Multi-rat dual stack registration and paging procedure
The method enables efficient network selection and registration in multi-RAT environments by utilizing UE capabilities to identify and select networks supporting MR-DS and 6G-RAN, enhancing 5G NR technology.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/110565
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-07-26
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-25
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-29
AI Technical Summary
There is a need for improved techniques in 5G New Radio (NR) technology to enhance network selection and registration processes, particularly in multi-RAT dual stack environments, to support advanced capabilities such as 6G Radio Access Network (6G-RAN) and enhanced 5G core networks.
A method and apparatus for a UE to receive network identifiers and capability indicators from an NR cell, allowing it to determine suitable network candidates based on stored configurations, enabling selection of networks that support Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) and 6G-RAN.
Facilitates efficient network selection and registration in multi-RAT environments, supporting advanced network capabilities and improving overall communication efficiency.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025110565_29012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
MULTI-RAT DUAL STACK REGISTRATION AND PAGING PROCEDURECROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION (S)
[0001] This application claims priorities of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 675,807, entitled “MRDS MULTI-RAT DUAL STACK NETWORK SELECTION PROCEDURE” and filed on July 26, 2024, which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to techniques of Multi-Rat Dual Stack related procedures.BACKGROUND
[0003] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a UE. The UE receives, from a New Radio (NR) cell, a network identifier broadcast by the NR cell. The UE receives, from the NR cell, one or more capability indicators broadcast by the NR cell. The one or more capability indicators may include at least one of: an indication that the NR cell connects to an enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) , a 6G Radio Access Network (6G-RAN) indication, or an indication that the NR cell supports Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) . The UE determines, based on receiving the one or more capability indicators, that the network identifier with 6G-RAN combination is an available candidate for network selection. The UE selects a network based on the determination and a network selection configuration stored in the UE.
[0008] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network.
[0010] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a base station in communication with a UE in an access network.
[0011] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0012] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0013] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of a DL-centric slot.
[0014] FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of an UL-centric slot.
[0015] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a 5G system architecture.
[0016] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an e5G system architecture.
[0017] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a 6G system architecture.
[0018] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating components of an e5GC architecture.
[0019] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating components of an e5GC system.
[0020] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example case of MR-DS.
[0021] FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating another example case of MR-DS.
[0022] FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating a registration procedure of MR-DS.
[0023] FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a Paging procedure of MR-DS.
[0024] FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating a priority list of PLMNs.
[0025] FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a byte of the RAT field.
[0026] FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating another byte of the RAT field.
[0027] FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating a NG-RAN.
[0028] FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating a 6G-RAN.
[0029] FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating details of NR-RAN and 6G-RAN.
[0030] FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating examples of the broadcast information.
[0031] FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating examples of the enhanced broadcast information.
[0032] FIG. 24 is a flow chart of a process for Multi-Rat Dual Stack network selection procedure.
[0033] FIG. 25 is a flow chart of another process for Multi-Rat Dual Stack network selection procedure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0034] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0035] Several aspects of telecommunications systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0036] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0037] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the aforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0038] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network 100. The wireless communications system (also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN) ) includes base stations 102, UEs 104, an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160, and another core network 190 (e.g., a 5G Core (5GC) ) . The base stations 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The macrocells include base stations. The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells.
[0039] The base stations 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through backhaul links 132 (e.g., SI interface) . The base stations 102 configured for 5G NR (collectively referred to as Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with core network 190 through backhaul links 184. In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform one or more of the following functions: transfer of user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity) , inter cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, radio access network (RAN) sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) , subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM) , paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or core network 190) with each other over backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) . The backhaul links 134 may be wired or wireless.
[0040] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. There may be overlapping geographic coverage areas 110. For example, the small cell 102’ may have a coverage area 110’ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of one or more macro base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base stations 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to 7 MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0041] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL WWAN spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, FlashLinQ, WiMedia, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0042] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the STAs 152 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0043] The small cell 102’ may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell 102’ may employ NR and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the Wi-Fi AP 150. The small cell 102’ , employing NR in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network.
[0044] A base station 102, whether a small cell 102’ or a large cell (e.g., macro base station) , may include an eNB, gNodeB (gNB) , or another type of base station. Some base stations, such as gNB 180 may operate in a traditional sub 6 GHz spectrum, in millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies, and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with the UE 104. When the gNB 180 operates in mmW or near mmW frequencies, the gNB 180 may be referred to as an mmW base station. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in the band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band (e.g., 3 GHz -300 GHz) has extremely high path loss and a short range. The mmW base station 180 may utilize beamforming 182 with the UE 104 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range.
[0045] The base station 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 108a. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 180 in one or more receive directions 108b. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the base station 180 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 180 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 180 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 180 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 180 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0046] The EPC 160 may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. The MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. The MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, the MME 162 provides bearer and connection management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to the PDN Gateway 172. The PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to the IP Services 176. The IP Services 176 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services. The BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. The BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. The MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the base stations 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0047] The core network 190 may include a Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a location management function (LMF) 198, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. The AMF 192 may be in communication with a Unified Data Management (UDM) 196. The AMF 192 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 190. Generally, the SMF 194 provides QoS flow and session management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the UPF 195. The UPF 195 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The UPF 195 is connected to the IP Services 197. The IP Services 197 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services.
[0048] The base station may also be referred to as a gNB, Node B, evolved Node B (eNB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a transmit reception point (TRP) , or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 provides an access point to the EPC 160 or core network 190 for a UE 104. Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology.
[0049] Although the present disclosure may reference 5G New Radio (NR) , the present disclosure may be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) , or other wireless / radio access technologies.
[0050] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a base station 210 in communication with a UE 250 in an access network. In the DL, IP packets from the EPC 160 may be provided to a controller / processor 275. The controller / processor 275 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 275 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0051] The transmit (TX) processor 216 and the receive (RX) processor 270 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 216 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 274 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 250. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 220 via a separate transmitter 218TX. Each transmitter 218TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0052] At the UE 250, each receiver 254RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 252. Each receiver 254RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 256. The TX processor 268 and the RX processor 256 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 256 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 250. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 250, they may be combined by the RX processor 256 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 256 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 210. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 258. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 210 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 259, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0053] The controller / processor 259 can be associated with a memory 260 that stores program codes and data. The memory 260 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 259 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the EPC 160. The controller / processor 259 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0054] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 210, the controller / processor 259 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0055] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 258 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 210 may be used by the TX processor 268 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 268 may be provided to different antenna 252 via separate transmitters 254TX. Each transmitter 254TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. The UL transmission is processed at the base station 210 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 250. Each receiver 218RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 220. Each receiver 218RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 270.
[0056] The controller / processor 275 can be associated with a memory 276 that stores program codes and data. The memory 276 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 275 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 250. IP packets from the controller / processor 275 may be provided to the EPC 160. The controller / processor 275 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0057] New radio (NR) may refer to radios configured to operate according to a new air interface (e.g., other than Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiple Access (OFDMA) -based air interfaces) or fixed transport layer (e.g., other than Internet Protocol (IP) ) . NR may utilize OFDM with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink and may include support for half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . NR may include Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) service targeting wide bandwidth (e.g. 80 MHz beyond) , millimeter wave (mmW) targeting high carrier frequency (e.g. 60 GHz) , massive MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and / or mission critical targeting ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) service.
[0058] A single component carrier bandwidth of 100 MHz may be supported. In one example, NR resource blocks (RBs) may span 12 sub-carriers with a sub-carrier bandwidth of 60 kHz over a 0.25 ms duration or a bandwidth of 30 kHz over a 0.5 ms duration (similarly, 50MHz BW for 15kHz SCS over a 1 ms duration) . Each radio frame may consist of 10 subframes (10, 20, 40 or 80 NR slots) with a length of 10 ms. Each slot may indicate a link direction (i.e., DL or UL) for data transmission and the link direction for each slot may be dynamically switched. Each slot may include DL / UL data as well as DL / UL control data. UL and DL slots for NR may be as described in more detail below with respect to FIGs. 5 and 6.
[0059] The NR RAN may include a central unit (CU) and distributed units (DUs) . A NR BS (e.g., gNB, 5G Node B, Node B, transmission reception point (TRP) , access point (AP) ) may correspond to one or multiple BSs. NR cells can be configured as access cells (ACells) or data only cells (DCells) . For example, the RAN (e.g., a central unit or distributed unit) can configure the cells. DCells may be cells used for carrier aggregation or dual connectivity and may not be used for initial access, cell selection / reselection, or handover. In some cases DCells may not transmit synchronization signals (SS) in some cases DCells may transmit SS. NR BSs may transmit downlink signals to UEs indicating the cell type. Based on the cell type indication, the UE may communicate with the NR BS. For example, the UE may determine NR BSs to consider for cell selection, access, handover, and / or measurement based on the indicated cell type.
[0060] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed RAN 300, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A 5G access node 306 may include an access node controller (ANC) 302. The ANC may be a central unit (CU) of the distributed RAN. The backhaul interface to the next generation core network (NG-CN) 304 may terminate at the ANC. The backhaul interface to neighboring next generation access nodes (NG-ANs) 310 may terminate at the ANC. The ANC may include one or more TRPs 308 (which may also be referred to as BSs, NR BSs, Node Bs, 5G NBs, APs, or some other term) . As described above, a TRP may be used interchangeably with “cell. ”
[0061] The TRPs 308 may be a distributed unit (DU) . The TRPs may be connected to one ANC (ANC 302) or more than one ANC (not illustrated) . For example, for RAN sharing, radio as a service (RaaS) , and service specific ANC deployments, the TRP may be connected to more than one ANC. A TRP may include one or more antenna ports. The TRPs may be configured to individually (e.g., dynamic selection) or jointly (e.g., joint transmission) serve traffic to a UE.
[0062] The local architecture of the distributed RAN 300 may be used to illustrate fronthaul definition. The architecture may be defined that support fronthauling solutions across different deployment types. For example, the architecture may be based on transmit network capabilities (e.g., bandwidth, latency, and / or jitter) . The architecture may share features and / or components with LTE. According to aspects, the next generation AN (NG-AN) 310 may support dual connectivity with NR. The NG-AN may share a common fronthaul for LTE and NR.
[0063] The architecture may enable cooperation between and among TRPs 308. For example, cooperation may be preset within a TRP and / or across TRPs via the ANC 302. According to aspects, no inter-TRP interface may be needed / present.
[0064] According to aspects, a dynamic configuration of split logical functions may be present within the architecture of the distributed RAN 300. The PDCP, RLC, MAC protocol may be adaptably placed at the ANC or TRP.
[0065] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed RAN 400, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A centralized core network unit (C-CU) 402 may host core network functions. The C-CU may be centrally deployed. C-CU functionality may be offloaded (e.g., to advanced wireless services (AWS) ) , in an effort to handle peak capacity. A centralized RAN unit (C-RU) 404 may host one or more ANC functions. Optionally, the C-RU may host core network functions locally. The C-RU may have distributed deployment. The C-RU may be closer to the network edge. A distributed unit (DU) 406 may host one or more TRPs. The DU may be located at edges of the network with radio frequency (RF) functionality.
[0066] FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 showing an example of a DL-centric slot. The DL-centric slot may include a control portion 502. The control portion 502 may exist in the initial or beginning portion of the DL-centric slot. The control portion 502 may include various scheduling information and / or control information corresponding to various portions of the DL-centric slot. In some configurations, the control portion 502 may be a physical DL control channel (PDCCH) , as indicated in FIG. 5. The DL-centric slot may also include a DL data portion 504. The DL data portion 504 may sometimes be referred to as the payload of the DL-centric slot. The DL data portion 504 may include the communication resources utilized to communicate DL data from the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) to the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) . In some configurations, the DL data portion 504 may be a physical DL shared channel (PDSCH) .
[0067] The DL-centric slot may also include a common UL portion 506. The common UL portion 506 may sometimes be referred to as an UL burst, a common UL burst, and / or various other suitable terms. The common UL portion 506 may include feedback information corresponding to various other portions of the DL-centric slot. For example, the common UL portion 506 may include feedback information corresponding to the control portion 502. Non-limiting examples of feedback information may include an ACK signal, a NACK signal, a HARQ indicator, and / or various other suitable types of information. The common UL portion 506 may include additional or alternative information, such as information pertaining to random access channel (RACH) procedures, scheduling requests (SRs) , and various other suitable types of information.
[0068] As illustrated in FIG. 5, the end of the DL data portion 504 may be separated in time from the beginning of the common UL portion 506. This time separation may sometimes be referred to as a gap, a guard period, a guard interval, and / or various other suitable terms. This separation provides time for the switch-over from DL communication (e.g., reception operation by the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) ) to UL communication (e.g., transmission by the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) ) . One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the foregoing is merely one example of a DL-centric slot and alternative structures having similar features may exist without necessarily deviating from the aspects described herein.
[0069] FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 showing an example of an UL-centric slot. The UL-centric slot may include a control portion 602. The control portion 602 may exist in the initial or beginning portion of the UL-centric slot. The control portion 602 in FIG. 6 may be similar to the control portion 502 described above with reference to FIG. 5. The UL-centric slot may also include an UL data portion 604. The UL data portion 604 may sometimes be referred to as the pay load of the UL-centric slot. The UL portion may refer to the communication resources utilized to communicate UL data from the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) to the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) . In some configurations, the control portion 602 may be a physical DL control channel (PDCCH) .
[0070] As illustrated in FIG. 6, the end of the control portion 602 may be separated in time from the beginning of the UL data portion 604. This time separation may sometimes be referred to as a gap, guard period, guard interval, and / or various other suitable terms. This separation provides time for the switch-over from DL communication (e.g., reception operation by the scheduling entity) to UL communication (e.g., transmission by the scheduling entity) . The UL-centric slot may also include a common UL portion 606. The common UL portion 606 in FIG. 6 may be similar to the common UL portion 506 described above with reference to FIG. 5. The common UL portion 606 may additionally or alternatively include information pertaining to channel quality indicator (CQI) , sounding reference signals (SRSs) , and various other suitable types of information. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the foregoing is merely one example of an UL-centric slot and alternative structures having similar features may exist without necessarily deviating from the aspects described herein.
[0071] In some circumstances, two or more subordinate entities (e.g., UEs) may communicate with each other using sidelink signals. Real-world applications of such sidelink communications may include public safety, proximity services, UE-to-network relaying, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, Internet of Everything (IoE) communications, IoT communications, mission-critical mesh, and / or various other suitable applications. Generally, a sidelink signal may refer to a signal communicated from one subordinate entity (e.g., UE1) to another subordinate entity (e.g., UE2) without relaying that communication through the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) , even though the scheduling entity may be utilized for scheduling and / or control purposes. In some examples, the sidelink signals may be communicated using a licensed spectrum (unlike wireless local area networks, which typically use an unlicensed spectrum) .
[0072] FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating a 5G system architecture. As shown, the system 700 can include a UE 710, a Next Generation Radio Access Network ( (NG-R) AN) 711, and a data network (DN) 712.
[0073] The UE 710 can be any device or network element in the 5G system 700 capable of signal transmission and reception. For example, the UE 710 can be a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a tablet, a vehicle carried mobile communication device, a utility meter fixed at a certain location, a commercial product with wireline or wireless communication capability and the like. While only one UE 710 is depicted in FIG. 7, it should be understood that any number UEs 710 can be distributed in the 5G system 700.
[0074] A core network can be a component in the 5G system 700 that provides service management and delivery over wireless, fixed, or converged networks. The core network may use a service-based architecture to support interactions between different network functions (NFs) . The NFs may include control plane and user plane network elements.
[0075] Specifically, the core network may include multiple NFs, such as User Plane Function (UPF) 720, Network Slice Specific Authentication and Authorization Function (NSSAAF) 721, Authentication Server Function (AUSF) 722, Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 723, Session Management Function (SMF) 724, Service Communication Proxy (SCP) 725, and Network Slice Admission Control Function (NSACF) 726.
[0076] The core network may include other NFs, such as Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) 731, Network Exposure Function (NEF) 732, Network Repository Function (NRF) 733, Policy Control Function (PCF) 734, Unified Data Management (UDM) 735, Application Function (AF) 736, and Edge Application Server Discovery Function (EASDF) 737.
[0077] The 5G system 700 also allows a full control plane (CP) and user plane (UP) split in the core network for independent scalability, evolution and flexible deployments. In the FIG. 7 example, the UP can include one or more UPFs 720 that support UP data processing. The CP functions, for example, can include the AMF 723 and the SMF 724. The AMF 723 can manage access control and mobility, and support other NFs to communicate with the UE 710 and the (R) AN 711, and the like. The SMF 724 can provide session management, IP address allocation and management, UP function selection and control, and the like. These NFs can be connected to each other over their respective service-based interfaces (SBI) through a SBI message bus, as shown in FIG. 7. For example, Namf is the SBI exhibited by the AMF 723 and Nsmf is the SBI exhibited by the SMF 724. The SBI message bus can employ RESTful application program interface (API) principles over Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) web technologies that dramatically simplify and accelerate service deployments.
[0078] Besides, each NF can interact with other network elements (NEs) by using a reference point. For example, the 5G system 700 contains the following reference points: N1 is the reference point between the UE 710 and the AMF 723, N2 is the reference point between the (R) AN 711 and the AMF 723, N3 is the reference point between the (R) AN 711 and the UPF 720, N4 is the reference point between the SMF 724 and the UPF 720, N6 is the reference point between the UPF 720 and the DN 712, and N9 is the reference point between UPFs 720. It should be understood that other reference points that show the interactions between NEs can also exist, but are not shown in FIG. 7, such as the reference point between the AMF 723 and the SMF 724.
[0079] As defined in the 3GPP standard, SBIs and reference points are two different ways to represent the interactions between different NEs. A reference point is a conceptual point exists between two NEs and it can be replaced by the SBIs of these two NFs.
[0080] The (R) AN 711 is part of the 5G system 700 that implements access technologies. It resides between the UE 710 and provides connection with the core network. For wireless cellular communication system, the 5G system 700 can employ 5G technologies developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Group (3GPP) . Thus, the UE 710 can establish a 3GPP or a non-3GPP access link to the (R) AN 711. Specifically, the 3GPP access is based on the radio access technology specified by 3GPP, such as 5G New Radio (NR) . The non-3GPP access is based on the access technologies that are not specified by 3GPP, such as Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Bluetooth. The (R) AN 711 can connect to the AMF 723 and the UPF 720 of the core network through the reference point N2 and N3, respectively.
[0081] The DN 712 is a digital network that can provide different Internet services and applications to the UE 710 through one or more protocol data unit (PDU) session (s) . Herein, the PDU session can be created, updated, and removed by the core network. The Internet services and applications can be access to World Wide Web (WWW) , digital video, digital audio, cloud storage and server, the use of email and instant message (IM) applications, and the like.
[0082] In operation, the UE 710 may perform a non-access stratum (NAS) procedure for communicating with the core network, through the reference point N1. The purpose of the NAS transport procedure is to provide a transport of payload between the UE 710 and the AMF 723 of the core network. In this context, a message transmitted from the core network to the UE 710 may be referred to as a downlink (DL) NAS transport message, whereas a message transmitted from the UE 710 to the core network may be referred to as an uplink (UL) NAS transport message. The payload types of the NAS transport message can be a 5G system session management (5GSM) message, a short message service (SMS) message, a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) message, and the like. The payload messages can be encapsulated into a 5G system mobility management (5GMM) message that is transmitted to the AMF 723 of the core network across the reference point N1. The AMF 723 receives the 5GMM message from the UE 710 and forwards the encapsulated payload, such as the 5GSM message, the SMS message, the LPP message, and the like towards corresponding NFs, such as the SMF 724.
[0083] When the AMF 723 successfully processes the NAS transport message by forwarding the encapsulated 5GSM message, SMS message, LPP message, and the like towards the NFs, the corresponding NF can further process the request included in the received message, and send back a response message to the UE 720 through the AMF 723 across the reference point N1 in a reversed direction.
[0084] For example, the UE 710 can include a PDU session establishment request in a 5GSM message. The 5GSM message is then encapsulated into a 5GMM message and transmitted to the AMF 723 in a NAS transport procedure across the reference point N1. The AMF 723 can forward the 5GSM message to the SMF 724. The SMF 724 can process the PDU session establishment request that is included in the 5GSM message by interacting with the UPF 720 across the reference point N4 to establish the PDU session between the UE 710 and the DN 712.
[0085] When the AMF 723 is unable to process the NAS transport message by forwarding the encapsulated 5GSM message, SMS message, LPP message, and the like towards the NFs, the AMF 723 can send an indication message to the UE 710 to inform the error.
[0086] During the transition period from 5G to 6G, a technology called Multi-Radio Access Technology (RAT) Dual Stack may be employed to enable the coexistence of both network generations. In this context, the term "Multi-RAT" specifically refers to multiple radio access technologies, such as 5G and 6G. The term "Dual Stack" means both RATs remain active and operate simultaneously within a user equipment (UE) . This means the UE maintains active connections to both networks concurrently, establishing separate Radio Resource Control (RRC) connections for 5G and 6G, and utilizing both 5G Data Radio Bearers (DRBs) and 6G DRBs at the same time for data transmission.
[0087] To convey this concept effectively, this disclosure provides specific terminology that allows for significant flexibility. Specifically, in the term "Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) " , the prefix "Multi-" can readily be substituted with terms like "Dual-" , "Inter-" , "Combined-" , "Hybrid-" , "Integrated-" , "Converged-" , "Scalable-" , or "Enhanced-" , without altering the core meaning of simultaneous multi-technology operation. Similarly, the term "RAT" can be replaced with "stack" , "access" , or "5G / NR and / or 6G" . The suffix "Stack" can be replaced with "Access" , "RAT" , "Connectivity" , "Network" , "Operation" , or even the explicit expression "5G / NR and / or 6G" . For example, various interchangeable forms include "Dual Stack" , "Dual Access" , "Dual RAT" , "Multi Access" , "Multi RAT" , "Multi Stack" , "Combined 5G and 6G" , "Inter-RAT Dual Stack" , "Inter-RAT Dual Access" , and "Multi-RAT Dual Access" (MR-DA) . In this terminology, the underlying concept remains consistent: the UE maintains active, concurrent connections and bearers across multiple RATs, specifically both current (5G) and next-generation (6G) RATs.
[0088] The need for MR-DS technology arises from two primary use cases during the 6G deployment phase. The first use case involves service segregation, where certain services are available exclusively on one radio access technology. For instance, while 6G may offer advanced data services and novel capabilities such as Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) , critical services like voice communications using Voice over New Radio (VoNR) may remain dependent on the mature and reliable 5G infrastructure. To access both types of services simultaneously, such as making a voice call while an application uses sensing data, the UE must maintain active connections to both 5G and 6G RANs.
[0089] The second use case involves data aggregation to achieve higher peak data rates and improved performance. When neither the 5G radio alone nor the 6G radio alone can deliver sufficient peak data rates to meet user requirements, the system can combine the bandwidth capabilities of both technologies. This requires the UE to establish data bearers over both radio links and implement data splitting and aggregation mechanisms between the UE and the core network, specifically at the User Plane Function (UPF) , to achieve the sum of both technologies’ throughput.
[0090] FIG. 8 is a diagram 800 illustrating an e5G system architecture. In the e5G system 800, the prefix "e" (standing for Evolved / Enhanced) in each element indicates that it is an upgraded version of its 5G counterpart. Specifically, components in the e5GC system 800 include enhanced versions of existing 5G core network functions, such as the eAMF, eUPF, and eSMF. These evolved functions retain their original interfaces for NG-RAN interoperability but are augmented with new interfaces and protocols to accommodate 6G-RAN requirements. For example, the eUPF may incorporate in-path computing capabilities, while the eAMF may support dynamic mobility policies for hybrid 5G-6G handovers. This evolution reflects a transitional architecture designed to bridge 5G and 6G ecosystems, providing service continuity while progressively introducing next-generation features.
[0091] Not all network functions in the e5GC necessarily require the "e" prefix enhancement. Some functions may retain their original 5G implementation if they do not directly interface with 6G-RAN or if their existing capabilities are already sufficient for 6G operations. The selective enhancement approach allows for efficient evolution where modifications are applied only where needed. Additionally, the e5GC architecture may incorporate entirely new network functions specifically designed for 6G capabilities, such as specialized functions for sensing services (6G New NF1) , computing orchestration (6G New NF2) , or other advanced 6G-specific features (6G New NFx) , as illustrated in FIG. 8.
[0092] Similarly, the term "e5GC" in this disclosure represents an Evolved or Enhanced 5G Core (5GC) Network, which extends the capabilities of the traditional 5G Core to support seamless interworking with both 6G-RAN and legacy NG-RAN while maintaining backward compatibility. Beyond its foundational 5G functions, the e5GC introduces new network functionalities such as Sensing, Computing, and AI / ML-driven operations, enabling advanced use cases like real-time environmental awareness, edge intelligence, and adaptive resource allocation.
[0093] The e5GC architecture supports connectivity not only to 6G-RAN and NG-RAN but also to non-3GPP access networks, maintaining the flexibility of the original 5G architecture while extending it to next-generation access technologies. This comprehensive approach ensures that the evolved core network can serve as a universal connectivity platform across diverse access technologies.
[0094] In this disclosure, the terms e5GC (Evolved / Enhanced 5G Core) , e5GS (Evolved / Enhanced 5G System) , and e5G (Evolved / Enhanced 5G) are used interchangeably to describe architectures that can bridge 5G and 6G networks. These terms are intentionally flexible to accommodate different technical contexts or standardization phases.
[0095] For example, e5GC can be interchangeably referred to as 6GC (6G Core) when highlighting its forward compatibility with 6G-RAN, or simply as 5GC when highlighting its backward compatibility with NG-RAN where the core network supports connectivity to 6G radio access. Depending on the 3GPP release context, it may also be termed Rel-20 5GC or Rel-21 5GC. Additionally, if the core network operates in an enhanced N1 (eN1) mode, which is an interface extension for 6G interoperability, it may also be described as 5GC in eN1 mode or supporting eN1 mode.
[0096] As mentioned above, in 5G, the interface between the UE and AMF is termed N1. If the UE connects to the AMF via 6G Radio instead, this interface could evolve into eN1. That is, from the AMF’s perspective, its connection mode may include: 1) N1 mode: AMF connects to the UE via 5G Radio, or 2) eN1 mode: AMF connects to the UE via 6G Radio.
[0097] Similarly, the term e5GS (the broader system encompassing e5GC and RAN) may be substituted with 6GS (6G System) where appropriate, or alternatively referred to as 5GS with 6G-RAN support, Rel-20 / 21 5GS, or 5GS in eN1 mode / 5GS supporting eN1 mode to describe its dual compatibility.
[0098] The same logic applies to e5G, which can be replaced with 6G, or referred to as 5G with 6G-RAN support, Rel-20 / 21 5G, or 5G in eN1 mode / 5G supporting eN1 mode.
[0099] FIG. 7 illustrates the standard 5GC configuration, where the core network connects to traditional 5G radio access networks or non-3GPP access networks. FIG. 8 illustrates the enhanced 5GC architecture, which maintains backward compatibility with NG-RAN while introducing support for next-generation 6G-RAN connections, or non-3GPP Access Networks. This dual-connectivity capability allows the e5GC to serve as a transitional platform, simultaneously supporting both current 5G radio networks and future 6G access points. The e5GC thus bridges 5G and 6G ecosystems, providing smooth network evolution without requiring immediate, full-scale infrastructure replacement.
[0100] In other words, a goal of this disclosure is to avoid replacing the existing 5G Core and instead enhance it so that it can directly support 6G. This is similar to how, during the 2G / 3G era, both radio generations shared a single core network, allowing the core to remain unchanged for two generations before requiring a full upgrade. Certainly, in certain implementations, there is still strong advocacy for developing an entirely new core network -essentially abandoning the 5G Core and designing a completely fresh 6G Core (6GC) from scratch.
[0101] In this disclosure, the enhanced 5G Core (e5GC) can control both 5G RAN and 6G RAN. Similarly, a new 6G Core (6GC) could also be designed to control both 5G RAN and 6G RAN. To allow for future flexibility, the term e5GC can also be replaced with 6GC if needed.
[0102] FIG. 9 is a diagram 900 illustrating a 6G system architecture. With the introduction of 6G radio technology, the 6G-RAN 910 is expected to become available. This advanced 6G-RAN 910 will interface with the existing or evolved 5G Core Network, referred to as " (e) 5GC, " enabling the UE to connect to the eAMF and / or eUPF, as illustrated in FIG. 9. FIG. 9 illustrates an evolution from current 5G infrastructure, providing backward compatibility while enabling the enhanced capabilities promised by 6G.
[0103] FIG. 10 is a diagram 1000 illustrating components of an e5GC architecture. The transition to 6G-RAN may introduce new functionalities and operational requirements beyond those supported by traditional 5G-RAN. As a result, legacy 5GC network elements such as the AMF and UPF, may not be fully compatible with 6G-RAN in their current form. For integration, these core network elements may require enhancements or evolutionary upgrades to accommodate the advanced capabilities of 6G-RAN. This evolution may involve updates to signaling protocols, support for new service requirements, or improved interoperability between the RAN and core network.
[0104] Referring to FIG. 10, the eAMF 1002 may include two portions: the evolved / enhanced logic 1002a and the portion 1002b outside the evolved / enhanced logic 1002a. The portion 1002b represents the original 5G AMF functionality, while the logic 1002a introduces new functionalities beyond the scope of the original AMF.
[0105] Similarly, the eUPF 1004 may include two portions: the evolved / enhanced logic 1004a and the portion 1004b outside the evolved / enhanced logic 1004a. The portion 1004b represents the original 5G UPF functionality, while the logic 1004a introduces new functionalities beyond the scope of the original UPF.
[0106] FIG. 11 is a diagram 1100 illustrating components of an e5GC system. As shown in FIG. 11, since e5GC is evolved / enhanced from 5GC, it retains all legacy 5GC functions, meaning it inherently supports NG-RAN. Similar to FIG. 10, in eAMF 1102, portion 1102b represents the original 5G AMF functionality, supporting NG-RAN 1106b, while logic 1102a introduces new functionalities beyond the scope of the original AMF, supporting 6G-RAN 1106a. Similarly, in eUPF 1104, portion 1104b represents the original 5G UPF functionality, supporting NG-RAN 1106b, while logic 1104a introduces new functionalities beyond the scope of the original UPF, supporting 6G-RAN 1106a. That is, once the UE gains 6G capability, new logic needs to be incorporated into the legacy AMF / UPF to enable proper interaction with these enhanced UEs.
[0107] This enhanced core network can simultaneously connect to RANs of two different generations. For the NG-RAN 1106b, it connects to the legacy AMF logic 1102b via the standard N2 interface, and connects to the legacy UPF logic 1104b via the standard N3 interface. In such a case, although eAMF 1102 is an enhanced AMF, it may not activate its upgraded logic to control the NG-RAN 1106b, and only the portion 1102b remains active. However, when connecting to the 6G RAN 1106a, the eAMF 1102 engages its newly added logic, i.e., the logic 1102a. Similarly, when connecting to the NG-RAN 1106b, the eUPF 1104 does not activate its upgraded logic, and only the portion 1104b remains active, while when connecting to the 6G RAN 1106a, the eUPF 1104 engages its newly added logic, i.e., the logic 1104a.
[0108] In this disclosure, a network supporting the MR-DS is called the MR-DS network, while a UE supporting the MR-DS is called the MR-DS UE. As mentioned above, the term "Multi-RAT Dual Stack" (MR-DS) can be interchangeably replaced with various forms. For example, the suffix "Stack" can be replaced with "Access" , and the term "Multi-RAT Dual Stack" becomes "Multi-RAT Dual Access" (MR-DA) .
[0109] A UE with a single Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) subscription (e.g., a single Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card) or Standalone Non-Public Network (SNPN) subscription can simultaneously connect to or associate with both 5G / NG-RAN and 6G-RAN networks. This dual connectivity allows the UE to interact with the same control plane function such as an evolved AMF (eAMF) for improved network management, either through 5G / NG-RAN, 6G-RAN, or both at the same time. Similarly, the UE can access the same user plane function, such as an evolved UPF (eUPF) , either through 5G / NG-RAN, 6G-RAN, or both at the same time. This flexibility provides seamless service continuity and enhanced performance, such as prioritizing single-network stability or maximizing speed through concurrent multi-RAN access.
[0110] The MR-DS UE is capable of accessing both 5G and 6G within the same network, with both RATs simultaneously maintaining an RRC active state. This enables concurrent data transmission over 5G and 6G, for example, dynamically switching traffic between the two or aggregating their bandwidths.
[0111] A network (PLMN or SNPN) can support a UE in simultaneously connecting to or associating with both 5G / NG-RAN and 6G-RAN access technologies. This capability allows the UE to access the same control plane function such as the eAMF either through 5G / NG-RAN, 6G-RAN, or both at the same time. Similarly, the network enables the UE to access the same user plane function such as the eUPF, either through 5G / NG-RAN, 6G-RAN, or both at the same time. This flexible architecture provides seamless mobility, load balancing, and enhanced service continuity by using the combined capabilities of 5G and 6G radio access while maintaining unified connectivity to core network functions.
[0112] During 6G deployment, the UE may need to maintain simultaneous connections to or associations with both 5G / NG-RAN and 6G-RAN networks due to uneven service availability across the two systems. This dual connectivity becomes necessary when certain services remain exclusively available on 5G networks or on 6G networks. For example, while 6G may provide enhanced data services and novel functionalities like integrated sensing capabilities, there are still some critical services that are only accessible through NG-RAN) .
[0113] Integrated sensing capabilities, such as Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) , essentially turn base stations or even smartphones into radar systems. By repurposing specific time / frequency resources in the wireless communication spectrum, ISAC allows base stations to execute sensing functions, such as detecting drones (e.g., counting them or tracking their flight paths) , while simultaneously transmitting data.
[0114] However, services such as voice communications (VoNR -Voice over New Radio) may remain dependent on the existing 5G infrastructure. For example, these services need to be provided via NR-RAN or Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA) connected to the 5GC. Such services are not yet supported by 6G RAN. The transition period creates a scenario where next-generation 6G services coexist with legacy 5G offerings, requiring the UE to intelligently manage connections to both network types. This provides uninterrupted access to all services while allowing for gradual migration of functionality from 5G to 6G networks.
[0115] Various scenarios necessitate the UE maintaining active connections to both 5G and 6G RANs concurrently. One such scenario arises from simultaneous service requirements, where the UE needs to deliver different services at the same time, each relying on distinct RAN technologies. In this service segregation scenario, a UE may utilize voice services through 5G while simultaneously accessing sensing services through 6G, as voice communications may remain optimized on mature 5G infrastructure while advanced sensing capabilities are exclusively available on 6G networks. This concurrent operation ensures users can engage in voice calls without interrupting sensing applications or vice versa.
[0116] Another scenario involves data aggregation for enhanced throughput performance. When neither the 5G radio alone nor the 6G radio alone can deliver sufficient peak data rates to meet user or application requirements, the system can leverage MR-DS capability to combine the bandwidth resources of both technologies. In this configuration, the UE establishes separate Data Radio Bearers (DRBs) over both 5G and 6G radio links simultaneously. The system implements IP packet splitting and aggregation mechanisms at both the UE side and the network side, specifically at the evolved User Plane Function (eUPF) . This dual-path transmission effectively achieves the aggregated throughput of both 5G and 6G technologies, surpassing the performance limitations of either technology operating independently.
[0117] FIG. 12 is a diagram 1200 illustrating an example case of MR-DS service segregation. This example demonstrates supporting voice services exclusively through the 5G base station while concurrently utilizing the 6G base station for data services or advanced sensing capabilities such as Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) . Voice services remain on the mature 5G infrastructure because Voice over New Radio (VoNR) is already well-established and reliable on 5G networks, while Voice over 6G may not yet be available or optimized during the initial 6G deployment phase. These operations cannot function sequentially but instead require concurrency, allowing voice calls to proceed uninterrupted alongside active sensing and data sessions. This necessitates both radios being active at the same time to ensure users can access all required services simultaneously.
[0118] In this example, the UE establishes two independent Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions simultaneously via different networks. Specifically, voice services are provided through the 5G network (via PDU session #1) , where the UE establishes a 5G NR RRC connection with the 5G base station (gNB) , forming a 5G / NR DRB for carrying voice data. The data is transmitted via a tunnel between the UPF and the RAN to a UPF dedicated to DN1 (e.g., IMS) for voice processing.
[0119] Meanwhile, data services are provided through the 6G network (via PDU session #2) , where the UE establishes an independent 6G RRC connection with the 6G base station (6G NodeB) , forming a 6G DRB for carrying data traffic. Similarly, the data is transmitted via a tunnel between the UPF and RAN, but it is sent to another UPF dedicated to DN2 (e.g., Internet) for processing.
[0120] The sensing services available through 6G, such as ISAC, represent advanced capabilities where the 6G base station functions as both a communication node and a radar system. By allocating specific time or frequency resources within the communication spectrum for sensing purposes, the 6G network can simultaneously detect and track objects (such as drones) while maintaining data transmission capabilities. These sensing functionalities may be exclusive to 6G infrastructure and not available through legacy 5G networks, further necessitating the MR-DS approach.
[0121] As such, voice and data services are separately carried by 5G and 6G, utilizing independent PDU sessions and routing paths. The service segregation illustrated in FIG. 12 represents a practical deployment scenario during the 5G-to-6G transition period. Users require uninterrupted access to reliable voice services while simultaneously benefiting from advanced 6G capabilities. The MR-DS architecture enables this dual operation by maintaining separate, concurrent connections to both network generations, each optimized for its respective service offerings. This prevents service disruption that would occur if the UE had to disconnect from one network to access services on the other.
[0122] FIG. 13 is a diagram 1300 illustrating another example case of MR-DS. It illustrates an approach in which the UE simultaneously utilizes both 5G and 6G networks for aggregated data services using a single MR-DS PDU session.
[0123] As shown in FIG. 13, the UE establishes 5G NR RRC and 6G RRC connections with 5G gNB and 6G NodeB, respectively, forming corresponding 5G / NR DRB and 6G DRB. The data carried by these bearers is transmitted through separate tunnels between the single evolved UPF (eUPF) and the respective RANs (5G gNB and 6G NodeB) .
[0124] The Data / IP-packets (Pkts) Aggregation / Split mechanism is applied at both ends. At the UE side, data flows are aggregated or split before being transmitted via dual links over 5G and 6G. At the core network UPF side, the received data flows from the dual links are again aggregated or split before ultimately interfacing with the same DN (e.g., Internet) .
[0125] This approach aims to integrate the bandwidth resources of both networks to enhance overall throughput. Higher peak throughput (maximum data rate) may be achieved via data aggregation. When neither the 5G nor the 6G network alone can deliver the peak data rates, the system may use both radios simultaneously. This involves maintaining active RRC connections with both the 5G NG-RAN and 6G-RAN, implementing IP packet splitting and aggregation functionality within the UE itself, and establishing dual-path transmission over both 5G and 6G radio links. The data streams are split across these independent paths and then recombined at the core network, specifically at the eUPF. This approach effectively utilizes the bandwidth resources of both 5G and 6G, boosting overall throughput beyond the capabilities of either generation independently.
[0126] FIG. 14 is a diagram 1400 illustrating a registration procedure of MR-DS. It illustrates how a MR-DS UE registers to a MR-DS network. In a MR-DS network environment, both the UE and network need to support MR-DS functionality for proper operation. As shown in FIG. 14, the MR-DS capable network (PLMN 1) provides service through one or more 5G / NR cells and one or more 6G cells. These cells may broadcast Tracking Area Identifiers (TAIs) , where the 5G cell transmits a first TAI and the 6G cell transmits a second TAI -these values may be identical or different. Additionally, both 5G and 6G cells may optionally broadcast an "MR-DS supported" indicator to indicate their dual-stack capability.
[0127] During registration, an MR-DS capable UE selects and camps on an appropriate cell (which may broadcast the "MR-DS supported" indicator) and initiates the process by including an MR-DS registration indicator in its uplink NAS message, such as the REGISTRATION REQUEST. This registration request can be transmitted through various types of access points, including: (1) an NR cell, (2) a 6G cell, (3) an NG-RAN node, or (4) a non-3GPP access point like a WiFi base station. That is, the UE has various methods to register with the network. The first involves sending a Registration Request via a 5G base station, which then forwards it to the core network. Alternatively, the UE can transmit the same request through a 6G base station, which similarly routes it to the core network. The serving cell may optionally broadcast an "MR-DS supported" indication.
[0128] For the MR-DS capable network, a MR-DS capable network element, such as the eAMF, supporting both 5G / NR cells (with a first TAI) and 6G cells (with a second TAI) , processes UE registration by receiving the uplink NAS message. Upon determining to accept the UE’s MR-DS registration, the network responds with a downlink NAS message (e.g., REGISTRATION ACCEPT) containing either: 1) an explicit confirmation of successful MR-DS registration, and / or 2) a registration area / tai list that includes both the first TAI (from 5G) and the second TAI (from 6G) when they differ, or only one TAI when they are the same. This allows the network to efficiently manage dual-stack UEs while accommodating various deployment scenarios -whether the 5G and 6G cells share the same tracking area or maintain separate tracking areas.
[0129] The UE may determine successful MR-DS registration or whether the MR-DS registration is accepted by the network through various confirmation methods from the network: either by receiving an explicit MR-DS success indicator in the downlink NAS message, or by detecting that the provided registration area / tai list includes TAIs associated with both 5G and 6G cells. This flexible approach accommodates various network deployment scenarios.
[0130] The inclusion of the MR-DS indication in the UE’s registration request serves as a capability declaration, informing the network that the UE supports simultaneous connectivity to both 5G and 6G radio access technologies. This indication is crucial for the network to determine whether to configure the UE for single-RAT or multi-RAT operation. When the network receives this indication from a UE camping on a cell that broadcasts MR-DS support, it can proceed with the enhanced registration procedure that enables dual-stack connectivity.
[0131] The content of the Registration Accept message remains consistent regardless of whether it is relayed through a 5G or 6G base station, as it originates from the core network and is unaffected by the radio access type. Once the UE receives this message, its state transitions from "not registered" to "registered. " At this stage, the UE needs to recognize its registered tracking area scope, which includes the first and second TAIs though these may sometimes overlap or even be identical.
[0132] The network’s flexibility in TAI configuration provides deployment options for operators. When the same TAI is used for both 5G and 6G cells, it simplifies mobility management as the UE can move between different RAT cells without triggering tracking area updates. Conversely, using different TAIs for 5G and 6G cells allows for more granular network management and potentially different service areas for each technology, though it requires the UE to maintain registration to multiple tracking areas simultaneously.
[0133] As shown in FIG. 14, the UE supporting MR-DS operates in the combined 5G / 6G environment provided by PLMN 1, which also supports MR-DS. The PLMN 1 network (NW) includes a RAN and a core NW. The RAN may include a 5G RAN (implemented as NR / gNB or NG-RAN) and a 6G RAN (implemented as 6G RAN / NodeB) . The core NW may include multiple NFs, such as eAMF.
[0134] PLMN 1 broadcasts two distinct TAIs over its RAN. Specifically, at operation S1402, the 5G RAN broadcasts a first TAI, while at operation S1404, the 6G RAN broadcasts a second TAI. An optional "MR-DS supported" indication may be broadcast alongside each TAI.
[0135] FIG. 14 also illustrates two alternative registration procedures. In Alternatives 1 and 2, at operations S1406 and S1410, the MR-DS capable UE initiates registration by sending a Registration Request that explicitly includes an MR-DS indication or type. The difference between S1406 and S1410 is that at S1406, the Registration Request is sent to the eAMF via the 5G RAN, while at S1410, it is sent to the AMF via the 6G RAN.
[0136] Accordingly, the eAMF responds with a Registration Accept message via the 5G RAN at operation S1408, or via the 6G RAN at operation S1412. This accept message may include an optional indication confirming successful MR-DS registration and contains a registration-area / tai-list. The composition of this list depends on the TAI values: if the 1st TAI and the 2nd TAI are different, the list includes both TAIs; if the 1st TAI and the 2nd TAI are the same, the list contains only one instance of this same TAI, i.e., the 1st TAI or the 2nd TAI.
[0137] By performing any one of operations S1402 and S1404, S1406 to S1408, or S1410 to S1412, the UE successfully becomes registered to both the 1st TAI and the 2nd TAI simultaneously, enabling its MR-DS capability.
[0138] Upon successful MR-DS registration, the UE achieves a unique operational state where it maintains registration context for both 5G and 6G radio access technologies under a single subscription. This dual registration enables the UE to subsequently establish concurrent RRC connections, maintain simultaneous data bearers, and seamlessly utilize services across both network generations without requiring re-registration when switching between or aggregating the technologies. The network similarly maintains a unified mobility context for the MR-DS UE, allowing coordinated management of the UE’s dual-technology connectivity through the evolved core network functions.
[0139] FIG. 15 is a diagram 1500 illustrating a Paging procedure of MR-DS. It illustrates how the MR-DS network pages a registered MR-DS UE. In a MR-DS system including both an MR-DS capable UE and network, the network supports simultaneous operation across 5G / NR and 6G radio access technologies. When both the 5G and 6G cells broadcast the same TAI, and the UE successfully registers with this TAI in its registration area / tai list, it enters a dual idle state -maintaining NR / 5G IDLE and 6G IDLE mode simultaneously or it enters an idle state -maintaining NR / 5G IDLE or 6G IDLE mode.
[0140] For paging procedures, when the MR-DS capable network function, such as an enhanced AMF (eAMF) , needs to reach a UE registered with registration-area / tai-list, i.e., a 1st TAI, it initiates a paging process. Recognizing that this TAI encompasses both 5G and 6G radio access nodes, and aware that the target UE maintains idle mode connections on only one or both technologies (NR / 5G IDLE mode or / and 6G IDLE mode) , the network broadcasts paging messages to all associated access nodes. The access nodes include all cells / RANs associated with the TAI. The cells / RANs contain at least one NR / 5G cell and at least one 6G cell.
[0141] In the paging scenario illustrated in FIG. 15, both 5G cells and 6G cells broadcast the same first TAI. This unified TAI approach simplifies mobility management, as the UE’s valid tracking area encompasses both radio technologies under a single identifier. Once registration succeeds with this first TAI, the UE can move seamlessly between 5G and 6G cells within that TAI without triggering a TAU (Tracking Area Update) or mobility registration update. This differs from the registration procedure where 5G and 6G cells may broadcast different TAIs, requiring the network to include both TAIs in the registration acceptance.
[0142] Suppose a downlink data packet (e.g., internet traffic) arrives at the UPF destined for an idle UE. Since the UE is in idle mode and not actively connected to the RAN, the UPF cannot directly forward the packet to the UE. The UPF therefore requests the AMF to bring the UE back to connected state. The AMF then initiates paging to locate and activate the UE. Because the network has already confirmed the UE’s registration area as the first TAI during the registration procedure, it pages the UE across all cells within the first TAI, ensuring coverage regardless of whether the UE is currently camped on a 5G or 6G cell.
[0143] The simultaneous paging across both 5G and 6G cells represents a key advantage of the MR-DS architecture. Traditional single-RAT systems would require the network to (guess or) track which specific radio technology the UE is monitoring, potentially leading to paging delays if the initial guess is incorrect. With MR-DS paging, the network leverages the UE’s dual-idle capability to reach it through either technology (simultaneously) , improving paging reliability and reducing latency in re-establishing connectivity.
[0144] As shown in FIG. 15, the UE supporting MR-DS operates in the combined 5G / 6G environment provided by PLMN 1, which also supports MR-DS. The PLMN 1 network (NW) includes a RAN and a core NW. The RAN may include a 5G RAN (implemented as NR / gNB or NG-RAN) and a 6G RAN (implemented as 6G RAN / NodeB) . The core NW may include multiple NFs, such as eAMF and eUPF.
[0145] PLMN 1 broadcasts a first TAI over its RAN. Specifically, at operation S1502, the 5G RAN broadcasts the first TAI, while at operation S1504, the 6G RAN broadcasts the first TAI. By performing operations S1502 and S1504, the UE successfully becomes registered to the 1st TAI. The UE is currently operating in a dual-idle state: NR / 5G IDLE mode and 6G IDLE mode.
[0146] When Downlink (DL) Data for the UE arrives at the network destined for this UE (at the eUPF) , the eUPF recognizes that the UE is in idle state and cannot deliver the data directly. The eUPF then requests the eAMF to page the UE and bring it back to connected state. Recognizing that paging the UE is needed, the eAMF determines that the UE’s registration area consists of the first TAI, which includes both 5G and 6G cells. Consequently, the eAMF initiates a Paging request simultaneously towards the UE through both the 5G RAN (at operation S1506) and the 6G RAN (at operation S1508) . The UE can be reached regardless of which radio technology it is currently monitoring in its dual-idle state.
[0147] A network selection procedure refers to a process where a mobile phone scans all supported frequencies upon powering on to identify and decode available cells. These cells may operate on different radio access technologies and each cell is associated with a specific PLMN. These combinations of PLMN + RAT may include, for example, Verizon’s 5G / 6G, or T-Mobile’s 3G / 4G.
[0148] The selection mechanism treats each combination of PLMN + RAT as a distinct option. For example, Verizon’s 3G and Verizon’s 4G are considered separate choices, and T-Mobile’s 4G and T-Mobile’s 6G are also treated as separate options.
[0149] When multiple network options are available, such as T-Mobile’s 4G and 6G or Verizon’s 5G and 4G, the selection priority may be determined by predefined configurations stored on the SIM or Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) . Hereafter, both may be referred to as ‘USIM’ for simplicity.
[0150] The USIM currently includes some files for PLMN and RAT selection, such as EFPLMNwAcT (User-controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology) , EFOPLMNwACT (Operator-controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology) , and EFHPLMNwAcT (HPLMN Selector with Access Technology) . Each of these selectors maintains a priority for PLMN and Access Technology candidates (ACT) .
[0151] FIG. 16 is a diagram 1600 illustrating a priority list of PLMNs. As shown in FIG. 16, the PLMNs are ranked in descending priority order, with the highest-priority PLMN assigned first. In the list, every two consecutive entries serve as a PLMN selector that includes access technology information. Each PLMN selector may include a three-byte PLMN identifier (ID) field and a subsequent two-byte RAT field, where the supported RATs are encoded. In other words, the RAT field serves as an access technology identifier.
[0152] FIG. 17 is a diagram 1700 illustrating a byte of the RAT field. FIG. 18 is a diagram 1800 illustrating another byte of the RAT field. As shown in FIG. 17 and FIG. 18, the access technology identifier, encoded in 2 bytes, specifies the selected access technologies, where each bit indicates whether a particular technology is selected (bit = 1) or not (bit = 0) . If the RAT field of a PLMN selector enables multiple RAT technologies, such as NG-RAN (5G) and GSM (2G) , those technologies may be treated as equally preferred under that PLMN. This structure allows granular control over access technology preferences within the same operator’s network.
[0153] The current Access Technology Identifier allocation demonstrates near-exhaustion of available bits. The first byte (Byte 5n-1) includes bit assignments for UTRAN, E-UTRAN, E-UTRAN in WB-S1 mode, E-UTRAN in NB-S1 mode, NG-RAN, satellite NG-RAN, satellite E-UTRAN in WB-S1 mode, and satellite E-UTRAN in NB-S1 mode. The second byte (Byte 5n) allocates bits for GSM, GSM COMPACT, cdma2000 HRPD, cdma2000 1xRTT, EC-GSM-IoT, and GSM, leaving only two bits designated as RFU (Reserved for Future Use) . This comprehensive bit allocation for existing technologies creates a critical limitation for incorporating future radio access technologies.
[0154] After scanning the radio environment and identifying available networks, the UE may consult the USIM card’s priority configuration to determine the optimal selection. The operator’s network priority sequence is enforced automatically, thereby enabling the UE to connect to the most suitable PLMN and RAT combination based on predefined criteria.
[0155] A fundamental limitation exists in the current PLMN selector framework: these selector files with Access Technology cannot indicate 6G-RAN within their existing structure. This inability to distinguish between 6G-RAN and NG-RAN prevents operators from configuring different prioritization schemes for 6G networks, even as 6G deployment approaches. Without modification to the Access Technology Identifier, the USIM-based network selection mechanism cannot direct UEs to preferentially select 6G-capable networks over legacy 5G networks, potentially limiting access to advanced features such as MR-DS, sensing functionality, and computing / AI capabilities.
[0156] When considering how to incorporate 6G into this PLMN selector, several potential solutions emerge to address the bit exhaustion challenge. One approach may directly utilize one of the two remaining RFU (Reserved for Future Use) bits in the access technology identifier to represent 6G-RAN. While this provides an immediate solution, it consumes half of the remaining reserved capacity. Alternatively, a more scalable and future-proof solution repurposes these RFU bits as a pointer or extension indicator. For example, setting one of these bits to ‘1’ would signal the system to reference an additional extended byte or bytes for Access Technology Identifier. This extended byte can provide eight additional bits for encoding next-generation technologies including 6G-RAN, and subsequently 7G, 8G, and beyond, effectively forming an extensible framework that avoids future bit exhaustion. The implementation of this extended byte remains flexible in terms of positioning: it can be placed immediately after the current two-byte Access Technology Identifier, or alternatively located elsewhere in the data structure with appropriate referencing mechanisms.
[0157] FIG. 19 is a diagram 1900 illustrating a NG-RAN. FIG. 20 is a diagram 2000 illustrating a 6G-RAN. The network selection procedure must distinguish between these two RAN types despite their similar broadcast characteristics. As shown in FIG. 19, the NG-RAN 1900 represents the traditional 5G radio access network that may include a NR cell 1902 and / or an EUTRA cell 1904, both connected to the legacy 5GC. Crucially, the NR cell 1902 within NG-RAN cannot support MR-DS functionality. As shown in FIG. 20, the 6G-RAN 2000 represents an evolved radio access network that may include an enhanced NR cell 2002, a 6G base station (which may be referred to as 6gNB, 6G NodeB, 6G radio, or other similar terms) 2004, and / or an EUTRA cell, all connected to the e5GC. The NR cell 2002 within 6G-RAN possesses enhanced capabilities and can support MR-DS functionality, distinguishing it from its NG-RAN counterpart.
[0158] The architectural distinction between NG-RAN and 6G-RAN creates a challenge for network selection. While both types of RAN may include NR cells, these cells possess different capabilities based on their RAN association. An NR cell within NG-RAN connects to a legacy 5GC and lacks the enhanced logic required for MR-DS support. Conversely, an NR cell within 6G-RAN connects to an e5GC and incorporates additional capabilities enabling MR-DS functionality. This capability difference allows 6G-RAN NR cells to maintain simultaneous 5G and 6G connections, supporting advanced features such as service segregation and bandwidth aggregation that are unavailable in NG-RAN deployments.
[0159] From the UE perspective, this architectural distinction presents a network selection challenge because both types of NR cells broadcast identical 5G system information, including MIB and SIB messages. Without additional indicators, a UE cannot determine whether a detected NR cell belongs to NG-RAN (and thus connects to legacy 5GC without MR-DS support) or to 6G-RAN (and thus connects to e5GC with MR-DS support) . This ambiguity prevents the UE from executing operator-defined network selection priorities that may differentiate between 6G-RAN and NG-RAN deployments within the same PLMN, necessitating the enhanced broadcast indicators and USIM configurations proposed in this disclosure.
[0160] FIG. 21 is a diagram 2100 illustrating details of NG-RAN and 6G-RAN. This enhanced solution requires an evolved 5G core network capable of controlling both 5G RAN and 6G RAN elements. FIG. 21 is similar to FIG. 11, with the distinction that FIG. 21 further illustrates the NG-RAN including EUTRA and NR components, and the 6G-RAN including 6G NodeB and NR as a compatible technology.
[0161] The e5GC architecture shown in FIG. 21 incorporates both legacy and enhanced functionalities within its network functions. Specifically, the eAMF includes evolved / enhanced logic that enables support for 6G-RAN alongside its original 5G AMF functionality for NG-RAN support. Similarly, the eUPF contains evolved / enhanced logic for 6G-RAN support while maintaining its original 5G UPF functionality. This dual-logic architecture allows the e5GC to simultaneously serve both traditional NG-RAN connections through standard N2 and N3 interfaces and advanced 6G-RAN connections that leverage the enhanced logic portions.
[0162] The architectural distinction creates a significant difference in the treatment of NR cells. When an NR cell within NG-RAN connects to the e5GC, it utilizes only the legacy portions of the eAMF and eUPF, effectively operating as if connected to a traditional 5GC. Conversely, when an NR cell within 6G-RAN connects to the e5GC, it engages the evolved / enhanced logic portions, enabling advanced capabilities such as MR-DS support. This selective activation of enhanced logic based on the RAN type allows backward compatibility while supporting next-generation features.
[0163] The MR-DS capability enables concurrent 5G and 6G connections for either aggregated bandwidth or differentiated services. However, this advanced functionality is only supported by specific 5G base stations that are architecturally incorporated under the 6G RAN framework. These enhanced 5G base stations differ fundamentally from conventional 5G NR nodes within the NG-RAN, as they possess upgraded capabilities to maintain simultaneous 5G and 6G connections. The feature is unavailable in standard 5G RAN implementations.
[0164] A challenge involves the UE’s identification of compatible base stations. From the UE perspective, both conventional and enhanced NR cells broadcast identical 5G Master Information Block (MIB) and System Information Block (SIB) messages, making it impossible to distinguish whether the underlying infrastructure connects to legacy 5G systems or supports advanced MR-DS capabilities through enhanced functionality.
[0165] This identification challenge has direct implications for network selection procedures. When an operator configures network selection priorities that differentiate between 6G-RAN and NG-RAN deployments, the UE cannot execute these preferences without additional information. For instance, if an operator’s configuration specifies that PLMN X with 6G-RAN should have higher priority than PLMN X with NG-RAN, the UE requires a mechanism to distinguish between NR cells belonging to each RAN type, despite their identical broadcast signatures.
[0166] For example, consider two networks: Network-E (e.g., PLMN_E) supporting the e5GC and Network-L (e.g., PLMN_L) supporting a legacy 5GC. Network-E offers advanced functionalities, such as MR-DS, sensing capabilities, and computing / AI features, which surpass the capabilities of Network-L.
[0167] The distinction between Network-E and Network-L extends beyond simple feature availability. Network-E’s connection to e5GC enables it to support both traditional services through legacy logic and advanced services through enhanced logic, providing a comprehensive service portfolio. This architectural advantage allows Network-E to offer seamless transitions between legacy and next-generation services, dynamic resource allocation across multiple RATs, and coordinated multi-technology operations that are fundamentally unavailable in Network-L’s legacy 5GC environment.
[0168] FIG. 22 is a diagram 2200 illustrating examples of the broadcast information. As shown in FIG. 22, the broadcast information may include PLMN identifiers, such as PLMN ID 111.11 and PLMN ID 222.22. However, current NR 5G RRC broadcast information, such as SIB1, does not allow the UE to determine whether an NR cell connects to an e5GC or a legacy 5GC. The PLMN identifiers alone provide no information about whether the cells connect to traditional 5G core networks or enhanced core architectures that enable next-generation features.
[0169] This broadcast limitation creates a fundamental challenge for the evolution to 6G networks. While an enhanced 5G NR cell within a 6G-RAN framework may support advanced capabilities such as MR-DS, sensing functionality, and computing / AI features through its connection to e5GC, it broadcasts identical system information as a traditional 5G NR cell within NG-RAN. From the UE’s perspective, both cells appear identical despite their vastly different capabilities, preventing the UE from making informed network selection decisions based on available features.
[0170] In other words, when an operator configures PLMN and RAT selection priorities, such as Priority 1 for PLMN 111.11 with 6G-RAN / e5GC, Priority 2 for PLMN 222.22 with the same 6G architecture, Priority 3 for PLMN 111.11 with NG-RAN, and Priority 4 for PLMN 222.22 with NG-RAN, a detection challenge arises. For example, a PLMN 1 cell may be either a high-priority 6G-capable cell (Priority 1) or a lower-priority legacy 5G cell (Priority 3) , while a PLMN 2 cell may be a roaming 6G cell (Priority 2) or a roaming 5G cell (Priority 4) . The UE lacks broadcast information to distinguish whether a detected cell belongs to a 6G-RAN / e5GC or NG-RAN configuration within the same PLMN. This ambiguity occurs because both cell types transmit identical broadcast signals, despite having different backend capabilities and SIM-defined priorities. Without additional capability indicators in the signals, the UE cannot apply the SIM’s priority logic correctly, risking suboptimal selection, such as choosing a lower-priority cell over a higher-priority one.
[0171] The impact of this ambiguity extends beyond simple priority ordering. When a UE incorrectly selects a legacy NG-RAN cell instead of an available 6G-RAN cell within the same PLMN, it loses access to advanced services that may be critical for the user experience. For instance, a user attempting to utilize both voice services and advanced sensing applications simultaneously would require MR-DS capability, which is only available through 6G-RAN connections. Without proper network selection, the UE may connect to a legacy cell that cannot support these concurrent services, forcing service interruption or degraded performance.
[0172] Introducing signaling mechanisms to identify MR-DS capable cells during network selection may allow UEs to optimize connections by using advanced features when available, aligning with the SIM’s priority framework.
[0173] The proposed solution involves enhanced broadcast indicators that NR cells within 6G-RAN would transmit to differentiate themselves from traditional NG-RAN cells. These indicators may take various forms, such as an explicit indication that the cell connects to e5GC, a general 6G-RAN capability indicator, or a specific MR-DS support flag. The broadcast enhancement works in conjunction with the USIM enhancements that extend the Access Technology Identifier to support 6G-RAN designation, either through direct bit allocation from the remaining RFU bits or through an extensible framework using pointer mechanisms.
[0174] This dual approach of enhanced broadcasting and USIM configuration creates a complete network selection framework for 6G deployment. The network-side enhancement ensures that 6G-capable cells can advertise their advanced capabilities, while the USIM-side enhancement allows operators to configure granular selection priorities that distinguish between 6G-RAN and NG-RAN deployments. Together, these mechanisms enable UEs to make informed decisions that align with both operator policies and user service requirements.
[0175] The PLMN and RAT selection enhancement addresses challenges in distinguishing network capabilities for the UE.
[0176] By enabling proper identification and prioritization of 6G-capable networks, this enhancement facilitates the smooth transition from 5G to 6G deployments. It ensures that users can access advanced 6G services when available while maintaining backward compatibility with existing 5G infrastructure. Furthermore, the solution enables visual feedback to users, as phones can display appropriate 6G icons when connected to 6G-capable networks, providing transparency about the network capabilities and services available to the user.
[0177] FIG. 23 is a diagram 2300 illustrating examples of the enhanced broadcast information and the solution for PLMN ( / RAT) selection enhancement. As shown in FIG. 23, the fundamental problem is that a UE cannot distinguish between an NR cell connected to a legacy 5GC (NG-RAN) and an NR cell connected to an enhanced 5GC or (e) 5GC (6G-RAN) based on existing broadcast information, even though operators may want to configure different priorities for these scenarios. To solve this problem, NR cells that connect to (e) 5GC need to additionally broadcast one or more capability indications. These indications may include: an indication that "it connects to (e) 5GC" , a "6G-RAN indication" , or an indication that "NR supports MR-DS" .
[0178] With these additional broadcast indications, the UE can properly execute operator-defined network selection priorities. For example, if an operator configures priorities as: Priority 1 for PLMN 111.11 with 6G-RAN / (e) 5GC, Priority 2 for PLMN 222.22 with 6G-RAN / (e) 5GC, Priority 3 for PLMN 111.11 with NG-RAN, and Priority 4 for PLMN 222.22 with NG-RAN, the UE can now correctly identify each cell’s capability. In the scenario illustrated in FIG. 23, NR cell (gNB) 1 broadcasts PLMN ID 111.11 without the additional indication, so the UE determines it corresponds to Priority 3 (PLMN 111.11 with NG-RAN) . NR cell (gNB) 2 broadcasts PLMN ID 222.22 along with the additional indication "it connects to (e) 5GC" , so the UE determines it corresponds to Priority 2 (PLMN 222.22 with 6G-RAN / (e) 5GC) .
[0179] During the automatic PLMN selection procedure, the UE will select the higher-priority option, choosing PLMN 222.22 with 6G-RAN / (e) 5GC (Priority 2) over PLMN 111.11 with NG-RAN (Priority 3) , thereby gaining access to the advanced functionalities provided by the (e) 5GC, such as MR-DS support, sensing functionality, and computing / AI capabilities. Importantly, when the UE camps on or connects to a cell that broadcasts this 6G-RAN capability indication, the phone will display a "6G" icon to the user, providing a visual confirmation of the enhanced network connection. The additional capability indicator does not necessarily need to be transmitted within the same SIB or MIB message that carries the PLMN ID; it may be broadcast separately while still enabling the UE to associate the capability with the corresponding PLMN.
[0180] The USIM configuration may maintain multiple network priority lists (also referred to as preference lists) with different origins and precedence rules. For example, a user may configure user-defined priority lists, allowing customization such as setting Verizon 4G as the highest priority, followed by Verizon 2G as secondary, T-Mobile 3G as tertiary, and T-Mobile 6G as the fourth option. Simultaneously, mobile operators may configure their own network priority lists through the USIM, which may differ from user-configured preferences.
[0181] The USIM currently stores these network priority lists in specific elementary files (EFs) , including EFPLMNwACT (User controlled PLMN selector with Access Technology) , EFOPLMNwACT (Operator controlled PLMN selector with Access Technology) , and EFHPLMNwACT (HPLMN selector with Access Technology) . Each of these files maintains a prioritized list of PLMN / RAT combinations, where each entry consists of a 3-byte PLMN identifier followed by a 2-byte Access Technology Identifier that specifies which radio access technologies are selected for that PLMN.
[0182] The system implements specific precedence rules to resolve potential conflicts between these lists. Typically, user-configured network selection preferences take priority over operator-configured lists when both exist. This hierarchy ensures user preferences prevail while maintaining operator-defined fallback options, creating a balance between customizable user experience and network management requirements.
[0183] The network selection mechanism differs between PLMN and SNPN scenarios. While PLMN selection relies primarily on priority lists stored in the USIM, where the finest granularity is PLMN+RAT combinations, SNPN selection traditionally operated without RAT differentiation. This distinction originated because SNPNs were introduced in 5G networks when only one access technology existed, making RAT specification unnecessary.
[0184] The SNPN selection parameters may be defined to support flexible network selection configurations in mobile equipment (ME) . The ME may be configured with a "list of subscriber data" that may contain zero or more entries. Each entry includes an SNPN identity for the subscribed SNPN and, if the ME supports access to an SNPN using credentials from a credential’s holder, additional SNPN selection parameters. These parameters may include: (i) a user-controlled prioritized list of preferred SNPNs, where each entry specifies an SNPN identity; (ii) a credentials holder-controlled prioritized list of preferred SNPNs, similarly containing SNPN identities; and (iii) a credentials holder-controlled prioritized list of Group IDs for Network Selection (GINs) .
[0185] Additionally, if the ME supports access to an SNPN providing localized services, the selection parameters may include: (A) a credentials holder-controlled prioritized list of preferred SNPNs for localized services, where each entry includes an SNPN identity, validity information (including time validity and optionally location validity) , and optionally location assistance information; and (B) a credentials holder-controlled prioritized list of preferred GINs for localized services, where each entry includes a GIN, validity information (time validity and optionally location validity) , and optionally location assistance information. These parameters provide precise and prioritized SNPN selection tailored to user and credentials holder preferences.
[0186] With the emergence of 6G technology, the SNPN selection framework requires enhancement to incorporate RAT preferences, similar to the PLMN selection. The enhanced system may accommodate user-configured SNPN preference lists that include access technology specifications, such as prioritizing SNPN1’s 5G first, followed by SNPN1’s 6G, then SNPN11’s 6G, and so on.
[0187] This enhancement necessitates storing SNPN preference lists in device memory, as private networks often operate without SIM authentication. The enhanced architecture may maintain backward compatibility while adding RAT-aware selection capabilities for SNPNs. The enhancement provides proper handling of access technology preferences within private networks as they evolve to support multiple generations of wireless access technologies.
[0188] In the SNPN selection mechanism, both user-configured priority lists and credential holder-configured lists (where the credential holder represents the SNPN’s home operator) may follow similar organizational structure. Additionally, SNPN introduces the concept of network grouping. That is, unlike PLMNs which are treated as distinct entities (PLMN1, PLMN2, etc. ) , multiple SNPNs can belong to the same logical group. This grouping allows all member networks to share the same selection priority level. Within these SNPN groups, further granularity can be implemented through access technology prioritization. For a given group (e.g., Group1 including SNPNs1, 2 and 3) , the system can specify whether 5G or 6G connections should be preferred.
[0189] To enable differentiation between SNPNs connected to a legacy 5GC and those connected to an e5GC, the SNPN selection parameters require enhancement. The ME is configured with a "list of subscriber data" that may include zero or more entries. Each entry may include an SNPN identity for the subscribed SNPN and an optional subscribed SNPN selector with Access Technology, which can indicate either NG-RAN or 6G-RAN. If the ME supports access to an SNPN using credentials from a credentials holder and also supports 6G, the SNPN selection parameters are extended to include: (i) a user-controlled prioritized list of preferred SNPNs with Access Technology (supporting NG-RAN or 6G-RAN) , where each entry includes an SNPN identity and zero, one, or more Access Technologies; (ii) a credentials holder-controlled prioritized list of preferred SNPNs with Access Technology (supporting NG-RAN or 6G-RAN) , similarly including an SNPN identity and zero, one, or more Access Technologies; and (iii) a credentials holder-controlled prioritized list of Group IDs for GINs with Access Technology (supporting NG-RAN or 6G-RAN) , where each entry includes a GIN and zero, one, or more Access Technologies.
[0190] Additionally, if the ME supports access to SNPNs providing localized services, the parameters may include: (A) a credentials holder-controlled prioritized list of preferred SNPNs for localized services with Access Technology (supporting NG-RAN or 6G-RAN) , where each entry includes an SNPN identity, zero, one, or more Access Technologies, validity information (time validity and optionally location validity) , and optionally location assistance information; and (B) a credentials holder-controlled prioritized list of preferred GINs for localized services with Access Technology (supporting NG-RAN or 6G-RAN) , where each entry includes a GIN, zero, one, or more Access Technologies, validity information (time validity and optionally location validity) , and optionally location assistance information. These enhancements ensure the ME can accurately select SNPNs based on their Access Technology and core network capabilities.
[0191] On the UE side, the disclosure proposes an approach for a UE or Mobile Station (MS) to perform network selection based on the configuration stored in the mobile equipment (ME) memory for SNPN scenarios or within the USIM for PLMN selection. The approach executes network selection logic based on a configured network selection profile, e.g., a priority list. The execution involves loading this priority list and evaluating detected cells: whether a 5G cell indicates compatibility with 6G-RAN combinations through its broadcast signaling, and the configured network preferences. This evaluation specifically checks if the base stations broadcast capability indicators revealing their association with 6G-RAN infrastructure, distinguishing them from conventional NG-RAN nodes that lack such advanced functionality.
[0192] Specifically, during the automatic network selection procedure for a PLMN or SNPN in a wireless communication network, the UE / MS receives a network ID broadcast by an NR cell, along with one or more indications from the NR cell, such as: (i) an indication that the NR / 5G cell connects to an e5GC, (ii) a 6G-RAN indication, or (iii) an indication that NR supports MR-DS. Based on these indications, the UE / MS determines whether the network ID combined with 6G-RAN is an available candidate for network selection; if no such indications are received, the network ID combined with NG-RAN is considered an available candidate.
[0193] Optionally, the UE / MS may prioritize network selections as follows: for PLMN selection, the PLMN / RAT combination is prioritized according to one or more enhanced PLMN selector files with Access Technology stored in the USIM, which support indicating 6G-RAN as an Access Technology; for SNPN selection, the SNPN / RAT combination is prioritized based on enhanced SNPN selection parameters stored in the ME, which also support indicating 6G-RAN as an Access Technology. This approach enables the UE / MS to intelligently select and prioritize networks with advanced 6G capabilities.
[0194] When multiple PLMNs are detected, e.g., some featuring 6G-capable 5G cells and others with traditional 5G-only cells, the UE may apply the stored network selection configuration to determine connection preferences. This configuration provides the decision logic for ranking available networks that may include both next-generation capable and legacy infrastructure within the same PLMN.
[0195] The mechanism may determine a 5G base station’s architecture type (NG-RAN or 6G-RAN) by verifying the presence of additional indicators. For example, a received specified indication automatically designates the node as 6G-RAN, while the absence of the indication results in default classification as NG-RAN.
[0196] For PLMN selection scenarios, the enhanced prioritization mechanism utilizes USIM configurations including either: (a) dedicated bits (RFU) for 6G designation, or (b) pointer bits indicating extended capability fields. This stored configuration provides the decision for ranking available networks based on both their broadcast capabilities and the defined preferences encoded in the USIM’s enhanced data structure.
[0197] The enhancement to the Access Technology Identifier addresses the limitation that only two Reserved for Future Use (RFU) bits remain available in the current 2-byte structure. One approach directly assigns one of these RFU bits to indicate 6G-RAN, providing an immediate solution but consuming half of the remaining reserved capacity. A more scalable approach uses one RFU bit as a pointer or extension indicator, signaling the presence of an additional byte or bytes for Access Technology identification. This extended byte mechanism provides capacity for future technologies including 6G-RAN, 7G, 8G, and beyond, creating a future-proof framework that avoids subsequent bit exhaustion issues.
[0198] Similarly, for SNPN selection scenarios, the enhanced prioritization mechanism utilizes modified SNPN selection parameters that introduce an additional indicator for access technology specification (5G / 6G) . This enhanced SNPN selection configuration may mirror the PLMN selector with access technology extension, maintaining parallel architecture between public and private network selection mechanisms. The configuration structure accommodates both user-controlled preference lists and operator-controlled priority lists.
[0199] An NR cell or gNB can determine if it is connected to an e5GC. If so, it broadcasts one or more of the following indications: (i) an indication that the NR / 5G cell connects to an e5GC, (ii) a 6G-RAN indication, or (iii) an indication that NR supports MR-DS. This process applies to both PLMNs and SNPNs. For PLMN selection, the configuration uses enhanced USIM files, such as EFPLMNwAcT, EFOPLMNwACT, and EFHPLMNwAcT, which may be extended to indicate 6G-RAN as access technology. For SNPN selection, the configuration uses predefined enhanced parameters that also support 6G-RAN indication. In scenarios with multiple PLMNs or SNPNs (e.g., a first and second PLMNs or SNPNs) , the two can be the same or different, providing flexible network configurations.
[0200] FIG. 24 is a flow chart 2400 of a process for Multi-Rat Dual Stack network selection procedure. This process involves interactions between a network (NW) and a UE (e.g., the UE 104) through a base station (e.g., the base station 102) .
[0201] At block 2402, the UE receives, from a New Radio (NR) cell, a network identifier broadcast by the NR cell.
[0202] At block 2404, the UE receives, from the NR cell, one or more capability indicators broadcast by the NR cell. The one or more capability indicators may include at least one of: an indication that the NR cell connects to an enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) , a 6G Radio Access Network (6G-RAN) indication, or an indication that the NR cell supports Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) .
[0203] At block 2406, the UE determines, based on receiving the one or more capability indicators, that the network identifier with 6G-RAN combination is an available candidate for network selection.
[0204] At block 2408, the UE selects a network based on the determination and a network selection configuration stored in the UE.
[0205] In certain configurations, when the one or more capability indicators are not received from the NR cell, the UE may further determine that the network identifier with Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) combination is an available candidate for network selection.
[0206] In certain configurations, the network identifier may be a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) identifier, and the network selection configuration may include one or more enhanced PLMN selector with Access Technology files stored in a Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) associated with the UE.
[0207] In certain configurations, the one or more enhanced PLMN selector with Access Technology files may include: a user controlled PLMN selector with Access Technology file, an operator controlled PLMN selector with Access Technology file, or a Home PLMN selector with Access Technology file. Each file may be extended to support indicating 6G-RAN as an Access Technology.
[0208] In certain configurations, each enhanced PLMN selector with Access Technology file may include an Access Technology Identifier field that uses one of two Reserved for Future Use (RFU) bits to indicate 6G-RAN.
[0209] In certain configurations, each enhanced PLMN selector with Access Technology file may include an Access Technology Identifier field that uses a Reserved for Future Use (RFU) bit as a pointer to indicate presence of an extended byte for Access Technology identification. The extended byte may be used to indicate 6G-RAN.
[0210] In certain configurations, the network identifier may be a Standalone Non-Public Network (SNPN) identifier, and the network selection configuration may include enhanced SNPN selection parameters stored in a memory element (ME) of the UE.
[0211] In certain configurations, the enhanced SNPN selection parameters may include at least one of: a user controlled prioritized list of preferred SNPNs with Access Technology, a credentials holder controlled prioritized list of preferred SNPNs with Access Technology, or a credentials holder controlled prioritized list of Group IDs for Network Selection (GINs) with Access Technology. Each entry in the lists may include an SNPN identity or GIN and zero, one or more Access Technology indicators that can indicate NG-RAN or 6G-RAN.
[0212] In certain configurations, the UE may further prioritize a first network with 6G-RAN combination over a second network with NG-RAN combination based on the network selection configuration. The first network and the second network may have a same PLMN identifier.
[0213] In certain configurations, the UE may further prioritize a first PLMN with 6G-RAN combination over a second PLMN with 6G-RAN combination based on a priority order defined in the network selection configuration.
[0214] In certain configurations, upon selecting and camping on an NR cell that broadcast the one or more capability indicators, the UE may further display a 6G icon on a display of the UE to indicate connection to a 6G-capable network.
[0215] In certain configurations, the one or more capability indicators may be received in a System Information Block (SIB) message broadcast by the NR cell.
[0216] In certain configurations, the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) may include: an enhanced Access and Mobility Management Function (eAMF) with evolved logic to support 6G-RAN, and an enhanced User Plane Function (eUPF) with evolved logic to support 6G-RAN.
[0217] In certain configurations, the Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) may enable the UE to maintain simultaneous connections to both 5G-RAN and 6G-RAN for service segregation or bandwidth aggregation.
[0218] FIG. 25 is a flow chart 2500 of another process for Multi-Rat Dual Stack network selection procedure. This process involves interactions between a network (NW) and a UE (e.g., the UE 104) through a base station (e.g., the base station 102) .
[0219] At block 2502, the New Radio (NR) base station determines whether the NR base station is connected to an enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) or a legacy 5G core network (5GC) .
[0220] At block 2504, in response to determining that the NR base station is connected to the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) , the NR base station broadcasts one or more capability indicators. The one or more capability indicators may include at least one of: an indication that the NR base station connects to the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) , a 6G Radio Access Network (6G-RAN) indication, or an indication that the NR base station supports Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) .
[0221] In certain configurations, the NR base station may broadcast a network identifier. The network identifier may be a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) identifier or a Standalone Non-Public Network (SNPN) identifier.
[0222] In certain configurations, the one or more capability indicators may enable a user equipment (UE) to distinguish between: the NR base station being part of a 6G-RAN when connected to the e5GC, and the NR base station being part of a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) when connected to the legacy 5GC.
[0223] In certain configurations, the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) may include: an enhanced Access and Mobility Management Function (eAMF) including evolved logic to support 6G-RAN connections; and an enhanced User Plane Function (eUPF) including evolved logic to support 6G-RAN connections.
[0224] In certain configurations, when the NR base station is part of NG-RAN, the NR base station may connect to the eAMF via a standard N2 interface utilizing legacy AMF logic portions; and when the NR base station is part of 6G-RAN, the NR base station may connect to the eAMF via the N2 interface utilizing the evolved logic portions.
[0225] In certain configurations, broadcasting the one or more capability indicators may include: transmitting the one or more capability indicators in a System Information Block (SIB) message.
[0226] In certain configurations, when the network identifier is a PLMN identifier and the NR base station supports multiple PLMN identifiers, the one or more network entities may further broadcast the one or more capability indicators for each supported PLMN identifier.
[0227] In certain configurations, the Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) capability may enable a UE to maintain simultaneous Radio Resource Control (RRC) connections to both 5G-RAN and 6G-RAN through the enhanced 5G core network.
[0228] In certain configurations, the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) supports at least one of: service segregation allowing different services to be provided through different RANs simultaneously, bandwidth aggregation combining data throughput from both 5G and 6G radio links, or advanced functionalities including sensing functionality, computing functionality, or artificial intelligence functionality.
[0229] In certain configurations, when the NR base station is connected to the legacy 5GC, the NR base station may not broadcast the one or more capability indicators; and absence of the one or more capability indicators may indicate to a UE that the NR base station is part of NG-RAN.
[0230] In certain configurations, the NR base station may be part of a 6G-RAN that includes at least one of: one or more 6G base stations (6G NodeB) , one or more NR base stations connected to the e5GC, or one or more Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA) base stations connected to the e5GC.
[0231] In certain configurations, broadcasting the one or more capability indicators may enable a UE to: apply network selection priorities that differentiate between 6G-RAN and NG-RAN deployments within a same PLMN; and display a 6G icon when connected to the NR base station that broadcast the one or more capability indicators.
[0232] In certain configurations, the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) may maintain backward compatibility with NG-RAN while providing enhanced capabilities for 6G-RAN, enabling simultaneous support of both legacy 5G services and advanced 6G services.
[0233] In certain configurations, determining whether the NR base station is connected to the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) may include: identifying whether core network functions connected to the NR base station include enhanced logic for supporting 6G-RAN capabilities beyond standard 5G capabilities.
[0234] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0235] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for. ”
Claims
1.A method of wireless communication of a user equipment (UE) , comprising:receiving, by the UE from a New Radio (NR) cell, a network identifier broadcast by the NR cell;receiving, by the UE from the NR cell, one or more capability indicators broadcast by the NR cell, wherein the one or more capability indicators comprise at least one of:an indication that the NR cell connects to an enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) ,a 6G Radio Access Network (6G-RAN) indication, oran indication that the NR cell supports Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) ;determining, by the UE based on receiving the one or more capability indicators, that the network identifier with 6G-RAN combination is an available candidate for network selection; andselecting, by the UE, a network based on the determination and a network selection configuration stored in the UE.2.The method of claim 1, further comprising:when the one or more capability indicators are not received from the NR cell, determining that the network identifier with Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) combination is an available candidate for network selection.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the network identifier is a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) identifier, and wherein the network selection configuration comprises one or more enhanced PLMN selector with Access Technology files stored in a Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) associated with the UE.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the one or more enhanced PLMN selector with Access Technology files comprise:a user controlled PLMN selector with Access Technology file,an operator controlled PLMN selector with Access Technology file, ora Home PLMN selector with Access Technology file,wherein each file is extended to support indicating 6G-RAN as an Access Technology.5.The method of claim 3, wherein each enhanced PLMN selector with Access Technology file comprises an Access Technology Identifier field that uses one of two Reserved for Future Use (RFU) bits to indicate 6G-RAN.6.The method of claim 3, wherein each enhanced PLMN selector with Access Technology file comprises an Access Technology Identifier field that uses a Reserved for Future Use (RFU) bit as a pointer to indicate presence of an extended byte for Access Technology identification, wherein the extended byte is used to indicate 6G-RAN.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the network identifier is a Standalone Non-Public Network (SNPN) identifier, and wherein the network selection configuration comprises enhanced SNPN selection parameters stored in a memory element (ME) of the UE.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the enhanced SNPN selection parameters comprise at least one of:a user controlled prioritized list of preferred SNPNs with Access Technology,a credentials holder controlled prioritized list of preferred SNPNs with Access Technology, ora credentials holder controlled prioritized list of Group IDs for Network Selection (GINs) with Access Technology,wherein each entry in the lists includes an SNPN identity or GIN and zero, one or more Access Technology indicators that can indicate NG-RAN or 6G-RAN.9.The method of claim 1, further comprising:prioritizing, by the UE, a first network with 6G-RAN combination over a second network with NG-RAN combination based on the network selection configuration, wherein the first network and the second network have a same PLMN identifier.10.The method of claim 1, further comprising:prioritizing, by the UE, a first PLMN with 6G-RAN combination over a second PLMN with 6G-RAN combination based on a priority order defined in the network selection configuration.11.The method of claim 1, further comprising:upon selecting and camping on an NR cell that broadcast the one or more capability indicators, displaying a 6G icon on a display of the UE to indicate connection to a 6G-capable network.12.The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more capability indicators are received in a System Information Block (SIB) message broadcast by the NR cell.13.The method of claim 1, wherein the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) comprises:an enhanced Access and Mobility Management Function (eAMF) with evolved logic to support 6G-RAN, andan enhanced User Plane Function (eUPF) with evolved logic to support 6G-RAN.14.The method of claim 1, wherein the Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) enables the UE to maintain simultaneous connections to both 5G-RAN and 6G-RAN for service segregation or bandwidth aggregation.15.A method of wireless communication of one or more network entities, comprising:determining, by a New Radio (NR) base station, whether the NR base station is connected to an enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) or a legacy 5G core network (5GC) ; andin response to determining that the NR base station is connected to the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) , broadcasting, by the NR base station, one or more capability indicators, wherein the one or more capability indicators comprise at least one of:an indication that the NR base station connects to the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) ,a 6G Radio Access Network (6G-RAN) indication, oran indication that the NR base station supports Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) .16.The method of claim 15, further comprising:broadcasting, by the NR base station, a network identifier, wherein the network identifier is a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) identifier or a Standalone Non-Public Network (SNPN) identifier.17.The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more capability indicators enable a user equipment (UE) to distinguish between:the NR base station being part of a 6G-RAN when connected to the e5GC, andthe NR base station being part of a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) when connected to the legacy 5GC.18.The method of claim 15, wherein the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) comprises:an enhanced Access and Mobility Management Function (eAMF) comprising evolved logic to support 6G-RAN connections; andan enhanced User Plane Function (eUPF) comprising evolved logic to support 6G-RAN connections.19.The method of claim 18, wherein:when the NR base station is part of NG-RAN, the NR base station connects to the eAMF via a standard N2 interface utilizing legacy AMF logic portions; andwhen the NR base station is part of 6G-RAN, the NR base station connects to the eAMF via the N2 interface utilizing the evolved logic portions.20.The method of claim 15, wherein broadcasting the one or more capability indicators comprises:transmitting the one or more capability indicators in a System Information Block (SIB) message.21.The method of claim 16, wherein when the network identifier is a PLMN identifier and the NR base station supports multiple PLMN identifiers, the method further comprises:broadcasting the one or more capability indicators for each supported PLMN identifier.22.The method of claim 15, wherein the Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) capability enables a UE to maintain simultaneous Radio Resource Control (RRC) connections to both 5G-RAN and 6G-RAN through the enhanced 5G core network.23.The method of claim 15, wherein the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) supports at least one of:service segregation allowing different services to be provided through different RANs simultaneously,bandwidth aggregation combining data throughput from both 5G and 6G radio links, oradvanced functionalities including sensing functionality, computing functionality, or artificial intelligence functionality.24.The method of claim 15, wherein:when the NR base station is connected to the legacy 5GC, the NR base station does not broadcast the one or more capability indicators; andabsence of the one or more capability indicators indicates to a UE that the NR base station is part of NG-RAN.25.The method of claim 15, wherein the NR base station is part of a 6G-RAN that comprises at least one of:one or more 6G base stations (6G NodeB) ,one or more NR base stations connected to the e5GC, orone or more Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA) base stations connected to the e5GC.26.The method of claim 15, wherein broadcasting the one or more capability indicators enables a UE to:apply network selection priorities that differentiate between 6G-RAN and NG-RAN deployments within a same PLMN; anddisplay a 6G icon when connected to the NR base station that broadcast the one or more capability indicators.27.The method of claim 15, wherein the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) maintains backward compatibility with NG-RAN while providing enhanced capabilities for 6G-RAN, enabling simultaneous support of both legacy 5G services and advanced 6G services.28.The method of claim 15, wherein determining whether the NR base station is connected to the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) comprises:identifying whether core network functions connected to the NR base station include enhanced logic for supporting 6G-RAN capabilities beyond standard 5G capabilities.29.An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a user equipment (UE) , comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:receive, by the UE from a New Radio (NR) cell, a network identifier broadcast by the NR cell;receive, by the UE from the NR cell, one or more capability indicators broadcast by the NR cell, wherein the one or more capability indicators comprise at least one of:an indication that the NR cell connects to an enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) ,a 6G Radio Access Network (6G-RAN) indication, oran indication that the NR cell supports Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) ;determine, by the UE based on receiving the one or more capability indicators, that the network identifier with 6G-RAN combination is an available candidate for network selection; andselect, by the UE, a network based on the determination and a network selection configuration stored in the UE.30.A computer-readable medium storing computer executable code for wireless communication of a user equipment (UE) , comprising code to:receive, by the UE from a New Radio (NR) cell, a network identifier broadcast by the NR cell;receive, by the UE from the NR cell, one or more capability indicators broadcast by the NR cell, wherein the one or more capability indicators comprise at least one of:an indication that the NR cell connects to an enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) ,a 6G Radio Access Network (6G-RAN) indication, oran indication that the NR cell supports Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) ;determine, by the UE based on receiving the one or more capability indicators, that the network identifier with 6G-RAN combination is an available candidate for network selection; andselect, by the UE, a network based on the determination and a network selection configuration stored in the UE.31.An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being one or more network entities, comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:determine, by a New Radio (NR) base station, whether the NR base station is connected to an enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) or a legacy 5G core network (5GC) ; andin response to determining that the NR base station is connected to the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) , broadcast, by the NR base station, one or more capability indicators, wherein the one or more capability indicators comprise at least one of:an indication that the NR base station connects to the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) , a 6G Radio Access Network (6G-RAN) indication, oran indication that the NR base station supports Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) .32.A computer-readable medium storing computer executable code for wireless communication of a user equipment (UE) , comprising code to:determine, by a New Radio (NR) base station, whether the NR base station is connected to an enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) or a legacy 5G core network (5GC) ; andin response to determining that the NR base station is connected to the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) , broadcast, by the NR base station, one or more capability indicators, wherein the one or more capability indicators comprise at least one of:an indication that the NR base station connects to the enhanced 5G core network (e5GC) , a 6G Radio Access Network (6G-RAN) indication, oran indication that the NR base station supports Multi-RAT Dual Stack (MR-DS) .
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