the nitrogen atom they are attached to, form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring; andm, n, and k are each independently 1, 2, or 3.In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula (I) , (II) , or (III) :or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:whereinis a single bond or double bond, as valency permits;M1, M2, and M3 are each independently C or N, as valency permits;M4 is CR4 or N, as valency permits;M5 is CR5 or N, as valency permits;M6 is CR6 or N, as valency permits;M7 is CR7 or N, as valency permits;or M6 and M7 form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring;M8 is CR8, N, NR8, O, or S, as valency permits;M9 is C or N, as valency permits;M10 is CR10, N, NR10, O, or S, as valency permits;M11 is C or N, as valency permits;R1 is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C6-10 aryl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, -N (R0) 2, -N (R0) (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , -S- (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) , -O- (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) , -O- (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , optionally substituted 4-to 8-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, or - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) ;or R1 and M6, or R1 and M10, together with the intervening atom (s) , form an optionally substituted 3-to 10-membered ring;R2 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C3-14 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C3-14 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C1-8 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-8 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C6-10 aryl, optionally substituted 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 3-to 14-membered heterocyclyl, - (optionally substituted C0-3 alkylene) -C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted C6-10 aryl) , or - (optionally substituted C0-3 alkylene) -C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) ;R4 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, or halogen;R5 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, or halogen;R6 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, halogen, cyano, -OH, or -N (R0) 2;R7 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, halogen, cyano, -OH, -N (R0) 2, or -N (R0) -C (=O) - (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) ;R8 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, or halogen;R10 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, halogen, cyano, -OH, -N (R0) 2, or -N (R0) -C (=O) - (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) ;W is W1, W2, W3, W4, or W5;W1 isW2 isW3 iswherein the displayed carbocycle is optionally further substituted;W4 iswherein the displayed carbocycle is optionally further substituted;W5 isRa is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl, - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted phenyl) , - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) , or - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl) ;Ra’ is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl;Rb is H or deuterium;Rc is H or deuterium;X is -CN, -SO2Rd, -C (=O) Rd, or -CO2Re;Rd is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl, or -N (R0) 2;Re is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, or optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl;or Ra and Rb, Ra and Rc, Ra and Rd, or Ra and Ra’ , together with the intervening atom (s) , form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring;each instance of R0 is independently H, or optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl; or two instances of R0, together with the nitrogen atom they are attached to, form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring; andm, n, and k are each independently 1, 2, or 3.In one embodiment, the compound is a compound of Formula (I) , or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In one embodiment, the compound is a compound of Formula (II) , or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In one embodiment, the compound is a compound of Formula (III) , or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In one embodiment, the compound is a tautomer of a compound of Formula (I) , (II) , or (III) . In one embodiment, the heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or aryl in the compounds can exist in the form of one or more tautomers. For example, a pyridine ring may exist in the form of one or more tautomers, such asApyrazine ring may exist in the form of one or more tautomers, such asIn one embodiment, M1 is C. In one embodiment, M1 is N. In one embodiment, M2 is C. In one embodiment, M2 is N. In one embodiment, M3 is C. In one embodiment, M3 is N. In one embodiment, M4 is CR4. In one embodiment, M4 is N. In one embodiment, M5 is CR5. In one embodiment, M5 is N. In one embodiment, M6 is CR6. In one embodiment, M6 is N. In one embodiment, M7 is CR7. In one embodiment, M7 is N.In one embodiment, M6 and M7 form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring. In one embodiment, the ring formed by M6 and M7 is C5-8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 to 8 membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 or 6 membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 to 8 membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 to 8 membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the ring is phenyl. In one embodiment, the ring formed by M6 and M7 is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the ring is substituted. In one embodiment, the ring is substituted with one or more deuterium, oxo, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, M8 is CR8 or N. In one embodiment, M8 is CR8. In one embodiment, M8 is N. In one embodiment, M8 is NR8. In one embodiment, M8 is O. In one embodiment, M8 is S.In one embodiment, M9 is C. In one embodiment, M9 is N.In one embodiment, M10 is S, N, or CR10. In one embodiment, M10 is CR10. In one embodiment, M10 is N. In one embodiment, M10 is NR10. In one embodiment, M10 is O. In one embodiment, M10 is S.In one embodiment, M11 is C. In one embodiment, M11 is N.In one embodiment, at least one of M1, M2, M3, M4, and M11 is N. In one embodiment, only one of M1, M2, M3, M4, and M11 is N. In one embodiment, only two of M1, M2, M3, M4, and M11 is N. In one embodiment, only three of M1, M2, M3, M4, and M11 is N.In one embodiment, the compound is a compound of Formula (IV-1) , (IV-2) , (IV-3) , (IV-4) , (IV-5) , (IV-6) , (IV-7) , (IV-8) , (IV-9) , (IV-10) , (IV-11) , (IV-12) , (IV-13) , (IV-14) , (IV-15) , or (IV-16) :or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In one embodiment, R0 is H.In one embodiment, R0 is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R0 is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, R0 is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in R0) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, two instances of R0, together with the nitrogen atom they are attached to, form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by two instances of R0, together with the nitrogen atom they are attached to) is 3-to 8-membered monocyclic or bicyclic (e.g., bridge, spiro, or fused) heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the ring is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the ring is substituted. In one embodiment, the ring is substituted with one or more deuterium, oxo, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, -N (R0) 2 is -N (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) 2. In one embodiment, -N (R0) 2 is -NH (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) . In one embodiment, -N (R0) 2 is -NCH3 (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) . In one embodiment, -N (R0) 2 is optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, -N (R0) 2 is optionally substituted 3-to 6-membered monocyclic heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, -N (R0) 2 is optionally substituted 5-to 8-membered bicyclic heterocyclyl.In one embodiment, each instance of R0 is independently H or optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl; or two R0, together with the nitrogen atom they are attached to, form an optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl.In one embodiment, -N (R0) 2 isIn one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, or C8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, R1 is monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, R1 is bicyclic (e.g., bridged, fused, or spiro) C5-8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in R1) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in R1) is substituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in R1) is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkenyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, or C8 cycloalkenyl. In one embodiment, R1 is cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, or cyclooctenyl. In one embodiment, the cycloalkenyl (in R1) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkenyl (in R1) is substituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkenyl (in R1) is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C6-10 aryl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted phenyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted naphthyl. In one embodiment, the aryl (in R1) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the aryl is substituted. In one embodiment, the aryl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in R1) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C2-4 alkenyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted ethenyl, vinyl, allyl, C3 alkenyl, C4 alkenyl, C5 alkenyl, or C6 alkenyl. In one embodiment, the alkenyl (in R1) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the alkenyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the alkenyl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C2-4 alkynyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C2 alkynyl, C3 alkynyl, C4 alkynyl, C5 alkynyl, or C6 alkynyl. In one embodiment, the alkynyl (in R1) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the alkynyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the alkynyl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C1-3 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, or C6 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl (in R1) is haloalkyl. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl is alkoxy. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C1-3 haloalkyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C1-3 alkoxy. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl contains one or more heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, or S. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl (in R1) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl (in R1) is substituted.In one embodiment, R1 is -N (R0) 2. In one embodiment, R1 is -NR0- (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -NH- (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) .In one embodiment, R1 is -N (R0) (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -N (R0) (optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -N (R0) (optionally substituted cyclopropyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -N (R0) (optionally substituted cyclobutyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -N (R0) (optionally substituted cyclopentyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -N (R0) (optionally substituted cyclohexyl) . In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in R1) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in R1) is substituted.In one embodiment, R1 is -S- (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -S- (optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -S- (optionally substituted methyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -S- (optionally substituted ethyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -S- (optionally substituted C3 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -S-(optionally substituted C4 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -S- (optionally substituted C5 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -S- (optionally substituted C6 alkyl) .In one embodiment, R1 is -O- (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -O- (optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -O- (optionally substituted methyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -O- (optionally substituted ethyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -O- (optionally substituted C3 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -O- (optionally substituted C4 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -O- (optionally substituted C5 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -O- (optionally substituted C6 alkyl) .In one embodiment, R1 is -O- (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -O- (optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -O- (optionally substituted cyclopropyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -O- (optionally substituted cyclobutyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -O- (optionally substituted cyclopentyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is -O- (optionally substituted cyclohexyl) . In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is bicyclic (e.g., bridged, fused, or spiro) C5-8 cycloalkyl.In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted 4-to 8-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted 4-membered, 5-membered heterocyclyl, 6-membered heterocyclyl, 7-membered heterocyclyl, or 8-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted 4-to 8-membered heterocyclyl having 1–3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, or S. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted 4-to 8-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl, and nitrogen is the only type of heteroatom contained in the heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in R1) is saturated. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is partially unsaturated. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is 4-to 6-membered monocyclic heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is 5-to 8-membered bicyclic (e.g., bridged, fused, or spiro) heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in R1) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in R1) is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl having 1–4 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S on the ring. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted 5-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl (in R1) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R1 is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C3 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C4 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C5 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C6 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is - (optionally substituted methylene) - (optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is - (CH2) - (optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is - (CF2) - (optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, the alkylene or cycloalkyl (in R1) is independently optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R1 and M6, together with the intervening atom (s) , form an optionally substituted 3-to 10-membered ring. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by R1, M6, and the intervening atom (s) ) is an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring. In one embodiment, the ring is monocyclic. In one embodiment, the ring is bicyclic (e.g., bridged, fused, or spiro) . In one embodiment, the ring is C3-8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, the ring is 3 to 8 membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 or 6 membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 to 8 membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 to 8 membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the ring is phenyl. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by R1, M6, and the intervening atom (s) ) is optionally substituted with one or more deuterium, oxo, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R1 and M10, together with the intervening atom (s) , form an optionally substituted 3-to 10-membered ring. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by R1, M10, and the intervening atom (s) ) is an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring. In one embodiment, the ring is monocyclic. In one embodiment, the ring is bicyclic (e.g., bridged, fused, or spiro) . In one embodiment, the ring is C3-8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, the ring is 3 to 8 membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 or 6 membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 to 8 membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 to 8 membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the ring is phenyl. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by R1, M10, and the intervening atom (s) ) is optionally substituted with one or more deuterium, oxo, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R1 is optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl, - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, R1 is unsubstituted, or substituted with one or more deuterium, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 heteroalkyl, CN, or OH.In one embodiment, R1 is C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more F, OH, cyclopropyl, or cyclobutyl.In one embodiment, R1 isIn one embodiment, R2 is H. In one embodiment, R2 is deuterium.In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C3-14 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, or C14 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is bicyclic (e.g., bridged, fused, or spiro) C5-14 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is bicyclic (e.g., bridged, fused, or spiro) C7-14 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is bridged bicyclic C5-14 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is fused bicyclic C5-14 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is spiro bicyclic C5-14 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in R2) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in R2) is substituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in R2) is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C3-14 cycloalkenyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkenyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, or C14 cycloalkenyl. In one embodiment, R2 is monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkenyl. In one embodiment, R2 is bicyclic (e.g., bridged, fused, or spiro) C5-14 cycloalkenyl. In one embodiment, R2 is bicyclic (e.g., bridged, fused, or spiro) C7-14 cycloalkenyl. In one embodiment, R2 is bridged bicyclic C6-14 cycloalkenyl. In one embodiment, R2 is fused bicyclic C6-14 cycloalkenyl. In one embodiment, R2 is spiro bicyclic C6-14 cycloalkenyl. In one embodiment, R2 is cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, or cyclooctenyl. In one embodiment, the cycloalkenyl (in R2) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkenyl (in R2) is substituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkenyl (in R2) is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C1-8 alkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C6 alkyl, C7 alkyl, or C8 alkyl, In one embodiment, the alkyl (in R2) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C1-8 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C1-3 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, or C8 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl (in R2) is haloalkyl. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl is alkoxy. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C1-3 haloalkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C1-3 alkoxy. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl (in R2) contains one or more heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, or S. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl (in R2) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl (in R2) is substituted.In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C6-10 aryl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted phenyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted naphthyl. In one embodiment, the aryl (in R2) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the aryl is substituted. In one embodiment, the aryl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, R2 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more deuterium, halogen, OH, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 haloalkyl.In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 9-membered bicyclic heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 5 to 10-membered heteroaryl having 1–4 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S on the ring. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 5-membered sulfur-containing heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 5-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 9 or 10-membered fused bicyclic heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R2 is pyridyl, thiophenyl, or indolyl, each of which is optionally substituted. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl (in R2) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 3-to 14-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 5-to 14-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 5-to 10-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 5-to 10-membered heterocyclyl having 1–3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, or S. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered oxygen-containing heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered oxygen-containing heterocyclyl, and oxygen is the only type of heteroatom contained in the heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in R2) is monocyclic. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in R2) is bicyclic (e.g., bridged, fused, or spiro) . In one embodiment, R2 is bicyclic (e.g., bridged, fused, or spiro) 6-to 14-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, R2 is bridged bicyclic 6-to 14-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, R2 is fused bicyclic 6-to 14-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, R2 is spiro bicyclic 6-to 14-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in R2) is saturated. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is partially unsaturated. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in R2) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in R2) is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R2 is - (optionally substituted C0-3 alkylene) -C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted C6-10 aryl) . In one embodiment, R2 is - (optionally substituted C0-3 alkylene) -C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted phenyl) . In one embodiment, R2 is - (optionally substituted C0-3 alkylene) -C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted naphthyl) . In one embodiment, R2 is -CH2-C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted C6-10 aryl) . In one embodiment, R2 is -CH2-C (=O) -NH- (optionally substituted C6-10 aryl) . In one embodiment, R2 is -CH2-C (=O) -NH- (optionally substituted phenyl) . In one embodiment, the aryl (e.g., phenyl) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R2 is - (optionally substituted C0-3 alkylene) -C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) . In one embodiment, R2 is -CH2-C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) . In one embodiment, R2 is -CH2-C (=O) -NH- (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) . In one embodiment, R2 is - (optionally substituted C0-3 alkylene) -C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl) . In one embodiment, R2 is - (optionally substituted C0-3 alkylene) -C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl) . In one embodiment, the heteroaryl (in R2) has 1–4 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S on the ring. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl is optionally substituted 5-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl or sulfur containing heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl is optionally substituted 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl (in R2) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R2 is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 5-to 8-membered heterocyclyl, -CH2-C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted phenyl) , or -CH2-C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) .In one embodiment, R2 is unsubstituted, or substituted with one or more deuterium, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 heteroalkyl, CN, or OH.In one embodiment, R2 isIn one embodiment, R4 is H. In one embodiment, R4 is deuterium. In one embodiment, R4 is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, or Br) .In one embodiment, R4 is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R4 is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, R4 is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in R4) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R5 is H. In one embodiment, R5 is deuterium. In one embodiment, R5 is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, or Br) .In one embodiment, R5 is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R5 is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, R5 is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in R5) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R6 is H. In one embodiment, R6 is deuterium. In one embodiment, R6 is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, or Br) . In one embodiment, R6 is cyano.In one embodiment, R6 is OH. In one embodiment, R6 is OR0. In one embodiment, R6 is methoxy. In one embodiment, R6 is ethoxy.In one embodiment, R6 is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R6 is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, R6 is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in R6) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R6 is -N (R0) 2. In one embodiment, R6 is -NHR0. In one embodiment, R6 is -N (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) 2. In one embodiment, R6 is -N (optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl) 2. In one embodiment, the optionally substituted alkyl (in R6) is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in R6) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R6 is H, deuterium, halogen, methyl, OH, or methoxy.In one embodiment, R7 is H. In one embodiment, R7 is deuterium. In one embodiment, R7 is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, or Br) . In one embodiment, R7 is cyano.In one embodiment, R7 is -OH. In one embodiment, R7 is OR0. In one embodiment, R7 is methoxy. In one embodiment, R7 is ethoxy.In one embodiment, R7 is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R7 is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, R7 is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in R7) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R7 is -N (R0) 2. In one embodiment, R7 is -NHR0. In one embodiment, R7 is -N (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) 2. In one embodiment, R7 is -N (optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl) 2. In one embodiment, R7 is -N (R0) -C (=O) - (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R7 is -NH-C (=O) - (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R7 is -NH-C (=O) - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl) . In one embodiment, the optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl (in R7) is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the C1-6 alkyl (in R7) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R8 is H. In one embodiment, R8 is deuterium. In one embodiment, R8 is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, or Br) .In one embodiment, R8 is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R8 is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, R8 is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in R8) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R5 or R8 is H, deuterium, halogen, or methyl.In one embodiment, R10 is H. In one embodiment, R10 is deuterium. In one embodiment, R10 is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, or Br) . In one embodiment, R10 is cyano. In one embodiment, R10 is -OH.In one embodiment, R10 is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R10 is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, R10 is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in R10) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R10 is -N (R0) 2. In one embodiment, R10 is -NHR0. In one embodiment, R10 is -N (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) 2. In one embodiment, R10 is -N (optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl) 2. In one embodiment, R10 is -N (R0) -C (=O) - (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R10 is -NH-C (=O) - (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R10 is -NH-C (=O) - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl) . In one embodiment, the optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl (in R10) is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the C1-6 alkyl (in R10) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, R7 or R10 is H, deuterium, halogen, cyano, -OH, optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl, -NHR0, or -NHC (=O) - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl) . In one embodiment, R7 or R10 is H, F, methyl, NH2, OH, CN, or -NHCOCH3.In one embodiment, W is W1. In one embodiment, W is W2. In one embodiment, W is W3. In one embodiment, W is W4. In one embodiment, W is W5.In one embodiment, W1 isIn one embodiment, W1 is In one embodiment, W1 isIn one embodiment, W1 is In one embodiment, W1 isIn one embodiment, W2 isIn one embodiment, W2 isIn one embodiment, W3 iswherein the displayed carbocycle is optionally further substituted. In one embodiment, W3 iswherein the displayed carbocycle is optionally further substituted.In one embodiment, n is 1. In one embodiment, n is 2. In one embodiment, n is 3.In one embodiment, W4 isIn one embodiment, W4 is In one embodiment, W is W4, and W4 isIn these embodiments, the displayed carbocycle is optionally further substituted.In one embodiment, m is 1. In one embodiment, m is 2. In one embodiment, m is 3. In one embodiment, k is 1. In one embodiment, k is 2. In one embodiment, k is 3.In one embodiment, W5 isIn one embodiment, W5 isIn one embodiment, W isIn one embodiment, W iswherein Ra1 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heterocyclyl.In one embodiment, the C=C bond in W has (E) -configuration. In one embodiment, the C=C bond in W has (Z) -configuration. In one embodiment, the carbon connected to Ra has (S) -configuration. In one embodiment, the carbon connected to Ra has (R) -configuration. In one embodiment, the sulfur atom in W has (S) -configuration. In one embodiment, the sulfur atom in W has (R) -configuration. All stereoisomers (e.g., enantiomer or diastereomers) of W and related compounds are provided herein.In one embodiment, the compound is a compound of Formula (IV-1a) , (IV-2a) , (IV-3a) , (IV-4a) , (IV-5a) , (IV-6a) , (IV-7a) , (IV-8a) , (IV-9a) , (IV-10a) , (IV-11a) , (IV-12a) , (IV-13a) , (IV-14a) , (IV-15a) , or (IV-16a) :or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein X’ is O or NRd’ .In one embodiment, X’ is O. In one embodiment, X’ is NRd’ . In one embodiment, X’ is NH.In one embodiment, the compound is a compound of Formula (V-1a) , (V-2a) , (V-3a) , (V-4a) , (V-5a) , (V-6a) , (V-7a) , (V-8a) , (V-9a) , (V-10a) , (V-11a) , (V-12a) , (V-13a) , (V-14a) , (V-15a) , (V-16a) , (V-1b) , (V-2b) , (V-3b) , (V-4b) , (V-5b) , (V-6b) , (V-7b) , (V-8b) , (V-9b) , (V-10b) , (V-11b) , (V-12b) , (V-13b) , (V-14b) , (V-15b) , or (V-16b) :or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In one embodiment, Ra is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 4 to 6-membered heterocyclyl, -CH2- (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , -CH2- (optionally substituted phenyl) , -CH2- (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) , or -CH2- (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heterocyclyl) .In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, -CH2- (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , -CH2- (optionally substituted phenyl) , -CH2- (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) , or -CH2- (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heterocyclyl) .In one embodiment, Ra is unsubstituted, or substituted with one or more deuterium, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 heteroalkyl, CN, or OH.In one embodiment, Ra is H. In one embodiment, Ra is deuterium.In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in Ra) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted C1-3 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, or C6 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl (in Ra) is haloalkyl. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl is alkoxy. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted C1-3 haloalkyl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted C1-3 alkoxy. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl (in Ra) contains one or more heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, or S. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl (in Ra) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl (in Ra) is substituted.In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, or C8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Ra is monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Ra is bicyclic (e.g., bridged, fused, or spiro) C5-8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in Ra) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in Ra) is substituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in Ra) is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted phenyl. In one embodiment, the phenyl (in Ra) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the phenyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the phenyl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl having 1–4 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S on the ring. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted 5-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In one embodiment, Ra is pyridyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, or tetrazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl (in Ra) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl having 1–3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N or O. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered oxygen-containing heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, Ra is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered oxygen-containing heterocyclyl, and oxygen is the only type of heteroatom contained in the heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in Ra) is saturated. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is partially unsaturated. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in Ra) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in Ra) is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C3 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C4 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C5 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C6 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted methylene) - (optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (CH2) - (optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl) . In one embodiment, the alkylene or cycloalkyl (in Ra) is independently optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted phenyl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted methylene) - (optionally substituted phenyl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (CH2) - (optionally substituted phenyl) . In one embodiment, the alkylene or phenyl (in Ra) is independently optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted methylene) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (CH2) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted C0-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl) . In one embodiment, the heteroaryl (in Ra) has 1–4 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S on the ring. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl is optionally substituted 5-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl is optionally substituted 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl is pyridyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, or tetrazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl (in Ra) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heterocyclyl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted methylene) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heterocyclyl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (CH2) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heterocyclyl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted 5-membered heterocyclyl) . In one embodiment, Ra is - (optionally substituted C0-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted 6-membered heterocyclyl) . In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in Ra) has 1–3 heteroatoms selected from O and N on the ring. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted 5-membered oxygen-containing heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted 6-membered oxygen-containing heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in Ra) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, the carbon connected to Ra is a chiral center. In one embodiment, the carbon has (R) -configuration. In one embodiment, the carbon has (S) -configuration.In one embodiment, Ra is H, deuterium, In one embodiment, Ra’ is H. In one embodiment, Ra’ is deuterium.In one embodiment, Ra’ is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, Ra’ is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, or iso-propyl. In one embodiment, Ra’ is methyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in Ra’ ) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted with one or more deuterium, halogen, OH, or CN.In one embodiment, Ra’ is optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Ra’ is optionally substituted C3, C4, C5, or C6 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in Ra’ ) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra’ is H or methyl; or Ra’a nd Ra, together with the carbon they are attached to, form an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl.In one embodiment, Rb is H. In one embodiment, Rb is deuterium. In one embodiment, Rb is halogen. In one embodiment, Rb is F. In one embodiment, Rb is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, Rb is optionally substituted methyl. In one embodiment, Rb is CH3, CH2F, CH2OCH3.In one embodiment, Rc is H. In one embodiment, Rc is deuterium. In one embodiment, Rc is halogen. In one embodiment, Rc is F. In one embodiment, Rc is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, Rc is optionally substituted methyl. In one embodiment, Rc is CH3, CH2F, CH2OCH3.In one embodiment, Rc is H, halogen, or methyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen or C1-3 alkoxy.In one embodiment, X is -CN. In one embodiment, X is -SO2Rd. In one embodiment, X is -C (=O) Rd. In one embodiment, X is -CO2Re. In one embodiment, X is -F. In one embodiment, X is -SO (=NRd’ ) Rd. In one embodiment, X is -SORd.In one embodiment, W (or W1, W2, W3, or W4 as applicable) is wherein: Ra1 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heterocyclyl.In one embodiment, Ra1 is H. In one embodiment, Ra1 is deuterium.In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in Ra1) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted C1-3 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, or C6 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl (in Ra1) is haloalkyl. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl is alkoxy. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl contains one or more heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, or S. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl (in Ra1) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl (in Ra1) is substituted.In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, or C8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in Ra1) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted phenyl. In one embodiment, the phenyl (in Ra1) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the phenyl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl having 1–4 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S on the ring. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl (in Ra1) is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, Ra1 is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heterocyclyl having 1–3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N or O. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Rd is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, Rd is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, Rd is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, Rd is methyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in Rd) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Rd is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Rd is optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Rd is optionally substituted C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, or C8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Rd is monocyclic or bicyclic C3-8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Rd is optionally substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in Rd) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in Rd) is substituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in Rd) is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Rd is optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, Rd is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heterocyclyl having 1–3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N or O. In one embodiment, Rd is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered oxygen-containing heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, Rd is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, Rd is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered oxygen-containing heterocyclyl, and oxygen is the only type of heteroatom contained in the heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in Rd) is saturated. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is partially unsaturated. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in Rd) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in Rd) is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Rd is -N (R0) 2. In one embodiment, the -N (R0) 2 (in Rd) is -N (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) 2. In one embodiment, -N (R0) 2 is -NCH3 (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) . In one embodiment, -N (R0) 2 is optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered heterocyclyl) . In one embodiment, -N (R0) 2 is optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl) .In one embodiment, Rd is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl, or -N (R0) 2.In one embodiment, Rd is methyl, In one embodiment, Rd’ is H. In one embodiment, Rd’ is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, Rd’ is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, Rd’is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, Rd’ is methyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in Rd’ ) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted’ . In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Re is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, Re is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In one embodiment, Re is optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, Re is methyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl (in Re) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the alkyl is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Re is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Re is optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Re is optionally substituted C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, or C8 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, Re is optionally substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in Re) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl (in Re) is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Re is optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, Re is optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl having 1–3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N or O. In one embodiment, Re is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered oxygen-containing heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, Re is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, Re is optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered oxygen-containing heterocyclyl, and oxygen is the only type of heteroatom contained in the heterocyclyl. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in Re) is saturated. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is partially unsaturated. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in Re) is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is substituted. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl (in Re) is substituted with one or more oxo, deuterium, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra and Rb, together with the intervening atom (s) , form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by Ra, Rb, and the intervening atom (s) ) is C3-8 cycloalkylene. In one embodiment, the ring is C3-8 cycloalkenylene. In one embodiment, the ring is 3 to 8 membered heterocyclylene. In one embodiment, the ring is 5-to 8-membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by Ra, Rb, and the intervening atom (s) ) is optionally substituted with one or more deuterium, oxo, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra and Rc, together with the intervening atom (s) , form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by Ra, Rc, and the intervening atom (s) ) is C3-8 cycloalkenylene. In one embodiment, the ring is 3 to 8 membered heterocyclylene. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 to 8 membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by Ra, Rc, and the intervening atom (s) ) is optionally substituted with one or more deuterium, oxo, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, when Ra and Rc, together with the intervening atom (s) , form an optionally substituted ring, W isIn one embodiment, Ra and Rd, together with the intervening atom (s) , form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by Ra, Rd, and the intervening atom (s) ) is C3-8 cycloalkenylene. In one embodiment, the ring is 3 to 8 membered heterocyclylene. In one embodiment, the ring is 4 to 6 membered heterocyclylene. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 or 6 membered S-containing heterocyclylene. In one embodiment, the ring is 5 to 8 membered heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by Ra, Rd, and the intervening atom (s) ) is optionally substituted with one or more deuterium, oxo, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl. In one embodiment, when Ra and Rd, together with the intervening atom (s) , form an optionally substituted ring, W isIn one embodiment, Rb and Rd, together with the intervening atom (s) , form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by Rb, Rd, and the intervening atom (s) ) is 3 to 8 membered heterocyclylene. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by Rb, Rd, and the intervening atom (s) ) is optionally substituted with one or more deuterium, oxo, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, Ra and Ra’ , together with the carbon they are attached to, form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by Ra, Ra’ , and the carbon they are attached to) is C3-8 cycloalkylene. In one embodiment, the ring is C3-6 cycloalkylene. In one embodiment, the ring is cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, cyclopentylene, or cyclohexylene. In one embodiment, the ring is 3 to 8 membered heterocyclylene. In one embodiment, the ring is 3 to 6 membered heterocyclylene. In one embodiment, the ring (formed by Ra, Ra’ , and the carbon they are attached to) is optionally substituted with one or more deuterium, oxo, halogen, OH, CN, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-3 heteroalkyl.In one embodiment, the compound is a compound in Table 1, or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.Table 1.In one embodiment, the compound is a compound in Table 1A, or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.Table 1A.The compounds provide herein may have one or more chiral centers. For any compound in Table 1 or Table 1A that shows a straight bond (——) at the chiral center at the carbon atom (e.g., the carbon chiral center bearing Ra and / or Ra’ ) , the corresponding enantiomers (e.g., R-enantiomer or S-enantiomer) are also specifically provided herein, even if the structure of the enantiomers are not specifically displayed in Table 1 or Table 1A. Similarly, for any compound in Table 1 or Table 1A shown as R-enantiomer, the corresponding S-enantiomer and racemate are also specifically provided herein, even if the structure of the S-enantiomer and racemate are not specifically displayed in Table 1 or Table 1A. Similarly, for any compound in Table 1 or Table 1A shown as S-enantiomer, the corresponding R-enantiomer and racemate are also specifically provided herein, even if the structure of the R-enantiomer and racemate are not specifically displayed in Table 1 or Table 1A.For any compound in Table 1 or Table 1A shown asthe corresponding enantiomers (e.g., ) are also specifically provided herein, even if the structure of the enantiomers are not specifically displayed in Table 1 or Table 1A. Similarly, for any compound in Table 1 or Table 1A shown as the corresponding other enantiomerand mixture of enantiomersare also specifically provided herein, even if the structure of the other enantiomer and mixture of enantiomers are not specifically displayed in Table 1 or Table 1A. Similarly, for any compound in Table 1 or Table 1A shown asthe corresponding other enantiomerand mixture of enantiomersare also specifically provided herein, even if the structure of the other enantiomer and mixture of enantiomers are not specifically displayed in Table 1 or Table 1A.In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein are WRN inhibitors that reduce the level of WRN protein and / or inhibit or reduce at least one biological activity of WRN protein.In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein specifically bind to WRN protein. In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein form irreversible covalent binding with cysteine in WRN protein. In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein covalently bind to cysteine 727 of WRN protein.In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein inhibit WRN activity with an IC50 of about 1 pM to about 50 μM, or about 1 pM to about 1 μM, about 1 pM to about 500 nM, or about 1 pM to about 100 nM. In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein inhibit WRN activity with an IC50 of about 1 pM to about 50 μM, about 1 nM to about 50 μM, about 1 μM to about 50 μM, about 1 μM to about 40 μM, about 1 μM to about 30 μM, about 1 μM to about 20 μM, or about 1 μM to about 10 μM, about 1 μM, about 5 μM, about 10 μM, about 20 μM, about 30 μM, about 40 μM, or about 50 μM. In some embodiment, the compounds provided herein inhibit WRN activity with an IC50 of about 0.1 nM to about 1000 nM, about 0.1 nM to about 500 nM, about 0.1 nM to about 250 nM, about 0.1 nM to about 100 nM, about 0.1 nM to about 90 nM, about 0.1 nM to about 80 nM, about 0.1 nM to about 70 nM, about 0.1 nM to about 60 nM, about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 1 nM to about 40 nM, about 1 nM to about 30 nM, about 1 nM to about 20 nM, about 1 nM to about 10 nM, about 10 nM to about 100 nM, about 20 nM to about 100 nM, about 30 nM to about 100 nM, about 40 nM to about 100 nM, about 50 nM to about 100 nM, about 60 nM to about 100 nM, about 70 nM to about 100 nM, about 80 nM to about 100 nM, about 90 nM to about 100 nM, about 0.1 nM, about 0.5 nM, about 1 nM, about 2 nM, about 3 nM, about 4 nM, about 5 nM, about 6 nM, about 7 nM, about 8 nM, about 9 nM, about 10 nM, about 20 nM, about 30 nM, about 40 nM, about 50 nM, about 60 nM, about 70 nM, about 80 nM, about 90 nM, about 100 nM, about 250 nM, about 500 nM, about 750 nM, or about 1000 nM. In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein inhibit WRN activity with an ICso of less than 1 μM, less than 500 nM, less than 100 nM, less than 10 nM, less than 8 nM, less than 6 nM, less than 4 nM, less than 2 nM, less than 1 nM, or less than 0.5 nM. In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein inhibit WRN activity with an IC50 of less than 2 nM. In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein inhibit WRN activity with an IC50 of less than 500 nM. In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein inhibit WRN activity with an IC50 of less than 250 nM. In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein inhibit WRN activity with an IC50 of from about 20 nM to about 250 nM.METHODS OF USEIn one embodiment, provided herein is a method of modulating WRN activity in a subject, wherein the method comprises contacting the subject with a compound provided herein or a pharmaceutically composition provided herein. In one embodiment, the contacting is performed in vivo or in vitro. In one embodiment, the method reduces WRN activity in the subject by at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99%.In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein can be used to inhibit the activity of a WRN protein. In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of inhibiting a WRN protein comprises contacting the WRN protein with a compound provided herein. The contacting can occur in vitro or in vivo. In one embodiment, the contacting occurs in a subject suffering from a WRN protein mediated disease or disorder.In one embodiment, the compounds provided herein can be used to treat a WRN protein mediated disease or disorder. In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of treating a WRN protein mediated disease or disorder, comprising administering to a subject having the disease or disorder a therapeutically effective amount of a compound provided herein or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein. A WRN protein mediated disease or disorder is any pathological condition in which a WRN protein is known to play a role. In one embodiment, a WRN protein mediated disease or disorder is a proliferative disease such as cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is microsatellite unstable cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is characterized as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) . In one embodiment, the cancer is characterized as mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) . Methods of identifying MSI-H or dMMR tumor status for patients are known in the art, such as by using, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for MSI-H status or immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests for dMMR. In one embodiment, the WRN mediated disease or disorder is Bloom Syndrome or Rothmund-Thompson Syndrome.In one embodiment, provided herein is a method of treating a cancer, comprising administering to a subject having the cancer a therapeutically effective amount of a compound provided herein or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein. In one embodiment, the cancer is associated with WRN protein. In one embodiment, the cancer is characterized as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) . In one embodiment, the cancer is characterized as mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) .In one embodiment, the cancer is colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, endometrial cancer, adrenocortical cancer, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, kidney cancer, stomach cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, or leukemia. In one embodiment, the cancer is colorectal cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is metastatic colorectal cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is breast cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is gastric cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is intestinal neoplasm. In one embodiment, the cancer is digestive system neoplasm. In one embodiment, the cancer is prostate cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is endometrial cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is stomach cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is blader cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is leukemia. In one embodiment, the cancer is human T-cell leukemia.In one embodiment, a compound provided herein is used in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents to treat cancer in a subject. In one embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is one or more of a chemotherapy or immunotherapy. In one embodiment, the subject has been previously treated by one or more cancer therapies, such as chemotherapy or immunotherapy. In one embodiment, the subject has been previously treated by an immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.In one embodiment, compounds provided herein are provided for use as a medicament or are provided for use in preparing a medicament, e.g., for the treatment of cancer. In one embodiment, compounds provided herein are provided for use in a method for the treatment of cancer.PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONSAlso provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound provided herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein comprises the compounds described herein and one or more of diluents, lubricants, binders, disintegrants, surfactants, absorbents, colorants, flavors, or sweeteners.In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein may be prepared as liquid suspensions or solutions using a liquid, such as an oil, water, an alcohol, and combinations of these. In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein may be prepared as a sterile injectable, which may be aqueous or oleaginous suspensions. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art.In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Topical application for the lower intestinal tract is affected in a rectal suppository formulation or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used. For topical applications, the pharmaceutical compositions is formulated in a suitable ointment, lotion, or cream containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers.In one embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions provided herein include all compositions where a compound provided herein is combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. In one embodiment, the compound provided herein is present in the composition in an amount that is effective to achieve its intended therapeutic purpose.In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein can be administered to any patient that may experience the beneficial effects of a compound provided herein. In one embodiment, the patients are mammals, e.g., humans and companion animals. In one embodiment, the patient is a human.In one embodiment, also provided herein are kits which comprise a compound provided herein (or a composition comprising a compound provided herein) packaged in a manner that facilitates their use to practice methods provided herein. In one embodiment, the kit includes a compound provided herein (or a composition comprising a compound provided herein) packaged in a container, such as a sealed vial, with a label affixed to the container or included in the kit that describes use of the compound or composition to practice the method provided herein. In one embodiment, the compound or composition is packaged in a unit dosage form. In one embodiment, the kit further includes a device suitable for administering the compound or composition according to the intended route of administration. In one embodiment, the kit comprises a compound provided herein, and instructions for administering the compound to a patient having cancer.EXAMPLESSYNTHETIC METHODSSynthesis of Intermediate A, B and CStep-1. To a solution of ethyl 2-chloro-4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (500 mg, 2.49 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) were added tributyl (1-ethoxyvinyl) stannane (1.8 g, 4.98 mmol) and Pd (PPh3) 2Cl2 (350 mg, 0.50 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was heated to 100 ℃ and stirred for 15 hrs under N2 . After completion, the reaction mixture was poured into water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL x 3) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford compound A. 2 (600 mg, crude) as a yellow oil.Step-2. To a solution of A. 2 (600 mg, crude) in dioxane (10 mL) was added 1N HCl (3.5 mL) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 2 hrs. After completion, the mixture was adjusted to pH 8 with solid NaHCO3. The resulting mixture was poured into water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL x 3) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford compound A. 3 (400 mg, 77.1%yield for two steps) as a white solid.Step-3. To a solution of compound A. 3 (1.0 g, 4.80 mmol) in DCE (10 mL) was added DAST (1.8 g, 11.05 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at 40 ℃ for 12 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of the saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (50 mL) . The reaction mixture was poured into water (20 mL) and extracted with DCM (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL x 3) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford compound A. 4 (1.0 g, 92%purity, 90.4%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-4. To a solution of compound A. 4 (900 mg, 3.91 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added DMF-DMA (1.9 g, 15.64 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred for 2 hrs at 110 ℃. After completion, the reaction mixture was poured into water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL x 3) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford ethyl (E) -2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) -4-(2-(dimethylamino) vinyl) pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (Intermediate A, 1.0 g, 90%purity, 89.7%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-5. To a mixture of ethyl Intermediate A (1.0 g, 3.51 mmol) and Compound 1.3 (783 mg, 5.69 mmol) in BuOH (10 mL) was added DIEA (2.0 g, 15.12 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 12 hrs. After completion, the reaction was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound B. 1 (800 mg, 98%purity, 77.2%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-6. To a solution of Compound B. 1 (700 mg, 2.37 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) was added NBS (1.3 g, 7.11 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was poured into water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL x 3) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford (S) -8-bromo-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) -2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (Intermediate B, 700 mg, 96%purity, 78.9%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-7. A mixture of Intermediate B (800 mg, 2.14 mmol) , Pd (dppf) Cl2 (157 mg, 0.214 mmol) , phenylboronic acid (391 mg, 3.21 mmol) and K2CO3 (738 mg, 5.34 mmol) in dioxane (12 mL) and H2O (4 mL) was stirred at 100 ℃ for 3 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound C. 1 (700 mg, 87.9%yield, 92%purity) as a yellow solid.Step-8. To a suspension of Dess-Martin reagent (365 mg, 0.86 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added a solution of Compound C. 1 (140 mg, 0.38 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with 10%Na2S2O3 solution (40 mL) and 20%NaHCO3 solution (30 mL) , extracted with DCM (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (30 mL) and brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford (S) -2-cyclopropyl-2- (2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) -5-oxo-8-phenylpyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-6(5H) -yl) acetaldehyde (Intermediate C, 140 mg, crude) as a yellow solid.Example 1. Preparation of Compound 1Step-1. To a solution of (2S) -2-cyclopropyl-2- ( { [ (2-methylprop-2-yl)oxy] carbonyl} amino) acetic acid (1.1, 10.0 g, 46.46 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) was added sodium bis (2-methoxyethoxy) aluminum hydride (70%in toluene, 44.2 mL, 154.70 mmol) in portions at 0 ℃. After an additional 2 hrs., MeOH (11 mL) was added dropwise. Finally, a solution of 100 g of potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate in 100 mL of water was added, the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 30 min, and the upper of three phases was separated. The combined lower phases were extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL × 2) . The combined organic extract was washed with 5%NaHCO3 (100 mL) and brine (100 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give tert-butyl (S) - (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) carbamate (1.2, 7.7 g, crude) as a transparent oil.Step-2. To a solution of tert-butyl (S) - (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) carbamate (1.2, 7.7 g, 38.26 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was added HCl (30 mL, 4 M in dioxane) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford (S) -2-amino-2-cyclopropylethan-1-ol hydrochloride (Compound 1.3, 4.63 g, crude) as a gray solid.Step-3. A mixture of ethyl 2-chloro-4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1.4, 2.0 g, 9.97 mmol) , 2- (cyclopent-1-en-1-yl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (2.32 g, 11.96 mmol) , 1, 1'-bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene-palladium (II) dichloride (0.73 g, 1.0 mmol) and potassium carbonate (4.13 g, 29.9 mmol) in dioxane (16 mL) and water (4 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 3 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford ethyl 2- (cyclopent-1-en-1-yl) -4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1.5, 1.64 g, 70.82%) as a yellow oil. LC-MS (ESI) : m / z 233.2 [M+H] +.Step-4. To a solution of ethyl 2- (cyclopent-1-en-1-yl) -4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1.5, 1.64 g, 7.06 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was added palladium (0) (0.2 g, 10%on carbon) . The resulting mixture was degassed and backfilled with hydrogen three times, and then it was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs under hydrogen atmosphere (1 atm) . The reaction mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give ethyl 2-cyclopentyl-4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1.6, 1.3 g, 78.59%) as a transparent oil. LC-MS (ESI) : 234.2 [M+H] +.Step-5. To a solution of ethyl 2-cyclopentyl-4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1.1 g, 4.695 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was added dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (2.24 g, 18.779 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 110 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give ethyl (E) -2-cyclopentyl-4- (2- (dimethylamino) vinyl) pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1.7, 1.35 g, crude) as a yellow oil. LC-MS (ESI) : 290.2 [M+H] +.Step-6. To a solution of ethyl (E) -2-cyclopentyl-4- (2- (dimethylamino) vinyl) pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1.7, 600 mg, 2.07 mmol) in EtOH (6 mL) and acetic acid (0.12 mL, 2.07 mmol) was added Compound 1.3 (285 mg, 2.07 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give (S) -2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2 hydroxyethyl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (1.8, 620 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. LC-MS (ESI) : 300.1 [M+H] +.Step-7. To a solution of (S) -2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (1.8, 620 mg, 2.07 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (553 mg, 3.11 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford (S) -8-bromo-2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (1.9, 500 mg, 63.82%) as a yellow solid. LC-MS (ESI) : m / z 378.1 [M+H] +.Step-8. A mixture of (S) -8-bromo-2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (1.9, 150 mg, 0.40 mmol) , phenylboranediol (97 mg, 0.8 mmol) , tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (46 mg, 0.04 mmol) and potassium carbonate (164 mg, 1.19 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (8 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford (S) -2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) -8-phenylpyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (1.10, 150 mg, 100%) as a brown oil. LC-MS (ESI) : m / z 376.2 [M+H] +.Step-9. A mixture of (S) -2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) -8-phenylpyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (1.10, 150 mg, 0.4 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (339 mg, 0.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 20%NaHCO3 solution (5 ml ) and 10%Na2S2O3 solution (5 ml) , extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL × 2) , the combined organic layers were washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (5 ml) and brine (5 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford (S) -2- (2-cyclopentyl-5-oxo-8-phenylpyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-6 (5H) -yl) -2-cyclopropylacetaldehyde (1.11, 150 mg, crude) . LC-MS (ESI) : m / z 372.2 [M-H] -.Step-10. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (185 mg, 0.80 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added sodium hydride (24.10 mg, 0.60 mmol, 60%dispersion in mineral oil) at 0℃. The mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 15min. Then a solution of (S) -2- (2-cyclopentyl-5-oxo-8-phenylpyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-6 (5H) -yl) -2-cyclopropylacetaldehyde (1.11, 150 mg, crude) in THF (2 mL) was added dropwise at 0 ℃and stirred at the temperature for 2.5 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was subjected to prep-HPLC to afford (S, E) -2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-3- (methylsulfonyl) allyl) -8-phenylpyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (Compound 1, 20 mg, 11.63%) . LC-MS (ESI) : m / z 450.3 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.51 (s, 1H) , 8.20 (s, 1H) , 7.76–7.67 (m, 2H) , 7.50 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.41 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.01 (ddd, J=16.7, 15.3, 3.1 Hz, 2H) , 4.82 (dd, J=9.6, 4.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.55 (s, 1H) , 3.05 (s, 3H) , 2.03 (dd, J=11.0, 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.90 (dd, J=12.8, 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.85–1.78 (m, 1H) , 1.75 (dd, J=15.0, 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.70–1.59 (m, 2H) , 0.81 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H) , 0.70 (dd, J=9.5, 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 0.64–0.52 (m, 1H) , 0.39 (dd, J=9.5, 4.9 Hz, 1H) .Example 2: Preparation of Compound 2Step-1. A mixture of (S) -8-bromo-2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (1.9, 150 mg, 0.40 mmol) , (2-fluorophenyl) boranediol (83 mg, 0.60 mmol) , tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (46 mg, 0.04 mmol) and potassium carbonate (164 mg, 1.19 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (8 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford (S) -2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) -8- (2-fluorophenyl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (2.1, 120 mg, 76.91%) as a brown oil. LC-MS (ESI) : m / z 394.2 [M+H] +.Step-2. A mixture of (S) -2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) -8- (2-fluorophenyl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (2.1, 120 mg, 0.31 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (259 mg, 0.61 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 20%NaHCO3 solution (5 ml ) and 10%Na2S2O3 solution (5 ml) , and extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (5 ml) and brine (5 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford (S) -2- (2-cyclopentyl-8- (2-fluorophenyl) -5-oxopyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-6 (5H) -yl) -2-cyclopropylacetaldehyde (2.2, 120mg, crude) . LC-MS (ESI) : m / z 390.2 [M-H] -.Step-3. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (129 mg, 0.56 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added sodium hydride (17 mg, 0.42 mmol, 60%dispersion in mineral oil) at 0℃. The mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 15 min. Then a solution of (S) -2- (2-cyclopentyl-8- (2-fluorophenyl) -5-oxopyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-6 (5H) -yl) -2-cyclopropylacetaldehyde (2.2, 110 mg, crude) in THF (2 mL) was added dropwise at 0 ℃and stirred at the temperature for 2.5 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was subjected to prep-HPLC to afford (S, E) -2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-3- (methylsulfonyl) allyl) -8- (2-fluorophenyl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (Compound 2, 21 mg, 16%) . LC-MS (ESI) : m / z 467.9 [M+H] +. 1HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.49 (s, 1H) , 8.25 (s, 1H) , 7.58–7.46 (m, 2H) , 7.34 (dd, J=12.9, 5.6 Hz, 2H) , 6.99 (ddd, J=16.6, 15.3, 2.9 Hz, 2H) , 4.82 (dd, J=9.7, 4.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.43 (dd, J=23.2, 13.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.05 (s, 3H) , 2.05–1.92 (m, 2H) , 1.84 (td, J=13.2, 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 1.79–1.73 (m, 1H) , 1.72–1.55 (m, 4H) , 0.85–0.75 (m, 1H) , 0.70 (td, J=9.6, 4.6 Hz, 1H) , 0.63–0.53 (m, 1H) , 0.39 (td, J=10.0, 4.9 Hz, 1H) .Example 3: Preparation of Compound 4Step-1. A mixture of (S) -8-bromo-2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (1-9, 144 mg, 0.38 mmol) , 2- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (119 mg, 0.57 mmol) , tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (44 mg, 0.038 mmol) and potassium carbonate (157 mg, 1.14 mmol) in dioxane (3 mL) and water (0.3 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford (S) -8- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) -2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (4-2, 113 mg, 78%) as a brown oil. LC-MS (ESI) : m / z 380.2 [M+H] +.Step-2. To a solution of (S) -8- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) -2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (4-2, 113 mg, 0.30 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (252 mg, 0.6 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (50 mL) , washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (10 ml ) , 10%Na2S2O3 solution (10 ml) . The organic layer was then washed with brine (5 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford (S) -2- (8- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) -2-cyclopentyl-5-oxopyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin -6 (5H) -yl) -2-cyclopropylacetaldehyde (4-3, crude) , which was used in next step without any purification. LC-MS (ESI) : m / z 380.2 [M+H] +.Step-3. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (104 mg, 0.45 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added sodium hydride (18 mg, 0.45 mmol, 60%dispersion in mineral oil) at 0℃. The mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 15 min. Then a solution of (S) -2- (8- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) -2-cyclopentyl-5-oxopyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-6 (5H) -yl) -2-cyclopropylacetaldehyde (4-3, crude) in THF (2 mL) was added dropwise at 0 ℃ and the resulting mixture was stirred at the temperature for 5 min. The reaction mixture was quenched by adding dropwise to a solution of formic acid (0.5 mL) in methanol (2 mL) at 0 ℃. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to get a residue, which was then purified by prep-HPLC to afford (S, E) -8- (cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) -2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-3- (methylsulfonyl) allyl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (Compound 4, 34.9 mg, 26%for 2 steps) . LC-MS (ESI) : m / z 454.2 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.40 (s, 1H) , 7.83 (s, 1H) , 6.99 (dd, J=15.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.87 (dd, J=15.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H) , 5.96–5.92 (m, 1H) , 4.76–4.68 (m, 1H) , 3.42 (h, J=8.2 Hz, 1H) , 3.02 (s, 3H) , 2.56–2.53 (m, 1H) , 2.21–2.15 (m, 2H) , 2.12–2.00 (m, 2H) , 1.97–1.84 (m, 2H) , 1.83–1.62 (m, 10H) , 0.81–0.73 (m, 1H) , 0.68–0.61 (m, 1H) , 0.58–0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.35–0.28 (m, 1H) .Example 4: Preparation of Compound 5Step-1 A mixture of (S) -8-bromo-2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (1-9, 227 mg, 0.60 mmol) , 2- (3, 6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (189 mg, 0.90 mmol) , tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (69 mg, 0.06 mmol) and potassium carbonate (248 mg, 1.80 mmol) in dioxane (4 mL) and water (0.4 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford (S) -2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) -8- (3, 6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (5-2, 201 mg, 88%) as a brown oil. LC-MS (ESI) : m / z 382.2 [M+H] +.Step-2. To a solution of (S) -2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyethyl) -8- (3, 6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (2, 201 mg, 0.53 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (450 mg, 1.06 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (50 mL) , washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (10 ml ) , 10%Na2S2O3 solution (10 ml) . The organic layer was then washed with brine (5 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford (S) -2- (2-cyclopentyl-8- (3, 6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) -5-oxopyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin -6 (5H) -yl) -2-cyclopropylacetaldehyde (5-3, crude) , which was used in next step without any purification. LC-MS (ESI) : m / z 380.2 [M+H] +.Step-3. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (183 mg, 0.80 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added sodium hydride (32 mg, 0.80 mmol, 60%dispersion in mineral oil) at 0℃. The mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 15 min. Then a solution of (S) -2- (2-cyclopentyl-8- (3, 6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) -5-oxopyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-6 (5H) -yl) -2-cyclopropylacetaldehyde (5-3, crude) in THF (2 mL) was added dropwise at 0 ℃ and the resulting mixture was stirred at the temperature for 5 min. The reaction mixture was quenched by adding dropwise to a solution of formic acid (0.5 mL) in methanol (2 mL) at 0 ℃. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to get a residue, which was then purified by prep-HPLC to afford (S, E) -2-cyclopentyl-6- (1-cyclopropyl-3- (methylsulfonyl) allyl) -8- (3, 6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) pyrido [4, 3-d] pyrimidin-5 (6H) -one (Compound 5, 31.1 mg, 13%for 2 steps) . LC-MS (ESI) : m / z 456.2 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.43 (s, 1H) , 7.93 (s, 1H) , 6.99 (dd, J=15.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H) , 6.88 (dd, J=15.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H) , 6.24–6.19 (m, 1H) , 4.78–4.70 (m, 1H) , 4.24 (q, J=2.7 Hz, 2H) , 3.84 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H) , 3.44 (p, J=8.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.02 (s, 3H) , 2.68–2.61 (m, 2H) , 2.12–2.02 (m, 2H) , 1.95–1.84 (m, 2H) , 1.80–1.64 (m, 5H) , 0.82–0.74 (m, 1H) , 0.70–0.60 (m, 1H) , 0.59–0.50 (m, 1H) , 0.37–0.29 (m, 1H) .Example 5: Preparation of Compound 6Example 6: Preparation of Compound 7Example 7: Preparation of Compound 8Example 8: Preparation of Compound 9Route ARoute BExample 9: Preparation of Compound 10Route ARoute BExample 10: Preparation of Compound 11Example 11: Preparation of Compound 12Example 12: Preparation of Compound 13Example 13: Preparation of Compound 14Example 14: Preparation of Compound 15Example 15: Preparation of Compound 16Example 16: Preparation of Compound 17Example 17: Preparation of Compound 18Example 18: Preparation of Compound 19Example 19. Synthesis of Compound 3Step-1. To a solution of (S) -2- ( (tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino) -2-cyclopropylacetic acid (3.1, 100.0 g, 0.46 mol) in THF (1.0 L) were added TEA (51.2 g, 0.51 mol) and isobutyl chloroformate (69.6 g, 0.51 mol) at -25 ℃ under argon atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at -25 ℃ for 20 mins followed by addition of a solution of NaBH4 (26.1 g, 0.69 mol) in water (300 mL) dropwise at -25 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at -25 ℃ for 1 h. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (1.0 L) and extracted with EtOAc (1.0 L x 2) . The combined organic phase was washed with brine (1.0 L x 3) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 3.2 (101 g, crude) as a yellow oil.Step-2. To a solution of DMSO (89.8 g, 1.15 mol) in DCM (1.2 L) was added (COCl) 2 (76.6 g, 0.64 mol) dropwise at -78 ℃ under argon atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred at -78 ℃ for 1 h. Then, to the mixture was added a solution of Compound 3.2 (101 g, crude) in DCM (300 mL) dropwise at -78 ℃. After being stirred at -78 ℃ for 1 h, the mixture was added TEA (232.7 g, 2.32 mol) dropwise at -78 ℃ and then heated to 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 20 mins. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with citric acid solution (1.0 L × 2, wt%=5%) . The organic phase was washed with brine (1.0 L × 2) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 3.3 (118 g, crude) as a yellow oil.Step-3. To a solution of t-BuOK (460 mL, 0.46 mol, 1 mol / L) in THF (600 mL) was added a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (20.3 g, 0.51 mol) in THF (100 mL) dropwise at -25 ℃ under argon atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at -25 ℃ for 40 mins followed by addition of Compound 3.3 (118 g, crude) in THF (370 mL) dropwise at -25 ℃. The resulting mixture was warmed to 0 ℃ and stirred for 50 mins. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (1.0 L) and extracted with EtOAc (2.0 L x 2) . The combined organic phase was washed with brine (1.0 L x 2) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford crude Compound 3.4 (16.0 g) , which was further purified by recrystallization with PE and MTBE to give Compound 3.4 (>98%ee, 51.2 g, 40.0%yield for three steps) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 6.93 (dd, J=15.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.52 (dd, J=15.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 4.74 (brs, 1H) , 3.78-3.60 (m, 1H) , 2.95 (s, 3H) , 1.45 (s, 9H) , 0.97-0.80 (m, 1H) , 0.72-0.55 (m, 2H) , 0.50-0.30 (m, 2H) .Step-4. To a solution of Compound 3.4 (51.2 g, 0.186 mol) in MeCN (500 mL) was added HCl / Dioxane (500 mL) . The mixture was heated to 40 ℃ and stirred for 2 hrs. After completion, the mixture was filtered and the filter cake was dried in vacuum to give Compound 3.5 (31.2 g, crude) as a white solid.Step-5. To a solution of ethyl (E) -2-cyclopentyl-4- (2- (dimethylamino) vinyl) pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1.7, 100 mg, 0.35 mmol) in EtOH (1 mL) and acetic acid (20 μL, 0.35 mmol) was added Compound 3.5 (21.0 mg, 0.38 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was subjected to prep-HPLC to afford Compound 3 (71.0 mg, 55.0%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.43 (s, 1H) , 8.12 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H) , 6.97 (dd, J=15.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H) , 6.87 (dd, J=15.4, 1.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.73 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.80 (dd, J=9.6, 3.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.45-3.41 (m, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 2.15-2.01 (m, 2H) , 2.00-1.87 (m, 2H) , 1.86-1.75 (m, 2H) , 1.77-1.67 (m, 2H) , 1.64 (dd, J=9.6, 4.7 Hz, 1H) , 0.89-0.77 (m, 1H) , 0.70 (dd, J=9.5, 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 0.57 (dd, J=8.5, 4.1 Hz, 1H) , 0.33 (dd, J=9.8, 5.0 Hz, 1H) . LCMS purity: 97.23%; LCMS: m / z 374.2 [M+H] +.Example 20. Synthesis of Compound 6 and Compound 20Step-1. A mixture of ethyl 2-chloro-4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (6.1, 6.80 g, 33.9 mmol) , potassium isopropenyltrifluoroborate (5.02 g, 33.9 mmol) , 1, 1'-bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene-palladium (II) dichloride (1.26 g, 1.7 mmol) and potassium carbonate (14.05g, 101.7 mmol) in dioxane (60 mL) and water (10 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃for 3 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 20.1 (6.8 g, 97.3%) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 207.1 [M+H] +.Step-2. To a solution of Compound 20.1 (6.8 g, 32.97 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (15.71 g, 131.88 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 110 ℃ for 6 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 20.2 (6.4 g, crude) as a yellow solid. LCMS: 262.2 [M+H] +.Step-3. To a solution of Compound 20.2 (2.4 g, crude) in EtOH (240 mL) and acetic acid (0.53 mL, 9.18 mmol) was added Compound 1.3 (1.52 g, crude) , and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 20.3 (730 mg) as a yellow oil. LCMS: 272.1 [M+H] +.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 20.3 (730 mg, 2.69 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (574 mg, 3.23 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 20.4 (940 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 350.2 [M+H] +.Step-5. A mixture of Compound 20.4 (940 mg, crude) , phenylboranediol (656 mg, 5.38 mmol) , tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (311 mg, 0.27 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.11g, 8.07 mmol) in dioxane (9 mL) and water (3 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 20.5 (620 mg) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 348.1 [M+H] +.Step-6. To a solution of Compound 20.5 (620 mg, 1.79 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) were added DIEA (1.24 mL, 7.14 mmol) and MOMBr (0.36mL, 4.46mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with DCM (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 20.6 (400 mg, 57.3%) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 392.2 [M+H] +.Step-7. To a solution of Compound 20.6 (400 mg, 1.02 mmol) in THF (5 mL) and H2O (2.5 mL) were added sodium periodate (1.09 g, 5.11 mmol) and potassium osmate (VI) dihydrate (38 mg, 0.10 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 10%aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution and saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 6.8 (210 mg, 52.2%) as a yellow solid. LCMS: m / z 394.2 [M+H] +.Step-8. To a solution of Compound 6.8 (220 mg, 0.56 mmol) in DCM (2 ml. ) was added DAST (0.37 ml, 2.8 mmol) dropwise at 0 ℃. Then, the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 16 hrs under N2. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution (10 ml) at 0 ℃ and extracted with DCM (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 10%aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 6.9 (232 mg, 99.87%) as a yellow solid. LCMS: m / z 416.2 [M+H] +.Step-9. To a solution of Compound 6.9 (232 mg, 0.56 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added HCl (2 mL, 4 M in dioxane) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 30 mins. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 6.10 (210 mg, crude) as a yellow solid.Step-10. A mixture of Compound 6.10 (210 mg, crude) and Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP, 480 mg, 1.13 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 20%NaHCO3 solution (8 ml ) and 10%Na2S2O3 solution (8 ml) , extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20%aqueous NaHCO3 solution (10 ml) and brine (10 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 6.11 (200 mg, crude) . LCMS: m / z 368.1 [M-H] -.Step-11. To a solution of diethyl ( (methyl sulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (311 mg, 1.35 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added sodium hydride (43 mg, 1.08 mmol, 60%dispersion in mineral oil) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 15 mins followed by addition of a solution of Compound 6.11 (200 mg, crude) in THF (2 mL) dropwise at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 mins. The reaction mixture was added dropwise to a solution of formic acid (0.5 mL) in THF (2 mL) at 0 ℃. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to prep-HPLC and chiral SFC to afford:Enantiomer I, Compound 6. Retention time: 2.663 min; ee: 100 %; Yield: 57.8 mg; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.69 (s, 1H) , 8.34 (s, 1H) , 7.70 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.50 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.42 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.06 (dd, J=15.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H) , 6.96 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.82 (dd, J=9.9, 4.5 Hz, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 2.04 (t, JHF=19.0 Hz, 3H) , 1.89-1.75 (m, 1H) , 0.88-0.75 (m, 1H) , 0.74-0.67 (m, 1H) , 0.63-0.53 (m, 1H) , 0.46-0.31 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.82%; LCMS : m / z 446.3 [M+H] +.Enantiomer II, Compound 20. Retention time: 1.944 min; ee: 100 %; Yield: 4.3 mg; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.69 (s, 1H) , 8.34 (s, 1H) , 7.70 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.50 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.42 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.06 (dd, J=15.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H) , 6.96 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.82 (dd, J=9.9, 4.5 Hz, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 2.04 (t, JHF=19.0 Hz, 3H) , 1.88-1.74 (m, 1H) , 0.88-0.75 (m, 1H) , 0.74-0.67 (m, 1H) , 0.63-0.53 (m, 1H) , 0.47-0.30 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.53%; LCMS : m / z 446.3 [M+H] +.Chiral analysis method: Column: ChiralPak IG, 100×4.6 mm I. D., 3.5 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 30%, Flow rate: 2.5 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 21. Syntheses of Compound 21, Compound 18, and Compound 22Step-1. A mixture of ethyl 2, 4-dichloropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (21.1, 5.0 g, 22.6 mmol) in anhydrous N, N-dimethylformamide (30 mL) was treated with phenol (2.24 g, 23.75 mmol) and potassium carbonate (6.25 g, 45.24 mmol) , and stirred at 25 ℃ for 5 hrs. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-cold water (150 mL) and stirred for 30 mins. The precipitate was formed and filtered under reduced pressure. The filter cake was washed with water (20 mL) and dried in vacuum to afford Compound 21.2 (6.3 g, crude) . LCMS: m / z 279.1 [M+H] +.Step-2. A mixture of Compound 21.2 (6.3 g, crude) , potassium isopropenyltrifluoroborate (3.35 g, 22.6 mmol) , tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (2.61g, 2.26 mmol) and potassium carbonate (9.37 g, 67.8 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (50 mL) and water (10 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 21.3 (3.10 g) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 285.1 [M+H] +.Step-3. To a solution of Compound 21.3 (3.10 g, 10.9 mmol) in THF (30 mL) and H2O (30 mL) were added sodium periodate (11.66 g, 54.5 mmol) and potassium osmate (VI) dihydrate (401 mg, 1.09 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 10%aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution and saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 21.4 (2.00 g, 64.1%) as a white solid. LCMS: m / z 287.1 [M+H] +.Step-4. To a flask containing Compound 21.4 (2.00 g, 6.99 mmol) and DCM (10mL) was added DAST (4.6 mL, 34.9 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was added dropwise to NaHCO3 (aq., sat., 30 mL) at 0 ℃ and extracted with DCM (30 mL × 2) . The combined organic layer was washed with 10%aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 21.5 (1.80 g, 83.6 %) . LCMS : m / z 309.2 [M+H] +.Step-5. A solution of Compound 21.5 (1.8 g, 5.84 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (25 mL) was treated with 6 N hydrochloric acid (25 mL) and stirred at 25 ℃ for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL ×2) . The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 21.6 (537 mg, 39.6%) as a white solid. LCMS: m / z 231.0 [M-H] -.Step-6. Compound 21.6 (537 mg, 2.31 mmol) was dissolved in phosphorus oxychloride (5.32 g, 34.7 mmol) and heated at 100 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was partitioned between cold saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (30 mL) and ethyl acetate (30 mL) . The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 21.7 (580 mg, crude) . LCMS: m / z 251.1 [M+H] +.Step-7. A mixture of Compound 21.7 (580 mg, crude) , benzaldehyde (368 mg, 3.47 mmol) and 1, 3-dimethylimidazolium iodide (52 mg, 0.23 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was treated with sodium hydride (102 mg, 2.54 mmol, 60%) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 ℃ for 2 hrs. The resulting mixture was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride solution (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 21.8 (302 mg) as a colorless oil. LCMS: m / z 321.1 [M+H] +.Step-8. To a solution of Compound 21.8 (302 mg, 0.94 mmol) in ethanol (3 mL) was added hydrazine hydrate (94 mg, 1.88 mmol) , and the mixture was heated at 80 ℃for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 21.9 (272 mg, crude) as a white solid. LCMS: m / z 289.1 [M+H] +.Step-9. A mixture of Compound 21.9 (272 mg, crude) , ethyl 2-bromo-2-cyclopropylacetate (234 mg, 1.13 mmol) and potassium carbonate (391 mg, 2.83 mmol) in anhydrous N, N-dimethylformamide (2 mL) was stirred at 80 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with saturated sodium chloride solution (20 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to column chromatography to afford Compound 21.10 (317 mg, 81.2%for 2 steps) . LCMS: m / z 415.2 [M+H] +.Step-10. A solution of Compound 21.10 (317 mg, 0.76 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was treated with lithium aluminum hydride (75 mg, 1.99 mmol) and stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. Then, sodium sulfate decahydrate (0.5 g) was added to the reaction mixture, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 mins. The reaction mixture was filtered under reduced pressure and the filter cake was washed with THF (2 mL) . The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) , treated with manganese (IV) oxide (696 mg, 8 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was filtered under reduced pressure and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 21.11 (165 mg, 55.3 %) . LCMS: m / z 373.1 [M+H] +.Step-11. A mixture of Compound 21.11 (165 mg, 0.44 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (375 mg, 0.89 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 20%NaHCO3 solution (10 ml ) and 10%Na2S2O3 solution (10 ml) and then extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 21.12 (164 mg, crude) . LCMS: m / z 371.1 [M+H] +.Step-12. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (270 mg, 1.11 mmol) in anhydrous THF (3 mL) was added sodium hydride (35 mg, 0.89 mmol, 60%wt in mineral oil) at 0 ℃. The suspension was stirred at 0 ℃ for 10 min. Then, a solution of Compound 21.12 (164 mg, crude) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was added dropwise to the suspension. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 5 mins, and the mixture was added dropwise to a pre-cooled THF (4 mL) solution containing 500 uL formic acid at 0 ℃to quench the reaction. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to prep-HPLC to give Compound 21 (72.2 mg, 36.5%for 2 steps) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.93 (s, 1H) , 8.05 (dd, J=7.5, 1.9 Hz, 2H) , 7.62-7.54 (m, 3H) , 7.04 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 2H) , 5.12 (dd, J=9.9, 2.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.04 (s, 3H) , 2.13 (t, J=19.1 Hz, 3H) , 1.71-1.53 (m, 1H) , 0.84-0.71 (m, 2H) , 0.59 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H) , 0.44 (dd, J=9.5, 5.2 Hz, 1H) . HPLC purity: 97.61%; LCMS : m / z 447.3 [M+H] +.Step-13. Chiral separation to give Compound 18 and Compound 22: Column: ChiralPak C-IG, 100×4.6mm I. D., 5um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 40%, Flow rate: 2.0 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Enantiomer I, Compound 18, Retention time: 2.701 min; ee: 100 %; yield: 21.0 mg; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.91 (s, 1H) , 8.09-7.99 (m, 2H) , 7.63-7.49 (m, 3H) , 7.07-6.93 (m, 2H) , 5.11 (dd, J=9.9, 2.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.02 (s, 3H) , 2.11 (t, JHF=19.2 Hz, 3H) , 1.67-1.56 (m, 1H) , 0.84-0.71 (m, 2H) , 0.64-0.53 (m, 1H) , 0.46-0.40 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.1%; LCMS: m / z 447.2 [M+H] +.Enantiomer II, Compound 22, Retention time: 1.345 min; ee: 100 %; yield: 21.1 mg; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.91 (s, 1H) , 8.09-7.99 (m, 2H) , 7.63-7.49 (m, 3H) , 7.07-6.93 (m, 2H) , 5.10 (dd, J=9.9, 2.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.02 (s, 3H) , 2.11 (t, JHF=19.2 Hz, 3H) , 1.66-1.55 (m, 1H) , 0.85-0.72 (m, 2H) , 0.64-0.53 (m, 1H) , 0.45-0.39 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 98.84%; LCMS: m / z 447.2 [M+H] +.Example 22. Synthesis of Compound 23Step-1. To a solution of ethyl 2-chloro-4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (23.1, 1.00 g, 4.99 mmol) in propan-2-ol (20 mL) were added N-methylpropan-2-amine (547 mg, 7.48 mmol) and DIEA (2.6 mL, 14.95 mmol) . The resulting mixture was stirred at 80 ℃for 2hrs. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 23.2 (1.10 g, 93.0%) as a colorless oil. LCMS: m / z 238.2 [M+H] +.Step-2. To a solution of Compound 23.2 (0.50 g, 2.11 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (1.00 g, 8.43 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 110 ℃ for 6 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 23.3 (616 mg, crude) as a yellow solid. LCMS: 293.2 [M+H] +.Step-3. To a solution of Compound 23.3 (616 mg, crude) in DMF (10 mL) and DIEA (545 mg, 4.21 mmol) was added Compound 1.3 (580 mg, 4.21 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 130 ℃ for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 23.4 (233 mg, 36.6%for 2 steps) as a yellow oil. LCMS: 303.2 [M+H] +.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 23.4 (233 mg, 0.77 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (151 mg, 0.85 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 23.5 (290 mg, 98.7%) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 381.1 [M+H] +.Step-5. A mixture of Compound 23.5 (290 mg, 0.76 mmol) , phenylboranediol (185 mg, 1.52 mmol) , tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (88 mg, 0.076 mmol) and potassium carbonate (315mg, 2.28 mmol) in dioxane (4 mL) and water (1 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 23.6 (180 mg, 62.5%) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 379.2 [M+H] +.Step-6. A mixture of Compound 23.6 (90 mg, 0.24 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (202 mg, 0.28 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 20%NaHCO3 solution (10 ml ) and 10%Na2S2O3 solution (10 ml) and then extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL × 2) , The combined organic layers were washed brine (10 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 23.7 (89 mg, crude) . LCMS: m / z 377.2 [M+H] +.Step-7. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (110 mg, 0.48 mmol) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was added sodium hydride (17 mg, 0.43 mmol, 60%wt in mineral oil) at 0 ℃. The suspension was stirred at 0 ℃ for 10 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 23.7 (90 mg, crude) in anhydrous THF (1 mL) was added dropwise to the suspension. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 5 mins. Subsequently, the mixture was added dropwise to a solution of formic acid (500 uL) in THF (4 mL) at 0 ℃. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give Compound 23 (77.1 mg, 71.3%for 2 steps) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ9.14 (s, 1H) , 7.98 (s, 1H) , 7.71 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H) , 7.45 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.38 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.04 (dd, J=15.3, 5.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.90 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H) , 5.05 (d, J=109.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.74 (dd, J=9.6, 5.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.11-2.94 (m, 6H) , 1.82-1.70 (m, 1H) , 1.17 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H) , 0.78 (dd, J=11.0, 6.8 Hz, 1H) , 0.69-0.53 (m, 2H) , 0.37 (dt, J=9.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.26%; LCMS : m / z 453.2 [M+H] +.Example 23. Synthesis of Compound 25Step-1. A mixture of ethyl 2-chloro-4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (25.1, 0.94 g, 4.68 mmol) , 2- (1-cyclopropylvinyl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (0.91 g, 4.68 mmol) , 1, 1'-bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene-palladium (II) dichloride (174mg, 0.23 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.94 g, 14.05 mmol) in dioxane (12 mL) and water (2 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 4 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 25.2 (0.9 g, 82.69%) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 233.2 [M+H] +.Step-2. To a solution of Compound 25.2 900 mg, 3.87 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and H2O (5 mL) were added sodium periodate (4.14 g, 19.37 mmol) and potassium osmate (VI) dihydrate (143 mg, 0.387 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 10%aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution and saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 25.3 (690 mg, 76%) as a yellow solid. LCMS: m / z 335.1 [M+H] +.Step-3. To a flask containing Compound 25.3 (670 mg, 2.86 mmol) was added DAST (3.6 mL, 28.6 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ over the weekend. The reaction mixture was quenched with NaHCO3 (aq., sat., 30 mL) dropwise at 0 ℃ and extracted with DCM (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 10%aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 25.4 (550 mg, 75 %) as a yellow solid. LCMS: m / z 257.1 [M+H] +.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 25.4 (580 mg, 2.26 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (1.08 g, 9.05 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 110 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give ethyl Compound 25.5 (700 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. LCMS: 290.2 [M+H] +.Step-5. To a solution of Compound 25.5 (700 mg, crude) in DMF (10 mL) and DIEA (1.16 g , 8.99 mmol) was added (S) -2-amino-2-cyclopropylethan-1-ol hydrochloride (680 mg, 4.95 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 130 ℃ for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 25.6 (600 mg, 83%for 2 steps) as a yellow oil. LCMS: 322.1 [M+H] +.Step-6. To a solution of Compound 25.6 (600 mg, 1.87 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (382 mg, 2.15 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 25.7 (572 mg, 76.5%) as a yellow solid. LCMS: m / z 400.1 [M+H] +.Step-7. A mixture of Compound 25.7 (572 mg, 1.43 mmol) , phenylboronic Acid (349 mg, 2.86 mmol) , tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (165 mg, 0.143 mmol) and potassium carbonate (592 mg, 4.29 mmol) in dioxane (8 mL) and water (2 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (15 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 25.8 (480 mg, 84.5%) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 398.2 [M+H] +.Step-8. A mixture of Compound 25.8 (480 mg, 0.4 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (1.02 g, 2.42 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 20%NaHCO3 solution (20 ml ) and 10%Na2S2O3 solution (20 ml) and then extracted with dichloromethane (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (20 ml) and brine (20 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 25.9 (440 mg, crude) . LCMS: m / z 396.2 [M-H] -.Step-9. To a solution of diethyl ( (methyl sulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (640 mg, 2.78 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added sodium hydride (89 mg, 2.22 mmol, 60%dispersion in mineral oil) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 15 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 25.9 (440 mg, crude) in THF (2 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 mins. The reaction mixture was added dropwise to a solution of formic acid in THF (2 mL) at 0 ℃ and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to prep-HPLC to afford Compound 25 (128 mg, 24.4 %) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.70 (s, 1H) , 8.35 (s, 1H) , 7.76-7.68 (m, 2H) , 7.51 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.43 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.08 (dd, J=15.3, 4.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.98 (dd, J=15.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.84 (dd, J=9.6, 4.2 Hz, 1H) , 3.05 (s, 3H) , 1.93-1.78 (m, 2H) , 0.84 (dd, J=9.1, 4.3 Hz, 1H) , 0.72 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 5H) , 0.61 (dd, J=8.5, 4.0 Hz, 1H) , 0.42 (dd, J=9.7, 5.0 Hz, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 97.48%; LCMS : m / z 472.2 [M+H] +. ee: 100 %; Retention time: 3.349 min; condition: Column: ChiralPak IG, 100×4.6 mm I. D., 3.5 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 30%, Flow rate: 2.5 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 24. Synthesis of Compound 26Step-1. To a mixture of methyl 6-chloro-4-methylnicotinate (3.0 g, 16.16 mmol) and 2- (cyclopent-1-en-1-yl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (4.08 g, 21.01 mmol) in dioxane (24 mL) and H2O (6 mL) were added K2CO3 (6.7 g, 48.49 mmol) and Pd (dppf) Cl2 (592 mg, 0.808 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 110 ℃ for 4 hrs under N2. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 26.1 (3.39 g, 96.5%yield) .Step-2. To a solution of Compound 26.1 (3.39 g, 15.6 mmol) in EtOAc (50 mL) was added Pd / C (340 mg) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ under H2 (1 atm) for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 26.2 (3.3 g, 96.5%yield) .Step-3. To a solution of Compound 26.2 (1 g, 4.56 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DMF-DMA (815 mg, 6.84 mmol) and pyrrolidine (487 mg, 6.84 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 115 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was poured into aq. NH4Cl (30 mL) solution and extracted with EtOAc (40 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 26.3 (1.37 g, crude) .Step-4. To a mixture of Compound 26.3 (1.7 g, crude) and AcOH (680 mg, 11.32 mmol) in EtOH (17 mL) was added (2S) -2-amino-2-cyclopropylethan-1-ol hydrochloride (1.56 g, 11.32 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 5 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 26.4 (1.35 g) .Step-5. To a solution of Compound 26.4 (1.35 g, 4.52 mmol) in DMF (14 mL) was added NBS (965 mg, 5.424 mmol) in portions at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (40 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (40 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 26.5 (1.25 g, 73.3%yield) .Step-6. A mixture of Compound 26.5 (210 mg, 0.557 mmol) , phenylboronic acid (102 mg, 0.836 mmol) , Pd (dppf) Cl2 (41 mg, 0.056 mmol) and K2CO3 (154 mg, 1.114 mmol) in dioxane (4 mL) and H2O (1 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 26.6 (180 mg, 86.3%yield) .Step-7. To a solution of Compound 26.6 (180 mg, 0.481 mmol) in DCM (7 mL) was added Dess-Martin reagent (408 mg, 0.962 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. Then, another part of Dess-Martin reagent (612 mg, 1.443 mmol) was added to the mixture. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 15 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 10%Na2S2O3 solution (30 mL) and 20%NaHCO3 solution (30 mL) and then extracted with DCM (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (30 mL) and brine (20 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 26.7 (180 mg, crude) .Step-8. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (223 mg, 0.967 mmol) in MeCN (3 mL) were added DIEA (125 mg, 0.967 mmol) and LiCl (41 mg, 0.967 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 20 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 26.7 (180 mg, crude) in MeCN (1.5 mL) was added to the mixture at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 3 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to afford Compound 26 (100 mg) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.40 (s, 1H) , 7.81 (s, 1H) , 7.56-7.44 (m, 5H) , 7.25 (s, 1H) , 7.02 (dd, J=15.3, 5.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.90 (dd, J=15.3, 1.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.81 (dd, J=9.0, 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.29-3.16 (m, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 1.99-1.90 (m, 2H) , 1.78-1.58 (m, 7H) , 0.79-0.74 (m, 1H) , 0.69-0.61 (m, 1H) , 0.59-0.50 (m, 1H) , 0.39-0.31 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 97.22%; LCMS: m / z 449.2 [M+H] +. ee: 96.96 %; Retention time: 3.133 min; condition: Column: ChiralPak IC, 100×4.6 mm I.D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 40%, Flow rate: 2.2 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 25. Synthesis of Compound 27Step-1. To a solution of ethyl 2- (cyclopent-1-enyl) -4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1 g, 4.31 mmol) in DCM (1.4 mL) and i-PrOH (10 mL) were added phenylsilane (0.93 g, 8.61 mmol) and Mn (dpm) 3 (260 mg, 0.43 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 6 hrs under O2 atmosphere. After completion, the mixture was filtered through a short pad of celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 27.1 (1.00 g, 92.8%yield) as a white solid.Step-2. To a solution of Compound 27.1 (300 mg, 1.20 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added DMF-DMA (571.3 mg, 4.79 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 110 ℃for 4 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 27.2 (270 mg, 73.3%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-3. To a solution of Compound 27.2 (250 mg, 0.82 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) and AcOH (49 mg, 0.82 mmol) was added (2S) -2-amino-2-cyclopropylethan-1-ol hydrochloride (135 mg, 0.98 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 27.3 (230 mg, 90.4%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 27.3 (230 mg, 0.73 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added NBS (130 mg, 0.73 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 27.4 (200 mg, 69.8%yield) .Step-5. A mixture of Compound 27.4 (100 mg, 0.25 mmol) , phenylboronic acid (31 mg, 0.25 mmol) , Pd (dppf) Cl2 (19 mg, 0.03 mmol) and K2CO3 (70.10 mg, 0.51 mmol) in dioxane (4 mL) and H2O (1 mL) was stirred at 100 ℃ for 3 hrs under N2 atmosphere. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 27.5 (80 mg, 80 %yield) as a yellow oil.Step-6. To a solution of Compound 27.5 (100 mg, 0.26 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added Dess-martin reagent (433 mg, 1.02 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with 20%NaHCO3 solution (5 mL) and 10%Na2S2O3 solution (5 mL) and then extracted with DCM (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (5 mL) and brine (5 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 27.6 (50 mg, 50 %yield) .Step-7. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (201 mg, 0.873 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) were added DIEA (113 mg, 0.873 mmol) and LiCl (37 mg, 0.873 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 27.6 (170 mg, 0.437 mmol) in MeCN (1 mL) was added to the mixture at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 mins. After completion, the reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 4 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with DCM (40 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced. The residue was purified by prep-TLC to afford Compound 27 (28.1 mg, 13.8%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.57 (s, 1H) , 8.24 (s, 1H) , 7.72 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H) , 7.48 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.40 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.06 (dd, J=15.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.94 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 1H) , 5.07 (s, 1H) , 4.81 (dd, J=9.5, 4.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 2.22-2.11 (m, 2H) , 1.96-1.79 (m, 5H) , 1.79-1.64 (m, 2H) , 0.86-0.75 (m, 1H) , 0.71-0.65 (m, 1H) , 0.61-0.52 (m, 1H) , 0.43-0.31 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 98.78%; LCMS: m / z 466.0 [M+H] +. ee: 91.29 %; Retention time: 3.549 min; condition: Column: ChiralPak IG, 100×4.6 mm I.D., 3.5 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 40%, Flow rate: 2.2 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 26. Synthesis of Compound 28Step-1. To a solution of ethyl 2- (1-hydroxycyclopentyl) -4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (300 mg, 1.20 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added DAST (232 mg, 1.44 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 30 mins. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 28.1 (160 mg, 52.5%yield) as a colorless oil.Step-2. To a solution of Compound 28.1 (140 mg, 0.55 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added DMF-DMA (265 mg, 2.22 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 110 ℃for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 28.2 (170 mg, 100%yield, crude) as a colorless oil.Step-3. To a solution of Compound 28.2 (170 mg, crude) in EtOH (10 mL) were added (2S) -2-amino-2-cyclopropylethan-1-ol hydrochloride (114 mg, 0.83 mmol) and AcOH (67 mg, 1.11 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 28.3 (145 mg) as a colorless oil.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 28.3 (145 mg, 0.46 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added NBS (98 mg, 0.55 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 28.4 (152 mg, 82.6 %yield) .Step-5. To a solution of Compound 28.4 (152 mg, 0.38 mmol) and phenylboronic acid (56 mg, 0.46 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) were added H2O (1 mL) , K2CO3 (159 mg, 1.15 mmol) and Pd (PPh3) 4 (44 mg, 0.04 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 90 ℃ for 6 hrs under N2. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to Compound 28.5 (126 mg, 84.2 %yield) .Step-6. To a solution of Compound 28.5 (126 mg, 0.32 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added Dess-Martin (272 mg, 0.64 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃for 3 hs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with 20 %NaHCO3 solution (10 ml) and 10 %Na2S2O3 solution (10 ml) and then extracted with DCM (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20 %NaHCO3 solution (10 ml) and brine (10 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 28.6 (125 mg, 100%yield, crude) .Step-7. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (147 mg, 0.64 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) were added DIEA (82 mg, 0.64 mmol) and LiCl (27 mg, 0.64 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 10 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 28.6 (125 mg, crude) in MeCN (5 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 30 mins. After completion, the reaction mixture was adjusted pH to 4 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to afford Compound 28 (64.4 mg, 56.1%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.59 (s, 1H) , 8.25 (s, 1H) , 7.70 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.49-7.45 (m, 2H) , 7.41-7.37 (m, 1H) , 7.05 (dd, J=15.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.94 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.82-4.79 (m, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 2.32-2.15 (m, 4H) , 1.88-1.82 (m, 5H) , 0.80-0.79 (m, 1H) , 0.70-0.67 (m, 1H) , 0.58-0.55 (m, 1H) , 0.40-0.36 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.68%; LCMS: m / z 468.2 [M+H] +. ee: 90.5 %; Retention time: 3.545 min; condition: Column: ChiralCel OX, 100×4.6 mm I. D., 5 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 40%, Flow rate: 2.0 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 27. Syntheses of Compound 29 and Compound 30Step-1. To a mixture of methyl 2, 6-dichloronicotinate (5.00 g, 24.27 mmol) and 2- (cyclopent-1-en-1-yl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (5.70 g, 29.12 mmol) in dioxane (100 mL) were added H2O (10 mL) , K2CO3 (10.1 g, 72.81 mmol) and Pd (dppf) Cl2 (890 mg, 1.21 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 90 ℃ for 3 hrs under N2. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 29.1 (3.3 g, 55.5%yield) as a colorless oil.Step-2. To a solution of Compound 29.1 (3.1 g, 15.05 mmol) in EtOAc (100 mL) was added Pd / C (300 mg) , and the resulting suspension was degassed under vacuum and purged with H2 several times. The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 12 hrs under H2 (1 atm) . After completion, the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 29.2 (2.5 g, crude) as a colorless oil.Step-3. To a solution of Compound 29.2 (2.5 g, crude) and (E) -2- (2-ethoxyvinyl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (2.5 g, 12.52 mmol) in dioxane (50 mL) were added H2O (5 mL) , K2CO3 (4.3 g, 31.29 mmol) and Pd (dppf) Cl2 (380 mg, 0.52 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 90 ℃ for 3 hrs under N2. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 29.3 (2.2 g, 90%purity) as a colorless oil.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 29.3 (2.00 g, 7.26 mmol) in THF (40 mL) were added H2O (20 mL) and LiOH. H2O (1.5 g, 36.32 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 3 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, acidified with aqueous HCl (2 mol / L) until PH 4 and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 29.4 (1.8 g, crude) as a colorless oil.Step-5. To a solution of Compound 29.4 (2 g, crude) and Compound 1.3 (1.58 g, 11.48 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) were added DIEA (3 g, 22.96 mmol) , HOBt (1.6 g, 11.48 mmol) and EDCI (2.2 g, 11.48 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 12 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (300 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 29.5 (1.8 g, crude) .Step-6. A solution of Compound 29.5 (1.00 g, crude) in AcOH (30 mL) was stirred at 80 ℃ for 12 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with H2O (100 mL) and basified with aqueous Na2CO3 until PH 8. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (90 mL) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 29.6 (800 mg, crude) .Step-7. To a solution of Compound 29.6 (770 mg, crude) in MeOH (20 mL) was added K2CO3 (938 mg, 6.79 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 29.7 (550 mg, crude) .Step-8. To a solution of Compound 29.7 (550 mg, crude) in DMF (15 mL) was added NBS (393.7 mg, 2.21 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 29.8 (580 mg) .Step-9. To a mixture of Compound 29.8 (150 mg, 0.40 mmol) and phenylboronic acid (58 mg, 0.48 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) were added H2O (1 mL) , K2CO3 (165 mg, 1.19 mmol) and Pd (PPh3) 4 (45 mg, 0.04 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 90 ℃for 5 hs under N2. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 29.9 (135 mg, 90%yield) .Step-10. To a solution of Compound 29.9 (135 mg, 0.36 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added Dess-Martin (306 mg, 0.72 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃for 3 hs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with 20 %NaHCO3 solution (10 ml) and 10 %Na2S2O3 solution (10 ml) and then extracted with DCM (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20 %NaHCO3 solution (15 ml) and brine (10 mL) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 29.10 (135 mg, crude) .Step-11. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (167 mg, 0.725 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) were added DIEA (64 mg, 0.725 mmol) , LiCl (31 mg, 0.725 mmol) at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 10 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 29.10 (135 mg, 0.362 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) was added to the mixture dropwise at 0 ℃, and the resulting mixture stirred at 25 ℃ for 30 mins. After completion, the reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 3 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced. The residue was subjected to prep-HPLC and chiral SFC to give:Enantiomer I, Compound 29. Yield: 4.9 mg; ee: 100%; Retention time: 1.450 min; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.51 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.90 (s, 1H) , 7.69 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H) , 7.50-7.42 (m, 3H) , 7.37-7.34 (m, 1H) , 7.05 (dd, J=15.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.91-6.87 (d, J=16.3 Hz, 1H) , 4.85-4.81 (m, 1H) , 3.32-3.29 (m, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 2.00-1.98 (m, 2H) , 1.74-1.62 (m, 7H) , 0.78-0.75 (m, 1H) , 0.66-0.63 (m, 1H) , 0.56-0.54 (m, 1H) , 0.37-0.34 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.94%; LCMS: m / z 449.1 [M+H] +.Enantiomer II, Compound 30. Yield: 51.3 mg; ee: 100%; Retention time: 2.859 min; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.51 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.91 (s, 1H) , 7.69 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H) , 7.49-7.42 (m, 3H) , 7.38-7.34 (m, 1H) , 7.05 (dd, J=15.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.92-6.88 (dd, J=15.3, 1.1 Hz, 1H) , 4.85-4.82 (m, 1H) , 3.33-3.29 (m, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 2.07-1.98 (m, 2H) , 1.79-1.62 (m, 7H) , 0.79-0.77 (m, 1H) , 0.66-0.64 (m, 1H) , 0.57-0.55 (m, 1H) , 0.37-0.34 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.96%; LCMS: m / z 449.1 [M+H] +.Chiral analysis method: Column: ChiralPak AD, 100×4.6 mm I. D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 40%, Flow rate: 2.0 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 28. Synthesis of Compound 31Step-1. To a mixture of ethyl (E) -2-cyclopentyl-4- (2- (dimethylamino) vinyl) pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (320 mg, 1.12 mmol) and 3-amino-2, 3-dihydrothiophene 1, 1-dioxide hydrochloride (380 mg, 2.24 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was added AcOH (17 mg, 0.28 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was poured into water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 31.1 (270 mg, 72.6%yield) .Step-2. To a solution of Compound 31.1 (270 mg, 0.81 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was added NBS (145 mg, 0.81 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was poured into water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 31.2 (280 mg, 83.9%yield) .Step-3. To a mixture of Compound 31.2 (50 mg, 0.122 mmol) and tributyl (phenyl) stannane (67 mg, 0.183 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL) were added PdCl2 (PPh3) 2 (17 mg, 0.0244 mmol) and CuI (5 mg, 0.0244 mmol) , and the resulting mixture was stirred at 120 ℃ for 4 hrs under N2. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (15 mL) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to afford Compound 31 (5.9 mg, 11.9%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.50 (s, 1H) , 7.77 (s, 1H) , 7.67 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.52-7.44 (m, 3H) , 7.40 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.16 (dd, J=6.7, 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.22-6.17 (m, 1H) , 3.90 (dd, J=14.0, 8.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.75 (dd, J=14.0, 4.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.49-3.38 (m, 1H) , 2.09-1.97 (m, 2H) , 1.92-1.84 (m, 2H) , 1.75-1.60 (m, 4H) ; HPLC purity: 99.69%; LCMS: m / z 408.1 [M+H] +.Example 29. Synthesis of Compound 33 and Compound 34Step-1. To a solution of 1H-pyrazole-5-carbaldehyde (8.5 g, 88.46 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) was added NaH (5.3 g, 132.69 mmol, 60%wt) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 30 mins followed by addition of 2- (Trimethylsilyl) ethoxymethyl chloride (SEMCl, 17.7 g, 106.15 mmol) dropwise at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃for 3.5 hrs. The reaction mixture was poured into ice water (100 mL) and extracted with DCM (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 32.1 (10.9 g, 54.4%yield) .Step-2. To a mixture of Compound 32.1 (19.32 g, 58.32 mmol) and DBU (7.40 g, 48.60 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) was added 1- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) methyl) -1H-pyrazole-5-carbaldehyde (10.9 g, 48.16 mmol) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with DCM (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 32.2 (13.8 g, 66.3%yield) .Step-3. To a solution of Compound 32.2 (13.8 g, 31.94 mmol) in MeOH (150 mL) was added Pd / C (1.38 g) , and the mixture was stirred at room temperature under H2 (1 atm) for 36 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 32.3 (9.0 g, 94.0%yield) .Step-4. To a solution of Compound 32.3 (1.5 g, 5.02 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added LiAlH4 (7.5 mL, 2 M in THF, 15.06 mmol) dropwise at 0 ℃ under nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 4 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with Na2SO4.10H2O. The resulting mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 32.4 (1.1 g, crude) .Step-5. To a mixture of Compound 32.4 (1.1 mg, crude) and ethyl (E) -2-cyclopentyl-4- (2- (dimethylamino) vinyl) pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1.17 g, 4.04 mmol) in EtOH (12 mL) was added AcOH (485 mg, 8.08 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 32.5 (1.3 g) .Step-6. To a solution of Compound 32.5 (1.3 g, 2.76 mmol) in CHCl3 (15 mL) was added NBS (491 mg, 2.76 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with DCM (40 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 32.6 (0.3 g, 19.8%yield) .Step-7. To a mixture of Compound 32.6 (200 mg, 0.4 mmol) and phenylboronic acid (59 mg, 0.48 mmol) in dioxane (6 mL) and water (2 mL) were added Pd (dppf) Cl2 (65 mg, 0.08 mmol) and K2CO3 (166 mg, 1.2 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 90 ℃ for 24 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 32.7 (60 mg, 27.5%yield) .Step-8. To a solution of Compound 32.7 (60 mg, 0.11 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added Dess-Martin reagent (93 mg, 0.22 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 10%Na2S2O3 solution (10 mL) and 20%NaHCO3 solution (10 mL) and then extracted with DCM (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (10 mL) and brine (10 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 32.8 (60 mg, crude) .Step-9. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (51 mg, 0.221 mmol) in MeCN (2 mL) were added DIEA (29 mg, 0.221 mmol) and LiCl (10 mg, 0.221 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 20 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 32.8 (60 mg, crude) in MeCN (1 mL) was added to the mixture at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 3 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced to afford Compound 32.9 (60 mg, crude) .Step-10. To a solution of Compound 32.9 (60 mg, crude) in DCM (1 mL) was added TFA (0.3 mL) at 0 ℃, and the mixture stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC to afford Compound 32 (27 mg, 98.32%purity) . LCMS: m / z 490.3 [M+H] +.Step-11. Compound 32 was separated by chiral SFC to afford:Enantiomer I, Compound 33. Retention time: 1.732 min; ee: 96.08%; Yield: 12.2 mg; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.55 (s, 1H) , 9.45 (s, 1H) , 8.01 (s, 1H) , 7.77-7.29 (m, 6H) , 7.08 (dd, J=15.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.87 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.07 (s, 1H) , 5.95 (s, 1H) , 3.52-3.35 (m, 3H) , 2.99 (s, 3H) , 2.04-1.98 (m, 2H) , 1.95-1.79 (m, 2H) , 1.78-1.57 (m, 4H) ; HPLC purity: 97.93%; LCMS: m / z 490.3 [M+H] +.Enantiomer II, Compound 34. Retention time: 4.616 min; ee: 100 %; Yield: 11.9 mg; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.55 (s, 1H) , 9.45 (s, 1H) , 8.01 (s, 1H) , 7.77-7.29 (m, 6H) , 7.08 (dd, J=15.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.87 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.06 (s, 1H) , 5.95 (s, 1H) , 3.52-3.35 (m, 3H) , 2.99 (s, 3H) , 2.05-1.99 (m, 2H) , 1.96-1.78 (m, 2H) , 1.78-1.57 (m, 4H) ; HPLC purity: 97.23%; LCMS: m / z 490.4 [M+H] +.Chiral analysis method: Column: ChiralPak C-IC, 100×4.6 mm I. D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol and acetonitrile (3: 1) , Gradient: 8 min @B 50%, Flow rate: 1.8 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 30. Synthesis of Compound 35Step-1. To a mixture of ethyl 2, 6-dichloro-5-fluoronicotinate (35.1, 3.0 g, 12.6 mmol) and tributyl (1-ethoxyvinyl) tin (5.46 g, 15.12 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added bis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) chloride (885 mg, 1.26 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 100 ℃ for 6 hrs under N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated potassium fluoride solution (80 mL) and stirred at 25 ℃ for 12 hours followed by addition of ethyl acetate (60 mL) . The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour. The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (60 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 35.2 (3.45 g, crude) as a brown oil. LCMS: m / z 274.0 [M+H] +.Step-2. A solution of Compound 35.2 (3.45 g, crude) in 1, 4-dioxane (35 mL) was treated with 2 N hydrochloric acid (12.5 mL) and stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL×2) , The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 35.3 (2.4 g) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 246.0 [M-H] -.Step-3. To a mixture of Compound 35.3 (2.0 g, 8.14 mmol) in DCM (20mL) was added diethylaminosulphur trifluoride (6.56 mL, 40.71 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was added dropwise to NaHCO3 (aq., sat., 30 mL) at 0 ℃ and extracted with DCM (30 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 10%aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 35.4 (1.9 g, 87.2 %) . LCMS: m / z 268.0 [M+H] +.Step-4. A mixture of Compound 35.4 (2.1 g , 7.85 mmol) , (E) -2- (2-Ethoxyvinyl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (2.02 g, 10.20 mmol) , 1, 1'-bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene-palladium (II) dichloride (570 mg, 0.785 mmol) and potassium carbonate (3.25 g, 23.54 mmol) in dioxane (16 mL) and water (4 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 35.5 (0.65 g, 27.31%) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 304.1 [M+H] +.Step-5. To a mixture of Compound 35.5 (650 mg, 2.14 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) and H2O (5 mL) was added LiOH·H2O (180 mg, 4.29 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hour. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove EtOH and diluted with H2O (5 mL) . The mixture was adjusted to pH 3 and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated to give Compound 35.6 (590 mg, crude) . LCMS: m / z 276.1 [M+H] +.Step-6. To a mixture of Compound 35.6 (970 mg, 3.52mmol) , (S) -2-amino-2-cyclopropylethan-1-ol (533 mg, 3.88mmol) and N, N-diisopropylethylamine (1.36 g, 10.57 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added HATU (1.74 g, 4.58mmol) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hour. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched by sat. aq. NaHCO3 (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 35.7 (850 mg, crude) . LCMS: m / z 259.1 [M+H] +.Step-7. A mixture of Compound 35.7 (850 mg, crude) in acetic acid (10 mL) was stirred at 80 ℃ for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in methanol (10 mL) followed by addition of potassium carbonate (332 mg, 2.40 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 35.8 (550 mg) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 313.1 [M+H] +.Step-8. To a solution of Compound 35.8 (500mg, 1.60 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (313 mg, 1.76 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃for 1 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 35.9 (626 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 391.0 [M+H] +.Step-9. A mixture of Compound 35.9 (689 mg, 1.76 mmol) , phenylboranediol (236mg, 1.94 mmol) , tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (204 mg, 0.17 mmol) and potassium carbonate (729 mg, 5.28 mmol) in dioxane (8 mL) and water (2 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 35.10 (320 mg, 46.8%for 2 steps) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 389.2 [M+H] +.Step-10. A mixture of Compound 35.10 (160 mg, 0.41 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (349 mg, 0.82 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 20%NaHCO3 solution (10 ml ) and 10%Na2S2O3 solution (10 ml) and extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL × 2) , The combined organic layers were washed brine (10 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 35.11 (159 mg, crude) . LCMS: m / z 387.1 [M+H] +.Step-11. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (210 mg, 0.91 mmol) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was added sodium hydride (33 mg, 0.83 mmol, 60%wt in mineral oil) at 0 ℃. The suspension was stirred at 0 ℃ for 10 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 35.11 (159 mg, crude) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was added dropwise to the suspension. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 5 mins. The resulting mixture was added dropwise to a solution of formic acid (500 uL) in THF (4 mL) at 0 ℃. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give Compound 35 (48 mg, 25.1%for 2 steps) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.60 (d, J=10.6 Hz, 1H) , 8.05 (s, 1H) , 7.70 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.50 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.43 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.08 (dd, J=15.3, 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 6.96 (d, J=16.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.85 (dd, J=9.9, 4.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.05 (s, 3H) , 2.05 (t, J=19.4 Hz, 3H) , 1.84 (s, 1H) , 0.82 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H) , 0.71 (dd, J=9.5, 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 0.60 (s, 1H) , 0.40 (dd, J=9.5, 4.8 Hz, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 98.06%; LCMS: m / z 462.9 [M+H] +.Example 31. Synthesis of Compound 36Step-1. To a solution of Intermediate A (536 mg, crude) in ethanol (25 mL) were added (S) -2-amino-2- (3, 3-difluorocyclobutyl) acetic acid hydrochloride (250 mg, 1.25 mmol) and acetic acid (75 mg, 1.25 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 95 ℃ for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 36.2 (449 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. LCMS: 360.1 [M+H] +.Step-2. To a solution of Compound 36.2 (449 mg, crude) in dichloromethane (25 mL) were added 4-dimethylaminopyridine (152.5 mg, 1.25 mmol) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (387 mg, 1.88 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 15 mins. Then, ethanol (172.5 mg, 3.75 mmol) was added to the mixture and it was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (30 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford ethyl Compound 36.3 (450 mg) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 388.2 [M+H] +.Step-3. To a solution of Compound 36.3 (450 mg, 1.16 mmol) in DMF (9 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (247 mg, 1.39 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 36.4 (410 mg, 75.9%yield) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 466.1 [M+H] +.Step-4. A mixture of Compound 36.4 (10 mg, 0.88 mmol) , phenylboronic acid (215 mg, 1.76 mmol) , tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (104 mg, 0.09 mmol) and potassium carbonate (365 mg, 2.64 mmol) in dioxane (9 mL) and water (1 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 36.5 (340 mg, 83.4%yield) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 464.2 [M+H] +.Step-5. To a solution of Compound 36.5 (240 mg, 0.52 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added lithium aluminum hydride (40 mg, 1.05 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 20 mins. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 36.6 (120 mg, 53.8%yield) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 424.2 [M+H] +.Step-6. To a solution of Compound 36.6 (120 mg, 0.28 mmol) in dichloromethane (12 mL) was added manganese dioxide (246 mg, 2.84 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 36.7 (120 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 422.2 [M+H] +.Step-7. A mixture of Compound 36.7 (120 mg, crude) and Dess-Martin periodinane (241 mg, 0.57 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 20%NaHCO3 solution (10 ml ) and 10%Na2S2O3 solution (10 ml) and then extracted with dichloromethane (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (20 ml) and brine (20 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 36.8 (120 mg, crude) . LCMS: m / z 420.2 [M+H] +.Step-8. To a solution of diethyl ( (methyl sulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (191 mg, 0.83 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added sodium hydride (27 mg, 0.67 mmol, 60%dispersion in mineral oil) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 15 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 36.8 (120 mg, crude) in THF (2 mL) was added to the mixture dropwise at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 15 mins. The reaction mixture was added dropwise to a solution of formic acid (0.5 mL) in THF (2 mL) . The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to prep-HPLC to afford Compound 36 (40.74 mg) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.70 (s, 1H) , 8.20 (s, 1H) , 7.68 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.50 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.42 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.01 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.94 (dd, J=15.3, 5.1 Hz, 1H) , 5.71 (dd, J=10.9, 4.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.25-3.14 (m, 1H) , 3.02 (s, 3H) , 2.90-2.71 (m, 2H) , 2.69-2.58 (m, 1H) , 2.44-2.29 (m, 1H) , 2.03 (t, J=19.0 Hz, 3H) ; HPLC purity: 96.25%; LCMS: m / z 496.1 [M+H] +.Example 32. Synthesis of Compounds 39, 40, 41, and 42Step-1. To a solution of tetrahydrofuran-3-ol (4.4 g, 49.94 mmol) in DCM (60 mL) were added DMAP (0.61 g, 4.99 mmol) , TEA (20.2 g, 199.76 mmol) and TsCl (9.52 g, 49.94 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 15 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with H2O (50 mL) and extracted with DCM (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (150 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 38.1 (7.60 g, 62.8%yield) as a colorless oil.Step-2. To a mixture of Compound 38.1 (6.40 g, 26.41 mmol) and methyl 2- ( (diphenylmethylene) amino) acetate (6.69 g, 26.41 mmol) in toluene (80 mL) was added LiHMDS (31.7 mL, 31.7 mmol, 1.0 M in THF) at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 100 ℃ for 15 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. After completion, the reaction mixture was poured into ice aqueous NH4Cl solution (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 38.2 (4.80 g, 56.2%yield) as a colorless oil.Step-3. To a solution of Compound 38.2 (4.80 g, 14.84 mmol) in THF (75 mL) was added 2N HCl (30 mL, 59.37 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 4 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (60 mL) and the organic layer was discarded. The aqueous layer was adjusted to pH 8 and extracted with DCM / MeOH (1: 3) (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 38.3 (1.90 g, 80.4%yield) as an orange oil.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 38.3 (1.2 g, 7.54 mmol) in THF (30 mL) was added LiAlH4 (376 mg, 9.42 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with NaSO4.10H2O at 0 ℃ and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 38.4 (850 mg, crude) as a colorless oil .Step-5. To a solution of Compound 38.4 (1.1 g, crude) and ethyl (E) -2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) -4- (2- (dimethylamino) vinyl) pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1.6 g, 5.61 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was added AcOH (4.19 g, 22.43 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 120 ℃for 12 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 38.5 (1.1 g) as a yellow oil.Step-6. To a solution of Compound 38.5 (1.0 g, 3.07 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added NBS (0.60 g, 3.38 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3) . The organic layer was washed with brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 38.6 (950 mg, 76.5%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-7. A mixture of Compound 38.6 (350 mg, 0.87 mmol) , phenylboronic acid (158 mg, 1.30 mmol) and K2CO3 (299 mg, 2.16 mmol) in dioxane (6 mL) and H2O (1.5 mL) was stirred at 100 ℃ for 3 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. After completion, The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 38.7 (230 mg, 65.5%yield) as a yellow solid..Step-8. To a solution of Dess-Martin reagent (507 mg, 1.2 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added a solution of Compound 38.7 (180 mg, 0.6 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with 10%Na2S2O3 solution (40 mL) and 20%NaHCO3 solution (30 mL) and then extracted with DCM (40 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (30 mL) and brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 38.8 (180 mg, crude) .Step-9. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (207 mg, 0.90 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) were added DIEA (116 mg, 0.90 mmol) and LiCl (38 mg, 0.90 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 20 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 38.8 (180 mg, 0.45 mmol) in MeCN (2 mL) was added to the mixture at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 h. After completion, the reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 4 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with DCM (40 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (acetonitrile with 0.1%FA in water) to afford Compound 38 (70 mg, 32.7%) . LCMS: m / z 476.3 [M+H] +.Step-10. Compound 38 (70 mg) was separated by chiral SFC to give:Isomer I, Compound 39. Yield: 15.4 mg; de: 100%; Retention time: 4.932 min; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.70 (s, 1H) , 8.32 (s, 1H) , 7.74-7.64 (m, 2H) , 7.57-7.48 (m, 2H) , 7.46-7.37 (m, 1H) , 7.14-6.83 (m, 2H) , 5.59-5.48 (m, 1H) , 3.88-3.76 (m, 2H) , 3.71-3.56 (m, 2H) , 3.32-3.26 (m, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 2.04 (t, JHF=19.0 Hz, 3H) , 1.92-1.81 (m, 1H) , 1.58-1.44 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.62%; LCMS: m / z 476.4 [M+H] +.Isomer II, Compound 40. Yield: 18 mg; de: 100%; Retention time: 8.129 min; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.70 (s, 1H) , 8.32 (s, 1H) , 7.74-7.64 (m, 2H) , 7.57-7.48 (m, 2H) , 7.46-7.37 (m, 1H) , 7.14-6.83 (m, 2H) , 5.59-5.48 (m, 1H) , 3.88-3.76 (m, 2H) , 3.71-3.56 (m, 2H) , 3.32-3.26 (m, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 2.04 (t, JHF=19.0 Hz, 3H) , 1.91-1.80 (m, 1H) , 1.58-1.45 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.22%; LCMS: m / z 476.4 [M+H] +.Isomer III, Compound 41. Yield: 13.7 mg; de: 94.05%; Retention time: 5.726 min; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.69 (s, 1H) , 8.28 (s, 1H) , 7.73-7.64 (m, 2H) , 7.55-7.47 (m, 2H) , 7.48-7.38 (m, 1H) , 7.11-6.87 (m, 2H) , 5.57-5.50 (m, 1H) , 3.93-3.82 (m, 1H) , 3.76-3.68 (m, 1H) , 3.65-3.57 (m, 1H) , 3.37-3.34 (m, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 2.55-2.51 (m, 1H) , 2.18-2.09 (m, 1H) , 2.03 (t, JHF=19.2 Hz, 3H) , 1.85-1.71 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.49%; LCMS: m / z 476.4 [M+H] +.Isomer IV, Compound 42. Yield: 15.1 mg; de: 93.62%; Retention time: 9.323 min; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.69 (s, 1H) , 8.28 (s, 1H) , 7.73-7.64 (m, 2H) , 7.55-7.47 (m, 2H) , 7.48-7.38 (m, 1H) , 7.11-6.87 (m, 2H) , 5.57-5.50 (m, 1H) , 3.93-3.82 (m, 1H) , 3.76-3.68 (m, 1H) , 3.65-3.56 (m, 1H) , 3.37-3.33 (m, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 2.55-2.51 (m, 1H) , 2.18-2.09 (m, 1H) , 2.03 (t, JHF=19.2 Hz, 3H) , 1.85-1.71 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 98.93%; LCMS: m / z 476.4 [M+H] +.Chiral analysis method: Column: ChiralCel OJ, 100×4.6 mm I. D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 11 min @B 10%, Flow rate: 2.5 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 33. Synthesis of Compound 43Step-1. To a mixture of ethyl 2-chloro-4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (13.0 g, 64.8 mmol) and 2- (cyclopent-1-en-1-yl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (15.0 g, 77.76 mmol) in dioxane (104 mL) and water (26 mL) were added K2CO3 (26.9 g, 194.39 mmol) and Pd (dppf) Cl2 (4.7 g, 6.48 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at 90 ℃ under N2 for 3 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL x 3) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 43.1 (14.0 g, 60%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-2. To a solution of Compound 43.1 (22.0 g, 94.7 mmol) in EtOH (400 mL) was added 10%Pd / C (2.75 g) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred for 2 hrs at 25 ℃ under H2 atmosphere (1 atm) . After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 43.2 (19.0 g, crude) as a yellow oil.Step-3. To a solution of Compound 43.2 (11.0 g, crude) in DMF (44 mL) was added DMF-DMA (25.0 g, 208 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at 110 ℃ for 3 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was poured into water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL x 3) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 43.3 (10.0 g, crude) as a yellow oil.Step-4. To a mixture of Compound 43.3 (5.0 g, 17.28 mmol) and Compound 1.3 (5.2 g, crude) in EtOH (5 mL) was added acetic acid (1.3 g, 21.65 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 4 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 43.4 (2.10 g) as a yellow oil.Step-5. To a solution of Compound 43.4 (2.1 g, 7.02 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added NBS (1.87 g, 10.5 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was poured into water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (60 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL x 3) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 43.5 (2.0 g, 75.3%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-6. To a mixture of Compound 43.5 (200 mg, 0.53 mmol) and 2- (3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-yl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (133 mg, 0.64 mmol) in dioxane (4 mL) and water (0.8 mL) were added K3PO4 (337 mg, 1.59 mmol) and [1, 1'-bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene] dichloropalladium (II) (39 mg, 0.05 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at 70 ℃ under N2 for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was poured into water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL x 3) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 43.6 (170 mg, 84.3%yield) as a white solid.Step-7. To a solution of Compound 43.6 (60 mg, 0.16 mmol) in DMSO (1.5 mL) was added 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX, 133 mg, 0.47 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 3 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was washed with 10%NaHCO3 (10 mL) and 20%Na2S2O4 (6 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL x 3) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 43.7 (50 mg, crude) as a yellow oil.Step-8. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (41 mg, 0.18 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL) was added LiHMDS (0.16 mL, 0.16 mmol, 1M in THF) at -25 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at -25 ℃ for 40 mins. Then, to the mixture was added a solution of Compound 43.7 (60 mg, crude) in THF (0.5 mL) , and the resulting mixture was stirred at -25 ℃ for 15 mins. After completion, the mixture was adjusted to pH 6 with ACN: FA=4: 1 (v / v) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to afford Compound 43 (6.5 mg, 9.1%for two steps) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 9.41 (s, 1H) , 7.80 (s, 1H) , 7.07-6.94 (m, 2H) , 6.88 (d, J=14.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.80-4.70 (m, 1H) , 4.01 (s, 2H) , 3.44 (brs, 1H) , 3.02 (s, 3H) , 2.68 (brs, 2H) , 2.12-1.62 (m, 11H) , 0.90-0.20 (m, 4H) ; HPLC purity: 99.50%; LCMS: m / z 456.2 [M+H] +.Example 34. Synthesis of Compound 44Step-1. To a mixture of Intermediate B (400 mg, 1.07 mmol) and 2- (3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-yl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (377 mg, 1.79 mmol) in dioxane (9.6 mL) and water (0.96 mL) were added K3PO4 (681 mg, 3.21 mmol) and Pd (dppf) Cl2 (78 mg, 0.11 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at 100 ℃ for 2 hrs under N2. After completion, the reaction mixture was poured into water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL x 3) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 44.1 (300 mg, 74.3%yield ) as a yellow oil.Step-2. To a solution of Compound 44.1 (210 mg, 0.56 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (471 mg, 1.11 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was washed with 10%NaHCO3 (10 mL) and 20%Na2S2O4 (10 mL) and then extracted with DCM (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL x 3) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 44.2 (200 mg) as a yellow oil.Step-3. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (135 mg, 0.59 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added LiHMDS (0.53 mL, 0.53 mmol, 1M in THF) at -40 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at -40 ℃ for 40 mins. Then, to the mixture was added a solution of Compound 44.2 (200 mg, 0.53 mmol) in THF (1 mL) , and the mixture was stirred at -40 ℃ for 15 mins. After completion, the mixture was adjusted to pH ~ 5 with Citric acid (102 mg, 0.53 mmol) . The resulting mixture was poured into water (3 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL x 3) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to afford Compound 44 (22.7 mg, 8.9%for two steps) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.61 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.95 (s, 1H) , 7.04 (s, 1H) , 7.03-6.97 (m, 1H) , 6.90 (d, J=15.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.75 (dd, J=10.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.08-3.96 (m, 2H) , 3.02 (s, 3H) , 2.51 (s, 2H) , 2.15-2.02 (m, 3H) , 2.00-1.92 (m, 2H) , 1.81-1.71 (m, 1H) , 0.84-0.75 (m, 1H) , 0.70-0.50 (m, 2H) , 0.40-0.20 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 94.98%; LCMS: m / z 452.1 [M+H] +. ee: 99.86%; Retention time: 6.758 min; Condition: Column: Chiralcel IG-3, 4.6 mm*250 mm, I. D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for MeOH, Isocratic: 20 min@B30%, Flow rate: 2.0 mL / min, Column temperature: 35 ℃.Example 35. Synthesis of Compound 45Step-1. To a solution of diethyl (iodomethyl) phosphonate (600 mg, 2.16 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added sodium ethanethiolate (363 mg, 4.32 mmol) in portions at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with H2O (15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give diethyl ( (ethylthio) methyl) phosphonate (420 mg, 91.7%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-2. To a solution of diethyl ( (ethylthio) methyl) phosphonate (420 mg, 1.96 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) and H2O (5 mL) was added Oxone (1.2 g, 1.96 mmol) in portions at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of Na2SO3 solution and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give diethyl ( (ethylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (380 mg, 44%yield) as a colorless oil.Step-3. To a solution of diethyl ( (ethylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (133 mg 0.54 mmol) in MeCN (3 mL) were added DIEA (70 mg, 0.54 mmol) and LiCl (70 mg, 0.54 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 10 mins. Then, a solution of Intermediate C (100 mg, 0.27 mmol) in MeCN (2 mL) was added to the mixture dropwise at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 30 mins. After completion, the reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 4 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to prep-HPLC and chiral SFC to afford Compound 45 (46.7 mg, 37.6%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.81 (s, 1H) , 7.74 (s, 1H) , 7.60 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.54-7.43 (m, 3H) , 7.05 (dd, J=15.2, 4.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.51 (dd, J=15.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 5.06 (dd, J=9.9, 3.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.03 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H) , 2.06 (t, JHF=18.4 Hz, 3H) , 1.43-1.37 (m, 1H) , 1.35 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H) , 1.04-0.93 (m, 1H) , 0.80-0.66 (m, 2H) , 0.59-0.52 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.54%; LCMS: m / z 460.2 [M+H] +. ee: 100%; Retention time: 1.985 min; condition: Column: ChiralPak IG, 100×4.6 mm I. D., 3.5 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 50%, Flow rate: 2.0 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 36. Synthesis of Compound 46Step-1. A mixture of ethyl 2, 6-dichloro-5-fluoronicotinate (46.1, 3.0 g, 12.60 mmol) , 2- (1-cyclopropylvinyl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (2.57 g, 13.23 mmol) , tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (1.16 g, 1.01 mmol) and potassium carbonate (5.23 g, 37.8 mmol) in dioxane (30 mL) and water (3 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 8 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 46.2 (3.15 g, 92.7%) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 270.1 [M+H] +.Step-2. To a solution of Compound 46.2 (1.70 g, 6.30 mmol) in THF (20 mL) and H2O (10 mL) were added sodium periodate (6.74 g, 31.52 mmol) and potassium osmate (VI) dihydrate (232 mg, 0.63 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 10%aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution and saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 46.3 (1.40 g, 81.8%) as a yellow solid. LCMS: m / z 272.1 [M+H] +.Step-3. To a flask containing Compound 46.3 (1.38 g, 5.08 mmol) was added DAST (20.1 mL, 152 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 72 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with NaHCO3 (aq., sat., 80 mL) dropwise at 0 ℃ and then extracted with DCM (60 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 10%aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 46.4 (1.10 g, 73.7 %) . LCMS: m / z 294.0 [M+H] +.Step-4. A mixture of Compound 46.4 (610 mg , 2.08 mmol) , (E) -2- (2-Ethoxyvinyl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (494 g, 2.49 mmol) , 1, 1'-bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene-palladium (II) dichloride (152 mg, 0.21 mmol) and potassium carbonate (861 mg, 6.23 mmol) in dioxane (8 mL) and water (2 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 46.5 (684 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 330.1 [M+H] +.Step-5. To a solution of Compound 46.5 (684 mg, crude) in EtOH (5 mL) and H2O (5 mL) was added LiOH·H2O (174 mg, 4.15 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove EtOH and then diluted with H2O (10 mL) . The resulting mixture was adjusted to pH 3 and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 46.6 (510 mg, crude) . LCMS: m / z 302.1 [M+H] +.Step-6. To a mixture of Compound 46.6 (510 mg, crude) , (S) -2-amino-2-cyclopropylethan-1-ol (256 mg, 1.86 mmol) and N, N-diisopropylethylamine (656 mg, 5.08 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added HATU (837 mg, 2.20 mmol) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. After completion, the mixture was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO3 (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 46.7 (512 mg, 78.7%for 3 steps) . LCMS: m / z 285.2 [M+H] +.Step-7. A mixture of Compound 46.7 (512 mg, 1.33 mmol) and acetic acid (10 mL) was stirred at 110 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in methanol (10 mL) followed by addition of potassium carbonate (184 mg, 1.33 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 46.8 (320 mg, 71.1%) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 339.1 [M+H] +.Step-8. To a solution of Compound 46.8 (320 mg, 1.60 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added NBS (185 mg, 1.04 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL ×2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 46.9 (400 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 417.0 [M+H] +.Step-9. A mixture of Compound 46.9 (400 mg, crude) , phenylboranediol (129 mg, 1.06 mmol) , tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (111 mg, 0.10 mmol) and potassium carbonate (397 mg, 2.88 mmol) in dioxane (8 mL) and water (2 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 46.10 (140 mg, 35.2%for 2 steps) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 415.2 [M+H] +.Step-10. A mixture of Compound 46.10 (140 mg, 0.34 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (287 mg, 0.68 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 20%NaHCO3 solution (10 ml ) and 10%Na2S2O3 solution (10 ml) and then extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed brine (10 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 46.11 (139 mg, crude) . LCMS: m / z 413.1 [M+H] +.Step-11. To a solution of diethyl ( (methyl sulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (163 mg, 0.71mmol) in MeCN (2 mL) were added lithium chloride (29 mg, 0.67 mmol) and N, N-diisopropylethylamine (117μL, 0.67 mmol) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 15 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 46.11 (139 mg, crude) in MeCN (1 mL) was added to the mixture dropwise at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 1 hr. The resulting mixture was added dropwise to a solution of formic acid (500 uL) in MeCN (4 mL) at 0 ℃. The mixture was subjected to prep-HPLC to afford Compound 46 (71 mg, 43.1%for 2 steps) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.59 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H) , 8.05 (s, 1H) , 7.72 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.49 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.41 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.08 (dd, J=15.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.96 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.86 (dd, J=9.9, 4.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.05 (s, 3H) , 1.94-1.77 (m, 2H) , 0.82 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H) , 0.72 (dd, J=18.1, 6.3 Hz, 5H) , 0.60 (s, 1H) , 0.40 (dd, J=9.3, 4.9 Hz, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 98.32%; LCMS: m / z 489.1 [M+H] +.Example 37. Synthesis of Compound 47Step-1. A solution of sodium cyclopropanesulfinate (0.98 g, 7.63 mmol) in DMSO (13 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hour to completely dissolve the salt. Then, to the solution was added diethyl (iodomethyl) phosphonate (1.06 g, 3.81 mmol) . The reaction mixture was heated to 80 ℃ and stirred for 15 hrs followed by addition of sodium cyclopropanesulfinate (0.98 g, 7.63 mmol) . The resulting mixture was heated to 100 ℃ and stirred for 1 hr. After completion, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (60 mL) , washed with 1N HCl (20 mL) and brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford diethyl ( (cyclopropylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (130 mg, 13.4%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-2. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (194 mg, 0.76 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) were added DIEA (98 mg, 0.76 mmol) and LiCl (32 mg, 0.76 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 20 mins. Then, a solution of Intermediate C (140 mg, crude) in MeCN (2 mL) was added to the mixture at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 h. After completion, the reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 4 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with DCM (40 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced. The residue was subjected to prep-HPLC and chiral SFC to afford Compound 47 (27.8 mg) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.68 (s, 1H) , 8.33 (s, 1H) , 7.69 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.50 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.42 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.03 (dd, J=15.2, 4.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.96 (d, J=15.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.88-4.76 (m, 1H) , 2.68-2.64 (m, 1H) , 2.04 (t, JHF=19.0 Hz, 3H) , 1.82-1.78 (m, 1H) , 1.18-0.94 (m, 4H) , 0.84-0.75 (m, 1H) , 0.73-0.66 (m, 1H) , 0.64-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.45-0.33 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.82%; LCMS: m / z 472.4 [M+H] +. ee: 100%; Retention time: 2.26 min; condition: Column: ChiralPak C-IC, 100×4.6 mm I. D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 40%, Flow rate: 2.0 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 38. Synthesis of Compound 48Step-1. To a mixture of 1-fluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (10.0 g, 96.08 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) were added (COCl) 2 (18.3 g, 144.12 mmol) and DMF (1.4 g, 19.22 mmol) at 0 ℃ under nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and to the residue was added DCM (50 mL) and MeOH (9.2 g, 288 mmol) at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (20 mL) and extracted with DCM (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 48.1 (7.0 g, crude) as a yellow oil.Step-2. To a solution of NH4Cl (12.5 g, 233 mmol) in toluene (83 mL) was added AlMe3 (58 mL, 116.4 mmol, 2.0 M in toluene) at 0 ℃ under nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h followed by addition of methyl 1-fluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (5.5 g, crude) at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 15 hrs. After completion, the mixture was quenched with MeOH (50 mL) , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 48.2 (4.7 g, crude) as a white solid.Step-3. To a solution of ethyl (E) -2- ( (dimethylamino) methylene) -3-oxobutanoate (3.0 g, 16.2 mmol) in EtOH (150 mL) were added Compound 48.2 (6.6 g, crude) and NaOEt (4.1 g, 48.59 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 3 hrs. After completion, the mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 48.3 (300 mg) as a yellow solid.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 48.3 (500 mg, 2.23 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added DMF-DMA (1.1 g, 8.92 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 110 ℃ for 2 hrs. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with water (20 mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL) . The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 48.4 (400 mg, 64.2%yield) as a yellow solid.Step-5. To a solution of Compound 48.4 (370 mg, 1.33 mmol) in 1-butanol (7 mL) were added (S) -2-amino-2-cyclopropylethan-1-ol hydrochloride (358 mg, 2.65 mmol) and DIEA (685 mg, 5.30 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 100 ℃ for 15 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 48.5 (350 mg, 91.3%yield) as a white solid.Step-6. To a solution of Compound 48.5 (400 mg, 1.38 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was added NBS (738 mg, 4.15 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL) . The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with H2O (20 mL) and brine (20 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 48.6 (470 mg, 92.3%yield) as a yellow solid.Step-7. To a solution of Compound 48.6 (320 mg, 0.87 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (3 mL) and H2O (0.3 mL) were added Phenylboronic acid (159 mg, 1.30 mmol) , K3PO4 (553 mg, 2.61 mmol) and Pd (dppf) Cl2 (64 mg, 0.09 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 110 ℃ for 3 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with water (20 mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL) . The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 48.7 (160 mg, 50.3%yield) as a yellow solid.Step-8. To a solution of Compound 48.7 (90 mg, 0.25 mmol) in DMSO (1.8 mL) was added IBX (208 mg, 0.74 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. After completion, the mixture was poured into sodium thiosulfate aqueous solution (15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (15 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 48.8 (90 mg, crude) as a yellow oil.Step-9. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (182 mg, 0.79 mmol) in THF (3.6 mL) was added LiHMDS (0.74 mL, 0.74 mmol, 1 N in THF) at -40 ℃ under nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred at -40 ℃ for 30 mins. Then to the mixture was added a solution of Compound 48.8 (180 mg, crude) in THF (1 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at -40 ℃ for 10 mins. The resulting mixture was acidified to pH ~ 3 with formic acid (340 mg, 7.40 mmol) . The mixture was diluted with H2O (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (5 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to prep-HPLC and chiral SFC to give Compound 48 (22.5 mg, 10.4%for two steps) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.51 (s, 1H) , 8.25 (s, 1H) , 7.74-7.60 (m, 2H) , 7.52-7.43 (m, 2H) , 7.43-7.30 (m, 1H) , 7.10-7.02 (m, 1H) , 6.99-6.91 (m, 1H) , 4.88-4.72 (m, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 1.89-1.75 (m, 1H) , 1.71-1.57 (m, 2H) , 1.51-1.41 (m, 2H) , 0.86-0.74 (m, 1H) , 0.74-0.64 (m, 1H) , 0.63-0.51 (m, 1H) , 0.44-0.32 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.67%; LCMS: m / z 440.1 [M+H] +. ee: 99.90%; Retention time: 13.851 min; Condition: Column: Chiralcel IG-3, 4.6 mm*250 mm, I.D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for MeOH, Isocratic: 20 min@B30%, Flow rate: 2.0 mL / min, Column temperature: 35 ℃.Example 39. Synthesis of Compound 49Step-1. To a mixture of ethyl 2-mercaptoacetate (2.0 g, 16.64 mmol) and diethyl (iodomethyl) phosphonate (6.9 g, 24.97 mmol) in acetone (30 mL) were added Cs2CO3 (8.4 g, 24.97 mmol) and TBAI (0.6 g, 1.66 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (60 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 49.1 (4.2 g, 93.4 %yield) as a colorless oil.Step-2. To a solution of Compound 49.1 (500 mg, 1.85 mmol) in THF (20 mL) were added NaBH4 (351.5 mg, 9.25 mmol) and AlCl3 (1.3 g, 9.25 mmol) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with H2O (60 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 49.2 (160 mg, 37.8%yield) as a colorless oil.Step-3. To a solution of Compound 49.2 (160 mg, 0.70 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added DAST (226 mg, 1.40 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with H2O (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 49.3 (102 mg, 61.4%yield) as a colorless oil.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 49.3 (102 mg, 0.44 mmol) in acetone (2 mL) were added H2O (2 mL) and Oxone (307 mg, 0.89 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 12 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with 10%Na2S2O3 solution (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 49.4 (100 mg, 86.4%yield) as a colorless oil.Step-5. To a solution of Compound 49.4 (105 mg, 0.40 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) were added DIEA (69 mg, 0.54 mmol) and LiCl (23 mg, 0.54 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 15 mins. Then, a solution of Intermediate C (99 mg, 0.27 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) was added to the mixture dropwise at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 30 mins. After completion, the reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 4 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to afford Compound 49 (16.3 mg, 19.6%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.68 (s, 1H) , 8.30 (s, 1H) , 7.69 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H) , 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H) , 7.42-7.40 (m, 1H) , 7.08 (dd, J=15.3, 1H) , 6.89 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.84-4.80 (m, 2H) , 4.69 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.72-3.63 (m, 2H) , 2.03 (t, JHF=19.0 Hz, 3H) , 1.86-1.77 (m, 1H) , 0.80-0.77 (m, 1H) , 0.69-0.66 (m, 1H) , 0.61-0.58 (m, 1H) , 0.44-0.39 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.02%; LCMS: m / z 478.0 [M+H] +. ee: 94.76%; Retention time: 2.779 min; condition: Column: ChiralPak IC, 100×4.6 mm I.D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol &MeCN (1: 1) , Gradient: 8 min @B 20%, Flow rate: 2.5 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 40. Synthesis of Compound 50Step-1. A mixture of LiCl (2.1 g, 48.45 mmol) and CuCl (4.8 g, 48.45 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 h. Then, to the mixture were added potassium ccetate (4.8 g, 48.45 mmol) , 3-methylbut-1-yne (3.0 g, 44.04 mmol) and 4, 4, 4', 4', 5, 5, 5', 5'-octamethyl-2, 2'-bi (1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane) (12.3 g, 48.45 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hrs. After completion, saturated NaCl (20 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 mins. Subsequently, the mixture was poured into water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL x 3) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 50.1 (5.0 g, crude) as a white oil.Step-2. To a mixture of Compound 50.1 (500 mg, crude) and ethyl 2-chloro-4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (767 mg, 3.83 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) and water (5 mL) were added Na2CO3 (811 mg, 7.65 mmol) and Pd (dppf) Cl2 (187 mg, 0.26 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at 90 ℃ for 12 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was poured into water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL x 3) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 50.2 (100 mg, 99%purity, 11.0%yield for two steps) as a white solid.Step-3. To a solution of Compound 50.2 (1.00 g, 4.27 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and water (10 mL) were added K2OsO4.2H2O (13 mg, 0.06 mmol) and NaIO4 (3.7 g, 17.07 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated Na2S2O3 aqueous (10 mL) , diluted with water (50 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL x 3) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 50.3 (120 mg, 11.9%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 50.3 (220 mg, 0.93 mmol) in DCE (3 mL) was added DAST (345 mg, 2.14 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at 40 ℃ for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 aqueous solution (5 mL) , diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with DCM (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL x 3) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 50.4 (230 mg, 95.7%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-5. To a solution of Compound 50.4 (250 mg, 0.97 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added DMF-DMA (461 mg, 3.87 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred for 3 hrs at 110 ℃. After completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL x 3) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 50.5 (240 mg, 79.2%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-6. To a mixture of Compound 50.5 (250 mg, 0.80 mmol) and (S) -2-amino-2-cyclopropylethan-1-ol hydrochloride (303 mg, 2.20 mmol) in EtOH (2 mL) was added DIEA (413 mg, 3.19 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃for 12 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 50.6 (220 mg, 85.2%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-7. To a solution of Compound 50.6 (250 mg, 0.86 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added NBS (457 mg, 2.57 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was poured into water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL x 3) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 50.7 (230 mg, 74.0%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-8. To a mixture of Compound 50.7 (350 mg, 0.87 mmol) and 4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-2-phenyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (127 mg, 1.04 mmol) in dioxane (9 mL) and water (1 mL) were added K3PO4 (557 mg, 2.63 mmol) and Pd (dppf) Cl2 (64 mg, 0.09 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 110 ℃ for 3 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL x 3) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 50.8 (300 mg, 90.7%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-9. To a solution of Compound 50.8 (120 mg, 0.30 mmol) in DMSO (2 mL) was added IBX (254 mg, 0.90 mmol) at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 3 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with 10%NaHCO3 aqueous solution (10 mL) and 20%Na2S2O3 aqueous (10 mL) , and then extracted with DCM (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL x 3) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 50.9 (120 mg, crude) as a yellow oil.Step-10. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (125 mg, 0.54 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added LiHMDS (0.48 mL, 0.48 mmol, 1M in THF) at -40 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at -40 ℃ for 40 mins. Then, to the mixture was added a solution of Compound 50.9 (120 mg, 0.30 mmol) in THF (1 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at -40 ℃ for 15 mins. After completion, the mixture was adjusted to pH ~ 5 with THF: FA=4: 1 (v / v) , poured into water (3 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL x 3) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to prep-HPLC and chiral SFC to afford Compound 50 (12.9 mg, 9.1%for two steps) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.68 (s, 1H) , 8.32 (s, 1H) , 7.73 -7.61 (m, 2H) , 7.60-7.30 (m, 3H) , 7.10-6.90 (m, 2H) , 4.90-4.70 (m, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 2.72-2.63 (m, 1H) , 1.90-1.70 (m, 1H) , 0.98 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H) , 0.90-0.50 (m, 3H) , 0.50-0.30 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.41%; LCMS: m / z 474.1 [M+H] +. ee: 99.80%; Retention time: 6.368 min; Condition: Column: Chiralcel IG-3, 4.6 mm*250 mm, I.D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for MeOH, Isocratic: 10 min@B30%, Flow rate: 2.0 mL / min, Column temperature: 35 ℃.Example 41. Synthesis of Compound 51 and Compound 52Step-1. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (300 mg, 1.30 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added LiHMDS (1.6 mL, 1M in THF, 1.56 mmol) at -75 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at -75 ℃ for 30 mins. Then, selectfluor (554 mg, 1.56 mmol) was added to the mixture. The resulting mixture was stirred at -75 ℃ for 2 hrs, warmed to -20 ℃ for additional 2 hrs and then warmed to 0 ℃ for extra 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with aq. NH4Cl (10 mL) at 0 ℃ and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 51.1 (110 mg, 33.8%yield) as a white solid.Step-2. A mixture of Compound 51.1 (54 mg, 0.22 mmol) , LiCl (19 mg, 0.43 mmol) and DIEA (56 mg, 0.43 mmol) in MeCN (2 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 10 mins. Then, a solution of Intermediate C (80 mg, 0.22 mmol) in MeCN (1 mL) was added to the mixture at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 30 mins. After completion, the reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 4 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to prep-HPLC and chiral SFC to give:Isomer I, Compound 51. Yield: 8.1 mg; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ9.81 (s, 1H) , 7.83 (s, 1H) , 7.62 (dd, J=8.1, 1.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.54-7.43 (m, 3H) , 6.41 (dd, J=31.7, 8.1 Hz, 1H) , 5.07 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.07 (s, 3H) , 2.06 (t, JHF=18.6 Hz, 3H) , 1.53-1.47 (m, 1H) , 0.97-0.88 (m, 1H) , 0.80-0.66 (m, 2H) , 0.55-0.49 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.94%; LCMS: m / z 464.1 [M+H] +. ee: 100%; Retention time: 1.151 min; condition: Column: ChiralPak AD, 100×4.6 mm I.D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 20%, Flow rate: 2.5 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Isomer II, Compound 52. Yield: 6 mg; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.79 (s, 1H) , 7.87 (s, 1H) , 7.65-7.61 (m, 2H) , 7.52-7.43 (m, 3H) , 6.37 (dd, J=20.0, 10.4 Hz, 1H) , 5.24 (t, J=10.1Hz, 1H) , 3.23 (s, 3H) , 2.06 (t, JHF=18.6 Hz, 3H) , 1.71-1.62 (m, 1H) , 0.91-0.82 (m, 1H) , 0.81-0.73 (m, 2H) , 0.53-0.44 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.83%; LCMS: m / z 464.1 [M+H] +. ee: 100%; Retention time: 1.765 min; condition: Column: ChiralCel OJ, 100×4.6 mm I.D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 20%, Flow rate: 2.5 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 42. Synthesis of Compound 53Step-1. To a solution of diethyl (iodomethyl) phosphonate (500 mg, 1.80 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added potassium ethanethioate (308 mg, 2.70 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (40 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 53.1 (320 mg, 78.3%yield) as a colorless oil.Step-2. To a solution of Compound 53.1 (320 mg, 1.41 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) was added EtONa (722 mg, 2.12 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) , adjusted to pH 1 with 1 N HCl and extracted with EtOAc (40 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 53.2 (220 mg, crude) as a pale yellow oil.Step-3. To a mixture of Compound 53.2 (200 mg, crude) and 1-bromo-2-methoxyethane (181 mg, 1.30 mmol) in acetone (10 mL) were added Cs2CO3 (1.1 g, 3.26 mmol) and TBAI (40 mg, 0.11 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 53.3 (220 mg) as a colorless oil.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 53.3 (220 mg, 0.91 mmol) in acetone (5 mL) was added H2O (5 mL) and Oxone (629 mg, 1.82 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 10%Na2S2O3 solution (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 53.4 (200 mg, crude) as a colorless oil.Step-5. To a solution of Compound 53.4 (149 mg, crude) in MeCN (5 mL) were added DIEA (70 mg, 0.54 mmol) and LiCl (23 mg, 0.54 mmol) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 10 mins. Then, a solution of Intermediate C (100 mg, 0.27 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) was added to the mixture dropwise at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 30 mins. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 4 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to afford Compound 53: Yield: 40.3 mg; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ9.69 (s, 1H) , 8.30 (s, 1H) , 7.69 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H) , 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H) , 7.42-7.40 (m, 1H) , 7.03 (dd, J=15.3, 5.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.83 (dd, J=15.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H) , 4.83 (dd, J=8.9, 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.63 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H) , 3.40 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.16 (s, 3H) , 2.04 (t, JHF=19.0 Hz, 3H) , 1.85-1.79 (m, 1H) , 0.82-0.80 (m, 1H) , 0.71-0.67 (m, 1H) , 0.60-0.58 (m, 1H) , 0.42-0.39 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 98.84%; LCMS: m / z 490.0 [M+H] +. ee: 99.12%; Retention time: 5.983 min; condition: Column: ChiralPak AD, 100×4.6 mm I.D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 10%, Flow rate: 2.5 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 43. Synthesis of Compound 54Step-1. To a solution of methyl 2, 4-dichloro-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (54.1, 3.0 g, 13.57 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) were added 4-methoxybenzylamine (2.05 g, 14.93 mmol) and N, N-diisopropylethylamine (2.63 g, 20.36 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (30 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 54.2 (4.1 g, 93.9%yield) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 322.1 [M+H] +.Step-2. A mixture of Compound 54.2 (4.1 g, 12.74 mmol) , 2- (1-cyclopropylvinyl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (2.72 g, 14.01 mmol) , 1, 1'-bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene-palladium (II) dichloride (929 mg, 1.27 mmol) and potassium carbonate (5.28 g, 38.22 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (50 mL) and water (10 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 4 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 54.3 (3.4 g, 75.5%yield) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 354.2 [M+H] +.Step-3. To a solution of Compound 54.3 (3.4 g, 9.62 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) and water (50 mL) were added sodium periodate (10.39 g, 48.1 mmol) and potassium osmate (VI) dihydrate (299 mg, 0.96 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 15 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 10%aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution and saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 54.4 (3.33 g, 97.4%yield) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 356.2 [M+H] +.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 54.4 (3.33 g, 9.37 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) was added DAST (6 mL, 45.4 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ overnight. The reaction mixture was added dropwise to saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (50 mL) at 0 ℃ and extracted with dichloromethane (50 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 10%aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 54.5 (1.66 g, 47.0%yield) as a yellow solid. LCMS: m / z 378.2 [M+H] +.Step-5. To a solution of Compound 54.5 (140 mg, 0.37 mmol) in N, N-dimethylformamide (3 mL) was added dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (132 mg, 1.11 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 110 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 54.6 (144 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. LCMS: 392.1 [M+H] +.Step-6. To a solution of Compound 54.6 (144 mg, crude) in ethanol (3 mL) were added (S) -2-amino-2-cyclopropylethan-1-ol hydrochloride (102 mg, 0.74 mmol) and acetic acid (22 mg, 0.37 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 95 ℃ for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 54.7 (169 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. LCMS: 457.2 [M+H] +.Step-7. To a solution of Compound 54.7 (169 mg, crude) in DMF (3 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (79 mg, 0.44 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 6 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 54.8 (198 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 535.1 [M+H] +.Step-8. A mixture of Compound 54.8 (198 mg, crude) , phenylboronic acid (90.2 mg, 0.74 mmol) , tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (46.2 mg, 0.04 mmol) and potassium carbonate (153.4 mg, 1.11 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) and water (1 mL) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (5 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 54.9 (170 mg) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 533.2 [M+H] +.Step-9. To a solution of Compound 54.9 (150 mg, 0.28 mmol) in dichloromethane (1 mL) were added trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) , xylene (0.1 mL) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (0.2 mL) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 54.10 (143 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 509.2 [M+H] +.Step-10. To a solution of Compound 54.10 (143 mg, crude) in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL) were added water (1.5 mL) , methanol (1.5 mL) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (24 mg, 0.56 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (5 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 54.11 (40 mg) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 413.2 [M+H] +.Step-11. A mixture of Compound 54.11 (8 mg, 0.092 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (58.5 mg, 0.138 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 20%NaHCO3 solution (3 mL) and 10%Na2S2O3 solution (3 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (5 ml) and brine (5 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 54.12 (38 mg, crude) . LCMS: m / z 411.2 [M+H] +.Step-12. To a solution of diethyl ( (methyl sulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (74.1 mg, 0.32 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added sodium hydride (11 mg, 0.27 mmol, 60%dispersion in mineral oil) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 15 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 54.12 (38 mg, crude) in THF (2 mL) was added to the mixture dropwise at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 15 mins. The resulting mixture was added to a solution of formic acid (0.5 mL) in THF (2 mL) dropwise. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to prep-HPLC to afford Compound 54 (14.3 mg) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.11 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.64 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.12 (s, 1H) , 7.64 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.44 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.36 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.04 (dd, J=15.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.92 (dd, J=15.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.78 (dd, J=9.9, 4.5 Hz, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 1.84-1.70 (m, 2H) , 0.80 (ddd, J=13.5, 8.7, 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 0.69-0.62 (m, 5H) , 0.58 (td, J=8.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 0.37 (td, J=9.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 95.97%; LCMS: m / z 487.2 [M+H] +.Example 44. Synthesis of Compound 55Step-1. To a mixture of ethyl 2-chloro-4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1.0 g, 4.98 mmol) and 2- (3-methoxyprop-1-en-2-yl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (987 mg, 4.98 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) and H2O (2 mL) were added K2CO3 (1.38 g, 9.97 mmol) and Pd (dppf) Cl2 (365 mg, 0.498 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 100 ℃ for 3 hrs under N2. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (40 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 55.1 (530 mg, 45%yield) .Step-2. To a solution of Compound 55.1 (350 mg, 1.48 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and H2O (5 mL) were added NaIO4 (1584 mg, 7.41 mmol) and K2OsO4·2H2O (190 mg, 0.52 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (70 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with 10%aqueous Na2S2O3 solution (100 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 55.2 (210 mg, 59.5%yield) as a yellow solid.Step-3. To a solution of Compound 55.2 (210 mg, 0.88 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added DAST (426 mg, 2.64 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was poured into ice water (40 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 55.3 (190 mg, 84.1%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 55.3 (170 mg, 0.65 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added DMF-DMA (311 mg, 2.61 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 100 ℃ for 4 hrs. The reaction mixture was poured into aqueous saturated NH4Cl solution (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 55.4 (160 mg, 78.5%yield, 90%purity) as a yellow solid.Step-5. To a mixture of Compound 55.4 (160 mg, 0.51 mmol) and DIEA (262 mg, 2.03 mmol) in EtOH (8 mL) was added (2S) -2-amino-2-cyclopropylethan-1-ol hydrochloride (174 mg, 1.27 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 120 ℃ for 24 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 55.5 (150 mg, 90.2%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-6. To a solution of Compound 55.5 (150 mg, 0.46 mmol) in DMF (6 mL) was added NBS (82 mg, 0.46 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 55.6 (170 mg, 91.3%yield) as a white solid.Step-7. A mixture of Compound 55.6 (170 mg, 0.42 mmol) , phenylboronic acid (76 mg, 0.63 mmol) , Pd (dppf) Cl2 (30 mg, 0.04 mmol) and K2CO3 (145 mg, 1.05 mmol) in dioxane (4 mL) and H2O (1 mL) was stirred at 100 ℃ for 3 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 55.7 (160 mg, 95.2%yield) as a white solid.Step-8. To a solution of Dess-Martin reagent (338 mg, 0.80 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added a solution of Compound 55.7 (160 mg, 0.40 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 10%Na2S2O3 solution (40 mL) and 20%NaHCO3 solution (30 mL) and then extracted with DCM (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (30 mL) and brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 55.8 (150 mg, crude) .Step-9. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (175 mg, 0.76 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) were added DIEA (147 mg, 1.14 mmol) and LiCl (32 mg, 0.76 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 20 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 55.8 (150 mg, crude) in MeCN (3 mL) was added to the mixture at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 5 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with DCM (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to prep-HPLC and chiral SFC to afford Compound 55: Yield: 73.7 mg; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.70 (s, 1H) , 8.35 (s, 1H) , 7.69 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.51 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.43 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.06 (dd, J=15.4, 4.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.97 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.82 (dd, J=9.9, 4.3 Hz, 1H) , 4.12 (t, JHF=13.2 Hz, 2H) , 3.32 (s, 3H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 1.91-1.75 (m, 1H) , 0.85-0.75 (m, 1H) , 0.73-0.66 (m, 1H) , 0.63-0.54 (m, 1H) , 0.46-0.34 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.58%; LCMS: m / z 476.3 [M+H] +. ee: 100%; Retention time: 2.188 min; condition: Column: ChiralPak C-IG, 100×4.6 mm I.D., 5 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 40%, Flow rate: 2.0 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 45. Synthesis of Compound 56Step-1. To a mixture of methyl 2, 6-dichloropyridine-3-carboxylate (2.0 g, 9.71 mmol) and 2- (1-cyclopropylvinyl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (1.79 g, 9.22 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) and H2O (6 mL) were added Pd (PPh3) 4 (1.1 g, 0.97 mmol) and K2CO3 (4.02 g, 29.12 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 100 ℃ for 2 hrs under N2. The reaction mixture was poured into water (40 mL) and extracted with DCM (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (40 mL x 3) , dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 56.1 (1.4 g, 60.7%yield) .Step-2. To a mixture of Compound 56.1 (1.4 g, 5.89 mmol) and NaIO4 (6.30 g, 29.45 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and H2O (10 mL) was added K2OsO4·2H2O (0.22 g, 0.59 mmol) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 10%Na2S2O3 solution (40 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (60 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 56.2 (1.3 g, 92.2%yield) .Step-3. Compound 56.2 (1.4 g, 5.84 mmol) was added to DAST (10 mL) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 50 ℃ for 5 days. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (20 mL) , poured into ice water (30 mL) and extracted with DCM (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 56.3 (0.7 g, 45.9%yield) .Step-4. To a mixture of Compound 56.3 (1 g, 3.82 mmol) and (E) -2- (2-ethoxyvinyl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (1.51 g, 7.64 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) and H2O (3 mL) were added Pd (dppf) Cl2 (0.56 g, 0.76 mmol) and Na2CO3 (364 mg, 3.44 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 50 ℃ for 15 hrs under N2. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 56.4 (1.0 g, 87%yield) .Step-5. To a solution of Compound 56.4 (500 mg, 1.68 mmol) in H2O (6 mL) and EtOH (6 mL) was added LiOH (121 mg, 5.04 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was acidified with aqueous 2 N HCl to pH 3 and extracted with EtOAc (40 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 56.5 (400 mg, crude) .Step-6. To a mixture of Compound 56.5 (400 mg, crude) , HATU (1.07 g, 2.82 mmol) and DIEA (728 mg, 5.64 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added (S) -2-amino-2-cyclopropylethan-1-ol hydrochloride (388 mg, 2.82 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (15 mL) and extracted with DCM (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 56.6 (310 mg) .Step-7. To a solution of Compound 56.6 (310 mg, 0.85 mmol) in AcOH (4 mL) was stirred at 80 ℃ for 6 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with H2O (20 mL) and adjusted to pH 8 with aqueous Na2CO3 solution. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (40 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 56.7 (230 mg, crude) .Step-8. To a solution of Compound 56.7 (230 mg, crude) in MeOH (3 mL) was added K2CO3 (229 mg, 1.66 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (15 mL) and extracted with DCM (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 56.8 (150 mg) .Step-9. To a solution of Compound 56.8 (150 mg, 0.47 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added NBS (83 mg, 0.47 mmol) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 56.9 (120 mg, 63.8%yield) .Step-10. To a mixture of Compound 56.9 (120 mg, 0.3 mmol) and phenylboronic acid (44 mg, 0.36 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL) and water (0.5 mL) were added Pd (dppf) Cl2 (44 mg, 0.06 mmol) and K2CO3 (124 mg, 0.9 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 100 ℃ for 2 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 56.10 (110 mg, 92.5%yield) .Step-11. To a solution of Compound 56.10 (110 mg, 0.277 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added Dess-Martin reagent (235 mg, 0.554 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 10%Na2S2O3 solution (20 ml) and 20%NaHCO3 solution (20 ml) and then extracted with DCM (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (20 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 56.11 (90 mg, crude) .Step-11. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (128 mg, 0.56 mmol) in MeCN (3 mL) were added DIEA (72 mg, 0.56 mmol) and LiCl (23 mg, 0.56 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 56.11 (90 mg, 0.228 mmol) in MeCN (1 mL) was added to the mixture at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 4 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to prep-HPLC and chiral SFC to afford Compound 56: Yield: 17.3 mg; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.82 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H) , 8.05 (s, 1H) , 7.84 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.71 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.48 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.40 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.06 (dd, J=15.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.93 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.86 (dd, J=9.6, 4.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.04 (s, 3H) , 1.89-1.72 (m, 2H) , 0.85-0.76 (m, 1H) , 0.74-0.66 (m, 5H) , 0.64-0.53 (m, 1H) , 0.42-0.34 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.87%; LCMS: m / z 471.2 [M+H] +. ee: 100%; Retention time: 2.223 min; condition: Column: ChiralPak AD, 100×4.6 mm I.D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 40%, Flow rate: 2.0 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 46. Synthesis of Compound 57Step-1. To a solution of ethyl (E) -2- ( (dimethylamino) methylene) -3-oxobutanoate (3.0 g, 16.20 mmol) in ACN (24 mL) were added pivalimidamide (3.6 g, 35.63 mmol) and TEA (4.9 g, 48.59 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 70 ℃ for 3 hrs. After completion, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 57.1 (3.0 g, 83.3%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-2. To a solution of Compound 57.1 (2.0 g, 9.00 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added DMF-DMA (4.3 g, 36.00 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 110 ℃for 2 hrs. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with water (50 mL) and ethyl acetate (50 mL) . After separation, the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 57.2 (2.0 g, 80.2%yield) as a yellow solid.Step-3. To a mixture of Compound 57.2 (560 mg, 2.02 mmol) in EtOH (11 mL) were added (S) -2-amino-2-cyclopropylethan-1-ol hydrochloride (408 mg, 4.04 mmol) and DIEA (1.0 g, 8.08 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred for 36 hrs at 80 ℃. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 57.3 (580 mg, 99.9%yield) as a white solid.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 57.3 (480 mg, 1.67 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added NBS (892 mg, 5.01 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL) . The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with H2O (20 mL) and brine (20 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 57.4 (380 mg, 62.1%yield) as a yellow solid.Step-5. To a solution of Compound 57.4 (380 mg, 1.04 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (4 mL) and H2O (0.4 mL) were added phenylboronic acid (190 mg, 1.56 mmol) , K3PO4 (661 mg, 3.11 mmol) and Pd (dppf) Cl2 (76 mg, 0.10 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 110 ℃ for 3 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with water (20 mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL) . The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 57.5 (200 mg, 53.0%yield) as a yellow solid.Step-6. To a solution of Compound 57.5 (150 mg, 0.41 mmol) in DMSO (3 mL) was added IBX (349 mg, 1.24 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After completion, the mixture was poured into sodium thiosulfate aqueous solution (15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (15 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 57.6 (150 mg, crude) .Step-7. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (204 mg, 0.89 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added LiHMDS (0.83 mL, 0.83 mmol, 1 N in THF) at -40 ℃ under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at -40 ℃ for 30 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 57.6 (200 mg, 0.55 mmol, crude) in THF (1 mL) was added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at -40 ℃ for 10 mins. The resulting mixture was acidified to pH ~ 3 with formic acid (465 mg, 8.30 mmol) . The mixture was diluted with H2O (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (5 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was purified by prep-TLC and subjected to chiral SFC to give Compound 57 (39.0 mg, 16.2%for two steps) . 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.53 (s, 1H) , 8.21 (s, 1H) , 7.82-7.71 (m, 2H) , 7.57-7.34 (m, 3H) , 7.11-6.99 (m, 1H) , 6.99-6.87 (m, 1H) , 4.88-4.72 (m, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 1.90-1.74 (m, 1H) , 1.37 (s, 9H) , 0.86-0.75 (m, 1H) , 0.74-0.65 (m, 1H) , 0.63-0.51 (m, 1H) , 0.45-0.30 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 92.90%; LCMS: m / z 436.1 [M-H] -. ee: 99.86%; Retention time: 9.854 min; Condition: Column: Chiralcel IG-3, 4.6 mm*250 mm, I.D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for MeOH, Isocratic: 15 min@B30%, Flow rate: 2.0 mL / min, Column temperature: 35 ℃.Example 47. Synthesis of Compound 58Step-1. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylthio) methyl) phosphonate (2.0 g, 10.09 mmol) in MeCN (40 mL) was added a solution of NaIO4 (4.32 g, 20.18 mmol) in H2O (10 mL) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 15 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 58.1 (2.1 g) as a colorless oil.Step-2. A mixture of Compound 58.1 (2.1 g, 9.80 mmol) , MgO (1.58 g, 39.21 mmol) , tert-Butyl carbamate (2.30 g, 19.61 mmol) and Rhodium (II) acetate dimer (0.17 g, 0.39 mmol) in DCM (40 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 30 mins under nitrogen atmosphere. Then, PhI (OAc) 2 (4.74 g, 14.70 mmol) was added to the mixture. The resulting mixture was stirred at 50 ℃ for 4 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 58.2 (2.2 g, 68.2%yield) .Step-3. To a solution of Compound 58.2 (316 mg, 0.96 mmol) in MeCN (6 mL) were added DIEA (186 mg, 1.44 mmol) and LiCl (41 mg, 0.96 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 20 mins. Then, a solution of Intermediate C (170 mg, crude) in MeCN (3 mL) was added to the mixture at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 5 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with DCM (40 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 58.3 (140 mg) as a white solid.Step-4. To a solution of Compound 58.3 (120 mg, 0.21 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added TFA (2 mL) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was subjected to prep-HPLC and chiral SFC to afford Compound 58: Yield: 34.6 mg; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.81 (s, 1H) , 7.74 (s, 1H) , 7.63 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.52-7.40 (m, 3H) , 7.05-6.96 (m, 1H) , 6.84-6.57 (m, 1H) , 5.19-4.95 (m, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 2.63 (s, 1H) , 1.86-1.75 (m, 1H) , 1.41-1.36 (m, 1H) , 1.01-0.96 (m, 1H) , 0.90-0.81 (m, 2H) , 0.74-0.64 (m, 4H) , 0.57-0.51 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 99.59%; LCMS: m / z 471.1 [M+H] +. ee: 100%; Retention time: 2.979 min; condition: Column: ChiralPak IG, 100×4.6 mm I. D., 3.5 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 50%, Flow rate: 2.0 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 48. Synthesis of Compound 59Step-1. A mixture of ethyl 4, 6-dichloropyridine-3-carboxylate (2.0 g, 9.09 mmol) , 2- (1-cyclopropylvinyl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (1.76 g, 9.09 mmol) , Pd (OAc) 2 (0.20 g, 0.91 mmol) , PPh3 (0.24 g, 0.91 mmol) and K2CO3 (2.55 g, 18.18 mmol) in MeCN (20 mL) and EtOH (10 mL) was stirred at 40 ℃ for 16 h under N2. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 59.2 (1.9 g, 78.9%yield) as a yellow oil.Step-2. To a solution of Compound 59.2 (1.80 g, 7.15 mmol) and NaIO4 (7.65 g, 35.76 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and H2O (5 mL) was added K2OsO4·2H2O (0.26 g, 0.72 mmol) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with 10%Na2S2O3 solution (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 59.3 (1.70 g, 93.71%yield) .Step-3. A mixture of Compound 59.3 (2.0 g, 7.88 mmol) and BAST (20 mL) was stirred at 80 ℃ for 12 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was poured into ice water (200 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (70 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 59.4 (1.70 g, 78.3 %yield) .Step-4. To a mixture of Compound 59.4 (1.7 g, 6.17 mmol) and (E) -2- (2-ethoxyvinyl) -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (1.8 g, 9.25 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) were added water (2 mL) , Cs2CO3 (6.1 g, 18.50 mmol) and Pd (PPh3) 4 (0.7 g, 0.62 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 90 ℃ for 6 hrs under N2. After completion, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give Compound 59.5 (1.30 g, 67.8 %yield) .Step-5. To a solution of Compound 59.5 (1.40 g, 4.50 mmol) in THF (10 mL) were added H2O (10 mL) and LiOH. H2O (0.3 g, 13.49 mmol) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, acidified with aqueous HCl (2 N) to PH 4 and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 59.6 (1.20 g, 94.2%yield) .Step-6. To a mixture of Compound 59.6 (1.20 g, 4.24 mmol) and (S) -2-amino-2-cyclopropylethan-1-ol (0.51 g, 5.08 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) were added DIEA (1.64 g, 12.71 mmol) , HOBt (0.86 g, 6.35 mmol) and EDCI (1.22 g, 6.35 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 12 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 59.7 (1.3 g, crude) .Step-7. A solution of Compound 59.7 (1.25 g, crude) in AcOH (20 mL) was stirred at 80 ℃ for 12 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with H2O (100 mL) and basified with aqueous Na2CO3 solution to pH 8. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (80 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 59.8 (1.1 g, crude) .Step-8. To a solution of Compound 59.8 (1.1 g, 3.04 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) was added K2CO3 (1.3 g, 9.11 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 h. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Compound 59.9 (850 mg, crude) .Step-9. To a solution of Compound 59.9 (150 mg, crude) in DMF (6 mL) was added NBS (83 mg, 0.47 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 59.10 (160 mg, 96%purity) as a yellow oil.Step-10. A mixture of Compound 59.10 (160 mg, 0.40 mmol) , phenylboronic acid (73 mg, 0.60 mmol) , Pd (dppf) Cl2 (29 mg, 0.04 mmol) and K2CO3 (138 mg, 1.00 mmol) in dioxane (4 mL) and H2O (1 mL) was stirred at 100 ℃ for 3 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 59.11 (150 mg, 95%yield, 92%purity) as a yellow solid.Step-11. To a solution of Dess-Martin reagent (320 mg, 0.76 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added a solution of Compound 59.11 (150 mg, 0.38 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with 10%Na2S2O3 solution (40 ml) and 20%NaHCO3 solution (30 ml) and then extracted with DCM (40 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with 20%NaHCO3 solution (30 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 59.12 (160 mg, crude) as a yellow solid.Step-12. To a solution of diethyl ( (methylsulfonyl) methyl) phosphonate (175 mg, 0.76 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) were added DIEA (147 mg, 1.14 mmol) and LiCl (32 mg, 0.76 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 mins. Then, a solution of Compound 59.12 (150 mg, crude) in MeCN (3 mL) was added to the mixture at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. After completion, the reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 4 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with DCM (40 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to afford Compound 59 (42.5 mg) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.53 (s, 1H) , 7.99 (s, 1H) , 7.59 (s, 1H) , 7.56 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) , 7.53-7.46 (m, 3H) , 7.04 (dd, J=15.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.95 (dd, J=15.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.86-4.81 (m, 1H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 1.90-1.80 (m, 1H) , 1.79-1.73 (m, 1H) , 0.84-0.74 (m, 1H) , 0.73-0.62 (m, 5H) , 0.61-0.51 (m, 1H) , 0.43-0.31 (m, 1H) ; HPLC purity: 98.59%; LCMS: m / z 471.1 [M+H] +. ee: 98.06%; Retention time: 2.251 min; condition: Column: ChiralCel OZ, 100×4.6 mm I. D., 3 um, Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for methanol, Gradient: 8 min @B 40%, Flow rate: 2.0 mL / min, Column temperature: 40 ℃.Example 49. Synthesis of Compounds 60 and 61Step-1. To a solution of tert-butyl ( ( (diethoxyphosphoryl) methyl) (methyl) (oxo) -λ6-sulfanylidene) carbamate (392 mg, 1.19 mmol) in MeCN (6 mL) were added DIEA (307 mg, 2.38 mmol) and LiCl (50 mg, 1.19 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 20 mins. Then, a solution of Intermediate C (220 mg, crude) in MeCN (3 mL) was added to the mixture at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 5 with aqueous KHSO4 solution and extracted with DCM (40 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound 60.1 (110 mg) .Step-2. To a solution of Compound 60.1 (110 mg, 0.20 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added TFA (2 mL) at 0 ℃, and...
Claims
1.A compound of Formula (I) , (II) , or (III) : or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:whereinis a single bond or double bond, as valency permits;M1, M2, and M3 are each independently C or N, as valency permits;M4 is CR4 or N, as valency permits;M5 is CR5 or N, as valency permits;M6 is CR6 or N, as valency permits;M7 is CR7 or N, as valency permits;or M6 and M7 form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring;M8 is CR8, N, NR8, O, or S, as valency permits;M9 is C or N, as valency permits;M10 is CR10, N, NR10, O, or S, as valency permits;M11 is C or N, as valency permits;R1 is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C6-10 aryl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, -N (R0) 2, -N (R0) (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , -S- (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) , -O-(optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) , -O- (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , optionally substituted 4-to 8-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, or - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) ;or R1 and M6, or R1 and M10, together with the intervening atom (s) , form an optionally substituted 3-to 10-membered ring;R2 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C3-14 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C3-14 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C1-8 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-8 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C6-10 aryl, optionally substituted 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 3-to 14-membered heterocyclyl, - (optionally substituted C0-3 alkylene) -C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted C6-10 aryl) , or - (optionally substituted C0-3 alkylene) -C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) ;R4 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, or halogen;R5 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, or halogen;R6 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, halogen, cyano, -OR0, or -N (R0) 2;R7 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, halogen, cyano, -OR0, -N (R0) 2, or -N (R0) -C (=O) - (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) ;R8 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, or halogen;R10 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, halogen, cyano, -OH, -N (R0) 2, or -N (R0) -C (=O) - (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) ;W is W1, W2, W3, W4, or W5;W1 isW2 isW3 iswherein the displayed carbocycle is optionally further substituted;W4 iswherein the displayed carbocycle is optionally further substituted;W5 isRa is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl, - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted phenyl) , - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) , or - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl) ;Ra’ is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl;Rb is H, deuterium, halogen, or optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl;Rc is H, deuterium, halogen, or optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl;X is -CN, F, -SO2Rd, -SO (=NRd’ ) Rd, -SORd, -C (=O) Rd, or -CO2Re;Rd is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl, or -N (R0) 2;Rd’ is H or optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl;Re is optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, or optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl;or Ra and Rb, Ra and Rc, Ra and Rd, Rb and Rd, or Ra and Ra’ , together with the intervening atom (s) , form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring;each instance of R0 is independently H, or optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl; or two instances of R0, together with the nitrogen atom they are attached to, form an optionally substituted 3-to 8-membered ring; andm, n, and k are each independently 1, 2, or 3.2.The compound of claim 1, which is a compound of formula (I) or (II) , wherein M1 is C, M2 is C, M3 is N, M4 is CR4, and M11 is C.3.The compound of claim 1, which is a compound of Formula (IV-1) , (IV-2) , (IV-3) , (IV-4) , (IV-5) , (IV-6) , (IV-7) , (IV-8) , (IV-9) , (IV-10) , (IV-11) , (IV-12) , (IV-13) , (IV-14) , (IV-15) , or (IV-16) : or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.4.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein W is W1.5.The compound of claim 4, wherein W1 is 6.The compound of claim 4 or 5, wherein Ra’ is H or methyl; or wherein Ra’a nd Ra, together with the carbon they are attached to, form an optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkylene.7.The compound of any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein Rc is H, halogen, or methyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen or C1-3 alkoxy.8.The compound of claim 4, wherein W1 is 9.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein W is W2, and W2 is 10.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein W is W3, and W3 is and wherein the displayed carbocycle is optionally further substituted.11.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein W is W4, and W4 is wherein the displayed carbocycle is optionally further substituted.12.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein W is W5, and W5 is 13.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein X is -SO2Rd.14.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein X is -SO (=NRd’ ) Rd.15.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein W is 16.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein W is wherein:Ra1 is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heterocyclyl.17.The compound of claim 3, which is a compound of Formula (IV-1a) , (IV-2a) , (IV-3a) , (IV-4a) , (IV-5a) , (IV-6a) , (IV-7a) , (IV-8a) , (IV-9a) , (IV-10a) , (IV-11a) , (IV-12a) , (IV-13a) , (IV-14a) , (IV-15a) , or (IV-16a) : or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein X’ is O or NRd’ .18.The compound of claim 3 or 17, which is a compound of Formula (V-1a) , (V-2a) , (V-3a) , (V-4a) , (V-5a) , (V-6a) , (V-7a) , (V-8a) , (V-9a) , (V-10a) , (V-11a) , (V-12a) , (V-13a) , (V-14a) , (V-15a) , (V-16a) , (V-1b) , (V-2b) , (V-3b) , (V-4b) , (V-5b) , (V-6b) , (V-7b) , (V-8b) , (V-9b) , (V-10b) , (V-11b) , (V-12b) , (V-13b) , (V-14b) , (V-15b) , or (V-16b) : or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.19.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein R1 is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, -N (R0) 2, -N (R0) (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , -O- (optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl) , -O-(optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , optionally substituted 4-to 8-membered heterocyclyl, or - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) .20.The compound of claim 19, wherein R1 is optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl, - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkylene) - (optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl) .21.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein R1 is unsubstituted, or substituted with one or more deuterium, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, CN, or OH.22.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein R1 is C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more F, OH, cyclopropyl, or cyclobutyl.23.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein R1 is 24.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein R2 is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 5-to 8-membered heterocyclyl, -CH2-C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted phenyl) , or -CH2-C (=O) -N (R0) - (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) .25.The compound of claim 24, wherein R2 is optionally substituted phenyl.26.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein R2 is unsubstituted, or substituted with one or more deuterium, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 heteroalkyl, CN, or OH.27.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 24, wherein R2 is 28.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein R7 or R10 is H, deuterium, halogen, cyano, -OH, optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl, -NHR0, or -NHC (=O) - (optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl) .29.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein R7 or R10 is H, F, methyl, NH2, OH, CN, or -NHCOCH3.30.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein R6 is H, deuterium, halogen, methyl, OH, or methoxy.31.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein R5 or R8 is H, deuterium, halogen, or methyl.32.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein Ra is H, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl, -CH2- (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , -CH2- (optionally substituted phenyl) , -CH2- (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) , or -CH2- (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heterocyclyl) .33.The compound of claim 32, wherein Ra is optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl.34.The compound of claim 32, wherein Ra is optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl, -CH2- (optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl) , -CH2- (optionally substituted phenyl) , -CH2- (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heteroaryl) , or -CH2- (optionally substituted 5-or 6-membered heterocyclyl) .35.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 34, wherein Ra is unsubstituted, or substituted with one or more deuterium, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 heteroalkyl, CN, or OH.36.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein Ra is H, deuterium, 37.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 36, wherein Rd is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl, or -N (R0) 2.38.The compound of claim 37, wherein each instance of R0 is independently H or optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl; or the two R0, together with the nitrogen atom they are attached to, form an optionally substituted 4-to 6-membered heterocyclyl.39.The compound of any one of claims 1 to 38, wherein Rd is methyl, 40.A compound in Table 1 or Table 1A, or a stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, tautomer, isotopologue, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.41.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any one of claims 1 to 40, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.42.A method of modulating WRN activity in a subject, wherein the method comprises contacting the subject with the compound of any one of claims 1 to 40 or the pharmaceutically composition of claim 41.43.A method of treating cancer, comprising administering to a subject having the cancer a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of any one of claims 1 to 40 or the pharmaceutically composition of claim 41.44.The method of claim 43, wherein the cancer is associated with WRN protein.45.The method of claim 44, wherein the cancer is characterized as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) .46.The method of any one of claims 43 to 45, wherein the cancer is cancer is colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, endometrial cancer, adrenocortical cancer, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, kidney cancer, stomach cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, or leukemia.47.The method of claim 46, wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer.
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