Knit bandages

Abstract

Various embodiments herein relate to a knit surgical bandage including opposite long side edges formed as-knit selvage edges extending longitudinally between transverse cut first and second ends; first portions including a knit structure of primary glass fibers and secondary rayon fibers; and a radiopaque second portion including at least one radiopaque fiber containing a radiopaque filler, the second portion extending longitudinally between the first and second ends and flanked laterally by the first portions; the bandage being free of longitudinally cut edges requiring serging.

Description

KNIT BANDAGESCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 674,154, filed July 22, 2024, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein in its entirety.FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The embodiments of the present invention relate to medical textiles and wound dressings, and more particularly to elongated absorbent bandages that can be used in surgical and postoperative care.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Bandages constitute one of the oldest categories of therapeutic implements; linen and other early textile strips were applied in antiquity both for mechanical protection and to retain salves, as evidenced by archaeological accounts of ancient civilizations employing woven fibers for wound care and related medical textile practices. These early dressings prioritized readily available natural fibers — chiefly linen and cotton — for absorbency, conformability, and cleanliness. The iterative experimentation with natural fibers in antiquity laid foundational principles of coverage, immobilization, and contamination reduction.

[0004] Systematic refinement accelerated during the Renaissance and early modern warfare, where traumatic injuries demanded improved hemostasis and protection. Ambroise Pare advanced battlefield wound management by replacing cauterization with vascular ligature and gentler dressings, thereby reducing tissue damage and influencing subsequent standards for applying and securing bandages around complex injuries. Historical analyses note Pare’s departure from prevailing gunshot treatment dogma toward practices integrating ligature and soothing balms under protective wrappings.

[0005] Nineteenth-century advances in germ theory transformed the conceptual role of bandages from mere coverings to active barriers within an aseptic protocol. Joseph Lister’s adoption of carbolic acid and insistence on sterile instruments and dressings reframed postoperative wound management, integrating sterile bandage application into a broader antisepsis system that dramatically reduced infection and mortality rates in operative care. Contemporary and retrospective accounts attribute significant declines in surgical sepsis to these integrated antiseptic measures including sterilized, properly applied dressings.

[0006] Parallel material innovations in the nineteenth century introduced adhesive plasters, enabling localized fixation without extensive wrapping. Patented medicated rubberbased adhesive plasters preceded self-contained consumer bandages and reflected a shifttoward integrated backing, adhesive, and medicated layers, simplifying application and improving adherence for minor injuries; these incremental steps prefigured pre-packaged sterile dressings. Documented milestones in 1845 and subsequent decades established manufacturing and formulation knowledge exploited by later mass-market products.

[0007] The early twentieth century saw the emergence of preassembled, easily applied adhesive bandages intended for home use, epitomized by the 1920 creation of the BAND-AID® brand adhesive bandage. Earle Dickson’s combination of sterile gauze and adhesive tape addressed a domestic need for rapid self-application, catalyzing mass adoption of standardized, individually packaged small wound dressings and reinforcing the importance of sterility and convenience in post-Lister consumer health culture. Corporate historical summaries and recent journalistic profiles recount commercialization milestones (initial long strips, later pre-cut, individually wrapped formats) and sustained iterative improvements.

[0008] Concurrently, elastic and crepe bandages expand therapeutic scope beyond simple coverage to include controlled compression and joint support. The evolution of knitted or woven elasticized fabrics — often blending cotton with elastic polymers or latex — enabled reusable, conformable wraps for edema management and soft tissue stabilization. Brand lineages such as Elastoplast and modern comparative analyses describe composition differences and clinical indications distinguishing elastic compression wraps from traditional non-elastic cotton gauze and crepe variants.

[0009] Modern surgical practice places heightened emphasis on patient safety measures related to counting and retrieval of disposable soft goods. During heavy bleeding it is important to slow the flow of blood. Despite considerable progress in understanding pathophysiological processes involved in surface (topical) hemostasis, continued blood loss through a bandage is still a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. Bandages are available in a wide range of types, from generic cloth strips to specially shaped bandages designed for a specific limb or part of the body. The standard of care is frequently the application of a tourniquet to control "compressible" bleeding and then gauze to control the residual "noncompressible" bleeding. As injuries require new solutions, what is urgently needed are new compositions and methods for providing bandages.BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] The following presents a simplified summary of the innovation in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. This summary is not an extensive overview of the invention. It is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of the invention nor delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0011] In some embodiments, this disclosure relates to knit surgical bandages including as-knit selvage edges and an integral radiopaque fiber portion.

[0012] Surgical bandages have traditionally been produced using flat-knit or tubular-knit techniques with natural or synthetic yarns such as cotton, rayon, polyester, or blends thereof. When manufactured as flat-knit webbing, longitudinal edges created by cutting the knit fabric are prone to unraveling, and so conventional products employ edge-finishing methods — such as serging, zigzag overlock stitching, heat sealing, or adhesive binding — to stabilize the cut edges. These finishing steps add complexity to the production process and can influence the flexibility, drape, and hand feel of the finished bandage.

[0013] Radiopacity in surgical bandages has been achieved herein through multiple strategies. One approach can involve affixing radiopaque tapes or strips — composed of metal- coated films or radiopaque polymers — onto the bandage surface by sewing, welding, or adhesive lamination. Another method can integrate metallic wires (e.g., stainless steel, platinum) or barium sulfate-impregnated fibers directly into the textile substrate by weaving or knitting at discrete intervals to form visible marker lines. Such techniques may require additional yarn feeds, specialized insertion machinery, or post-production attachment processes.

[0014] Composite-fiber constructions have also been investigated herein to balance mechanical strength with fluid management properties. Glass fibers offer high tensile stability, while hydrophilic fibers like rayon provide absorbency. In nonwoven dressings and felted materials, blends of glass and rayon deliver structural support and liquid handling capabilities. Efforts to incorporate radiopaque fillers into these composite fibers have largely focused on non-knit formats or on small-scale knit trials; even in those cases, cut edges have required serging or overlooking to prevent unraveling during use.

[0015] In some embodiments a knit surgical bandage includes opposite longitudinal side edges that are as-knit selvage edges extending between first and second transverse cut ends; first portions comprising a knit composite of a glass primary filament and a rayon secondary filament; and a longitudinal radiopaque portion extending substantially continuously between the transverse cut ends. The radiopaque portion comprises at least one filament or multi-filament yarn containing a radiopaque filler (e.g., barium sulfate) dispersed in a thermoplastic polymer matrix. Because the side edges are formed as closed loops on a narrow V-bed flat knitting machine, no longitudinal cutting or serging is required, preserving elasticity and reducing lint. The composite glass / rayon construction, optionally after controlled scouring and drying, yields differential loop loft promoting rapid wicking and fluid distribution, while the continuous radiopaque portion facilitates intraoperative or post-procedural imaging for retained item prevention. Optional embodiments include dual parallel radiopaque portions toprovide a distinctive dual-line radiographic signature; selective finishing (e.g., serging) of only one transverse end to offer tactile orientation; incorporation of therapeutic additives (e.g., antimicrobial or hemostatic agents) preferentially on rayon fibers; and quality assurance methods employing radiographic continuity metrics. Methods of manufacture include knitting a continuous narrow panel with integrated selvage edges and radiopaque stripe(s), scouring and drying to induce controlled shrinkage and loop loft, and transversely cutting the panel to discrete bandage lengths.

[0016] Increasing levels of features will be discussed in the Brief Summary and as the disclosure progresses. Some aspects of this disclosure describe a method of manufacturing a bandage. The method includes knitting glass fiber with rayon fiber to form a fabric using a V-bed flat knitting machine. The fabric, as knit by the V-bed flat knitting machine, includes opposite edges having closed stitches. The method includes cutting the fabric along a cut intersecting the opposite edges to form the bandage. The opposite edges of the fabric are opposite edges of the bandage, a third edge of the bandage defined by the cut is shorter than each of the opposite edges of the bandage.

[0017] This and other methods described herein can have one or more of at least the following characteristics.

[0018] In some implementations, the opposite edges of the bandage have lengths of at least 24 inches, and the third edge of the bandage defined by the cut has a length in a range from two inches to eight inches.

[0019] In some implementations, the cut defines the third edge as a raw edge, and the method includes serging the third edge.

[0020] In some implementations, a knitting width of the V-bed flat knitting machine is in a range from two inches to eight inches.

[0021] In some implementations, a needle bed of the V-bed flat knitting machine has fewer than 200 needles.

[0022] In some implementations, the fabric, as knit by the V-bed flat knitting machine, has a weight density in a range from 250 gsm to 310 gsm.

[0023] In some implementations, the bandage has a weight density in a range from 300 gsm to 375 gsm.

[0024] In some implementations, knitting the glass fiber with the rayon fiber includes knitting a single end of the glass fiber with a single end of the rayon fiber.

[0025] In some implementations, the method includes varying a fiber composition of the fabric along a knitting width of the V-bed flat knitting machine.

[0026] In some implementations, the method includes knitting radiopaque fiber into only a portion of a width of the fabric parallel to the knitting width of the V-bed flat knitting machine.

[0027] In some implementations, the rayon fiber includes bamboo-sourced rayon fiber.

[0028] Some aspects of this disclosure describe a knit bandage including rayon fiber knit with glass fiber. The knit bandage includes opposite edges having lengths longer than a length of a third edge of the knit bandage. The opposite edges have closed stitches and correspond to as-knit edges output by a knitting machine. The third edge is a raw edge or a serged edge.

[0029] This and other knit bandages described herein can have one or more of at least the following characteristics.

[0030] In some implementations, the lengths of the opposite edges of the knit bandage are at least 24 inches, and the length of the third edge of the knit bandage is in a range from two inches to eight inches.

[0031] In some implementations, the knit bandage has a weight density in a range from 300 gsm to 375 gsm.

[0032] In some implementations, the rayon fiber and the glass fiber are single-end rayon fiber and single-end glass fiber.

[0033] In some implementations, the opposite edges correspond to as-knit edges that extend perpendicular to a knitting direction of the knitting machine.

[0034] In some implementations, the knit bandage has fewer than 200 stitches along the third edge.

[0035] In some implementations, the knit bandage includes a portion including radiopaque fiber, the portion extending as a stripe parallel to the opposite edges.

[0036] In some implementations, the portion including the radiopaque fiber is abutted on opposite sides by portions including the rayon fiber and the glass fiber.

[0037] Some implementations described herein can provide various benefits. Using the manufacturing methods and bandage compositions described herein, bandages can be made to be more stretchy, lighter, and / or thinner, characteristics that can provide more effective wound treatment using the bandages. For example, these characteristics and the bandages described herein may be particularly useful for treating penetrating trauma in confined spaces.

[0038] The details of one or more implementations of the subject matter of this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.

[0039] As such, keeping in mind possible combination embodiments and the above discussion (and the details below), as an additional brief summary or to provide discussion points for a brief summary, some example features of the technology disclosed herein can be briefly summarized by the following list of features, any of which can be inter-combined or discussed optionally with any other feature, Figure, Drawing, detail, embodiment, aspect, or example disclosed herein:

[0040] Feature 1 : A knit surgical bandage (e.g., 100) comprising: opposite long side edges (e.g., 106) that are as-knit selvage edges extending longitudinally between a first end (e.g., 108a) and an opposite second end (e.g., 108b), the first and second ends being transverse cut edges; first portions (e.g., 102) comprising a knit structure of a primary fiber (e.g., 112) comprising glass and a secondary fiber (e.g., 114) comprising rayon; and a radiopaque second portion (e.g., 104) extending longitudinally between and to the first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b), the second portion (e.g., 104) comprising at least one radiopaque fiber containing a radiopaque filler, wherein the first portions (e.g., 102) flank the second portion (e.g., 104) laterally and the bandage (e.g., 100) is free of longitudinally cut edges requiring serging.

[0041] Feature 2: The bandage of feature 1 wherein each of the first portions (e.g., 102) comprises a single continuous end of the primary glass fiber (e.g., 112) and a single continuous end of the secondary rayon fiber (e.g., 114).

[0042] Feature 3: The bandage of feature 1 wherein the radiopaque filler comprises barium sulfate, bismuth subcarbonate, bismuth oxychloride, tungsten, or a combination thereof.

[0043] Feature 4: The bandage of feature 1 wherein the radiopaque second portion (e.g., 104) consists essentially of a polypropylene filament compounded with barium sulfate dispersed with a median particle size less than 10 pm.

[0044] Feature 5: The bandage of feature 1 wherein the first and second ends (e.g. , 108a, 108b) are raw cut edges free of serging.

[0045] Feature 6: The bandage of feature 1 wherein only one of the first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) is serged and the other is a raw cut edge.

[0046] Feature 7: The bandage of feature 1 having an areal weight density after processing in a range from 300 gsm to 375 gsm, optionally from 325 gsm to 350 gsm, optionally from 330 gsm to 340 gsm, or about 335 gsm to about 338 gsm.

[0047] Feature 8: The bandage of feature 1 having an as-knit areal weight density in a range from 250 gsm to 310 gsm, optionally from 270 gsm to 300 gsm, optionally from 275 gsm to 295 gsm, or about 280 gsm to about 290 gsm.

[0048] Feature 9: The bandage of feature 1 having a modulus (Young's modulus) in each of two orthogonal planar directions in a range from 10 MPa to 0.01 MPa, optionally from 1 MPa to 0.05 MPa, optionally from 0.5 MPa to 0.1 MPa, or about 0.2 MPa to about 0.15 MPa.

[0049] Feature 10: The bandage of feature 1 wherein the gauge of the knit is in a range from 10 stitches per inch to 30 stitches per inch, optionally from 12 stitches per inch to 24 stitches per inch, optionally from 18 stitches per inch to 22 stitches per inch, or about 20 stitches per inch.

[0050] Feature 11 : The bandage of feature 1 wherein the bandage has a longitudinal length between the first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) in a range from 24 inches to 72inches, optionally from 36 inches to 60 inches, optionally from 48 inches to 60 inches, or about 54 inches to about 58 inches; and a transverse width between the long side edges (e.g., 106) in a range from 2 inches to 8 inches, optionally from 2 inches to 6 inches, optionally from 3 inches to 4 inches, or about 3.5 inches to about 3.9 inches.

[0051] Feature 12: A method of manufacturing a knit surgical bandage (e.g., 100), the method comprising: knitting on a narrow V-bed flat knitting machine a continuous panel having opposite as-knit selvage long edges (e.g., 254) and incorporating along a longitudinal region a radiopaque yarn to define a radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) laterally flanked by first portions (e.g., 102) comprising a glass fiber (e.g., 112) and a rayon fiber (e.g., 114); and transversely cutting the panel at spaced intervals along cut lines (e.g., 253) to form individual bandages each having first and second cut ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) and the opposite as-knit long side edges (e.g., 106) derived from the selvage long edges (e.g., 254).

[0052] Feature 13: The method of feature 12 further comprising scouring and drying the continuous panel prior to the transversely cutting, the scouring inducing differential shrinkage forming lofted glass loops enhancing capillary uptake.

[0053] Feature 14: The method of feature 12 wherein the knitting comprises feeding a single continuous glass filament and a single continuous rayon filament per bandage width with alternating front / rear needle engagement in successive rows.

[0054] Feature 15: The method of feature 12 wherein the transversely cutting comprises using a hot knife or ultrasonic cutter to inhibit fraying at the first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b).

[0055] Feature 16: The method of feature 12 further comprising selectively serging only one of the first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b).

[0056] Feature 17: The method of feature 12 wherein the machine has fewer than 200 needles per bed, optionally fewer than 150 needles per bed, optionally from 100 needles per bed to 115 needles per bed, or about 108 needles per bed to about 112 needles per bed engaged for the bandage width.

[0057] Feature 18: The method of feature 12 wherein the radiopaque yarn comprises a thermoplastic polymer compounded with 20 wt% to 80 wt% radiopaque filler, optionally 30 wt% to 60 wt%, optionally 35 wt% to 45 wt%, or about 40 wt% to about 42 wt%.

[0058] Feature 19: The method of feature 12 wherein the panel is tensioned and overfed such that post-scouring the width tolerance is within ±5% of a target width between the long side edges (e.g., 106).

[0059] Feature 20: The method of feature 12 further comprising radiographically verifying continuity of the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) across multiple folded layers prior to packaging.

[0060] Feature 21 : The method of feature 12 further comprising applying an antimicrobial or hemostatic agent to the rayon fiber (e.g., 114) after knitting while avoiding coating the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104).

[0061] Feature 22: The method of feature 12 wherein the cutting step is performed after scouring and drying so that shrinkage occurs prior to end formation, thereby reducing end edge (e.g., 108a, 108b) distortion.

[0062] Feature 23: A method of treating a penetrating wound comprising: providing the bandage of feature 1 ; inserting a distal segment of the bandage including the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) into a wound cavity while retaining a proximal portion outside the patient; packing the bandage by sequential insertion using multi-directional stretch of the knit to conform to irregular void geometry; and after a treatment interval performing imaging to confirm presence or absence of the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) within the patient.

[0063] Feature 24: The method of feature 23 wherein only one end (e.g., 108a) is serged and the other end (e.g. , 108b) is un-serged, and the un-serged end is the first segment inserted to promote fluid ingress.

[0064] Feature 25: The method of feature 23 further comprising applying direct manual pressure over the wound while the bandage absorbs exudate, the knit architecture promoting capillary transport from the ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) toward an interior region.

[0065] Feature 26: The method of feature 23 wherein imaging comprises obtaining an X- ray at 60 kVp to 120 kVp, optionally 70 kVp to 100 kVp, optionally about 85 kVp to about 95 kVp, the continuous radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) forming a linear contrast element.

[0066] Feature 27: The method of feature 23 wherein the bandage exhibits a longitudinal elongation at 5 N load in a range from 2% to 40%, optionally from 5% to 25%, optionally from 8% to 15%, or about 10% to about 12% facilitating conformance without constriction.

[0067] Feature 28: The method of feature 23 further comprising removing the bandage and visually confirming integrity of the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) longitudinally between ends (e.g., 108a, 108b).

[0068] Feature 29: The method of feature 23 wherein a second bandage is introduced and overlapped such that respective radiopaque portions (e.g., 104) are laterally offset for improved composite imaging recognition.

[0069] Feature 30: The method of feature 23 further comprising irrigating the wound through interstitial channels created by lofted glass loops prior to final packing.

[0070] Feature 31 : The method of feature 23 wherein the bandage has an absorbent uptake capacity in a range from 3 mL / g to 12 mL / g, optionally from 4 mL / g to 10 mL / g, optionally from 5 mL / g to 8 mL / g, or about 6 mL / g to about 7 mL / g under simulated packing pressure.

[0071] Feature 32: The method of feature 23 wherein wound packing is performed in a confined anatomical region selected from the group consisting of torso, junctional, and extremity wound sites, and wherein the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) facilitates count verification in a limited visualization environment.

[0072] Feature 33: A radiopaque yarn for integration into a knit surgical bandage, the yarn comprising: a thermoplastic polymer matrix; barium sulfate particles dispersed within the matrix with a median particle size less than 10 pm; and a filament linear density selected such that the yarn when knit forms a flexible stripe (e.g., 104) extending longitudinally between first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) of the bandage without materially stiffening the bandage relative to adjacent regions lacking the yarn.

[0073] Feature 34: The yarn of feature 33 wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix comprises polypropylene and the barium sulfate loading is in a range from 30 wt% to 60 wt%, optionally from 35 wt% to 45 wt%, or about 40 wt% to about 42 wt%.

[0074] Feature 35: The yarn of feature 33 further comprising a surface treatment on the barium sulfate selected from silane coupling agents, fatty acid coatings, or titanate coupling agents to improve dispersion.

[0075] Feature 36: The yarn of feature 33 wherein the filament exhibits an elongation at break in a range from 5% to 40%, optionally from 8% to 25%, optionally from 10% to 18%, or about 12% to about 15%.

[0076] Feature 37: The yarn of feature 33 wherein the radiopaque yarn is a multi-filament bundle having a total denier in a range from 30 denier to 300 denier, optionally 40 denier to 150 denier, optionally 50 denier to 90 denier, or about 70 denier to about 80 denier.

[0077] Feature 38: The yarn of feature 33 wherein the polymer matrix further comprises an antioxidant stabilizer in a range from 0.05 wt% to 1 wt%, optionally 0.1 wt% to 0.5 wt%, optionally 0.15 wt% to 0.3 wt%, or about 0.2 wt% to about 0.25 wt%.

[0078] Feature 39: The yarn of feature 33 wherein the barium sulfate is combined with a second radiopaque component selected from tungsten powder and bismuth oxychloride to broaden attenuation response.

[0079] Feature 40: The yarn of feature 33 wherein the filament has a tensile strength in a range from 100 MPa to 600 MPa, optionally from 150 MPa to 400 MPa, optionally from 180 MPa to 300 MPa, or about 220 MPa to about 260 MPa.

[0080] Feature 41 : A kit comprising: at least two bandages according to feature 1 having different transverse widths; and printed instructions specifying radiographic verification of the continuous radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) for retained surgical item prevention.

[0081] Feature 42: The kit of feature 41 further comprising an imaging reference chart indicating expected grayscale intensity of the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) under defined X- ray energy ranges.

[0082] Feature 43: A method of quality assurance for a knit surgical bandage (e.g., 100) comprising: knitting a continuous panel including a radiopaque portion (e.g., 104); scouring and drying the panel; capturing a radiographic image of a folded section of the panel; algorithmically detecting continuity of the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) across folds; and rejecting the folded section when a discontinuity metric exceeds a threshold value.

[0083] Feature 44: The method of feature 43 wherein the folded section comprises at least three overlying layers and the algorithm applies line detection filtering to identify the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104).

[0084] Feature 45: The method of feature 43 wherein the threshold value corresponds to an interruption length in a range from 1 mm to 20 mm, optionally from 2 mm to 10 mm, optionally from 3 mm to 6 mm, or about 4 mm to about 5 mm.

[0085] Feature 46: The method of feature 43 further comprising recording the continuity metric and correlating the metric with a production lot identifier to enable traceability.

[0086] Feature 47: The method of feature 43 wherein algorithmic detection comprises convolutional filtering followed by Hough transform line extraction producing a radiopaque continuity score.

[0087] Feature 48: A knit surgical bandage comprising: first and second longitudinal radiopaque portions (e.g., 104) extending between and to opposite cut ends (e.g., 108a, 108b); first portions (e.g., 102) comprising glass fiber (e.g., 112) and rayon fiber (e.g., 114) laterally flanking the radiopaque portions; and opposite as-knit selvage long edges (e.g., 106) free of longitudinal cutting, wherein the first and second radiopaque portions (e.g., 104) are spaced laterally to provide a dual-line radiographic signature distinguishable from a single-line signature of otherwise similar bandages.

[0088] Feature 49: The bandage of feature 48 wherein the spacing between the first and second radiopaque portions (e.g., 104) is in a range from 2 mm to 15 mm, optionally from 3 mm to 10 mm, optionally from 4 mm to 8 mm, or about 5 mm to about 6 mm.

[0089] Feature 50: The bandage of feature 48 further comprising a colored tracer yarn positioned laterally outward of at least one radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) to facilitate visual orientation prior to use.

[0090] Feature 51 : The bandage of feature 48 wherein the first and second radiopaque portions (e.g., 104) each comprise a radiopaque yarn according to feature 33.

[0091] Feature 52: The bandage of feature 48 wherein only one of the cut ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) is serged and the other is raw to provide differential tactile orientation.

[0092] Feature 53: A computer-assisted verification system comprising: an imaging device configured to obtain a radiographic image of at least one bandage according to feature 1 ; a processor configured to execute instructions to identify a continuous radiopaque linecorresponding to the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104); and an output interface configured to present a confirmation signal when the identified line satisfies a continuity criterion.

[0093] Feature 54: The system of feature 53 wherein the instructions comprise edge enhancement filtering followed by pattern recognition distinguishing dual-line signatures of bandages according to feature 48 from single-line signatures of bandages according to feature 1.

[0094] Feature 55: The system of feature 53 wherein the continuity criterion is satisfied when pixel intensity along a detected path remains above a threshold in at least 95% of sampled segments.

[0095] Feature 56: The system of feature 53 wherein the processor computes an interruption metric and stores the metric with a time stamp and operator identifier for audit tracking.

[0096] Feature 57: The bandage of feature 1 or the bandage of feature 48 wherein the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) exhibits a grayscale intensity relative to adjacent textile in a ratio in a range from 1.5:1 to 6:1 , optionally from 2:1 to 4:1 , optionally from 2.2:1 to 3.0:1 , or about 2.5:1 to about 2.7:1 under an 85 kVp radiograph.

[0097] Feature 58: The bandage of feature 1 or the method of feature 12 wherein the rayon fiber (e.g., 114) comprises bamboo-sourced rayon exclusively.

[0098] Feature 59: The bandage of feature 1 or the method of feature 12 wherein the primary glass fiber (e.g., 112) has a filament diameter classification selected from B, C, D, DE, E, G, H, and K sizes.

[0099] Feature 60: The method of feature 23 or the bandage of feature 1 wherein the bandage displays an absorbent uptake time to 50% saturation in a range from 1 second to 30 seconds, optionally from 2 seconds to 15 seconds, optionally from 3 seconds to 8 seconds, or about 4 seconds to about 6 seconds.

[0100] Feature 61 : The kit of feature 41 or the computer-assisted verification system of feature 53 further comprising a data sheet stating weight density, gauge, and radiopaque filler loading ranges corresponding to the supplied bandages.

[0101] Feature 62: The bandage of feature 1 or the yarn of feature 33 wherein the radiopaque filler comprises surface modified barium sulfate coated with a silane coupling agent to improve dispersion indices below 1 .5 (Hunter value).

[0102] Feature 63: The method of feature 12 or the method of feature 43 further comprising applying machine vision inspection to evaluate loop integrity adjacent the first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) before individual bandage packaging.

[0103] Feature 64: The bandage of feature 48 or the bandage of feature 1 wherein at least one optional therapeutic additive selected from antimicrobial agents and hemostaticpolysaccharides is present on the rayon fiber (e.g., 114) without materially coating the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104).

[0104] Feature 65: The bandage of feature 1 or the method of feature 12 wherein edge curl of each long side edge (e.g., 106) after scouring is less than 5 mm lift from a planar surface after 10 minutes of equilibrated ambient exposure, optionally less than 3 mm, optionally less than 2 mm, or about 1 mm to about 1.5 mm.

[0105] These and other features and advantages will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description and a review of the associated drawings. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are explanatory only and are not restrictive of aspects as claimed.

[0106] Other implementations are also described and recited herein. These and other features and advantages will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description and a review of the associated drawings. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are explanatory only and are not restrictive of aspects as claimed.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0107] Solely for the purpose of illustration, certain embodiments of the present invention are explained using examples in the drawings described below. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements, dimensions, and configurations shown. In the drawings:

[0108] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a bandage.

[0109] FIGs. 2A-2D illustrate examples of processes of knitting bandages.

[0110] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a process of manufacturing a bandage.

[0111] FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating one non-limiting manufacturing sequence for producing radiographically traceable, differentially lofted bandage articles.

[0112] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a representative clinical method of employing a radiopaque bandage in managing a penetrating or cavitary hemorrhagic wound.

[0113] FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating an example quality assurance imageprocessing algorithm for verifying radiopaque tracer continuity.

[0114] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary terminal sterilization and lotrelease sequence.

[0115] FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary surface functionalization (chemical treatment) process for enhancing interfacial or antimicrobial properties.

[0116] FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary hemostatic additive integration process for loading particulate or encapsulated actives onto / into the textile substrate.

[0117] FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary shelf-life stabilization and packaging process conferring extended storage stability.

[0118] FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating a representative veterinary adaptation of the wound management method.

[0119] Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. Any feature, example, detail, or reference number can optionally be inter-combined with any other in the spirit of the invention, namely, to save lives.

[0120] Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. Reference numbers can be interchanged for various embodiments. It is also to be understood that the various exemplary implementations shown in the figures are merely illustrative representations and are not necessarily drawn to scale. All trademarks, images, likenesses, words, and depictions in the drawings and the disclosure are plainly in fair use and are provided solely for the purposes of illustration of the invention in view of an urgent need to treat subjects as further discussed in detail below.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0121] The subject innovation is now described in some instances, when necessary, with reference to the drawings. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It may be evident, however, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures, methods, and devices are shown in block diagram form or with illustrations in order to facilitate describing the present invention. It is to be appreciated that certain aspects, modes, embodiments, variations and features of the invention are described below in various levels of detail in order to provide a substantial understanding of the present invention.DEFINITIONS

[0122] For convenience, the meaning of some terms and phrases used in the specification, examples, and appended claims, are provided below. Unless stated otherwise, or implicit from context, the following terms and phrases include the meanings provided below. The definitions are provided to aid in describing particular embodiments, and are not intended to limit the claimed invention, because the scope of the invention is limited only by the claims. The technology can be used under any circumstances or in a surgery(MedlinePlus, medlineplus.gov / ). Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. If there is an apparent discrepancy between the usage of a term in the art and its definition provided herein, the definition provided within the specification shall prevail. In general, typical chemical terminology is found in the International Union of Pure andApplied Chemistry GoldBook(IUPAC Gold Book, goldbook.iupac.org). This disclosure is purposefully presented in commonly understood words, known to a person of skill in the art, but Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary is used, when appropriate, for terms not specifically demonstrated herein or not known in the art(Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, merriam- webster.com / ).

[0123] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. For example, reference to "a cell" includes a combination of two or more cells, and the like.

[0124] As used herein, the term "approximately" or "about" in reference to a value or parameter are generally taken to include numbers that fall within a range of 5%, 10%, 1 (Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine)%, or 20% in either direction (greater than or less than) of the number unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would be less than 0% or exceed 100% of a possible value). As used herein, reference to "approximately" or "about" a value or parameter includes (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter. For example, description referring to "about X" includes description of "X". Where a range is preceded by 'about', each endpoint is deemed modified by 'about' unless context clearly indicates otherwise, and all intervening sub-ranges are individually disclosed.

[0125] As used herein, the term “or” means “and / or.” The term "and / or" as used in a phrase such as "A and / or B" herein is intended to include both A and B; A or B; A (alone); and B (alone). Likewise, the term "and / or" as used in a phrase such as "A, B, and / or C" is intended to encompass each of the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).

[0126] As used herein, the term "comprising" means that other elements can also be present in addition to the defined elements presented. The use of "comprising" indicates inclusion rather than limitation. The term “including” can be interchanged with “comprising”.

[0127] The term "consisting of" refers to compositions, methods, and respective components thereof as described herein, which are exclusive of any element not recited in that description of the embodiment.

[0128] Consisting essentially of: The phrase permits inclusion of additional, unrecited components or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the embodiment (e.g., rapid hemostasis, mechanical integrity, radiopacity, controlled capillary wicking, low fray selvage integrity). A material effect can be evidenced by statistically significant degradation outside predefined acceptance criteria (e.g., clot initiation time, tensile retention, radiographic contrast ratio) relative to a control embodiment. Permissible incidental materials include residual surfactants <0.1 wt%, stabilizers, or processing aids that leave suchperformance metrics unchanged. Additions that alter any core performance metric beyond acceptance thresholds place a composition outside this scope.

[0129] The term "statistically significant" or "significantly" refers to statistical significance and generally means a two-standard deviation (2SD) or greater difference. Unless otherwise specified, p<0.05 or a difference >2 standard deviations from a control mean constitutes statistical significance.

[0130] As used herein, the term "subject" refers to a mammal, including but not limited to a dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, sheep, goat, rodent, or primate. Subjects can be house pets (e.g., dogs, cats), agricultural stock animals (e.g., cows, horses, pigs, chickens, etc.), laboratory animals (e.g., mice, rats, rabbits, etc.), but are not so limited. Subjects particularly include human subjects in urgent treatment as described herein. The human subject may be a pediatric, adult, or a geriatric subject. The human subject may be of any sex.

[0131] The term “treating” includes prophylactic and / or therapeutic treatments. The term “prophylactic or therapeutic” treatment is art-recognized and includes administration to the host of one or more of the subject compositions and / or application of one or more therapies or surgeries. If this is done prior to clinical manifestation.

[0132] As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treatment,” “treating,” or “amelioration” when used in reference to a disease, disorder, or medical condition, refer to therapeutic treatments for a condition, wherein the object is to reverse, alleviate, ameliorate, inhibit, slow down or stop the progression or severity of a symptom or condition.

[0133] The terms: “decrease”, “reduced”, “reduction”, or “inhibit” are all used herein to mean a decrease by a statistically significant amount.

[0134] The terms “increased”, “increase”, “enhance”, or “activate” are all used herein to mean an increase by a statically significant amount.

[0135] As used herein, an agent or a therapeutic agent provided to a subject and suspected to be or involved in a treatment can be a small molecule less than 1000 MW or a large molecule not less than 1000 MW including biologies, oligonucleotides, peptides, oligosaccharides, and larger molecules.

[0136] A subject can be one who has been previously diagnosed with or identified as suffering from or having a condition in need of treatment.

[0137] As discussed above, unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present application shall have the meanings that are commonly understood.

[0138] In the embodiments discussed and in any of the aspects, the disclosure described herein does not concern a process for cloning human beings.

[0139] Effective amount: A quantity sufficient to achieve a desired biological or mechanical result (e.g., hemostasis within a target window, maintenance of absorbency) without undue adverse effect; varies with wound size, bleeding rate, and patient status.

[0140] Hemostatic textile: A fibrous knit or woven construct engineered to accelerate coagulation and / or stabilize a clot via surface activation, fluid absorption concentrating clotting factors, and mechanical tamponade.

[0141] Radiopaque stripe: A continuous or substantially continuous longitudinal region containing radiopaque material providing X-ray / fluoroscopic visibility for post-procedure accounting.

[0142] Wicking rate: Volumetric transport of fluid through or along the textile per unit area per unit time under standardized test geometry (e.g., vertical strip).

[0143] Edge curl: Upward deviation of an as-knit selvage edge from a planar surface after conditioning; a dimensional stability indicator.

[0144] Differential shrinkage: Relative contraction among constituent fibers during wet processing producing loop loft and pore architecture changes that can enhance capillary uptake.

[0145] Radiographic continuity metric: Quantitative measure (e.g., percent contiguous high-intensity pixels along a detected path) used in QA imaging to verify stripe integrity.

[0146] Liquor ratio: Process bath volume to dry textile mass ratio during scouring (e.g., 20:1-30:1).

[0147] Selvage edge: The finished longitudinal boundary produced inherently on the knitting machine comprising closed loop terminations resisting fray.

[0148] Mechanical compliance: Low effective modulus enabling conformal packing into irregular wound cavities without excessive localized pressure.

[0149] Capillary pathway: Interconnected loop and inter-fiber channels facilitating multidirectional fluid wicking.

[0150] Basic and novel characteristics: For purposes of 'consisting essentially of', the distinguishing functional attributes (continuous radiopacity, dual-fiber wicking synergy, low fray edges, rapid hemostatic action).

[0151] Means-plus-function disclaimer: No claim element is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. 112(f) absent express recitation of 'means for' or 'step for' followed by a functional statement.

[0152] e.g.: As used herein (including throughout the claims), this Latin abbreviation for*exempli gratia* introduces non-limiting examples presented solely to illustrate representative embodiments, optional features, materials, parameters, ranges, process steps, functional relationships, or use scenarios. Each instance of e.g. shall be construed as expressly non-restrictive and shall not be interpreted as narrowing, disclaiming, or excluding unrecitedalternatives, equivalents, sub-ranges, or additional species that a person of ordinary skill in the art would recognize as reasonably pertinent to the stated genus or concept. The inclusion of illustrative matter following e.g. does not invoke prosecution disclaimer, estoppel, or an election of species, and does not limit any open or transitional claim terminology (such as “comprising,” “including,” or “consisting essentially of”). The absence of an example after e.g. shall likewise not imply the essentiality of any recited example elsewhere. Where a list of examples follows e.g., the list is exemplary and not exhaustive; additional unlisted variants remain within the contemplated scope unless expressly excluded. No inference should be drawn that examples linked by e.g. are mutually exclusive or that any particular sequence, proportion, or sub-combination is required unless affirmatively stated.

[0153] Other terms are defined herein within the description of the various aspects of the invention.KNIT BANDAGES

[0154] According to some more detailed aspects, now turning attention to the Figures, FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a bandage 100. Opposite ends 108a and 108b define the transverse, short edges (ends 108a, 108b) of bandage 100. These ends are formed by cutting a continuous knit panel along transverse cut lines 253 that create short edges 258 which, upon individualization, correspond to finished ends 108a, 108b. In contrast, the opposite long side edges 106 are as-knit selvage edges derived from continuous edges 254 and resist unraveling. Unless indicated otherwise, any reference in this description to short edges 258 of a separated bandage refers to ends 108a, 108b in the finished article.

[0155] The bandage includes first portions 102 composed of a knit structure of one or more primary fibers 112 and one or more secondary fibers 114. For example, the primary fibers 112 can be glass fibers, and the secondary fibers 114 can be rayon fibers such as bamboo-sourced rayon fibers. Further details on the fibers 112, 114 are provided below.

[0156] In this example, the first portions 102 are joined by a second portion 104 composed of radiopaque fibers having a knit structure. The radiopaque fibers are visible in x-ray images and can be used for detection and removal of the bandage 100 after administration to a wound. The radiopaque fibers can have a higher reflectivity (e.g., to visible light and / or x-rays) compared to the fibers 112, 114 of the first portions 102. The radiopaque fibers can be composed at least partially of a radiopaque material such as barium sulfate. For example, the radiopaque fibers can include a blend of polypropylene and barium sulfate. However, the material(s) of the radiopaque fibers of the second portion 104 are not limited to those materials.

[0157] In the example of FIG. 1 , the first portions 102 are connected by the second portion 104 in-between the first portions 102, and the second portion 104 is limited to radiopaquefibers. However, the bandages described herein are not limited to this arrangement. For example, in some implementations, one or more radiopaque fibers are included in same portion(s) of the bandage as the knit structure having the primary fibers 112 and the secondary fibers 114, e.g., as in addition to or instead of being only in separate portions. As another example, in some implementations, the bandage includes multiple portions composed of the radiopaque fibers. For example, an edge portion and a laterally- internal portion of the bandage can be composed, wholly or partially, of radiopaque fibers. As another example, in some implementations, the bandage does not include radiopaque fibers. For example, the bandage can be entirely composed of the knit structure having the primary fibers 112 and the secondary fibers 114.

[0158] In some implementations, the primary fibers 112 are glass fibers, e.g., a continuous glass fiber. The glass fiber can be a fiberglass prepared by extrusion or electrospinning processes. In some implementations, the glass fiber has fiber diameters from 5 nanometers to 15 microns. Types of glass contemplated for use in the knit bandages provided herein include but are not limited to alumino-borosilicate glasses with low sodium oxide content, borosilicate glass, lead glass, aluminosilicate, alkali-barium silicate, vitreous silica, chalcogenide glass, phosphate glass, and bioactive glass sold under the trade name "BIOGLASS" (trademarked by University of Florida for the 45S5 composition). The dimensions of the glass fiber component may be described by conventional nomenclature, including the following designations: B (3.5 micron diameter); C (4.5 micron diameter); D (5 micron diameter); DE (6 micron diameter); E (7 micron diameter); G (9 micron diameter); H (10 micron diameter); or K (13 micron diameter). In addition, the strand count of the glass fiber component can range from 900 to 37. The grade of the glass fiber may be any of electrical grade ("E"), chemical grade ("C"), or high strength ("S"), and the filaments may be in any arrangement, for example continuous, staple, or textured. Fiberglass material is available commercially from various suppliers such as Owens Corning, and is available commercially as Grades G75, E- grade fiberglass, and the like, using the designations described above.

[0159] In some implementations, the secondary fibers 114 are rayon fibers, e.g., a continuous rayon fiber. Rayon fibers used in the knit bandages provided herein can impart absorbency, softness, and additional hemostatic activity to the bandage. Moreover, in some implementations, use of rayon fibers also aids in incorporating hemostatic factors to the bandage 100. In some implementations, the rayon fibers can include bamboo rayon, for example, can be 100% bamboo-source rayon. In some implementations, the rayon is derived from bamboo, cotton, rayon, linen, ramie, jute, sisal, flax, soybean, corn, hemp, lyocel, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, one or more of the following fibers can be used instead or along with the rayon fibers: silk fibers; polyester fibers; nylon fibers; ceramic fibers; non-rayon polysaccharide fibers; animal fibers such as wool; lactide and / or glycolidepolymers; lactide / glycolide copolymers; silicate fibers; polyamide fibers; feldspar fibers; zeolite fibers, zeolite-containing fibers; acetate fibers; and / or plant fibers that have been genetically engineered to express mammalian coagulation proteins or mammalian vasoactive factors. The rayon fibers may be prepared using conventional methods, including ring, open end (OE), rotor, or air jet spinning, and may have counts ranging from 1 / 1 to 100 / 1 Ne.

[0160] The knit bandage 100 can be knit using a variety of arrangements. In some implementations, each bandage 100, or each portion of a bandage 100 including the one or more primary fibers 112 and one or more secondary fibers 114 (e.g., each first portion 102), can include a continuous length of one glass fiber and one rayon fiber. In some cases, each row of the knit can include at least a portion of a glass fiber and at least a portion of a rayon fiber. Referring to FIG. 1 , each row of the knit can include a primary fiber 112 (e.g., a glass fiber) and a secondary fiber 114 (e.g., a rayon fiber). As shown in FIG. 1 , the glass fiber and the rayon fiber can alternate between a front and rear position with each subsequent stitch. In some cases, the glass fiber is stitched to the rayon fibers of the adjacent rows. In some cases, the glass fiber is stitched to glass fiber of the adjacent rows and the rayon fiber is stitched to rayon fiber of the adjacent rows. In some cases, the rows of each bandage are formed by folding the glass fiber and the rayon fiber back and forth for each row. In some implementations, the stitch configuration can be a stitch configuration described in U.S. Application No. 14 / 057,192 (Patent No. 11 ,051 ,986), the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0161] The knit bandage 100 can have between 10 and 30 stitches per inch, which is sometimes referred to as the gauge of the knit. In knitting, the word gauge is used to refer to the number of stitches per inch. In machine knitting, gauge can be determined by counting the number of needles on a knitting machine bed over several inches then dividing by the number of inches in the width of the sample. In some cases, the gauge of the knit bandage 100 (as output by the knitting machine) is about 20 stitches per inch. In some cases, the knit bandage can have between 10 and 15 stitches per inch. In some cases, the gauge of the knit bandage is about 12 stitches per inch. The gauge of the knit bandage can depend on the pattern of stitches in the fabric, the thickness of the fibers, and the tension.

[0162] In some implementations, the primary fibers 112 make up a higher weight composition of the bandage 100 than do the secondary fibers 114. For example, considering only the fibers 112, 114 (e.g., excluding radiopaque fibers), the primary fibers 112 can make up about 60 wt% of the bandage 100, and the secondary fibers 114 can make up about 40 wt% of the bandage 100. In some implementations, the radiopaque fibers make up 20 wt% of the bandage 100. For example, the bandage 100 can have a composition of 20 wt% radiopaque fibers, 50 wt% primary fibers 112, and 30 wt% secondary fibers 114. However, other compositions are also within the scope of this disclosure.

[0163] In some implementations, particular manufacturing methods, cleaning methods, and / or compositions of the bandage 100 can provide improved characteristics of the bandage 100. For example, some manufacturing methods can provide improved bandage characteristics and facilitate bandage compositions / structures that can further provide improved bandage characteristics.

[0164] FIGs. 2A-2B illustrate, for comparative purposes, a process of manufacturing bandages 200. In this case, the bandages 200 are manufactured using a conventional “wide” V-bed flat knitting machine 202. A V-bed flat knitting machine includes a pair of needle beds angled towards one another in an inverted “V” shape. Fibers are provided in-between the needle beds, and needles (e.g., double-headed latch needles) in the needle beds stitch the fibers into a fabric. V-bed flat knitting machines can be characterized at least based on their number of needles, which may correspond to a knitting width of the knitting machine. For example, the conventional, wide V-bed flat knitting machine 202 may have, in each bed, at least 500 needles, e.g., 800-900 needles, arranged in lines along a width direction 208 (e.g., see FIG. 2A). For example, the wide V-bed flat knitting machine 202 may have a knitting width 214 in the width direction 208 of several feet, e.g., 48 inches or 60 inches. In some implementations, the knitting width 214 is at least 24 inches. The width 214 of the knitting machine 202 can be a width of fabric produced by the needle beds of the knitting machine 202, e.g., a width of the lines of needles of the needle beds.

[0165] Fabric 201 is knit out by the knitting machine 202 and fed out in a direction 210, e.g., perpendicular to the width direction 208. The fabric 201 has a width matching the knitting width 214 of the knitting machine 202. For example, the fabric may have a width in the width direction 208 of at least 24 inches, e.g., 48 inches or 60 inches. As shown in FIG. 2B, the fabric 201 output from the knitting machine 202 can be separated along its width using yarn that is pulled out or dissolves. A separator yarn 206 connecting adjacent bandages 200 defined by the separation can be cut to obtain fully separate, individual bandages 200. Each bandage 200 can have a length 216, in a length direction 212 (e.g., perpendicular to the width direction 208 and parallel to the direction 210 in which the fabric 201 is fed out of the knitting machine 202) of several inches, e.g., between two and eight inches, such as three inches. The length 216 can be defined by operation of the knitting machine 202.

[0166] The resulting bandages 200 have long edges 204 extending along the width direction 208. The long edges 204 are longer than short edges (ends 108a, 108b) 218 having the length 216. Based on use of the conventional, wide V-bed flat knitting machine 202 and the foregoing manufacturing process, the long edges 204 may be “raw,” e.g., having open stitches that are prone to unraveling. The long edges 204 are not as-knit edges but, rather, are formed by separating the fabric 201 into separate bandages 200, as noted above. Edges 205 opposite the long edges 204 may be “clean” or finished edges that are less prone tounraveling. In some cases, the long edges 204 may be serged (e.g., using additional primary and / or secondary fiber to sew a fold in the fabric) to reduce unraveling at the long edges 204. However, even after serging, the bandages 200 may still unravel at their long edges 204. Moreover, in some cases, the length of the long edges 204 may make serging impractical, such that the long edges 204 remain raw. In the context of medical treatment, unraveling bandages can result in wound infection and / or other negative health effects. Further, in some cases, serging and / or raw edges may reduce the stretchability of the bandages 200, in one or in multiple directions. Serging also adds further complexity and cost to the manufacturing process.

[0167] As shown in FIGs. 2C-2D, in some implementations, bandages 100 are knit using a “narrow” V-bed flat knitting machine 250. The narrow V-bed flat knitting machine 250 produces fabric 251 and bandages 100, output in a direction 210, having a smaller width 260, in the width direction 208 perpendicular to the direction 210, than does the wide V-bed flat knitting machine 202. For example, in some implementations, the narrow V-bed flat knitting machine 250 has fewer needles than the wide V-bed flat knitting machine 202. For example, in some implementations, the narrow V-bed flat knitting machine 250 has fewer than 200 needles in each bed, e.g., fewer than 150 needles, such as 100-115 needles. Correspondingly, in the width direction 208, the fabric 251 and the bandages 100 can have fewer than 200 stitches, e.g., fewer than 150 stitches, such as 100-115 stitches. These needle and stitch counts have been found to provide bandages with useful dimensions and edge characteristics. The width 260 can be a knitting width of the narrow V-bed flat knitting machine 250, e.g., a width of the lines of needles of the needle beds of the narrow V-bed flat knitting machine 250.

[0168] The fabric 251 , which can be knit “continuously” (e.g., without requiring modification to the knitting to define separate bandages), can be cut (e.g., along cut 253 shown in FIG. 2C) to obtain individual, separated bandages 100, as shown in FIG. 2D. The cut 253 can be along the width direction 208. The cut 253 can intersect opposite long edges 254 of the fabric 251 , the long edges 254 being formed during knitting as clean edges, e.g., with closed stitches. Accordingly, the long edges 254 are retained as long edges 254 of the bandages 100. The cuts can be made before or after scouring and / or any other further processing, as discussed with respect to FIG. 3. The cut 253 defines short edges (ends 108a, 108b) 258 of the bandages 100.

[0169] Based on the use of the narrow V-bed flat knitting machine 250, in some implementations, the bandages 100 have long edges 254 having a length 256 of at least 24 inches, e.g., 48 inches or 60 inches. The length 256 can be defined in a length direction 212 perpendicular to the width direction 208 and parallel to the direction 210 in which the bandages 100 are output from the knitting machine 202. In some implementations, the bandages 100have short edges (ends 108a, 108b) 258, intersecting the long edges 254 and defined by the cut 253 (e.g., extending along the width direction 208), with a width 260 of eight inches or less, e.g., in a range from two inches to eight inches, such as three inches. The foregoing dimensions can be applied to the fabric 251 or the bandages 100 as knit by the knitting machine 250, or to the fabric 251 or the bandages 100 after further processing, such as scouring.

[0170] As noted above, the bandages 100 can be defined / formed (e.g. , from a larger fabric 251 from which multiple bandages are formed) by cuts to form the short edges (ends 108a, 108b) 258, the cuts intersecting each of the opposite long edges 254. Accordingly, the opposite long edges 254 can be opposite long edges of the fabric 251 as knit by the knitting machine 250 and can also be retained as long edges of each bandage 100, such that the long edges 254 of each bandage 100 have clean, closed stitches that are resistant to unraveling. By contrast, the long edges 204 of the bandages 200 are, based on their method of manufacture, raw edges with open stitches or serged edges, associated with increased probability of unraveling and / or increased cost and manufacturing complexity.

[0171] The use of a narrow V-bed flat knitting machine to knit the bandages 100 is unconventional. While narrow V-bed flat knitting machines have previously been used for striping and other detailing that is top-stitched onto apparel, narrow V-bed flat knitting machines have not been applied to knitting bandages. For purposes of this disclosure, it has been recognized that the use of narrow V-bed flat knitting machines, such as the knitting machine 250, for knitting the bandages 100 can provide various advantages.

[0172] For example, contrary to the case of the bandages 200, the bandages 100 have long edges 254 knit by the knitting machine 250 and corresponding to the long edges 254 of the fabric 251 oriented perpendicular to the width direction 208 defined by the knitting machine 250 (e.g., a direction of extension of rows of needles of the knitting machine 250). The long edges 254 are oriented parallel to the direction 210 in which the fabric 251 is output by the knitting machine 250. Accordingly, the long edges 254 are “clean” edges that need not be further processed (e.g., by serging) to avoid unraveling. The clean edges have closed stitches. In some implementations, a short edge 258 is raw or serged; however, because this rawness or serging is present on a short edge 258 as opposed to a long edge 254, the possible negative effects of the rawness or serging (e.g., propensity to unravel, reduced stretchability, and / or increased production complexity / cost associated with serging) are, in some implementations, significantly less than for the bandage 200. Further, in some implementations, because the short edge 258, rather than the long edge 254, is in a raw form when output from the knitting machine 250, it may be practical to serge the short edge 258 to reduce or prevent unraveling, e.g., in cases where it may be impractical to serge a long edge. In addition, in someimplementations, the long edges 254 have a more attractive, finished appearance compared to the appearance of the long edges 204.

[0173] Further, in some cases, the bandages 200 manufactured using the conventional, wide V-bed flat knitting machine 202 may have significant stretch in the length direction 212, but little or no stretch in the width direction 208. However, multi-axis stretching may allow bandages to better pack wounds. For example, a bandage may be stretched onto the end of a finger, and the finger can be inserted into the wound to pack the wound. When this or a similar technique is used to pack a wound, high stretchability in multiple directions can allow the bandage to better fill voids. In some implementations, the bandages 100 can exhibit high stretchability in multiple directions, e.g., based on the use of the narrow V-bed flat knitting machine 250 and the corresponding clean long edges 254 of the bandages 100.

[0174] For example, in some implementations, the bandages 100 have a Young’s modulus of elasticity of less than 10 MPa (e.g., less than 5 MPa, less than 1 MPa, less than 0.5 MPa, less than 0.2 MPa, or less than 0.1 MPa), both along a direction parallel to the long edges 254 and a direction parallel to the short edges (ends 108a, 108b) 258. For example, the Young’s modulus of elasticity of the bandages 100 can be between 10 MPa and 0.01 MPa, between 1 MPa and 0.05 MPa, or between 0.2 and 0.1 MPa, along both of the directions. For any of the foregoing ranges, in some implementations, the lower limit of the Young’s modulus range can be 0.01 MPa or 0.05 MPa. These Young’s moduli in both directions may not be achievable using a wide V-bed flat knitting machine, as discussed in further detail below with respect to FIG. 3.

[0175] In some implementations, one or more aspects of the bandages are configured specifically for use in treating penetrating trauma in a confined space, such as gunshot, shrapnel, and stabbing wounds. In this context, for purposes of this disclosure, it has been recognized that bandages with higher stretchability and lighter weight may be preferable to heavier bandages. For example, in some implementations, the bandages discussed herein, such as bandages 100, can have a weight density in a range from 250 to 375 gsm (grams per square meter). In some implementations, the bandages have an as-stitched weight density in a range from 250 gsm to 310 gsm, e.g., in a range from 275 gsm to 300 gsm. In some implementations, the bandages have a processed weight density (e.g., a weight density after knitting, scouring, and drying) in a range from 300 gsm to 375 gsm, e.g., in a range from 325 gsm to 350 gsm. In some cases, the foregoing weight densities - which may be smaller than weight densities of conventional bandages - have unexpectedly been found to facilitate higher amounts of knit bandage material packed into wounds, e.g., because these weight densities have been found to be compatible with bandage flexibility and thickness (relatively low thickness) that permits better wound-packing.

[0176] In some implementations, a target weight density of a bandage, such as theforegoing weight densities, can be obtained based on the use of particular dimensions and / or numbers of fibers used in knitting the bandages. For example, in some implementations, the primary fibers 112 are a single end fiberglass yarn. In some implementations, the primary fibers 112 are narrow fiberglass yarn, e.g., a single end of fiberglass yarn having a diameter of six microns. Further, in some implementations, the secondary fibers 114 are a single end rayon yarn, e.g., a 30 / 1 (30 singles) 100% bamboo-sourced rayon yarn. Using these fibers, in some implementations, the bandages 100 can includes 50% less rayon and 50% less fiberglass, per stitch, than conventional bandages. In some implementations, the use of single end and narrow yarns for the primary fibers 112 and the secondary fibers 114 is facilitated by (i) the use of a narrow V-bed flat knitting as discussed with respect to FIGs. 2C-2D (e.g. , where use of conventional wide V-bed flat knitting machines may require two or more ends of yarn and / or thicker yarn), and / or (ii) the target low weight densities of the bandages 100 (e.g., where higher-weight-density bandages that may be conventionally viewed as more desirable may use two or more ends of yarn and / or thicker yarn).

[0177] In some implementations, the use of a narrow V-bed flat knitting machine can provide advantages for overall bandage construction. In a conventional wide V-bed flat knitting machine such as the knitting machine 202, a single fiber or set of fibers is knit uniformly along the width direction 208 across the entire width of fabric; the type(s) of fiber included in the knit may be varied only along the length direction 212. By contrast, in some implementations, a narrow V-bed flat knitting machine, such as the knitting machine 250, can vary the fiber(s) used along the width direction 208. Accordingly, for example, each bandage 100 can include the second portion 104 composed of or including radiopaque fibers, abutted on either side (along the width direction 208) by first portions 102 that do not include radiopaque fibers. The first portions 102 and second portion 104 can be connected by crossover stitches. In addition, in some implementations, manufacturing using the narrow V-bed flat knitting machine can permit knitting of continuous vertical stripes, such as the second portion 104; a conventional wide V-bed flat knitting machine may not be able to knit continuous vertical stripes.

[0178] In some implementations, after knitting by a knitting machine, the bandages 100 can be further processed. For example, in some implementations, the bandages 100 are scoured (cleaned). FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a process 300 that can be used to manufacture the bandages 100, including post-knitting processing.

[0179] As shown in FIG. 3, the process 300 including knitting bandages (302), for example, knitting fabric of bandages 100 using a narrow flat V-bed knitting machine 250 as described with respect to FIGs. 2C-2D. In some implementations, the bandages are separated from one another (e.g., by cutting along a width of the fabric 251 as described with respect to FIGs. 2C-2D) at this point in the process 300, e.g., before scouring. In some implementations,the bandages are separated from one another later in the process 300, e.g., as described with respect to operation 308.

[0180] The bandages are scoured (304) e.g., to clean the bandages, break down undesired components of the bandages, and / or shrink the bandages to promote elasticity.

[0181] After scouring, the bandages are dried (306). The drying process can cause shrinkage of the secondary fibers of the bandages (de-sizing), resulting in the formation and protrusion of loops of the primary fibers, in some cases improving hemostatic properties of the bandages. Further, as noted above, the de-sizing can result in improved stretchability of the bandages, providing improved wound-packing.

[0182] After drying, if separation has not already been performed (e.g., prior to scouring), the bandages are separated from one another to form entirely separate bandages, e.g., by cutting along short directions of the knit fabric 251 / 402 to form short edges (ends 108a, 108b) 258 (308). The scoured, separated bandages can then be packaged for shipping / use.

[0183] While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any invention or on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially be claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

[0184] Particular embodiments of the subject matter have been described. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following

[0185] Manufacturing Optimization. Process parameters (needle selection pattern, yarn feed tension profiles, take-up speed modulation, knockover timing, lubrication regime) can be iteratively tuned using design-of-experiments (DOE) methods to maintain stitch uniformity across long edges 106 while minimizing filament abrasion. Such tuning remains routine and does not alter structural relationships among portions 102, 104 and ends 108a, 108b.

[0186] Radiopaque Stripe Alternatives. Radiopaque portion 104 may be realized by (i) a fully integrated knit yarn containing radiopaque filler dispersed within a thermoplastic matrix; (ii) an inlaid filament carried intermittently by selected needles to reduce material usage; (iii) a narrow warp-inserted tape stabilized by chain stitches; or (iv) a post-knit applied filament secured by low-profile stitching. Each maintains continuous longitudinal detectability between ends 108a, 108b.

[0187] Radiopaque Material Loading. Filler loading in a composite radiopaque yarn may be selected to achieve predetermined grayscale values under standard radiographic energies (e.g., 60-120 kVp) while preserving tensile flexibility above a defined minimum (e.g., >5% elongation at break) to avoid creating hinge lines within the fabric matrix.

[0188] Material Balance. Relative mass fractions of primary fibers 112 and secondary fibers 114 can be balanced so the areal basis weight distribution across width is substantially uniform (e.g., ±5%) limiting curling at edges 106 and differential shrinkage that could distort portion 104 alignment.

[0189] Edge Finishing Modalities. Ends 108a, 108b may remain raw; or receive overlock / serge stitching, thermal fusion (when thermoplastic constituents are present), ultrasonic consolidation, or application of a thin elastomeric microfilm. Selection considers fray resistance, fluid uptake at the terminus, particulate generation, and unit cost.

[0190] Dimensional Stability Control. Controlled scouring and staged drying induce partial relaxation of rayon secondary fibers 114 producing lofted micro-loops of glass primary fibers 112 that enlarge pore volume and capillary pathways enhancing wicking without materially degrading tensile integrity.

[0191] Elastic and Conformability Mechanisms. Multi-directional stretch arises from loop geometry asymmetry, yarn modulus differentials, and the reversible flattening of lofted glass- supported rayon loops under compression. This promotes conformance to irregular wound cavities during packing maneuvers.

[0192] Absorbency Dynamics. Absorbency can be parsed into initial sorption rate, saturation capacity, and retention under compression (simulating in-situ pressure). Loop loft heterogeneity produced during finishing exerts a capillary gradient drawing fluid longitudinally along and between portions 102 and through portion 104 without occlusion.

[0193] Radiographic Contrast Strategy. To reduce risk of partial bandage retention, continuous extension of portion 104 between ends 108a, 108b yields a one-dimensional high- contrast line whose absence or truncation is detectable when reconciling imaging with surgical counts.

[0194] Sterilization Compatibility. Construction accommodates steam, ethylene oxide, or low-temperature plasma sterilization cycles provided radiopaque filler and binder polymer maintain dispersion, avoiding brittleness or filler agglomeration that could shed particulates.

[0195] Quality Assurance. Automated machine vision can inspect (i) presence continuity of portion 104, (ii) width tolerance of the panel prior to cutting, (iii) loop integrity adjacent ends 108a, 108b, and (iv) surface defect metrics (snags, ladders) triggering rejection.

[0196] Packaging Strategies. Bandages 100 may be fan-folded or wound on low-memory cores with radiopaque portion 104 oriented centrally to reduce edge compression; barrier pouches with moisture scavengers preserve fiber properties prior to use.

[0197] Handling Advantages. Closed as-knit long edges 106 reduce lint and filament shedding compared to longitudinally cut edges, potentially lowering bioburden introduction risk during packing in deep or narrow wound tracts.

[0198] Comparative Efficiency. Narrow-width knitting eliminating extensive longitudinal serging can decrease labor and thread consumption per unit length, supporting cost-effective scalability.

[0199] Mechanical Performance. Representative mechanical metrics include strip tensile strength, elongation, tear resistance, and bending stiffness. Adjusting stitch density or tension allows tuning these properties while retaining fundamental architecture claimed.

[0200] Moisture Management. Rayon secondary fibers 114 contribute moisture regain and wicking, while glass primary fibers 112 stabilize structural dimension, forming composite capillary networks that distribute exudate and hemostatic agents.

[0201] Shrinkage Calibration. Overfeed differentials may offset anticipated shrinkage during scouring so final width between ends 108a, 108b meets specification, reducing lot-to- lot variability.

[0202] Edge Curl Mitigation. Balanced stitch architecture across width reduces edge 106 rolling, enabling the bandage to lay flat on tissue surfaces, improving visualization and placement accuracy.

[0203] Optional Therapeutic Additives. Coatings or impregnations (e.g., hemostatic polysaccharides, antimicrobial agents) may be applied to secondary fibers 114 or throughout portion 104 provided they do not mask radiographic signature.

[0204] Environmental Considerations. Selection of fiber chemistries can consider disposal modalities including incineration or regulated medical waste handling while ensuring radiopaque constituents remain detectable through intended use.

[0205] Traceability Features. Optional colored tracer yarns flanking portion 104 can provide rapid visual confirmation of orientation; tracers are independent of radiographic detection and may be omitted without functional loss.

[0206] Herein, non-limiting examples of independent claims may emphasize: (i) pair of asknit, closed long edges 106 extending between cut ends 108a, 108b; (ii) continuous radiopaque portion 104 extending longitudinally substantially the full distance between the ends; (iii) knit first portions 102 comprising glass and rayon fibers; optionally (iv) specified weight density or modulus ranges.

[0207] Performance Advantage Framing. Narrative support can state that forming selvage long edges 106 inherently reduces fray potential relative to constructions requiring longitudinal serging, preserving elasticity and reducing fiber debris.

[0208] Alternate Radiopaque Geometries. Multiple parallel radiopaque stripes, or a central stripe plus lateral tracer segments, may substitute while retaining continuous detectability between ends 108a, 108b.

[0209] End Finishing Selectivity. Finishing only one end (e.g., 108a) can leave the opposite end 108b more open for initial fluid ingress or packing lead-in while still providing a robust gripping terminus.

[0210] Handling During Packing. Clinicians can grasp a finished end 108a to guide insertion of the opposite end 108b into a wound, leveraging differential tactile feedback between finished and raw edges to orient placement without full visual access.

[0211] Regulatory Alignment. Detailed disclosure of fiber types, radiopaque constituents, and finishing methods can support regulatory submissions while claim language remains directed to core structural relationships rather than specific processing brands.

[0212] Scalability. Parallel deployment of multiple narrow knitting machines enables linear scaling of output while maintaining consistent selvage edge quality and radiopaque stripe continuity.

[0213] Process Robustness. Loop architecture tolerates supply variations such as minor deviations in filament diameter or moisture content, maintaining key mechanical and absorbency properties within specification.

[0214] Performance Testing. Validation can include tensile tests, absorbency under standardized pressure, radiographic contrast imaging, and fray resistance assessments after repeated flex cycles.

[0215] Embodiment Interoperability. Optional features, details, examples, aspects, embodiment and any wording herein can be combined except where expressly incompatible; absence of any optional feature does not depart from the broad inventive concept as claimed.

[0216] Radiopaque Filler Selection and Polymer Matrix Engineering. The radiopaque portion 104 can employ thermoplastic carrier polymers (e.g. , polypropylene) compounded with inorganic radiopacifiers such as barium sulfate, bismuth subcarbonate, bismuth oxychloride, or tungsten powder to achieve sufficient X-ray attenuation while preserving filament flexibility. Filler volume fraction is balanced to exceed a minimum grayscale contrast threshold under standard radiographic energies without embrittling the tracer filament; surface-treated barium sulfate can improve dispersion and reduce viscosity increase during melt processing.

[0217] Composite Yarn Microstructure. When a radiopaque masterbatch pellet is melt-spun into a monofilament or multi-filament tracer, particle size distribution (e.g., sub- 10 pm median for barium sulfate) promotes uniform attenuation and reduces stress concentration points. Controlled draw ratios maintain tensile elongation needed to conform with adjacent absorbent stitches so that portion 104 does not introduce a rigid hinge that could kink during packing maneuvers between ends 108a, 108b.

[0218] Mechanism of Hemostatic Synergy Between Glass and Rayon Fibers. Continuous filament glass {e.g. , E-glass) presents a moderately rough, bioinert surface capable of initiating platelet activation by providing a high-energy interface, while regenerated cellulose (rayon) rapidly wicks blood plasma due to hydroxyl-rich amorphous regions, concentrating clotting factors at the interface. The differential shrinkage after scouring causes glass fiber loops to protrude slightly, increasing effective surface area and turbulence at the blood-fiber boundary, supporting clot formation without chemical additives.

[0219] Loop Geometry and Capillarity. The knit architecture can be tuned so that adjacent courses incorporating primary glass fibers 112 and secondary rayon fibers 114 create alternating hydrophilic capillary pathways of differing radii. Smaller effective pore throats formed near tightened rayon loops generate higher capillary pressures, drawing fluid longitudinally along the bandage, while larger lofted glass-supported pores provide temporary reservoirs that distribute exudate laterally, maintaining an even moisture gradient toward the radiopaque portion 104 for consistent imaging visibility even when partially saturated.

[0220] V-Bed Flat Knitting Machine Considerations. A narrow V-bed machine provides opposed needle beds whose synchronized cam systems drive latch needle motion, forming intermeshing loops with inherent selvage formation at the lateral extremes. By selecting a needle count matched to the desired final width (e.g., two to eight inches after controlled shrinkage), production eliminates longitudinal cutting operations that would otherwise generate lint and necessitate serging. Cam track optimization and controlled yarn carrier traverse speed mitigate barre (horizontal striping) that might visually obscure tracer portion 104 during pre-use inspection.

[0221] Transverse Cutting and End Formation. Precision transverse cuts define ends 108a, 108b at selected length increments while preserving loop integrity right up to the cut line. Using a synchronized guillotine or hot-knife (for thermoplastic-containing blends) can reduce fray potential before optional minimal end finishing. Because long edges 106 remain as-knit selvages, statistical fray incidence is concentrated only at ends 108a, 108b, allowing quality control sampling focused on fewer linear inches per unit than in longitudinally cut constructions.

[0222] Radiographic Signature Optimization. Continuous longitudinal extension of portion 104 creates a linear feature whose absence or discontinuity is readily apparent on planar radiographs. Multiple parallel tracer filaments may be spaced at predetermined lateral offsets to form a pattern (e.g., double line) improving recognition in crowded surgical fields. Filler selection can also consider spectral response to reduce blooming artifacts; combinations of medium and high atomic number fillers can flatten attenuation curves across typical kVp operating ranges.

[0223] Retained Surgical Item (RSI) Mitigation Context. The inclusion of radiopaque elements in absorbent soft goods supports standardized count protocols by enabling postcount imaging when discrepancies arise. A robust tracer that extends fully between ends 108a, 108b decreases the probability that a partially retained fragment escapes detection, because any residual length still presents a continuous or at least segmentally recognizable signature rather than isolated particulate shadowing.

[0224] Potential Integration with Digital Tracking Systems. While the disclosed structure does not require electronic tagging, optional pairing with barcode or RFID systems can enhance reconciliation workflows. Radiopaque portion 104 can serve as a positional reference during automated image analysis algorithms trained to identify linear high-contrast features, with consistent width and attenuation aiding false-positive reduction relative to more irregular textile artifacts.

[0225] Mechanical-Thermal Processing Effects. Post-knit scouring at controlled temperature gradients relaxes internal stresses in rayon while leaving glass unaffected, generating a differential loop contraction that increases fabric thickness slightly without significantly elevating basis weight. Controlled drying profiles (e.g., staged convection) preserve crystalline domains in the glass while avoiding excessive embrittlement of the radiopaque polymer carrier, sustaining drape and fold characteristics required for tight wound packing.

[0226] Tensile and Elastic Modulation. Adjusting stitch density and yarn linear density permits targeting a Young’s modulus low enough to promote conformability yet high enough to resist elongation-induced narrowing that could reduce local absorbent capacity. Incorporating a minor percentage of elastomeric filament is optional but not required; loop deformation under load supplies pseudoelastic behavior without introducing additives that might complicate sterilization validation.

[0227] Edge Integrity and Particulate Control. Selvage long edges 106 inherently encapsulate loop terminations, lowering risk of fiber shedding that can complicate wound debridement. Where end finishing is applied, thread selection (e.g., fine denier polyester) is chosen to minimize stiffness gradient at ends 108a, 108b, maintaining smooth transition for packing. If ends remain raw, statistical process control monitors cut quality to ensure minimal loose filament count per inch.

[0228] Absorbent Capacity and Distribution Metrics. Empirical characterization may measure initial uptake (mL / s), total retention (mL / cm2), and post-compression recovery following simulated packing pressures. The dual-fiber system supports rapid initial uptake via hydrophilic rayon and sustained distribution through structural channels defined partly by glass resilience. Radiopaque portion 104 placement centrally ensures imaging detectability even after partial saturation gradients develop longitudinally.

[0229] Sterilization and Material Compatibility. The constituent fibers and radiopaque carrier polymer are compatible with common sterilization modalities. Steam cycles require ensuring that thermal expansion mismatch does not delaminate tracer filaments; ethylene oxide processes necessitate adequate aeration to remove residual gas without extracting plasticizers; low-temperature plasma methods offer reduced thermal stress, preserving rayon moisture regain characteristics important for wicking performance at point of use.

[0230] Potential Therapeutic Additive Incorporation. If optional hemostatic or antimicrobial agents are desired (e.g., chitosan derivatives, silver compounds), they can be applied as a surface finish preferentially to rayon secondary fibers 114 due to higher affinity, leaving glass primary fibers 112 available to maintain structural loop loft. Application methods (pad-dry-cure, spray, supercritical CO2infusion) are selected to avoid obscuring the radiopaque signature or causing undesirable tracer surface coating that might flake.

[0231] Quality Assurance — Radiopacity Verification. Batch sampling may include radiographic imaging of folded bandages to confirm continuous tracer visibility through multiple fabric plies. Attenuation benchmarks can be established relative to known step-wedge standards, enabling rapid pass / fail determinations without destructive testing. Consistency in grayscale value across length indicates uniform filler dispersion along the tracer extrudate.

[0232] End-User Clinical Handling. During wound packing, clinicians can exploit differential texture — selvage stability along edges 106 and optional finishing at one of the ends 108a or 108b — to orient the bandage tactilely within narrow wound channels. The continuous tracer alignment allows orientation confirmation via intraoperative imaging if needed without withdrawing the dressing.

[0233] Scalability and Manufacturing Throughput. Deploying multiple narrow knitting lines in parallel enables linear capacity scaling while maintaining identical edge quality and tracer placement. Centralized compounding of radiopaque masterbatch pellets yields consistent filament attenuation across all lines, and statistical data aggregation across machines informs predictive maintenance scheduling.

[0234] In non-limiting examples, this disclosure supports dependent claim sets reciting: (i) specific gauge ranges, (ii) weight density ranges pre- and post-processing, (iii) radiopaque filler loading percentages, (iv) optional presence or absence of serging at ends 108a, 108b, (v) multiple tracer filaments, (vi) differential finishing of only one end, (vii) tensile modulus or elongation ranges, and (viii) imaging contrast thresholds. These embodiments highlight performance tunability while maintaining core inventive concepts.

[0235] In a discussion, study or a reading of the details, features, embodiments, aspects, any figure or any part of any figure, and / or examples of the technology disclosed herein, any of the features, embodiments, aspects, and / or examples herein can be optionally intercombined (or inter-discussed) with the example details listed below, and any portion (oraspect) of any detail below can be inter-combined with any portion of any feature or example disclosed herein:

[0236] Detail 1 : A knit surgical bandage (e.g., 100) comprising: opposite long side edges (e.g., 106) that are as-knit selvage edges extending longitudinally between a first end (e.g., 108a) and an opposite second end (e.g., 108b), the first and second ends being transverse cut edges; first portions (e.g., 102) comprising a knit structure of a primary fiber (e.g., 112) comprising glass and a secondary fiber (e.g., 114) comprising rayon; and a radiopaque second portion (e.g., 104) extending longitudinally between and to the first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b), the second portion (e.g., 104) comprising at least one radiopaque fiber containing a radiopaque filler, wherein the first portions (e.g., 102) flank the second portion (e.g., 104) laterally and the bandage (e.g., 100) is free of longitudinally cut edges requiring serging; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed.

[0237] Detail 2: The bandage of detail 1 wherein each of the first portions (e.g., 102) comprises a single continuous end of the primary glass fiber (e.g., 112) and a single continuous end of the secondary rayon fiber (e.g., 114); optionally wherein a silane coupling agent functionalizes glass fiber surfaces; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm.

[0238] Detail 3: The bandage of detail 1 wherein the radiopaque filler comprises barium sulfate, bismuth subcarbonate, bismuth oxychloride, tungsten, or a combination thereof; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed.

[0239] Detail 4: The bandage of detail 1 wherein the radiopaque second portion (e.g., 104) consists essentially of a polypropylene filament compounded with barium sulfate dispersed with a median particle size less than 10 pm; optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1.0 cc / m2 / day; optionally wherein microencapsulated kaolin is present.

[0240] Detail 5: The bandage of detail 1 wherein the first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) are raw cut edges free of serging; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%; optionally wherein microencapsulated kaolin is present.

[0241] Detail 6: The bandage of detail 1 wherein only one of the first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) is serged and the other is a raw cut edge; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present.

[0242] Detail 7: The bandage of detail 1 having an areal weight density after processing in a range from 270 gsm to 405 gsm, optionally from 300 gsm to 375 gsm, optionally from 325 gsm to 350 gsm, optionally from 330 gsm to 340 gsm, or about 335 gsm to about 338 gsm;optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device.

[0243] Detail 8: The bandage of detail 1 having an as-knit areal weight density in a range from 226 gsm to 334 gsm, optionally from 250 gsm to 310 gsm, optionally from 270 gsm to 300 gsm, optionally from 275 gsm to 295 gsm, or about 280 gsm to about 290 gsm; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm.

[0244] Detail 9: The bandage of detail 1 having a modulus (Young's modulus) in each of two orthogonal planar directions in a range from 14 MPa to -3.99 MPa, optionally from 10 MPa to 0.01 MPa, optionally from 1 MPa to 0.05 MPa, optionally from 0.5 MPa to 0.1 MPa, or about 0.2 MPa to about 0.15 MPa; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%; optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1.0 cc / m2 / day.

[0245] Detail 10: The bandage of detail 1 wherein the gauge of the knit is in a range from 10 stitches per inch to 30 stitches per inch, optionally from 12 stitches per inch to 24 stitches per inch, optionally from 18 stitches per inch to 22 stitches per inch, or about 20 stitches per inch; optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1 .0 cc / m2 / day; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm.

[0246] Detail 11 : The bandage of detail 1 wherein the bandage has a longitudinal length between the first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) in a range from 4.8 inches to 91.2 inches, optionally from 24 inches to 72 inches, optionally from 36 inches to 60 inches, optionally from 48 inches to 60 inches, or about 54 inches to about 58 inches; and a transverse width between the long side edges (e.g., 106) in a range from 2 inches to 8 inches, optionally from 2 inches to 6 inches, optionally from 3 inches to 4 inches, or about 3.5 inches to about 3.9 inches; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied; optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1.0 cc / m2 / day.

[0247] Detail 12: A method of manufacturing a knit surgical bandage (e.g., 100), the method comprising: knitting on a narrow V-bed flat knitting machine a continuous panel having opposite as-knit selvage long edges (e.g., 254) and incorporating along a longitudinal region a radiopaque yarn to define a radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) laterally flanked by first portions (e.g., 102) comprising a glass fiber (e.g., 112) and a rayon fiber (e.g., 114); and transversely cutting the panel at spaced intervals along cut lines (e.g., 253) to form individual bandages each having first and second cut ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) and the opposite as-knit long side edges (e.g., 106) derived from the selvage long edges (e.g., 254); optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm.

[0248] Detail 13: The method of detail 12 further comprising scouring and drying the continuous panel prior to the transversely cutting, the scouring inducing differential shrinkage forming lofted glass loops enhancing capillary uptake; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present.

[0249] Detail 14: The method of detail 12 wherein the knitting comprises feeding a single continuous glass filament and a single continuous rayon filament per bandage width with alternating front / rear needle engagement in successive rows; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm.

[0250] Detail 15: The method of detail 12 wherein the transversely cutting comprises using a hot knife or ultrasonic cutter to inhibit fraying at the first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b); optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present.

[0251] Detail 16: The method of detail 12 further comprising selectively serging only one of the first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b); optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1.0 cc / m2 / day; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present.

[0252] Detail 17: The method of detail 12 wherein the machine has fewerthan 200 needles per bed, optionally fewer than 150 needles per bed, optionally from 100 needles per bed to 115 needles per bed, or about 108 needles per bed to about 112 needles per bed engaged for the bandage width; optionally wherein microencapsulated kaolin is present; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device.

[0253] Detail 18: The method of detail 12 wherein the radiopaque yarn comprises a thermoplastic polymer compounded with 20 wt% to 80 wt% radiopaque filler, optionally 30 wt% to 60 wt%, optionally 35 wt% to 45 wt%, or about 40 wt% to about 42 wt%; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present.

[0254] Detail 19: The method of detail 12 wherein the panel is tensioned and overfed such that post-scouring the width tolerance is within ±5% of a target width between the long side edges (e.g., 106); optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present.

[0255] Detail 20: The method of detail 12 further comprising radiographically verifying continuity of the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) across multiple folded layers prior to packaging; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied.

[0256] Detail 21 : The method of detail 12 further comprising applying an antimicrobial or hemostatic agent to the rayon fiber (e.g., 114) after knitting while avoiding coating theradiopaque portion (e.g., 104); optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation.

[0257] Detail 22: The method of detail 12 wherein the cutting step is performed after scouring and drying so that shrinkage occurs prior to end formation, thereby reducing end edge (e.g., 108a, 108b) distortion; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0258] Detail 23: A method of treating a penetrating wound comprising: providing the bandage of detail 1 ; inserting a distal segment of the bandage including the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) into a wound cavity while retaining a proximal portion outside the patient; packing the bandage by sequential insertion using multi-directional stretch of the knit to conform to irregular void geometry; and after a treatment interval performing imaging to confirm presence or absence of the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) within the patient; optionally wherein microencapsulated kaolin is present; optionally wherein a silane coupling agent functionalizes glass fiber surfaces.

[0259] Detail 24: The method of detail 23 wherein only one end (e.g. , 108a) is serged and the other end (e.g., 108b) is un-serged, and the un-serged end is the first segment inserted to promote fluid ingress; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0260] Detail 25: The method of detail 23 further comprising applying direct manual pressure over the wound while the bandage absorbs exudate, the knit architecture promoting capillary transport from the ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) toward an interior region; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%.

[0261] Detail 26: The method of detail 23 wherein imaging comprises obtaining an X-ray at 60 kVp to 120 kVp, optionally 70 kVp to 100 kVp, optionally about 85 kVp to about 95 kVp, the continuous radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) forming a linear contrast element; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied; optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1.0 cc / m2 / day.

[0262] Detail 27: The method of detail 23 wherein the bandage exhibits a longitudinal elongation at 5 N load in a range from 0 % to 55.2 %, optionally from 2% to 40%, optionally from 5% to 25%, optionally from 8% to 15%, or about 10% to about 12% facilitating conformance without constriction; optionally wherein a silane coupling agent functionalizes glass fiber surfaces; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed.

[0263] Detail 28: The method of detail 23 further comprising removing the bandage and visually confirming integrity of the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) longitudinally between ends (e.g., 108a, 108b); optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed.

[0264] Detail 29: The method of detail 23 wherein a second bandage is introduced and overlapped such that respective radiopaque portions (e.g., 104) are laterally offset for improved composite imaging recognition; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0265] Detail 30: The method of detail 23 further comprising irrigating the wound through interstitial channels created by lofted glass loops prior to final packing; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied.

[0266] Detail 31 : The method of detail 23 wherein the bandage has an absorbent uptake capacity in a range from 0 mL / g to 15.6 mL / g, optionally from 3 mL / g to 12 mL / g, optionally from 4 mL / g to 10 mL / g, optionally from 5 mL / g to 8 mL / g, or about 6 mL / g to about 7 mL / g under simulated packing pressure; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%.

[0267] Detail 32: The method of detail 23 wherein wound packing is performed in a confined anatomical region selected from the group consisting of torso, junctional, and extremity wound sites, and wherein the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) facilitates count verification in a limited visualization environment; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device.

[0268] Detail 33: A radiopaque yarn for integration into a knit surgical bandage, the yarn comprising: a thermoplastic polymer matrix; barium sulfate particles dispersed within the matrix with a median particle size less than 10 pm; and a filament linear density selected such that the yarn when knit forms a flexible stripe (e.g., 104) extending longitudinally between first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) of the bandage without materially stiffening the bandage relative to adjacent regions lacking the yarn; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present.

[0269] Detail 34: The yarn of detail 33 wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix comprises polypropylene and the barium sulfate loading is in a range from 18 wt% to 72 wt%, optionally from 30 wt% to 60 wt%, optionally from 35 wt% to 45 wt%, or about 40 wt% to about 42 wt%; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device.

[0270] Detail 35: The yarn of detail 33 further comprising a surface treatment on the barium sulfate selected from silane coupling agents, fatty acid coatings, or titanate coupling agents to improve dispersion; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied; optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1.0 cc / m2 / day.

[0271] Detail 36: The yarn of detail 33 wherein the filament exhibits an elongation at break in a range from 0 % to 54 %, optionally from 5% to 40%, optionally from 8% to 25%, optionally from 10% to 18%, or about 12% to about 15%; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed.

[0272] Detail 37: The yarn of detail 33 wherein the radiopaque yarn is a multi-filament bundle having a total denier in a range from 0 denier to 408 denier, optionally from 30 denier to 300 denier, optionally 40 denier to 150 denier, optionally 50 denier to 90 denier, or about 70 denier to about 80 denier; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed.

[0273] Detail 38: The yarn of detail 33 wherein the polymer matrix further comprises an antioxidant stabilizer in a range from 0 wt% to 1.38 wt%, optionally from 0.05 wt% to 1 wt%, optionally 0.1 wt% to 0.5 wt%, optionally 0.15 wt% to 0.3 wt%, or about 0.2 wt% to about 0.25 wt%; optionally wherein a silane coupling agent functionalizes glass fiber surfaces; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied.

[0274] Detail 39: The yarn of detail 33 wherein the barium sulfate is combined with a second radiopaque component selected from tungsten powder and bismuth oxychloride to broaden attenuation response; optionally wherein microencapsulated kaolin is present; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0275] Detail 40: The yarn of detail 33 wherein the filament has a tensile strength in a range from 0 MPa to 800 MPa, optionally from 100 MPa to 600 MPa, optionally from 150 MPa to 400 MPa, optionally from 180 MPa to 300 MPa, or about 220 MPa to about 260 MPa; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0276] Detail 41 : A kit comprising: at least two bandages according to detail 1 having different transverse widths; and printed instructions specifying radiographic verification of the continuous radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) for retained surgical item prevention; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation.

[0277] Detail 42: The kit of detail 41 further comprising an imaging reference chart indicating expected grayscale intensity of the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) under defined X- ray energy ranges; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device.

[0278] Detail 43: A method of quality assurance for a knit surgical bandage (e.g., 100) comprising: knitting a continuous panel including a radiopaque portion (e.g., 104); scouring and drying the panel; capturing a radiographic image of a folded section of the panel; algorithmically detecting continuity of the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) across folds; and rejecting the folded section when a discontinuity metric exceeds a threshold value; optionallywherein citric acid neutralization is performed; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied.

[0279] Detail 44: The method of detail 43 wherein the folded section comprises at least three overlying layers and the algorithm applies line detection filtering to identify the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104); optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%; optionally wherein a silane coupling agent functionalizes glass fiber surfaces.

[0280] Detail 45: The method of detail 43 wherein the threshold value corresponds to an interruption length in a range from 0 mm to 27.6 mm, optionally from 1 mm to 20 mm, optionally from 2 mm to 10 mm, optionally from 3 mm to 6 mm, or about 4 mm to about 5 mm; optionally wherein residual ethylene oxide is below 5 ppm; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%.

[0281] Detail 46: The method of detail 43 further comprising recording the continuity metric and correlating the metric with a production lot identifier to enable traceability; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0282] Detail 47: The method of detail 43 wherein algorithmic detection comprises convolutional filtering followed by Hough transform line extraction producing a radiopaque continuity score; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied.

[0283] Detail 48: A knit surgical bandage comprising: first and second longitudinal radiopaque portions (e.g., 104) extending between and to opposite cut ends (e.g., 108a, 108b); first portions (e.g., 102) comprising glass fiber (e.g., 112) and rayon fiber (e.g., 114) laterally flanking the radiopaque portions; and opposite as-knit selvage long edges (e.g., 106) free of longitudinal cutting, wherein the first and second radiopaque portions (e.g., 104) are spaced laterally to provide a dual-line radiographic signature distinguishable from a single-line signature of otherwise similar bandages; optionally wherein microencapsulated kaolin is present; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0284] Detail 49: The bandage of detail 48 wherein the spacing between the first and second radiopaque portions (e.g., 104) is in a range from 0 mm to 20.2 mm, optionally from 2 mm to 15 mm, optionally from 3 mm to 10 mm, optionally from 4 mm to 8 mm, or about 5 mm to about 6 mm; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present; optionally wherein residual ethylene oxide is below 5 ppm.

[0285] Detail 50: The bandage of detail 48 further comprising a colored tracer yarn positioned laterally outward of at least one radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) to facilitate visual orientation prior to use; optionally wherein a silane coupling agent functionalizes glass fiber surfaces; optionally wherein microencapsulated kaolin is present.

[0286] Detail 51 : The bandage of detail 48 wherein the first and second radiopaque portions (e.g., 104) each comprise a radiopaque yarn according to detail 33; optionally wherein a silane coupling agent functionalizes glass fiber surfaces; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation.

[0287] Detail 52: The bandage of detail 48 wherein only one of the cut ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) is serged and the other is raw to provide differential tactile orientation; optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1 .0 cc / m2 / day; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0288] Detail 53: A computer-assisted verification system comprising: an imaging device configured to obtain a radiographic image of at least one bandage according to detail 1 ; a processor configured to execute instructions to identify a continuous radiopaque line corresponding to the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104); and an output interface configured to present a confirmation signal when the identified line satisfies a continuity criterion; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device.

[0289] Detail 54: The system of detail 53 wherein the instructions comprise edge enhancement filtering followed by pattern recognition distinguishing dual-line signatures of bandages according to detail 48 from single-line signatures of bandages according to detail 1 ; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed.

[0290] Detail 55: The system of detail 53 wherein the continuity criterion is satisfied when pixel intensity along a detected path remains above a threshold in at least 95% of sampled segments; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%; optionally wherein a silane coupling agent functionalizes glass fiber surfaces.

[0291] Detail 56: The system of detail 53 wherein the processor computes an interruption metric and stores the metric with a time stamp and operator identifier for audit tracking; optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1 .0 cc / m2 / day; optionally wherein residual ethylene oxide is below 5 ppm.

[0292] Detail 57: The bandage of detail 1 or the bandage of detail 48 wherein the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104) exhibits a grayscale intensity relative to adjacent textile in a ratio in a range from 1.5:1 to 6:1 , optionally from 2:1 to 4:1 , optionally from 2.2:1 to 3.0:1 , or about 2.5:1 to about 2.7:1 under an 85 kVp radiograph; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed.

[0293] Detail 58: The bandage of detail 1 or the method of detail 12 wherein the rayon fiber (e.g., 114) comprises bamboo-sourced rayon exclusively; optionally wherein microencapsulated kaolin is present; optionally wherein a silane coupling agent functionalizes glass fiber surfaces.

[0294] Detail 59: The bandage of detail 1 or the method of detail 12 wherein the primary glass fiber (e.g., 112) has a filament diameter classification selected from B, C, D, DE, E, G, H, and K sizes; optionally wherein microencapsulated kaolin is present; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm.

[0295] Detail 60: The method of detail 23 or the bandage of detail 1 wherein the bandage displays an absorbent uptake time to 50% saturation in a range from 0 second to 41 .6 second, optionally from 1 second to 30 seconds, optionally from 2 seconds to 15 seconds, optionally from 3 seconds to 8 seconds, or about 4 seconds to about 6 seconds; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed.

[0296] Detail 61 : The kit of detail 41 or the computer-assisted verification system of detail 53 further comprising a data sheet stating weight density, gauge, and radiopaque filler loading ranges corresponding to the supplied bandages; optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1.0 cc / m2 / day; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation.

[0297] Detail 62: The bandage of detail 1 or the yarn of detail 33 wherein the radiopaque filler comprises surface modified barium sulfate coated with a silane coupling agent to improve dispersion indices below 1 .5 (Hunter value); optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0298] Detail 63: The method of detail 12 or the method of detail 43 further comprising applying machine vision inspection to evaluate loop integrity adjacent the first and second ends (e.g., 108a, 108b) before individual bandage packaging; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device.

[0299] Detail 64: The bandage of detail 48 or the bandage of detail 1 wherein at least one optional therapeutic additive selected from antimicrobial agents and hemostatic polysaccharides is present on the rayon fiber (e.g., 114) without materially coating the radiopaque portion (e.g., 104); optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed.

[0300] Detail 65: The bandage of detail 1 or the method of detail 12 wherein edge curl of each long side edge (e.g., 106) after scouring is less than 5 mm lift from a planar surface after 10 minutes of equilibrated ambient exposure, optionally less than 3 mm, optionally less than 2 mm, or about 1 mm to about 1.5 mm; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein residual ethylene oxide is below 5 ppm.

[0301] Detail 66: A multilayer hemostatic bandage assembly comprising: a first knit layer comprising glass fibers and rayon fibers; a second absorbent layer comprising a cellulose- based fleece; and a continuous radiopaque tracer extending through both layers, the assemblyhaving a thickness in a range broadened from 2 mm to 8 mm to between 1.2 mm and 11.2 mm, optionally from 2 mm to 8 mm, optionally from 2.5 mm to 6 mm, or about 3.5 mm to about 4.2 mm; optionally wherein residual ethylene oxide is below 5 ppm; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present.

[0302] Detail 67: The assembly of detail 66 wherein the second absorbent layer comprises oxidized regenerated cellulose; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied; optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1.0 cc / m2 / day.

[0303] Detail 68: The assembly of detail 66 wherein the radiopaque tracer comprises a composite filament containing barium sulfate and tungsten in a polymer matrix; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm.

[0304] Detail 69: The assembly of detail 66 wherein the first knit layer basis weight is broadened to a range from 140 gsm to 420 gsm, optionally from 160 gsm to 360 gsm, optionally from 200 gsm to 300 gsm, or about 240 gsm to about 260 gsm; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present; optionally wherein residual ethylene oxide is below 5 ppm.

[0305] Detail 70: The assembly of detail 66 wherein the layers are ultrasonically bonded at discrete weld points occupying less than 10% surface area, broadened to less than 15% surface area, optionally less than 12% surface area, or about 8% to about 9% surface area; optionally wherein microencapsulated kaolin is present; optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1.0 cc / m2 / day.

[0306] Detail 71 : The assembly of detail 66 wherein an adhesive peripheral margin width is broadened from 3 mm-6 mm to 2 mm-9 mm, optionally 3 mm-6 mm, optionally 4 mm-5 mm, or about 4.4 mm to about 4.8 mm; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0307] Detail 72: The assembly of detail 66 wherein the radiopaque tracer linear density is broadened from 50 denier-90 denier to 35 denier-120 denier, optionally 50 denier-90 denier, optionally 65 denier-80 denier, or about 72 denier to about 76 denier; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0308] Detail 73: The assembly of detail 66 further comprising a removable moisture barrier film peelably adhered to one face; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0309] Detail 74: The assembly of detail 66 wherein the moisture vapor transmission rate of the barrier film is broadened from 300 g / m2 / day-800 g / m2 / day to 200 g / m2 / day-1200 g / m2 / day, optionally 300 g / m2 / day-800 g / m2 / day, optionally 450 g / m2 / day-600 g / m2 / day, orabout 500 g / m2 / day to about 550 g / m2 / day; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device.

[0310] Detail 75: A method of sterilizing a knit radiopaque bandage comprising exposing the bandage to a sterilizing process selected from steam, ethylene oxide, gamma irradiation, and plasma, wherein an initial bioburden is reduced by at least a 6-log reduction and tensile retention is at least 85%, broadened from 80%-90% to 70%-100%, optionally 80%-90%, optionally 84%-88%, or about 86% to about 87%; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0311] Detail 76: The method of detail 67 wherein residual sterilant is below broadened 15 ppm (original 10 ppm) optionally 5 ppm-10 ppm, optionally 6 ppm-8 ppm, or about 7 ppm to about 7.5 ppm; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation.

[0312] Detail 77: The method of detail 68 wherein residual sterilant is below broadened 15 ppm (original 10 ppm) optionally 5 ppm-10 ppm, optionally 6 ppm-8 ppm, or about 7 ppm to about 7.5 ppm; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation.

[0313] Detail 78: The method of detail 69 wherein residual sterilant is below broadened 15 ppm (original 10 ppm) optionally 5 ppm-10 ppm, optionally 6 ppm-8 ppm, or about 7 ppm to about 7.5 ppm; optionally wherein residual ethylene oxide is below 5 ppm; optionally wherein a silane coupling agent functionalizes glass fiber surfaces.

[0314] Detail 79: The method of detail 70 wherein residual sterilant is below broadened 15 ppm (original 10 ppm) optionally 5 ppm-10 ppm, optionally 6 ppm-8 ppm, or about 7 ppm to about 7.5 ppm; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed; optionally wherein residual ethylene oxide is below 5 ppm.

[0315] Detail 80: The method of detail 71 wherein residual sterilant is below broadened 15 ppm (original 10 ppm) optionally 5 ppm-10 ppm, optionally 6 ppm-8 ppm, or about 7 ppm to about 7.5 ppm; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%.

[0316] Detail 81 : The method of detail 72 wherein residual sterilant is below broadened 15 ppm (original 10 ppm) optionally 5 ppm-10 ppm, optionally 6 ppm-8 ppm, or about 7 ppm to about 7.5 ppm; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%; optionally wherein residual ethylene oxide is below 5 ppm.

[0317] Detail 82: The method of detail 73 wherein residual sterilant is below broadened 15 ppm (original 10 ppm) optionally 5 ppm-10 ppm, optionally 6 ppm-8 ppm, or about 7 ppmto about 7.5 ppm; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation.

[0318] Detail 83: The method of detail 74 wherein residual sterilant is below broadened 15 ppm (original 10 ppm) optionally 5 ppm-10 ppm, optionally 6 ppm-8 ppm, or about 7 ppm to about 7.5 ppm; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0319] Detail 84: A packaging system comprising: a moisture-impermeable pouch enclosing a radiopaque knit bandage; an indicator window; and an instruction insert, wherein pouch water vapor transmission rate is broadened from <0.5 g / m2 / day to <0.75 g / m2 / day, optionally <0.5 g / m2 / day, optionally <0.4 g / m2 / day, or about 0.3 to about 0.35 g / m2 / day; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%.

[0320] Detail 85: The packaging system of detail 76 wherein an oxygen scavenger capacity is broadened from 50 cc to 150 cc to 35 cc to 210 cc, optionally 50 cc to 150 cc, optionally 80 cc to 120 cc, or about 95 cc to about 105 cc; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation; optionally wherein a silane coupling agent functionalizes glass fiber surfaces.

[0321] Detail 86: The packaging system of detail 77 wherein an oxygen scavenger capacity is broadened from 50 cc to 150 cc to 35 cc to 210 cc, optionally 50 cc to 150 cc, optionally 80 cc to 120 cc, or about 95 cc to about 105 cc; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation.

[0322] Detail 87: The packaging system of detail 78 wherein an oxygen scavenger capacity is broadened from 50 cc to 150 cc to 35 cc to 210 cc, optionally 50 cc to 150 cc, optionally 80 cc to 120 cc, or about 95 cc to about 105 cc; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%.

[0323] Detail 88: The packaging system of detail 79 wherein an oxygen scavenger capacity is broadened from 50 cc to 150 cc to 35 cc to 210 cc, optionally 50 cc to 150 cc, optionally 80 cc to 120 cc, or about 95 cc to about 105 cc; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation.

[0324] Detail 89: The packaging system of detail 80 wherein an oxygen scavenger capacity is broadened from 50 cc to 150 cc to 35 cc to 210 cc, optionally 50 cc to 150 cc, optionally 80 cc to 120 cc, or about 95 cc to about 105 cc; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm.

[0325] Detail 90: The packaging system of detail 81 wherein an oxygen scavenger capacity is broadened from 50 cc to 150 cc to 35 cc to 210 cc, optionally 50 cc to 150 cc, optionally 80 cc to 120 cc, or about 95 cc to about 105 cc; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0326] Detail 91 : The packaging system of detail 82 wherein an oxygen scavenger capacity is broadened from 50 cc to 150 cc to 35 cc to 210 cc, optionally 50 cc to 150 cc, optionally 80 cc to 120 cc, or about 95 cc to about 105 cc; optionally wherein a silane coupling agent functionalizes glass fiber surfaces; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied.

[0327] Detail 92: The packaging system of detail 83 wherein an oxygen scavenger capacity is broadened from 50 cc to 150 cc to 35 cc to 210 cc, optionally 50 cc to 150 cc, optionally 80 cc to 120 cc, or about 95 cc to about 105 cc; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0328] Detail 93: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that when executed cause a processor to: receive radiographic image data; apply edge enhancement; detect a linear radiopaque feature; compute a continuity score; and generate an alert if the score is below a threshold broadened from 0.95 to 1 .0 to 0.90 to 1 .0, optionally 0.95 to 1.0, optionally 0.96 to 0.99, or about 0.975 to about 0.985; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed.

[0329] Detail 94: The non-transitory computer-readable medium of detail 85 wherein preprocessing includes adaptive histogram equalization with a clip limit broadened from 2.0- 4.0 to 1.4-5.6, optionally 2.0-4.0, optionally 2.4-3.2, or about 2.7 to about 2.9; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein a silane coupling agent functionalizes glass fiber surfaces.

[0330] Detail 95: The non-transitory computer-readable medium of detail 86 wherein preprocessing includes adaptive histogram equalization with a clip limit broadened from 2.0- 4.0 to 1.4-5.6, optionally 2.0-4.0, optionally 2.4-3.2, or about 2.7 to about 2.9; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present.

[0331] Detail 96: The non-transitory computer-readable medium of detail 87 wherein preprocessing includes adaptive histogram equalization with a clip limit broadened from 2.0- 4.0 to 1.4-5.6, optionally 2.0-4.0, optionally 2.4-3.2, or about 2.7 to about 2.9; optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1.0 cc / m2 / day; optionally wherein citric acid neutralization is performed.

[0332] Detail 97: The non-transitory computer-readable medium of detail 88 wherein preprocessing includes adaptive histogram equalization with a clip limit broadened from 2.0- 4.0 to 1.4-5.6, optionally 2.0-4.0, optionally 2.4-3.2, or about 2.7 to about 2.9; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%; optionally wherein a silane coupling agent functionalizes glass fiber surfaces.

[0333] Detail 98: The non-transitory computer-readable medium of detail 89 wherein preprocessing includes adaptive histogram equalization with a clip limit broadened from 2.0- 4.0 to 1.4-5.6, optionally 2.0-4.0, optionally 2.4-3.2, or about 2.7 to about 2.9; optionally wherein residual ethylene oxide is below 5 ppm; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present.

[0334] Detail 99: The non-transitory computer-readable medium of detail 90 wherein preprocessing includes adaptive histogram equalization with a clip limit broadened from 2.0- 4.0 to 1.4-5.6, optionally 2.0-4.0, optionally 2.4-3.2, or about 2.7 to about 2.9; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation.

[0335] Detail 100: The non-transitory computer-readable medium of detail 91 wherein preprocessing includes adaptive histogram equalization with a clip limit broadened from 2.0- 4.0 to 1.4-5.6, optionally 2.0-4.0, optionally 2.4-3.2, or about 2.7 to about 2.9; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%; optionally wherein a polyhexanide antimicrobial finish is present.

[0336] Detail 101 : The non-transitory computer-readable medium of detail 92 wherein preprocessing includes adaptive histogram equalization with a clip limit broadened from 2.0- 4.0 to 1.4-5.6, optionally 2.0-4.0, optionally 2.4-3.2, or about 2.7 to about 2.9; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation; optionally wherein microencapsulated kaolin is present.

[0337] Detail 102: A method of managing hemorrhage in a veterinary patient comprising inserting a radiopaque knit bandage into a wound of a non-human mammal and imaging to confirm placement, wherein insertion dwell time prior to removal is broadened from 10-30 minutes to 7-42 minutes, optionally 10-30 minutes, optionally 12-24 minutes, or about 18 minutes to about 20 minutes; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%.

[0338] Detail 103: The method of detail 94 wherein the veterinary patient is selected from canine, equine, and porcine subjects and imaging employs portable digital radiography; optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1 .0 cc / m2 / day; optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation.

[0339] Detail 104: The method of detail 95 wherein the veterinary patient is selected from canine, equine, and porcine subjects and imaging employs portable digital radiography;optionally wherein a color tracer filament provides visual orientation; optionally wherein a barrier pouch oxygen transmission rate is below 1.0 cc / m2 / day.

[0340] Detail 105: The method of detail 96 wherein the veterinary patient is selected from canine, equine, and porcine subjects and imaging employs portable digital radiography; optionally wherein microencapsulated kaolin is present; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device.

[0341] Detail 106: The method of detail 97 wherein the veterinary patient is selected from canine, equine, and porcine subjects and imaging employs portable digital radiography; optionally wherein residual ethylene oxide is below 5 ppm; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied.

[0342] Detail 107: The method of detail 98 wherein the veterinary patient is selected from canine, equine, and porcine subjects and imaging employs portable digital radiography; optionally wherein a hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking rate by at least 15%; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm.

[0343] Detail 108: The method of detail 99 wherein the veterinary patient is selected from canine, equine, and porcine subjects and imaging employs portable digital radiography; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein microencapsulated kaolin is present.

[0344] Detail 109: The method of detail 100 wherein the veterinary patient is selected from canine, equine, and porcine subjects and imaging employs portable digital radiography; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device.

[0345] Detail 110: The method of detail 101 wherein the veterinary patient is selected from canine, equine, and porcine subjects and imaging employs portable digital radiography; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein glycerol is present as a plasticizing humectant below 2 wt%.

[0346] Detail 111 : A method of chemically surface treating a knit radiopaque hemostatic bandage comprising plasma activation at a power density from 0.05 W / cm2to 0.5 W / cm2; silane coupling agent application; and drying to increase surface energy >10 mN / m; wherein silane pickup is from 0 wt% to 1.38 wt%, optionally from 0.05 wt% to 1 wt%, optionally from 0.1 wt% to 0.6 wt%, optionally from 0.15 wt% to 0.3 wt%, or about 0.2 wt% to about 0.25 wt%; optionally wherein glass fiber hydroxyl density is preserved; optionally wherein no hemostatic enzyme is deactivated.

[0347] Detail 112: The method of detail 108 wherein plasma activation time is from 10 s to 180 s, optionally 20 s to 120 s, optionally 40 s to 80 s, or about 55 s to about 65 s; optionally wherein contact angle decreases >15°; optionally wherein silver ions are present at 50 ppm to 500 ppm

[0348] Detail 113: The method of detail 109 wherein the silane comprises an aminofunctional trialkoxysilane; optionally wherein hydrolysis time is 5 min to 60 min; optionally wherein a chitosan surface coating is applied

[0349] Detail 114: The method of detail 110 wherein a wicking rate increases from 0.2 mL cm-2min“1to 0.4 mL cm-2min“1, optionally 0.28 mL cm-2min“1to 0.35 mL cm-2min“1, or about 0.31 to about 0.33 mL cm-2min“1; optionally wherein hydrophilic plasma treatment increases wicking; optionally wherein residual ethylene oxide is below 5 ppm

[0350] Detail 115: A hemostatic bandage comprising a knit substrate, microencapsulated kaolin particles with median diameter from 0 pm to 54 pm, optionally from 5 pm to 40 pm and total kaolin from 1 wt% to 15 wt%; and a continuous radiopaque tracer; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein pH of an eluate is 5.5 to 7.5.

[0351] Detail 116: A radiographic quality assurance system comprising an imaging module and processor computing a continuity metric threshold >0.93; optionally wherein adaptive filtering reduces noise; optionally wherein a grayscale ratio is output.

[0352] Detail 117: A shelf-life stabilization method for a packaged radiopaque hemostatic bandage comprising: conditioning the bandage to a target moisture content; inserting the bandage and an oxygen scavenger and a desiccant into a multilayer moisture-impermeable pouch; vacuum or nitrogen flushing the pouch; sealing the pouch; and verifying that postpackaging water vapor transmission rate is from 0.2 g / m2 / day to 0.5 g / m2 / day broadened to 0.12 g / m2 / day to 0.7 g / m2 / day, optionally from 0.2 g / m2 / day to 0.5 g / m2 / day, optionally from 0.25 g / m2 / day to 0.4 g / m2 / day, or about 0.3 g / m2 / day to about 0.35 g / m2 / day; wherein residual oxygen inside the pouch is <2% broadened to <3%, optionally <2%, optionally <1 %, or about 0.5% to about 0.8%; optionally wherein endotoxin level is below 0.5 EU / device; optionally wherein accelerated aging at 55 °C for 6 weeks simulates at least 24 months real-time shelf life.

[0353] Detail 118: The method of detail 108 wherein the desiccant comprises silica gel or molecular sieve and has a moisture adsorption capacity from 10 wt% to 25 wt% broadened to 7 wt% to 35 wt%, optionally 10 wt% to 25 wt%, optionally 15 wt% to 20 wt%, or about 17 wt% to about 18 wt%; optionally wherein equilibrium relative humidity inside the pouch is maintained at 20% to 40%; optionally wherein peroxide value remains stable.

[0354] Detail 119: The method of detail 109 wherein the oxygen scavenger capacity is from 50 cc to 150 cc broadened to 35 cc to 210 cc, optionally 50 cc to 150 cc, optionally 80 cc to 120 cc, or about 95 cc to about 105 cc; optionally wherein headspace oxygen is monitored with a fluorescent sensor; optionally wherein no discoloration occurs.

[0355] Detail 120: The method of detail 110 wherein the pouch comprises a multilayer laminate including polyester, aluminum foil, and polyethylene; optionally wherein total laminate thickness is from 70 pm to 140 pm broadened to 42 pm to 196 pm, optionally 70 pm to 140m, optionally 90 pm to 120 pm, or about 100 pm to about 110 pm; optionally wherein seal width is 6 mm to 10 mm.

[0356] Detail 121 : The method of detail 111 wherein the bandage moisture content prior to sealing is from 4 wt% to 12 wt% broadened to 2.4 wt% to 16.8 wt%, optionally 4 wt% to 12 wt%, optionally 6 wt% to 9 wt%, or about 7 wt% to about 8 wt%; optionally wherein water activity is <0.6; optionally wherein microbial growth is inhibited.

[0357] Detail 122: The method of detail 112 wherein accelerated aging follows ASTM F1980; optionally wherein an Arrhenius Q10 of 2 is assumed; optionally wherein real-time stability confirms hemostatic performance retention.

[0358] Detail 123: The method of detail 113 wherein package integrity is verified by dye ingress or vacuum decay testing; optionally wherein test acceptance is zero dye penetration; optionally wherein vacuum decay limit is 1 x10“3mbar L / s.

[0359] Detail 124: The method of detail 114 wherein residual ethylene oxide is below 5 ppm broadened to below 7 ppm, optionally below 5 ppm, optionally below 3 ppm, or about 1 ppm to about 2 ppm; optionally wherein aeration time is adjusted; optionally wherein no cytotoxic response is detected.

[0360] Detail 125: The method of detail 115 wherein the method further comprises applying a UV-blocking outer carton providing >90% attenuation at 300 nm to 400 nm broadened to >63% to >90%, optionally >90%, optionally >92% to >95%, or about 93% to about 94%; optionally wherein carton includes lot traceability printing; optionally wherein recyclability labeling is present.

[0361] Detail 126: The method of detail 116 wherein a stability indicating assay monitors radiopaque tracer intensity ratio from 1.5:1 to 6: 1 broadened to 0.9: 1 to 8.4: 1 , optionally 1.5:1 to 6:1 , optionally 2:1 to 4:1 , or about 2.4:1 to about 2.8:1 ; optionally wherein ratio drift is <0.1 over shelf life; optionally wherein calibration wedge is included.

[0362] Detail 127: The method of detail 117 wherein humidity excursions above 50% RH for cumulative >72 hours trigger rejection; optionally wherein data logging interval is 5 minutes broadened to 3 minutes to 7 minutes, optionally 5 minutes, optionally 4 minutes to 6 minutes, or about 5.0 minutes to about 5.2 minutes; optionally wherein alarm threshold is programmable.

[0363] In general, any combination of disclosed features, components and methods described herein is possible. Steps of a method can be performed in any order that is physically possible.

[0364] All cited references are incorporated by reference herein. Although embodiments have been disclosed, it is not desired to be limited thereby. Rather, the scope should be determined only by the appended claims.

[0365] While various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail, it is apparent that modifications and alterations of those embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. However, it is to be expressly understood that such modifications and alterations are within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure, as set forth in the following claims.

[0366] The foregoing discussion of the disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the disclosure to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description for example, various features of the disclosure are grouped together in one or more embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed disclosure requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the disclosure.

[0367] Moreover, though the present disclosure has included description of one or more embodiments and certain variations and modifications, other variations and modifications are within the scope of the disclosure, e.g., as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and / or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable and / or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter.

[0368] The description of embodiments of the disclosure is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the disclosure are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the disclosure, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, while method steps or functions are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform functions in a different order, or functions may be performed substantially concurrently. The teachings of the disclosure provided herein can be applied to other procedures or methods as appropriate. The various embodiments described herein can be combined to provide further embodiments. Aspects of the disclosure can be modified, if necessary, to employ the compositions, functions and concepts of the above references and application to provide yet further embodiments of the disclosure. Moreover, due to biological functional equivalency considerations, some changes can be made in protein structure without affecting the biological or chemical action in kind or amount. These and otherchanges can be made to the disclosure in light of the detailed description. All such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.

[0369] Specific elements of any of the foregoing embodiments can be combined or substituted for elements in other embodiments. Furthermore, while advantages associated with certain embodiments of the disclosure have been described in the context of these embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the disclosure. The methods, kits, formulations, and devices disclosed herein can be combined in any way into systems to address the current public health emergency.

[0370] The technology described herein is further illustrated by the following examples which in no way should be construed as being further limiting. The Examples are provided to demonstrate examples of future planned work, which in some experiments is emergency work. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of this disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below.EXAMPLES

[0371] The invention now being generally described, it will be more readily understood by reference to the following Examples which are included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention.EXAMPLE 1. TESTING OF IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS IN METHODS

[0372] Prophetic methods are tested for all descriptions above and further as discussed below.

[0373] In FIG. 4 the sequence may incorporate statistical process control sampling, inline vision systems, and optionally machine-readable tracer pattern encoding to facilitate downstream automated orientation detection in surgical settings. FIG. 4 depicts, in one illustrative but non-limiting embodiment, a manufacturing sequence by which a radiographically traceable bandage is fabricated from heterogeneous fibers to yield controlled differential loft, edge integrity, and tracer continuity.

[0374] Step 400 illustrates raw material provisioning: Primary (, glass) and secondary (, regenerated cellulose) fiber packages or yarn cones are staged subject to incoming quality criteria (linear density, moisture, bioburden). e.g.

[0375] Step 405 illustrates panel knitting with integral selvages: A continuous narrowgauge panel is knitted such that longitudinal selvage edges are fully formed in the as-knit state, eliminating a need for longitudinal trimming and preserving edge uniformity.

[0376] Step 410 illustrates radiopaque tracer insertion: At least one continuous tracer strand (, barium sulfate-loaded or metallic filament) is introduced along a predetermined central longitudinal course to provide a laterally balanced radiographic signature. e.g.

[0377] Step 415 illustrates scouring and drying: The panel is scoured to remove knitting lubricants and fugitive finishes, then dried under controlled tension / relaxation to induce partial differential shrinkage enhancing loft and wicking channels.

[0378] Step 420 illustrates transverse segmentation: The continuous panel is transversely severed to produce discrete lengths establishing opposed terminal ends while preserving the as-knit selvages on lateral margins.

[0379] Step 425 illustrates optional selective end serging: One terminal end may be serged or over-edged to furnish an orientation indicator and mitigate yarn ravel under high torsional insertion stresses.

[0380] Step 430 illustrates radiographic continuity verification: Representative or full-lot imaging (, X-ray or digital radiography) confirms unbroken tracer visibility and contrast meeting predefined intensity thresholds. e.g.

[0381] Step 435 illustrates final packaging: Accepted units are folded or rolled in a reproducible format, introduced into primary sterile barrier (or pre-sterilization containment) with traceability coding for downstream sterilization and distribution.

[0382] In FIG. 5 additional clinical safeguards can include adjunct physiologic monitoring (near-infrared spectroscopy, lactate trends) and standardized documentation templates improving continuity of care across transport or inter- facility transfer, for example. FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary clinical deployment workflow of the radiopaque bandage in management of penetrating or cavitary hemorrhage, showing decision logic for hemostasis evaluation.

[0383] Step 450 illustrates clinical assessment: A responder evaluates wound morphology (depth, tract direction, contamination risk) and physiologic factors (bleeding rate, coagulopathy markers) to select an intervention strategy.

[0384] Step 455 illustrates bandage selection: A bandage of suitable width and length is selected based on wound cavity volume and anticipated packing density, considering tracer visibility requirements.

[0385] Step 460 illustrates initial insertion and placement: A distal portion is gently packed into the wound cavity following the tract path while a proximal tail remains accessible to maintain retrieval control and prevent over-insertion.

[0386] Step 465 illustrates applied pressure and tamponade: Directed manual or instrumented pressure is exerted to compress tissues against the packed material, enhancing capillary uptake, surface activation of clotting, and mechanical tamponade.

[0387] Step 470 illustrates optional irrigation: Irrigation (, isotonic saline or approved antiseptic) may be introduced through interstitial knit channels to dislodge debris without displacing established tracer alignment.e.g.

[0388] Step 475 illustrates radiographic confirmation: A radiographic image (portable X-ray, fluoroscopy, or point-of-care digital radiography) confirms presence and position of the tracer relative to anatomical landmarks and wound depth.

[0389] Step 480 illustrates hemostasis decision node: Clinical indicators (bleeding cessation, stable vital parameters) are evaluated; inadequate response triggers further action.

[0390] Step 482 illustrates monitoring (hemostasis achieved): If adequate hemostasis is verified, continued observation ensures maintenance of clot stability, with documentation entered into patient records.

[0391] Step 485 illustrates removal or iterative replacement: If hemostasis is not achieved, the bandage may be partially or fully withdrawn, repacked, supplemented by an additional bandage, or escalated with adjunctive measures (, hemostatic agents). e.g.

[0392] In FIG. 6 algorithmic refinements may apply supervised or semi-supervised learning classifiers trained on annotated tracer defect corpora, and integrity indices can be trended to pre-empt drift attributable to tooling wear or feed tension variance. FIG. 6 discloses a representative image-analysis quality assurance (QA) algorithm for quantifying tracer continuity and rejecting nonconforming articles prior to release.

[0393] Step 500 illustrates image acquisition: A standardized radiographic capture protocol (specified exposure, focal distance, filtration) produces a digital image of a folded or layered bandage sample.

[0394] Step 505 illustrates preprocessing: Noise attenuation (, bilateral or median filtering) and adaptive histogram equalization normalize contrast across variable fabric densities. e.g.

[0395] Step 510 illustrates tracer candidate detection: Edge, ridge, or line detection filters (Canny, Hessian-based line enhancement) isolate high-attenuation elongated structures corresponding to tracer strands, e.g.

[0396] Step 515 illustrates continuity metric computation: A continuity index (, longest path length I expected nominal length or contiguous pixel coverage percentage) is computed to quantify tracer integrity, e.g.

[0397] Step 520 illustrates threshold decision: The continuity index is compared against a specification threshold; borderline cases may invoke secondary morphological validation to mitigate false rejects.

[0398] Step 525 illustrates logging pass data: Passing items have metric values, lot identifiers, and imaging metadata appended to an auditable QA database permitting longitudinal trend analysis.

[0399] Step 530 illustrates flagging nonconforming units: Failing units are segregated; root cause analysis may trace defects to tracer feed tension, knitting misfeed, or post-processing distortion, prompting corrective actions.

[0400] In FIG. 7 environmental monitoring, load pattern validation, and dose mapping (for ionizing modalities) can be integrated, while electronic batch records capture chain-of-custody events supporting regulatory inspections. FIG. 7 presents an illustrative terminal sterilization and release control workflow ensuring required sterility assurance level (SAL) and performance retention.

[0401] Step 550 illustrates load configuration: Bandages are arranged in carriers or trays maximizing sterilant penetration while minimizing compression-induced deformation.

[0402] Step 555 illustrates sterilant exposure: A selected modality (, steam, ethylene oxide, gamma, e-beam, or low-temperature plasma) is executed under validated cycle parameters.e.g.

[0403] Step 560 illustrates cycle parameter monitoring: Critical parameters (time, temperature, relative humidity, pressure, dose) are electronically recorded ensuring compliance with validated ranges.

[0404] Step 565 illustrates post-cycle aeration / outgassing: For modalities generating residual sterilants (, EO), controlled aeration reduces residuals below permissible exposure limits and biocompatibility thresholds. e.g.

[0405] Step 570 illustrates bioburden and residual testing: Representative samples undergo sterility tests, bioburden enumeration, and residual chemical assays; mechanical / radiographic integrity is concurrently verified.

[0406] Step 575 illustrates release decision node: Measured SAL, mechanical retention, and tracer visibility data are compared against acceptance criteria.

[0407] Step 580 illustrates lot release: Conforming lots are released to finished goods inventory with documentation archived for regulatory traceability.

[0408] Step 585 illustrates investigation / reprocess pathway: Nonconforming lots trigger deviation reports; reprocessing, targeted re-sterilization, or destruction occurs per risk assessment.

[0409] In FIG. 8 process windows can include plasma power density, silane hydrolysis pH, and antimicrobial uptake kinetics, with surface energetics trended against predictive adhesion models informing long-term mechanical durability. FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary surface functionalization protocol to enhance wettability, bonding, and optional antimicrobial performance of the textile substrate.

[0410] Step 600 illustrates plasma activation: An oxygen or air plasma elevates surface energy, introducing polar functional groups to facilitate downstream coupling chemistry.

[0411] Step 605 illustrates silane coupling application: A hydrolyzed silane formulation (, trialkoxysilane bearing reactive pendant group) is applied to form siloxane linkages with hydroxyl-rich fiber surfaces. e.g.

[0412] Step 610 illustrates cure / drying phase: Controlled thermal or humidity-assisted curing promotes condensation and crosslink density while mitigating over-brittleness.

[0413] Step 615 illustrates optional antimicrobial finish: A biocidal or bioactive layer (, chitosan, quaternary ammonium, or silver complex) may be deposited without occluding wicking pathways. e.g.

[0414] Step 620 illustrates performance verification: Contact angle, wicking rate, and (if applicable) antimicrobial log reduction are measured vs. baselines to confirm enhancement.

[0415] Step 625 illustrates packaging: Treated bandages are staged or directly packaged for sterilization, preserving chemically modified surfaces from contamination.

[0416] In FIG. 9 redundancy in additive loading verification can involve orthogonal analytical platforms, and controlled particle morphology distribution improves both rapid fluid uptake and stable clot architecture under high-shear hemorrhagic conditions. FIG. 9 shows an illustrative additive integration process for imparting hemostatic or adjunct therapeutic functionality via controlled particulate deposition.

[0417] Step 650 illustrates additive preparation: Microencapsulated or surface-modified kaolin (or alternative hemostatic agent) is prepared to a target median particle size and moisture content.

[0418] Step 655 illustrates dispersion for deposition: Particles are dispersed in an aqueous or dry electrostatic medium achieving rheology or charge characteristics that promote uniform application.

[0419] Step 660 illustrates application to substrate: The dispersion or dry powder is applied (e.g., padding, spray, electrostatic flock) to meet a specified add-on weight with minimal tracer coverage occlusion. e.g.

[0420] Step 665 illustrates drying / volatile removal: Thermal or vacuum drying removes carriers and stabilizes particle adhesion without degrading fiber integrity.

[0421] Step 670 illustrates load verification and quality checks: Analytical assays (gravimetric, XRF, or microscopy) quantify loading uniformity; endotoxin and residual solvent / moisture limits are confirmed.

[0422] Step 675 illustrates primary sealing / packaging: Bandages meeting additive specifications are sealed in barrier packaging preparatory to sterilization or final distribution.

[0423] In FIG. 10 predictive shelf-life modeling may exploit oxygen ingress simulations coupled with moisture sorption isotherms, supporting dynamic labeling strategies and adaptive inventory rotation algorithms for hospital supply chains. FIG. 10 depicts a shelf-life stabilizationand barrier packaging process designed to maintain functional and radiographic performance over extended storage intervals.

[0424] Step 700 illustrates moisture conditioning: Bandages are equilibrated to a target moisture window mitigating brittleness and microbial risk while preserving loft.

[0425] Step 705 illustrates insertion with stabilizers: Each unit is placed with desiccant and oxygen scavenger elements sized to projected permeation loads over intended shelf life.

[0426] Step 710 illustrates headspace modification: Vacuum evacuation and / or inert (, nitrogen) backfill reduces residual oxygen partial pressure prior to final seal. e.g.

[0427] Step 715 illustrates heat sealing: A multilayer low WVTR laminate pouch is hermetically sealed under controlled temperature, dwell, and pressure parameters.

[0428] Step 720 illustrates residual and transmission measurements: Residual oxygen and water vapor transmission metrics are measured against specification; seal integrity tests verify barrier continuity.

[0429] Step 725 illustrates accelerated aging and release: Accelerated aging (, per Arrhenius modeling) projects real-time stability; passing results enable lot release for distribution, e.g.

[0430] In FIG. 11 species-specific variance (e.g., coagulation cascade kinetics, dermal thickness gradients) informs tailored packing force profiles, and situational radiographic decision thresholds may be modified for portable low-dose veterinary imaging systems, e.g. FIG. 11 demonstrates a veterinary procedural adaptation recognizing interspecies anatomical and physiological variation while maintaining radiographic traceability.

[0431] Step 750 illustrates veterinary assessment: A clinician identifies hemorrhage type and species-specific considerations (e.g., clotting tendencies, anatomical access).

[0432] Step 755 illustrates bandage size selection: Dimensional selection accommodates anatomical scale and target wound tract depth for the species of concern.

[0433] Step 760 illustrates packing and pressure application: The cavity is packed to achieve uniform tamponade while preserving a retrieval tail consistent with safe removal protocols.

[0434] Step 765 illustrates radiographic confirmation: Portable imaging validates tracer placement and depth, aiding avoidance of retained foreign material upon later extraction.

[0435] Step 770 illustrates hemostasis adequacy decision: Objective (bleeding cessation) and subjective (tissue appearance) criteria inform progression.

[0436] Step 775 illustrates monitoring / documentation: Stable cases undergo observation with recordation of vital signs and local tissue status.

[0437] Step 777 illustrates adjustment or augmentation: Insufficient control triggers additional packing, adjunct hemostatic additive use, or escalation to surgical intervention.EXAMPLE 2. EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

[0438] Embodiment 1. A knit surgical bandage comprising: (a) opposite longitudinal side edges that are as-knit selvage edges; (b) first and second transverse cut ends; (c) first portions comprising a knit composite of a glass fiber and a rayon fiber; and (d) a continuous longitudinal radiopaque portion extending between the transverse cut ends and laterally flanked by the first portions; wherein the bandage lacks longitudinally cut edges requiring serging.

[0439] Embodiment 2. The bandage of Embodiment 1 wherein the glass fiber and the rayon fiber are each provided as a single continuous end per bandage width.

[0440] Embodiment 3. The bandage of any preceding Embodiment wherein the radiopaque portion comprises a thermoplastic polymer filament containing 30-60 wt% barium sulfate.

[0441] Embodiment 4. The bandage of any preceding Embodiment having an as-knit areal weight of 270-300 gsm and a post-processing areal weight of 325-350 gsm.

[0442] Embodiment 5. The bandage of any preceding Embodiment having a knit gauge of 18-22 stitches per inch.

[0443] Embodiment 6. The bandage of any preceding Embodiment wherein the longitudinal length is 48-60 inches and the transverse width is 3-4 inches.

[0444] Embodiment 7. The bandage of any preceding Embodiment wherein the bandage exhibits multidirectional Young's modulus of 0.1-0.5 MPa in each of two orthogonal planar directions.

[0445] Embodiment 8. The bandage of any preceding Embodiment further comprising a second longitudinal radiopaque portion spaced laterally from the first to yield a dual-line radiographic signature.

[0446] Embodiment 9. The bandage of any preceding Embodiment wherein only one transverse cut end is serged and the opposing end is left raw.

[0447] Embodiment 10. A method of manufacturing a bandage of any of Embodiments 1- 9 comprising knitting a continuous narrow panel with integrated radiopaque portion on a V-bed flat knitting machine having fewer than 150 needles per bed, scouring and drying the panel to induce differential shrinkage forming lofted glass loops, and transversely cutting the panel to discrete lengths.

[0448] Embodiment 11. The method of Embodiment 10 further comprising radiographically verifying continuity of the radiopaque portion prior to packaging.

[0449] Embodiment 12. A method of treating a penetrating wound comprising packing a bandage of any of Embodiments 1-9 into a wound cavity and radiographically confirming presence of the radiopaque portion after a treatment interval. As an example according to the preceding description, a method 1 of manufacturing a bandage includes: knitting glass fiber with rayon fiber to form a fabric using a V-bed flat knitting machine, where the fabric, as knitby the V-bed flat knitting machine, includes opposite edges having closed stitches; and cutting the fabric along a cut intersecting the opposite edges to form the bandage. The opposite edges of the fabric are opposite edges of the bandage. A third edge of the bandage defined by the cut is shorter than each of the opposite edges of the bandage.

[0450] As another example, method 1 in which the opposite edges of the bandage have lengths of at least 24 inches, and in which the third edge of the bandage defined by the cut has a length in a range from two inches to eight inches.

[0451] As another example, method 1 in which the cut defines the third edge as a raw edge, and the method includes serging the third edge.

[0452] As another example, method 1 in which a knitting width of the V-bed flat knitting machine is in a range from two inches to eight inches.

[0453] As another example, method 1 in which a needle bed of the V-bed flat knitting machine has fewer than 200 needles.

[0454] As another example, method 1 in which the fabric, as knit by the V-bed flat knitting machine, has a weight density in a range from 250 gsm to 310 gsm.

[0455] As another example, method 1 in which the bandage has a weight density in a range from 300 gsm to 375 gsm.

[0456] As another example, method 1 in which knitting the glass fiber with the rayon fiber includes knitting a single end of the glass fiber with a single end of the rayon fiber.

[0457] As another example, a method 2 includes method 1 including varying a fiber composition of the fabric along a knitting width of the V-bed flat knitting machine.

[0458] As another example, method 2 including knitting radiopaque fiber into only a portion of a width of the fabric parallel to the knitting width of the V-bed flat knitting machine.

[0459] As another example, method 1 in which the bandage has fewer than 200 stitches along the third edge.

[0460] As another example, method 1 in which the rayon fiber includes bamboo-sourced rayon fiber.

[0461] As another example according to the preceding description, a bandage 1 includes a knit bandage including rayon fiber knit with glass fiber. The knit bandage includes opposite edges having lengths longer than a length of a third edge of the knit bandage. The opposite edges have closed stitches and correspond to as-knit edges output by a knitting machine. The third edge is a raw edge or a serged edge.

[0462] As another example, bandage 1 in which the lengths of the opposite edges of the knit bandage are at least 24 inches, and the length of the third edge of the knit bandage is in a range from two inches to eight inches.

[0463] As another example, bandage 1 in which the knit bandage has a weight density in a range from 300 gsm to 375 gsm.

[0464] As another example, bandage 1 in which the rayon fiber and the glass fiber are single-end rayon fiber and single-end glass fiber.

[0465] As another example, bandage 1 in which the opposite edges correspond to as-knit edges that extend perpendicular to a knitting direction of the knitting machine.

[0466] As another example, bandage 1 in which the knit bandage has fewer than 200 stitches along the third edge.

[0467] As another example, bandage 2 includes bandage 1 having a portion including radiopaque fiber, the portion extending as a stripe parallel to the opposite edges.

[0468] As another example, bandage 2 in which the portion including the radiopaque fiber is abutted on opposite sides by portions including the rayon fiber and the glass fiber.

[0469] A narrow V-bed flat knitting machine can knit a continuous panel whose lateral margins inherently form closed selvage loops that become the longitudinal side edges of successive bandages. Integration of a radiopaque filament during knitting eliminates post-knit sewing or lamination operations otherwise required to attach a tracer. After knitting, scouring removes lubricants and induces differential shrinkage — rayon contracting more than glass — so glass filament loops protrude to form capillary channels. Drying under controlled tension stabilizes width within ±5% of target and limits edge curl (<3 mm in some embodiments). Transverse cutting (e.g., hot knife or ultrasonic) segments the panel into discrete lengths while preserving selvage integrity. Selective serging may be applied to one transverse end for tactile orientation. Continuous radiopacity supports retained item prevention: imaging (e.g., 70-100 kVp radiography) yields a linear contrast element whose continuity is machine-verifiable by line detection algorithms executing edge enhancement and continuity scoring. Optional embodiments incorporate dual radiopaque filaments or tracer plus colored visual tracers. Optional additives (e.g., antimicrobial or hemostatic agents) may be applied preferentially to rayon fibers without materially coating the radiopaque filament to maintain contrast. Mechanical compliance arises from loop geometry and modulus differentials between glass and rayon, providing elongation facilitating conformance without excessive constriction. Representative performance metrics (non-limiting) include: as-knit areal weight 270-300 gsm; post-processing areal weight 325-350 gsm; knit gauge 18-22 stitches per inch; elongation at 5 N load 8-15%; absorbent uptake capacity 5-8 mL / g under simulated packing pressure; radiographic contrast ratio 2: 1-3:1 relative to adjacent textile at 85 kVp. Quality assurance can include radiographic imaging of folded samples and algorithmic continuity assessment logging a metric (e.g., >95% contiguous high-intensity path) to lot records. Clinical use involves inserting a distal portion of the bandage, packing to fill the cavity, optionally applying direct pressure, and imaging to confirm presence or absence of the tracer prior to closure or transfer.

[0470] After testing the above described methods, embodiments and other experiments; next, major work will be undertaken to implement greater scale up and automated procedures in the form of software with devices.

[0471] All patents and other publications; including literature references, issued patents, published patent applications, and co-pending patent applications; cited throughout this application are expressly incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the methodologies described in such publications that might be used in connection with the technology described herein. These publications are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing in this regard should be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention or for any other reason. All statements as to the date or representation as to the contents of these documents is based on the information available to the applicants and does not constitute any admission as to the correctness of the dates or contents of these documents.

[0472] The foregoing written specification is considered to be sufficient to enable one skilled in the art to practice the present aspects and embodiments. The present aspects and embodiments are not to be limited in scope by examples provided, since the examples are intended as a single illustration of one aspect and other functionally equivalent embodiments are within the scope of the disclosure. Various modifications in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and fall within the scope of the appended claims. The advantages and objects described herein are not necessarily encompassed by each embodiment. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following exemplary claims.

Claims

CLAIMS l / l / e claim:

1. A knit surgical bandage comprising: opposite long side edges that are as-knit selvage edges extending longitudinally between a first end and an opposite second end, the first and second ends being transverse cut edges; first portions comprising a knit structure of a primary fiber comprising glass and a secondary fiber comprising rayon; and a radiopaque second portion extending longitudinally between and to the first and second ends, the second portion comprising at least one radiopaque fiber containing a radiopaque filler, wherein the first portions flank the second portion laterally and the bandage is free of longitudinally cut edges requiring serging.

2. The bandage of claim 1 wherein each of the first portions comprises a single continuous end of the primary glass fiber and a single continuous end of the secondary rayon fiber.

3. The bandage of claim 1 wherein the radiopaque filler comprises barium sulfate, bismuth subcarbonate, bismuth oxychloride, tungsten, or a combination thereof.

4. The bandage of claim 1 wherein the radiopaque second portion consists essentially of a polypropylene filament compounded with barium sulfate dispersed with a median particle size less than 10 pm.

5. The bandage of claim 1 wherein the first and second ends are raw cut edges free of serging.

6. The bandage of claim 1 wherein only one of the first and second ends is serged and the other is a raw cut edge.

7. The bandage of claim 1 having an areal weight density after processing in a range from 300 gsm to 375 gsm, optionally from 325 gsm to 350 gsm, optionally from 330 gsm to 340 gsm, or about 335 gsm to about 338 gsm.

8. The bandage of claim 1 having an as-knit areal weight density in a range from 250 gsm to 310 gsm, optionally from 270 gsm to 300 gsm, optionally from 275 gsm to 295 gsm, or about 280 gsm to about 290 gsm.

9. The bandage of claim 1 having a modulus (Young's modulus) in each of two orthogonal planar directions in a range from 10 MPa to 0.01 MPa, optionally from 1 MPa to 0.05 MPa, optionally from 0.5 MPa to 0.1 MPa, or about 0.2 MPa to about 0.15 MPa.

10. The bandage of claim 1 wherein the gauge of the knit is in a range from 10 stitches per inch to 30 stitches per inch, optionally from 12 stitches per inch to 24 stitches per inch, optionally from 18 stitches per inch to 22 stitches per inch, or about 20 stitches per inch.

11. The bandage of claim 1 wherein the bandage has a longitudinal length between the first and second ends in a range from 24 inches to 72 inches, optionally from 36 inches to 60 inches, optionally from 48 inches to 60 inches, or about 54 inches to about 58 inches; and a transverse width between the long side edges in a range from 2 inches to 8 inches, optionally from 2 inches to 6 inches, optionally from 3 inches to 4 inches, or about 3.5 inches to about 3.9 inches.

12. A method of manufacturing a knit surgical bandage, the method comprising: knitting on a narrow V-bed flat knitting machine a continuous panel having opposite as-knit selvage long edges and incorporating along a longitudinal region a radiopaque yarn to define a radiopaque portion laterally flanked by first portions comprising a glass fiber and a rayon fiber; and transversely cutting the panel at spaced intervals along cut lines to form individual bandages each having first and second cut ends and the opposite as-knit long side edges derived from the selvage long edges.

13. The method of claim 12 further comprising scouring and drying the continuous panel prior to the transversely cutting, the scouring inducing differential shrinkage forming lofted glass loops enhancing capillary uptake.

14. The method of claim 12 wherein the knitting comprises feeding a single continuous glass filament and a single continuous rayon filament per bandage width with alternating front / rear needle engagement in successive rows.

15. The method of claim 12 wherein the transversely cutting comprises using a hot knife or ultrasonic cutter to inhibit fraying at the first and second ends.

16. The method of claim 12 further comprising selectively serging only one of the first and second ends.

17. The method of claim 12 wherein the machine has fewer than 200 needles per bed, optionally fewer than 150 needles per bed, optionally from 100 needles per bed to 115 needles per bed, or about 108 needles per bed to about 112 needles per bed engaged for the bandage width.

18. The method of claim 12 wherein the radiopaque yarn comprises a thermoplastic polymer compounded with 20 wt% to 80 wt% radiopaque filler, optionally 30 wt% to 60 wt%, optionally 35 wt% to 45 wt%, or about 40 wt% to about 42 wt%.

19. The method of claim 12 wherein the panel is tensioned and overfed such that postscouring the width tolerance is within ±5% of a target width between the long side edges.

20. The method of claim 12 further comprising radiographically verifying continuity of the radiopaque portion across multiple folded layers prior to packaging.

21. The method of claim 12 further comprising applying an antimicrobial or hemostatic agent to the rayon fiber after knitting while avoiding coating the radiopaque portion.

22. The method of claim 12 wherein the cutting step is performed after scouring and drying so that shrinkage occurs prior to end formation, thereby reducing end edge distortion.

23. A method of treating a penetrating wound comprising: providing the bandage of claim 1 ; inserting a distal segment of the bandage including the radiopaque portion into a wound cavity while retaining a proximal portion outside the patient; packing the bandage by sequential insertion using multi-directional stretch of the knit to conform to irregular void geometry; and after a treatment interval performing imaging to confirm presence or absence of the radiopaque portion within the patient.

24. The method of claim 23 wherein only one end is serged and the other end is un-serged, and the un-serged end is the first segment inserted to promote fluid ingress.

25. The method of claim 23 further comprising applying direct manual pressure over the wound while the bandage absorbs exudate, the knit architecture promoting capillary transport from the ends toward an interior region.

26. The method of claim 23 wherein imaging comprises obtaining an X-ray at 60 kVp to 120 kVp, optionally 70 kVp to 100 kVp, optionally about 85 kVp to about 95 kVp, the continuous radiopaque portion forming a linear contrast element.

27. The method of claim 23 wherein the bandage exhibits a longitudinal elongation at 5 N load in a range from 2% to 40%, optionally from 5% to 25%, optionally from 8% to 15%, or about 10% to about 12% facilitating conformance without constriction.

28. The method of claim 23 further comprising removing the bandage and visually confirming integrity of the radiopaque portion longitudinally between ends.

29. The method of claim 23 wherein a second bandage is introduced and overlapped such that respective radiopaque portions are laterally offset for improved composite imaging recognition.

30. The method of claim 23 further comprising irrigating the wound through interstitial channels created by lofted glass loops prior to final packing.

31. The method of claim 23 wherein the bandage has an absorbent uptake capacity in a range from 3 mL / g to 12 mL / g, optionally from 4 mL / g to 10 mL / g, optionally from 5 mL / g to 8 mL / g, or about 6 mL / g to about 7 mL / g under simulated packing pressure.

32. The method of claim 23 wherein wound packing is performed in a confined anatomical region selected from the group consisting of torso, junctional, and extremity wound sites, and wherein the radiopaque portion facilitates count verification in a limited visualization environment.

33. A radiopaque yarn for integration into a knit surgical bandage, the yarn comprising: a thermoplastic polymer matrix; barium sulfate particles dispersed within the matrix with a median particle size less than 10 pm; and a filament linear density selected such that the yarn when knit forms a flexible stripe extending longitudinally between first and second ends of the bandage without materially stiffening the bandage relative to adjacent regions lacking the yarn.

34. The yarn of claim 33 wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix comprises polypropylene and the barium sulfate loading is in a range from 30 wt% to 60 wt%, optionally from 35 wt% to 45 wt%, or about 40 wt% to about 42 wt%.

35. The yarn of claim 33 further comprising a surface treatment on the barium sulfate selected from silane coupling agents, fatty acid coatings, or titanate coupling agents to improve dispersion.

36. The yarn of claim 33 wherein the filament exhibits an elongation at break in a range from 5% to 40%, optionally from 8% to 25%, optionally from 10% to 18%, or about 12% to about 15%.

37. The yarn of claim 33 wherein the radiopaque yarn is a multi-filament bundle having a total denier in a range from 30 denier to 300 denier, optionally 40 denier to 150 denier, optionally 50 denier to 90 denier, or about 70 denier to about 80 denier.

38. The yarn of claim 33 wherein the polymer matrix further comprises an antioxidant stabilizer in a range from 0.05 wt% to 1 wt%, optionally 0.1 wt% to 0.5 wt%, optionally 0.15 wt% to 0.3 wt%, or about 0.2 wt% to about 0.25 wt%.

39. The yarn of claim 33 wherein the barium sulfate is combined with a second radiopaque component selected from tungsten powder and bismuth oxychloride to broaden attenuation response.

40. The yarn of claim 33 wherein the filament has a tensile strength in a range from 100 MPa to 600 MPa, optionally from 150 MPa to 400 MPa, optionally from 180 MPa to 300 MPa, or about 220 MPa to about 260 MPa.

41. A kit comprising: at least two bandages according to claim 1 having different transverse widths; and printed instructions specifying radiographic verification of the continuous radiopaque portion for retained surgical item prevention.

42. The kit of claim 41 further comprising an imaging reference chart indicating expected grayscale intensity of the radiopaque portion under defined X-ray energy ranges.

43. A method of quality assurance for a knit surgical bandage comprising: knitting a continuous panel including a radiopaque portion; scouring and drying the panel; capturing a radiographic image of a folded section of the panel; algorithmically detecting continuity of the radiopaque portion across folds; and rejecting the folded section when a discontinuity metric exceeds a threshold value.

44. The method of claim 43 wherein the folded section comprises at least three overlying layers and the algorithm applies line detection filtering to identify the radiopaque portion.

45. The method of claim 43 wherein the threshold value corresponds to an interruption length in a range from 1 mm to 20 mm, optionally from 2 mm to 10 mm, optionally from 3 mm to 6 mm, or about 4 mm to about 5 mm.

46. The method of claim 43 further comprising recording the continuity metric and correlating the metric with a production lot identifier to enable traceability.

47. The method of claim 43 wherein algorithmic detection comprises convolutional filtering followed by Hough transform line extraction producing a radiopaque continuity score.

48. A knit surgical bandage comprising: first and second longitudinal radiopaque portions extending between and to opposite cut ends; first portions comprising glass fiber and rayon fiber laterally flanking the radiopaque portions; and opposite as-knit selvage long edges free of longitudinal cutting, wherein the first and second radiopaque portions are spaced laterally to provide a dual-line radiographic signature distinguishable from a single-line signature of otherwise similar bandages.

49. The bandage of claim 48 wherein the spacing between the first and second radiopaque portions is in a range from 2 mm to 15 mm, optionally from 3 mm to 10 mm, optionally from 4 mm to 8 mm, or about 5 mm to about 6 mm.

50. The bandage of claim 48 further comprising a colored tracer yarn positioned laterally outward of at least one radiopaque portion to facilitate visual orientation prior to use.

51. The bandage of claim 48 wherein the first and second radiopaque portions each comprise a radiopaque yarn according to claim 33.

52. The bandage of claim 48 wherein only one of the cut ends is serged and the other is raw to provide differential tactile orientation.

53. A computer-assisted verification system comprising: an imaging device configured to obtain a radiographic image of at least one bandage according to claim 1 ; a processor configured to execute instructions to identify a continuous radiopaque line corresponding to the radiopaque portion; and an output interface configured to present a confirmation signal when the identified line satisfies a continuity criterion.

54. The system of claim 53 wherein the instructions comprise edge enhancement filtering followed by pattern recognition distinguishing dual-line signatures of bandages according to claim 48 from single-line signatures of bandages according to claim 1.

55. The system of claim 53 wherein the continuity criterion is satisfied when pixel intensity along a detected path remains above a threshold in at least 95% of sampled segments.

56. The system of claim 53 wherein the processor computes an interruption metric and stores the metric with a time stamp and operator identifier for audit tracking.

57. The bandage of claim 1 or the bandage of claim 48 wherein the radiopaque portion exhibits a grayscale intensity relative to adjacent textile in a ratio in a range from 1.5:1 to 6:1 , optionally from 2:1 to 4:1 , optionally from 2.2:1 to 3.0:1 , or about 2.5:1 to about 2.7:1 under an 85 kVp radiograph.

58. The bandage of claim 1 or the method of claim 12 wherein the rayon fiber comprises bamboo-sourced rayon exclusively.

59. The bandage of claim 1 or the method of claim 12 wherein the primary glass fiber has a filament diameter classification selected from B, C, D, DE, E, G, H, and K sizes.

60. The method of claim 23 or the bandage of claim 1 wherein the bandage displays an absorbent uptake time to 50% saturation in a range from 1 second to 30 seconds, optionally from 2 seconds to 15 seconds, optionally from 3 seconds to 8 seconds, or about 4 seconds to about 6 seconds.

61. The kit of claim 41 or the computer-assisted verification system of claim 53 further comprising a data sheet stating weight density, gauge, and radiopaque filler loading ranges corresponding to the supplied bandages.

62. The bandage of claim 1 or the yarn of claim 33 wherein the radiopaque filler comprises surface modified barium sulfate coated with a silane coupling agent to improve dispersion indices below 1.5 (Hunter value).

63. The method of claim 12 or the method of claim 43 further comprising applying machine vision inspection to evaluate loop integrity adjacent the first and second ends before individual bandage packaging.

64. The bandage of claim 48 or the bandage of claim 1 wherein at least one optional therapeutic additive selected from antimicrobial agents and hemostatic polysaccharides is present on the rayon fiber without materially coating the radiopaque portion.

65. The bandage of claim 1 or the method of claim 12 wherein edge curl of each long side edge after scouring is less than 5 mm lift from a planar surface after 10 minutes of equilibrated ambient exposure, optionally less than 3 mm, optionally less than 2 mm, or about 1 mm to about 1.5 mm.

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