One-dimensional trellis shaping design
The one-dimensional trellis shaping encoder addresses the inflexibility and performance issues of two-dimensional schemes by allowing flexible coding rates and reduced complexity in encoding bit sequences, enhancing signal transmission efficiency.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/109387
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-02
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-05
AI Technical Summary
Existing two-dimensional trellis shaping schemes in wireless communications are inflexible and reduce the performance of forward error correction encoding, leading to increased complexity and reduced flexibility in encoding bit sequences.
Implementing a one-dimensional trellis shaping encoder that maps a single encoded most significant bit (MSB) to a single modulation symbol, allowing for flexible coding rates and improved flexibility in encoding and mapping of bit sequences, which can be performed before or after forward error correction encoding.
The one-dimensional trellis shaping design enhances encoding flexibility, reduces complexity, and improves the performance of transmitted signals by varying the coding rate, thereby optimizing signal transmission.
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Figure CN2024109387_05022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ONE-DIMENSIONAL TRELLIS SHAPING DESIGN
[0001] FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY
[0002] The following relates to wireless communications, including one-dimensional trellis shaping design.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power) . Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM) . A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE) .SUMMARY
[0004] The systems, methods, and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.
[0005] A method by an apparatus is described. The method may include encoding one or more most significant bits (MSB) of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, the bit sequence including the one or more MSBs and one or more least significant bits (LSB) , where a quantity of the one or more MSBs that are encoded is based on the encoding rate, mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a set of multiple modulation symbols according to a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme, mapping the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols according to the QAM scheme, modulating a signal based on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols, and transmitting the signal based on modulating the signal.
[0006] An apparatus is described. The apparatus may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the apparatus to encode one or more MSBs of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, the bit sequence including the one or more MSBs and one or more LSBs, where a quantity of the one or more MSB that are encoded is based on the encoding rate, mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a set of multiple modulation symbols accord to a QAM scheme, map the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols according to the QAM scheme, modulate a signal based on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols, and transmit the signal based on modulating the signal.
[0007] Another apparatus is described. The apparatus may include means for encoding one or more MSBs of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, the bit sequence including the one or more MSBs and one or more LSBs, where a quantity of the one or more MSBs that are encoded is based on the encoding rate, means for mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a set of multiple modulation symbols according to a QAM scheme, means for mapping the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols according to the QAM scheme, means for modulating a signal based on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols, and means for transmitting the signal based on modulating the signal.
[0008] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to encode one or more MSBs of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, the bit sequence including the one or more MSBs and one or more LSBs, where a quantity of the one or more MSBs that are encoded is based on the encoding rate, mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a set of multiple modulation symbols accord to a QAM scheme, map the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols according to the QAM scheme, modulate a signal based on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols, and transmit the signal based on modulating the signal.
[0009] Some examples of the method, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing a forward error correction (FEC) encoding procedure on the set of multiple modulation symbols based on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols, where modulating the signal may be based on performing the FEC encoding procedure.
[0010] Some examples of the method, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing a first FEC encoding procedure to encode the one or more MSBs of the bit sequence and performing a second FEC encoding procedure to encode the one or more LSBs of the bit sequence, where encoding the one or more MSBs to generate the set of shaped bits may be based on performing the first FEC encoding procedure and on performing the second FEC encoding procedure.
[0011] Some examples of the method, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing a scoring operation to determine the quantity of the set of shaped bits to map each modulation symbol of the set of multiple modulation symbols, where encoding the one or more MSBs of the bit sequence and mapping the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols of the set of multiple modulation symbols may be based on performing the scoring operation.
[0012] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the one or more LSBs of the bit sequence may be mapped to the set of multiple modulation symbols according to a binary-coded ordering.
[0013] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the one or more LSBs of the bit sequence may be mapped to the set of multiple modulation symbols according to a gray-coded ordering.
[0014] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the set of shaped bits may be mapped to the respective modulation symbols of a half of the set of multiple modulation symbols according to a gray-coded ordering, and the one or more LSBs may be mapped to the half of the set of multiple modulation symbols according to the gray-coded ordering.
[0015] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the one or more MSBs may be encoded according to a trellis shaping encoder.
[0016] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. Note that the relative dimensions of the following figures may not be drawn to scale.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 2 shows an example of an encoding diagram 200 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 3 shows an example of an encoding diagram 300 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0020] FIG. 4 shows an example of an encoding diagram 400 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 5 shows an example of a forward error correction (FEC) encoding diagram 500 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 6 shows an example of a process flow 600 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIGs. 7 and 8 show block diagrams of devices that support one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 10 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0026] FIGs. 11 and 12 show flowcharts illustrating methods that support one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] A wireless device, such as a user equipment (UE) or a network entity, may perform trellis shaping to shape a constellation diagram of a modulation scheme during modulation of a bit sequence. In some cases, the wireless device may encode the most significant bits (MSBs) of the bit sequence via a trellis shaping encoder to generate a set of encoded MSBs. By doing so, the encoder may shape the MSBs used for labelling the constellation diagram of the modulations scheme, thereby shaping the constellation diagram. In some systems, such shaping and mapping may be performed according to a two-dimensional modulation scheme (e.g., quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) ) , where a constellation point of a constellation diagram corresponds to both a respective phase and a respective amplitude (e.g., two dimensions including a first dimension of phase and a second dimension of amplitude) .
[0028] In such systems, the constellation diagram may include four quadrants, where each quadrant corresponds to a bit sequence (e.g., ‘00’ for a first quadrant, ‘01’ for a second quadrant, and so on) . As such, the encoder may identify, based on the set of encoded MSBs, which quadrant of the constellation diagram the least significant bits (LSBs) of the bit sequence are to be mapped, and subsequently map the LSBs to a constellation point (e.g., modulation symbol) within the identified quadrant. However, such two-dimensional modulation schemes may be inflexible when compared to other code-based shaping schemes and may reduce observed benefits for forward error correction (FEC) encoding procedures. For example, such two-dimensional schemes may have a lower degree of freedom, result in reduced performance, or both relative to other modulation and coding schemes, or may be constrained by the encoding rate (e.g., the coding rate of the trellis shaping encoder may be fixed at 1 / 2) . Due to such constraints, performance of the transmitted signal may be reduced, complexity of encoding the bit sequence may be increased, or both.
[0029] The techniques described herein may enable the wireless device to support a one-dimensional trellis shaping encoder design, which may provide for a modulation and coding scheme that maps a single encoded MSB to a single modulation symbol, thereby providing for a constellation diagram that includes a single axis (e.g., one-dimensional constellation diagram) . For example, the trellis shaping encoder may encode one or more MSBs of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, where, in such examples, a quantity of the one or more MSBs encoded may be flexible, based on the coding rate.
[0030] In such examples, each constellation point (e.g., modulation symbol) within the constellation diagram may be represented by a respective m-bit set (e.g., each constellation point is 4 bits in 16 QAM, while each constellation point 3 bits in 8 pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) ) . Accordingly, each bit of the set of shaped bits may be the MSB of a respective m-bit set, where the m-bit set includes m–1 LSBs that correspond to one of the set of shaped bits (e.g., the MSB of the m-bit set is one of the set of shaped bits and the LSBs of the m-bit set corresponds to m-1 bits of the LSBs) . For example, the wireless device may combine each bit of the set of shaped bits with a respective m–1 LSBs to generate multiple m-bit sets, where each m-bit set includes a respective shaped bit and respective m–1 LSBs. The wireless device may map each m-bit set to a respective constellation point (e.g., modulation symbol) according to the respective modulation scheme based on combining the set of shaped bits and the LSBs. The wireless device may map such m-bit sets to a respective modulation symbol. By doing so, the wireless device may map a respective bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol and map the LSBs to a corresponding modulation symbol. Based on generating the modulation symbols, the wireless device may modulate a signal and may transmit the signal, where the receiver may decode the signal and obtain the bit sequence.
[0031] By implementing the one-dimensional trellis shaping design, the wireless device may improve the flexibility of encoding. For example, the coding rate of the trellis shaping encoder may vary (instead of being fixed at 1 / 2) , which may result in a reduction of complexity and improved performance of the transmitted signal at the wireless device. Additionally, by utilizing the one-dimensional trellis shaping design, the encoding and mapping of the bit sequence may be performed prior, or subsequent, to FEC encoding, thereby providing flexibility in the implementation of the trellis shaping encoder.
[0032] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are then described with reference to wireless communications systems, encoding diagrams, FEC encoding diagrams, and process flows. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to one-dimensional trellis shaping design.
[0033] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network entities 105) , one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0034] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some examples, network entities 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link (s) 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link) . For example, a network entity 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network entity 105 may establish the communication link (s) 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network entity 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs) .
[0035] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UEs 115 or network entities 105) , as shown in FIG. 1.
[0036] As described herein, a node of the wireless communications system 100, which may be referred to as a network node, or a wireless node, may be a network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein) , a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein) , a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be a UE 115. As another example, a node may be a network entity 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a network entity 105. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a node. For example, disclosure that a UE 115 is configured to receive information from a network entity 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.
[0037] In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with a core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocol) . In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130) . In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol) , or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication link (s) 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) or one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link) , among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.
[0038] One or more of the network entities 105 or network equipment described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB) , a 5G NB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB) , a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology) . In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within one network entity (e.g., a network entity 105 or a single RAN node, such as a base station 140) .
[0039] In some examples, a network entity 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) , which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among multiple network entities (e.g., network entities 105) , such as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , such as a CU 160, a distributed unit (DU) , such as a DU 165, a radio unit (RU) , such as an RU 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , such as an RIC 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, such as an SMO system 180, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some examples, one or more of the network entities 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0040] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3) , layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may be connected to a DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or an RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs) , or some combination thereof, and the DUs 165, RUs 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or multiple different RUs, such as an RU 170) . In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165 or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170) . A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to a DU 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU 165 may be connected to an RU 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some examples, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities (e.g., one or more of the network entities 105) that are in communication via such communication links.
[0041] In some wireless communications systems (e.g., the wireless communications system 100) , infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130) . In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more of the network entities 105 (e.g., network entities 105 or IAB node (s) 104) may be partially controlled by each other. The IAB node (s) 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. A DU 165 or an RU 170 may be partially controlled by a CU 160 associated with a network entity 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network entity or a donor base station) . The one or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node (s) 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link (s) 120) . IAB node (s) 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may be equipped with an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115 or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of IAB node (s) 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node (s) 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT) ) . In some examples, the IAB node (s) 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node (s) 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream) . In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104 or components of the IAB node (s) 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.
[0042] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support test as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., components such as an IAB node, a DU 165, a CU 160, an RU 170, an RIC 175, an SMO system 180) .
[0043] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters, among other examples.
[0044] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as UEs 115 that may sometimes operate as relays, as well as the network entities 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0045] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via the communication link (s) 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting the communication link (s) 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link (s) 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP) ) that is operated according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR) . Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information) , control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network entity 105. For example, the terms “transmitting, ” “receiving, ” or “communicating, ” when referring to a network entity 105, may refer to any portion of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more of the network entities 105) .
[0046] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) ) . In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both) , such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam) , and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.
[0047] The time intervals for the network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts=1 / (Δfmax·Nf) seconds, for which Δfmax may represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and Nf may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms) ) . Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023) .
[0048] Each frame may include multiple consecutively-numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period) . In some wireless communications systems, such as the wireless communications system 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., Nf) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.
[0049] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI) . In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs) ) .
[0050] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET) ) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs) ) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to UEs 115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or may include UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a UE 115 (e.g., a specific UE) .
[0051] In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area, such as the coverage area 110. In some examples, coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) associated with different technologies may overlap, but the coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network entity (e.g., a network entity 105) . In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas, such as a coverage area 110, associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., the network entities 105) . The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network entities 105 support communications for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) using the same or different RATs.
[0052] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) . The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.
[0053] In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs (e.g., one or more of the UEs 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link, such as a D2D communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P) , D2D, or sidelink protocol) . In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network entity 105. In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network entity 105. In some examples, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to-many (1: M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more of the UEs 115 in the group. In some examples, a network entity 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network entity 105.
[0054] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC) , which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet (s) , an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.
[0055] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) . Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.
[0056] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA) , LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA) . Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.
[0057] A network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network entity 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network entity 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network entity 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.
[0058] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation) .
[0059] As described herein, a wireless device, such as a UE 115 or a network entity 105, may support a one-dimensional trellis shaping encoder design, which may provide for a modulation and coding scheme that maps a single encoded MSB to a single modulation symbol, thereby providing for a constellation diagram that includes a single axis (e.g., one-dimensional constellation diagram) . For example, the trellis shaping encoder may encode one or more MSBs of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, where, in such examples, a quantity of the one or more MSBs encoded may be flexible, based on the coding rate. Based on generating the set of shaped bits (e.g., encoded MSBs) , the wireless device may shape the constellation diagram (e.g., for the MSBs case, we encode the half of the constellation diagram corresponding to a ‘1’ , the another half of the constellation diagram corresponding to a ‘0’ ) .
[0060] In such examples, each constellation point (e.g., modulation symbol) within the constellation diagram may be represented by a respective m-bit set (e.g., each constellation point is 4 bits in 16 QAM, while each constellation point 3 bits in 8-PAM) . Accordingly, each bit of the set of shaped bits may be the MSB of an m-bit set, where the m-bit set includes m–1 LSBs that correspond to one of the set of shaped bits (e.g., the MSB of the m-bit set is one of the set of shaped bits and the LSBs of the m-bit set corresponds to m-1 bits of the LSBs) . For example, the wireless device may combine each bit of the set of shaped bits with a respective m–1 LSBs to generate multiple m-bit sets, where each m-bit set includes a respective shaped bit and respective m–1 LSBs. The wireless device may map each m-bit set to a respective constellation point (e.g., modulation symbol) according to the respective modulation scheme based on combining the set of shaped bits and the LSBs. That is, using m-bit sets (e.g., MSB → LSB) to represent each symbol of constellation sets, the wireless device may map the m-bit set together, and may subsequently shape the MSB of these bit sets to map to another symbol. By doing so, the wireless device may map a respective bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol. Based on generating the modulation symbols, the wireless device may modulate a signal and may transmit the signal, where the receiver may decode the signal and obtain the bit sequence.
[0061] FIG. 2 shows an example of an encoding diagram 200 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The encoding diagram 200 may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100. For example, the encoding diagram 200 may be implemented by a wireless device, such as a UE 115 or a network entity 105, as described herein with reference to FIG. 1. The techniques described in the context of the encoding diagram 200 may enable the wireless device to improve wireless communication via signal modulation and coding.
[0062] The wireless device may implement an encoder 202 (e.g., a trellis shaping encoder) as a method of selecting a minimum-weight sequence from an equivalence class of possible transmitted sequences by a search through the trellis design of a Viterbi decoder 216. That is, by performing the trellis shaping encoding, the wireless device (e.g., a transmitter) may achieve constellation shaping without increasing the decoding complexity or reducing the coding gain for a second wireless device (e.g., a receiver) . To implement trellis shaping, the wireless device may include an encoder 202 to shape the MSBs of a bit sequence 204 (e.g., c) , where such shaped MSBs (e.g., set of shaped bits) may be used to label a constellation scheme (e.g., such as a QAM constellation diagram) . The wireless devices (e.g., transmitter and receiver) may additionally include a decoder 230, which may either be a hard-decision or a soft-decision decoder. Accordingly, the encoder 202 and the decoder 230 may be optimized for different modulation schemes, channel models, and performance metrics.
[0063] In the encoding diagram 200, the encoder 202 may encode a bit sequence 204 (e.g., c) . To do so, the encoder 202 may input the bit sequence 204 into a demultiplexer 206 (e.g., demux) , which may divide the bit sequence 204 into a quantity of MSBs 208 (e.g., u) and a quantity of LSBs 210 (e.g., b) . The encoder 202 may input MSBs 208 into a inverse syndrome matrix 212, which the inverse syndrome matrix 212 may encode the MSBs 208 and generate a codeword 214 (e.g., z) . For example, the inverse syndrome matrix 212 may be equivalent to (H-1) T (e.g., inverse syndrome former matrix, inverse parity check matrix, inverse matrix) , which is the left inverse matrix of a syndrome former matrix HT (e.g., parity check matrix) . Accordingly, (H-1) T* HTmay be equivalent to I, which is an identify matrix of size (ns –1) . In such examples, the inverse syndrome matrix 212 may be viewed as a rate (ns -1) / ns convolutional code. As such, the inverse syndrome matrix 212 may encode MSBs 208 according to a convolutional code encoding rate of 1 / ns to generate the codeword 214 (e.g., z=u (H-1) T) . In such examples, the length (e.g., quantity of bits) of the codeword 214 may be based on the modulation scheme utilized by the mapper 226.
[0064] In response to performing the encoding on the MSBs 208, the encoder 202 may input the codeword 214, the LSBs 210, or both into the Viterbi decoder 216, where the Viterbi decoder 216 may utilize a Viterbi algorithm to select a shaping bit sequence 218 (e.g., x) based on the codeword 214, the LSBs 210, or both. The encoder 202 may input the shaping bit sequence 218 into a generator matrix 220, where the generator matrix 220 may generate and encode a codeword 222 (e.g., y) , where the codeword 222 may have a length that is equivalent to the codeword 214. Additionally, in such examples, the length of the MSBs 208 (e.g., u) may be determined according to the coding rate (e.g., 1 / ns) , where the length (e.g., quantity of bits) of the MSBs 208 may be equal to the length of the set of shaped bits multiplied by the coding rate (e.g., length (u) = length (r) / ns) .
[0065] Based on generating the codeword 214 and the codeword 222, the encoder 202 may perform an XOR procedure to generate the final MSB sequence, such as a set of shaped bits 224 (e.g., ) , where the length of the set of shaped bits 224 may be equal to the lengths of the codewords 214 and 222. In response to generating the set of shaped bits, the encoder 202 may input the set of shaped bits 224 and the LSBs 210 into a mapper 226 to generate one or more modulation symbols 228 (e.g., A) .
[0066] As an illustrative example, the encoder 202 may use a QAM sign-bit shaping and mapping scheme to map the set of shaped bits 224 and the LSBs 210 to the respective modulation symbol 228. Accordingly, in the 16-bit QAM scheme, the encoder 202 may map two MSBs in the set of shaped bits 224 to one of four quadrants of the QAM constellation diagram, where each quadrant may have be associated with a respective bit two bits (e.g., quadrant one is associated with a bit sequence of ‘00’ , while quadrant two is associated with a bit sequence of ‘01’ , and so on) . By doing so, the mapper 226 may map each modulation symbol 228 according to two bits of the set of shaped bits, or in other words, two bits per modulation symbol 228.
[0067] Based on identifying the quadrant of the QAM constellation diagram, the encoder 202 may then map the LSBs 210 to one of the constellation points within the identified quadrant based on the bit sequence of the LSBs 210. As described herein, the constellation point within the identified quadrant may be referred to as a modulation symbol 228. Based on mapping the set of shaped bits 224 and the quantity of LSBs to the modulation symbols 228, the wireless device may modulate the signal according to the modulation symbol 228 and transmit the signal to the second wireless device.
[0068] Accordingly, the second wireless device may decode the received signal using the trellis shaping decoder 230. For example, in response to demodulating the signal to obtain the modulation symbols 228, the decoder 230 may input the each of the modulation symbols 228 into a demapper 232, which may demap the modulation symbols 228 into a set of shaped bits 234 (e.g., ) and a quantity of LSBs 236 (e.g., ) . The decoder 230 may input the set of shaped bits 234 into a syndrome matrix 238 to be decoded, where the syndrome matrix 238 may be the null matrix of the generator matrix 220 and may be denoted by HT (e.g., GHT=0) .The syndrome matrix 238 may decode the set of shaped bits 234 into a quantity of MSBs 240 (e.g., ) . For example, the transmitted set of shaped bits 224 (e.g., r or ) may be decoded by the syndrome matrix 238 (e.g., HT) according to the following equation: Based on obtaining the MSBs 240, the decoder 230 may input the MSBs 240 and the LSBs 236 into a multiplexer 242 (e.g., mux) , which may output a bit sequence 244 (e.g., ) , where the bit sequence 244 may be equal to the bit sequence 204.
[0069] In some cases, such trellis shaping may be performed according to a two-dimensional QAM modulation scheme, where a constellation point of a constellation scheme corresponds to both a respective phase and a respective amplitude (e.g., two dimensions including a first dimension of phase and a second dimension of amplitude) . However, such two-dimensional modulation schemes may be inflexible when compared to other code-based shaping schemes (e.g., polar code-based shaping) . For example, such two-dimensional modulation schemes (e.g., modulation schemes in which both phase and amplitude are modified between each modulation symbol) may have a lower degree of freedom, may reduce observed benefits for forward error correction (FEC) encoding procedures, result in reduced performance (e.g., BICM performance of two-dimensional trellis shaping may be reduced as compared to uniform QAM modulation) , or a combination thereof.
[0070] Additionally, by utilizing the two-dimensional trellis shaping design, the wireless devices may be constrained by the encoding rate (e.g., the coding rate of the trellis shaping encoder may be fixed at 1 / 2) . For example, if the encoding rate of the encoder 202 is not 1 / 2, the mapping scheme utilized by the mapper 226 may be altered and be complex, resulting in further performance losses and an increase in the complexity of demodulation at the receiver. For example, as described herein, by having an encoding rate of 1 / 2, the mapper 226 may map two bits of the set of shaped bits 224 per modulation symbol 228, which may lead to utilizing a constellation diagram with four quadrants (e.g., two bits may have a value from 0–3) .However, by having an encoding rate of 1 / 3, the mapper 226 may map three bits of the set of shaped bits 224 per modulation symbol, which may lead to using a constellation diagram with 8 octants (e.g., three bits may have a value from 0–7) , which may increase complexity at both the transmitting and receiving device. Due to such constraints, performance of the transmitted signal may be reduced, complexity of encoding the bit sequence may be increased, or both.
[0071] In accordance with the techniques described herein, the wireless device may support a one-dimensional trellis shaping encoder design, which may provide for a modulation and coding scheme that maps a single encoded MSB to a single modulation symbol, thereby providing for a constellation scheme that includes a single axis (e.g., one-dimensional constellation diagram, a single MSB shapes the constellation diagram) . For example, the encoder 202 may encode MSBs 208 of the bit sequence 204 according to an encoding rate (e.g., 1 / 2, 1 / 3, 2 / 3, etc. ) to generate the set of shaped bits 224, where, in such examples, a quantity of the MSBs 208 encoded may be flexible, based on the coding rate.
[0072] In some examples, based on generating the set of shaped bits 224 (e.g., encoded MSBs) , the wireless device may shape the constellation diagram (e.g., for the MSBs case, we encode the half of the constellation diagram corresponding to a ‘1’ , the other half of the constellation diagram corresponding to a ‘0’ ) . In such examples, each constellation point (e.g., modulation symbol 228) within the constellation diagram may be represented by a respective m-bit set (e.g., each constellation point is 4 bits in 16 QAM, while each constellation point 3 bits in 8-PAM) . Accordingly, each bit of the set of shaped bits 224 may be the MSB of an m-bit set, where the m-bit set includes m–1 LSBs 210 that correspond to one of the set of shaped bits 224 (e.g., the MSB of the m-bit set is one of the set of shaped bits and the LSBs of the m-bit set corresponds to m-1 bits of the LSBs) . For example, the mapper 226 may combine each bit of the set of shaped bits 224 with a respective m–1 LSBs 210 to generate multiple m-bit sets, where each m-bit set includes a respective shaped bit 224 and respective m–1 LSBs 210. In some examples, the mapper 226 may map each m-bit set to a respective modulation symbol 228 according to a PAM scheme, which may be further described herein with reference to FIG. 3. Alternatively, the mapper 226 may map each m-bit set to a respective modulation symbol 228 according to a QAM scheme, which may be further described herein with reference to FIG. 4. By doing so, the wireless device may map a respective bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol.
[0073] Accordingly, the wireless device may modulate a signal according to the generated modulation symbols 228. Based on modulating the signal, the wireless device may transmit the signal, where the receiver may decode the signal and obtain the bit sequence 244. In some examples, by utilizing the one-dimensional trellis shaping design, the wireless device may perform FEC encoding procedure prior, or subsequent, to the trellis shaping encoding, where such techniques may be further described herein with reference to FIG. 5.
[0074] Accordingly, by implementing the one-dimensional trellis shaping design, the wireless device may improve the flexibility of encoding. For example, the coding rate of the trellis shaping encoder may vary (instead of being fixed at 1 / 2) , which may result in a reduction of complexity and improved performance of the transmitted signal at the wireless device. Additionally, by utilizing the one-dimensional trellis shaping design, the encoding and mapping of the bit sequence 204 may be performed prior, or subsequent, to FEC encoding, thereby providing flexibility in the implementation of the encoder 202.
[0075] FIG. 3 shows an example of an encoding diagram 300 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The encoding diagram 300 may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100 and the encoding diagram 200. For example, the encoding diagram 300 may be implemented by a wireless device, such as a UE 115 or a network entity 105, as described with reference to FIG. 1. The techniques described in the context of the encoding diagram 300 may enable the wireless device to map the set of shaped bits 224 and the LSBs 210 to a one-dimensional mapping scheme, such as the PAM scheme 305 (e.g., 1 bit per 1 symbol) .
[0076] For example, the encoding diagram 300 may illustrate an example of the one-dimensional trellis shaping encoding, where the encoder 202 may utilize a PAM scheme 305 (e.g., 8-PAM) to map the set of shaped bits 224 and the LSB 210 to the modulation symbols 228. Although as illustrated as 8-PAM, it should be understood that any level of PAM modulation scheme may be utilized by the encoder 202 (e.g., utilized in trellis shaping) . As illustrated, the PAM scheme 305 may include four quadrants 310 (e.g., quadrants 310-a, 310-b, 310-c, and 310-d) , where each quadrant 310 may be indexed by, or associated with, a respective two-bit sequence (e.g., 00, 01, 11, and 10) . Each constellation point 315 (e.g., constellation point 315-a, 315-b, 315-c, 315-d, 315-d, 315-e, 315-f, 315-g, and 315-h) within the quadrant 310 may correspond to a single bit and correspond to a respective amplitude, where the selection of the constellation point 315 within a quadrant 310 may be referred to as a modulation symbol 228. As described herein, the PAM scheme 305 may be referred to as a one-dimensional mapping scheme due to the variation of the amplitude for each constellation point 315 (e.g., constellation point 315-a may have a separate amplitude then constellation point 315-c, but both have the same phase) .
[0077] Accordingly, in response to generating the set of shaped bits 224, as described herein with reference to FIG. 2, the mapper 226 may map the set of shaped bits 224 to one of the quadrants 310 of the PAM scheme 305. In response to mapping each respective two bits of the shaped bits 224 to one of the quadrants 310, the mapper 226 may map the LSB 210 to one of the constellation points 315 within the identified quadrant 310 according to gray mapping scheme. As an illustrative example, if the set of shaped bits 224 is equivalent to ‘01’ and the LSB 210 is equal to ‘0’ , the mapper 226 may identify the quadrant 310-b and map the LSB to the constellation point 315-c, thereby forming the modulation symbol 228.
[0078] By utilizing the PAM scheme 305, the wireless device may have increased flexibility for trellis shaping. For example, the wireless device may arbitrarily determine a coding rate for the inverse syndrome matrix 212, as the construction of the quantity of quadrants 310 and constellation points of the PAM scheme 305 may be flexible and relatively simplified due to the one-dimensional nature of the PAM scheme 305.
[0079] FIG. 4 shows an example of an encoding diagram 400 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The encoding diagram 400 may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the encoding diagram 200, and the encoding diagram 300. For example, the encoding diagram 400 may be implemented by a wireless device, such as a UE 115 or a network entity 105, as described with reference to FIG. 1. The techniques described in the context of the encoding diagram 300 may enable the wireless device to map the set of shaped bits 224 and the LSBs 210 to a one-dimensional mapping scheme, such as a QAM scheme (e.g., 1 bit per n symbols) .
[0080] The encoding diagram 400 may illustrate an example where an encoder 202 may map one bit per n symbols in a QAM scheme according to an encoding rate of 1 / n. For example, the mapper 226 may map each bit of the set of shaped bits 224 to the respective modulation symbol 228 of a quantity of modulation symbols 228 (e.g., modulation symbols 228-a and 228-b) according to the QAM scheme. In such examples, because the quantity of shaped bits (e.g., encoded MSBs) mapped to each modulation symbol 228 is one, the QAM scheme may be considered a one-dimensional modulation scheme (e.g., the constellation diagram may have a single axis and include two halves (e.g., a first half corresponding to a bit value of ‘0’ and a second half corresponding to a bit value of ‘1’ ) .
[0081] In some examples, n may be a fraction instead of an integer. In such cases, n may be considered a score in which the wireless device may perform a scoring operation to identify the quantity of bits mapped per symbol. As an illustrative example, if n is equal 1.5 (e.g., 3 / 2) , the wireless device may determine to shape (e.g., map) two bits per three modulation symbols) . In such cases, the wireless device may perform the scoring operation to determine the set of shaped bits 224, the quantity of modulation symbols, or both, where the wireless device may encode the MSBs 208 of the bit sequence 204 and map the set of shaped bits 224 to the respective modulation symbols 228 based on performing the scoring operation.
[0082] As an illustrative example of the one-dimensional scheme utilizing 16 QAM (e.g., each constellation point in 16 QAM may transmit a 4 bit level) , the encoder 202 may input, to the demultiplexer 206, a bit sequence 204, which may be equivalent to 1 by 400 bits. The demultiplexer 206 may divide the bit sequence 204 into the MSBs 208 and the LSBs 210. Accordingly, if the coding rate of the encoder 202 is 1 / 2. The demultiplexer 206 may set the quantity of MSBs 208 to 50 bits (e.g., 1 by 50) based on the encoding rate of 1 / 2 and set the quantity of LSBs 210 to 300 bits (e.g., 1 by 300) . The encoder 202 may input the MSBs 208 into the inverse syndrome matrix 212 (of size (2, 1) ) , which may encode the MSBs 208 according to the inverse of the encoding rate of 1 / 2. As a result, the inverse syndrome matrix 212 may generate the codeword 214 having a size of 100 bits (e.g., 1*100 bits) .
[0083] The encoder 202 may input the codeword 214, the LSBs 210, or both, into the Viterbi decoder 216, where the Viterbi decoder 216 may generate the shaping bit sequence 218. The encoder 202 may input the shaping bit sequence 218 into the generator matrix 220 to generate the codeword 222 having a size of 100 bits (e.g., 1 *100 bits) . In response to generating the codewords 214 and 222, the encoder 202 may XOR the codewords 214 and 222 to generate the set of shaped bits 224 having a size of 100 bits. Based on generating the set of shaped bits 224, the mapper 226 may map the 100 bits of the set of shaped bits 224 to a respective modulation symbol 228, as illustrated. In such examples, the quantity of modulations symbols may be equal to the quantity of shaped bits 224 (e.g., 100 modulation symbols) .
[0084] In response to mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits 224 to the modulation symbol 228 (e.g., identifying which half of the QAM constellation diagram for each modulation symbol) , the mapper 226 may map three consecutive LSBs of the LSBs 210 to a constellation point within the QAM constellation diagram. For example, each modulation symbol 228 may correspond to 4 bits of data (in 16 QAM) . Accordingly, if each of the 100 shaped bits 224 identify a respective half of the QAM constellation diagram, each half of the constellation diagram may include eight possible modulation symbols (e.g., constellation points) , each associated with a respective three bit-bit sequence. Accordingly, for each of the set of shaped bits, which have been mapped to a respective half of the QAM constellation diagram, the mapper 226 may map three consecutive bits to a constellation point within the diagram, thereby completing each of the modulation symbols 228 (e.g., 100 shaped bits mapped to 100 respective modulation symbols, a respective 3 bits of the 300 LSBs mapped to a respective modulation symbol) .
[0085] In some examples, the mapper 226 may map the LSBs 210 to each constellation point (e.g., thereby forming a modulation symbol) according to a binary coded ordering, gray-coded ordering, or a combination of both. Alternatively, in some examples, the mapper 226 may map the set of shaped bits 224 to the respective modulation symbols of a half of the quantity of modulation symbols (e.g., utilize half of the constellation points within the constellation diagram) according to a gray-coded ordering and also map the LSBs 210 to half of the modulation symbols according to the gray-coded ordering.
[0086] FIG. 5 shows an example of an encoding diagram 500 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The encoding diagram 500 may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the encoding diagram 200, the encoding diagram 300, and the encoding diagram 400, as described herein. For example, the encoding diagram 500 may be implemented by a wireless device, such as a UE 115 or a network entity 105, as described with reference to FIG. 1. The techniques described in the context of the encoding diagram 500 may enable the wireless device to flexibly perform FEC encoding, for example, by performing the FEC encoding prior, or subsequent, to performing trellis shaping. As described herein, FEC encoding may be a method used in data transmission to control errors by introducing redundancy in the data being sent. This redundancy may allow the receiver to detect and correct a limited number of errors without a retransmission from the sender for additional data.
[0087] In some examples, the wireless device may perform a FEC encoding procedure 505, where in the FEC encoding procedure 505 systematic FEC encoding may be performed after the trellis shaping encoding. For example, the FEC encoding procedure 505 may utilize a demultiplexer 515, the encoder 520, an amplitude-bit mapping component 525, a FEC encoder 530 (e.g., systematic FEC encoder) , a bit amplitude mapping component 535, a sign mapping component 540, and an XOR operation 545 to produce non-uniform bits 550, which may be modulated and transmitted over a signal.
[0088] Accordingly, the demultiplexer 515 may receive the uniform bits 510 (e.g., a bit sequence 204) , where the demultiplexer 515 may divide the uniform bits 510 into k bits and yn uniform bits. Accordingly, the demultiplexer 515 may output the k bits into the encoder 520, where the trellis shaping encoder may be an example of the encoder 520, where the encoder 520 may perform the one-dimensional trellis shaping described herein with reference to FIG. 4. For example, the encoder 520 may output a set of non-uniform amplitudes (e.g., a set having n amplitudes or modulation symbols) , where the amplitude-bit mapping component 525 may receive the set of non-uniform amplitudes, generate a set of non-uniform amplitude bits based on the non-uniform amplitudes (e.g., based on the modulation symbols) , and output the set of non-uniform amplitude bits (e.g., n * (M–1) amplitude bits) to the FEC encoder 530. Accordingly, the FEC encoder 530 may receive the set of non-uniform amplitude bits and receive the yn uniform bits and perform FEC encoding. In such examples, the FEC encoder 530 may encode the non-uniform amplitude bits and the yn uniform bits according to a coding rate (e.g., Rate ) .
[0089] The FEC encoder 530 may output, to the bit-amplitude mapping component, a set of non-uniform systematic bits, where the bit-amplitude mapping component may generate a set of amplitudes corresponding to the non-uniform systematic bits. Similarly, the FEC encoder may generate and output a set of parity bits (e.g., n * (1–y) parity bits) and the yn uniform bits to the sign mapping component 540, where the sign mapping component 540 may generate and output n sign bits that are based on the set of parity bits and the yn uniform bits. Accordingly, the XOR operation 545 may receive the set of amplitudes and the n sign bits and generate a set of non-uniform constellations. Accordingly, using the non-uniform constellations, the wireless device may modulate a signal and transmit the signal to the second wireless device (e.g., receiver) .
[0090] Alternatively, in some examples, the wireless device may perform an FEC encoding procedure 555, where the systematic FEC encoding occurs prior to the trellis shaping encoding. For example, the wireless device, implementing the FEC encoding procedure 555, may include a FEC encoder 580, which may include an encoder 570 (e.g., Encoder M) and an encoder 575 (e.g., Encoder-L) , an encoder 585 (e.g., encoder 202, and a modulation component 590. As such, the encoder 570 may receive and encode the MSBs 560 of a bit sequence (e.g., bit sequence 204) , while the encoder 575 may receive and encode the LSBs 565 of the bit sequence) . Based on performing the FEC encoding on the MSBs 560 and the LSBs 565 of the bit sequence, the encoder 585 may obtain the encoded MSBs and the encoded LSBs of the bit sequence and performing trellis shaping encoding, as described herein with reference to FIGs. 2–4. In response, the encoder 585 may output to the modulation component 590 the modulation symbols, where the modulation component may modulate a signal according to the modulation symbols. As such, the wireless device may transmit the signal to the second wireless device.
[0091] FIG. 6 shows an example of a process flow 600 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 600 illustrates aspects of techniques performed by a wireless device 605-a and a wireless device 605-b, which may be examples of respective devices described herein with reference to FIG. 1. Process flow 600 may enable the wireless device 605-a and the wireless device 605-b to improve wireless communication via signal modulation.
[0092] In some cases, at 610, the wireless device 605-a may perform an FEC encoding procedure prior to performing the trellis shaping, such as the FEC encoding procedure 555 as described herein with reference to FIG. 5. For example, the wireless device 605-a may perform the first FEC encoding procedure to encode one or more MSBs of a bit sequence and one or more LSBs of the bit sequence. The wireless device 605-a may perform the first FEC encoding procedure prior to the trellis shaping encoding procedure is performed.
[0093] At 615, the wireless device 605-a may encode the one or more MSBs. For example, the wireless device 605-a may encode the one or more MSBs of the bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits. The wireless device 605-a may encode the quantity of the one or more MSBs based on the encoding rate. The wireless device 605-a may encode the one or more MSBs according to a one-dimensional trellis shaping encoder, as described with reference to FIGs. 2–4.
[0094] At 620, the wireless device 605-a may map the set of shaped bits to modulation symbols. For example, the wireless device 605-a may map each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a quantity of modulation symbols according to a QAM scheme as described herein with reference to FIG. 4. Alternatively, the wireless device 605-a may map each respective two bits of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation according to a PAM scheme as described herein with reference to FIG. 3. In some cases, the wireless device 605-a may map the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols of a half of the quantity of the modulation symbols according to a gray-coded ordering, as described herein with reference to FIG. 4.
[0095] At 625, the wireless device 605-a may map one or more LSBs. The wireless device 605-a may map the one or more LSBs to the quantity of modulation symbols according to the QAM scheme, as described herein with reference to FIG. 4, or according to the PAM scheme, as described herein with reference to FIG. 3. The wireless device 605-a may map the one or more LSBs to the quantity of modulation symbols according to a binary-coded ordering or a gray-coded ordering. In some cases, the wireless device 605-a may map the one or more LSBs to the respective modulation symbol of the half of the quantity of the modulation symbols according to the gray-coded ordering.
[0096] In some cases, at 630, the wireless device 605-a may perform a second FEC encoding procedure, such as the FEC encoding procedure 505 as described herein with reference to FIG. 5. For example, the wireless device 605-a may perform the second FEC encoding procedure to encode the bit sequence in response to performing the trellis shaping encoding.
[0097] At 635, the wireless device 605-a may modulate a signal. The wireless device 605-a may modulate the signal based on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more LSBs to the quantity of modulation symbols.
[0098] At 640, the wireless device 605-a may transmit the signal to the wireless device 605-b. The wireless device 605-a may transmit the signal to the wireless device 605-b based on modulating the signal at 635.
[0099] FIG. 7 shows a block diagram 700 of a device 705 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 705 may be an example of aspects of a UE 115 as described herein. The device 705 may include a receiver 710, a transmitter 715, and a communications manager 720. The device 705, or one or more components of the device 705 (e.g., the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, the communications manager 720) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0100] The receiver 710 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to one-dimensional trellis shaping design) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 705. The receiver 710 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0101] The transmitter 715 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 705. For example, the transmitter 715 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to one-dimensional trellis shaping design) . In some examples, the transmitter 715 may be co-located with a receiver 710 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 715 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0102] The communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of one-dimensional trellis shaping design as described herein. For example, the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0103] In some examples, the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , a central processing unit (CPU) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0104] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code) . If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0105] In some examples, the communications manager 720 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or both. For example, the communications manager 720 may receive information from the receiver 710, send information to the transmitter 715, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0106] For example, the communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding one or more MSBs of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, the bit sequence including the one or more MSBs and one or more LSBs, where a quantity of the one or more MSBs that are encoded is based on the encoding rate. The communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a set of multiple modulation symbols according to a QAM scheme. The communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for mapping the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols according to the QAM scheme. The communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for modulating a signal based on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols. The communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the signal based on modulating the signal.
[0107] By including or configuring the communications manager 720 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 705 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, the communications manager 720, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for one-dimensional trellis shaping in wireless communications that may support reduced processing, more efficient utilization of communication resources, reduced power consumption, or any combination thereof.
[0108] FIG. 8 shows a block diagram 800 of a device 805 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 805 may be an example of aspects of a device 705 or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 805 may include a receiver 810, a transmitter 815, and a communications manager 820. The device 805, or one of more components of the device 805 (e.g., the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, the communications manager 820) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0109] The receiver 810 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to one-dimensional trellis shaping design) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 805. The receiver 810 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0110] The transmitter 815 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 805. For example, the transmitter 815 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to one-dimensional trellis shaping design) . In some examples, the transmitter 815 may be co-located with a receiver 810 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 815 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0111] The device 805, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of one-dimensional trellis shaping design as described herein. For example, the communications manager 820 may include a MSB encoder 825, a shaped bit mapper 830, a LSB mapper 835, a signal modulator 840, a signal transmitter component 845, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 820 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 720 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 820, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or both. For example, the communications manager 820 may receive information from the receiver 810, send information to the transmitter 815, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0112] The MSB encoder 825 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding one or more MSBs of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, the bit sequence including the one or more MSBs and one or more LSBs, where a quantity of the one or more MSBs that are encoded is based on the encoding rate. The shaped bit mapper 830 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a set of multiple modulation symbols according to a QAM scheme. The LSB mapper 835 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for mapping the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols according to the QAM scheme. The signal modulator 840 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for modulating a signal based on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols. The signal transmitter component 845 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the signal based on modulating the signal.
[0113] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram 900 of a communications manager 920 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 920 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 720, a communications manager 820, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 920, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of one-dimensional trellis shaping design as described herein. For example, the communications manager 920 may include a MSB encoder 925, a shaped bit mapper 930, a LSB mapper 935, a signal modulator 940, a signal transmitter component 945, a FEC encoder 950, a scoring operation component 955, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0114] The MSB encoder 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding one or more MSBs of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, the bit sequence including the one or more MSBs and one or more LSBs, where a quantity of the one or more MSBs that are encoded is based on the encoding rate. The shaped bit mapper 930 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a set of multiple modulation symbols according to a QAM scheme. The LSB mapper 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for mapping the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols according to the QAM scheme. The signal modulator 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for modulating a signal based on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols. The signal transmitter component 945 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the signal based on modulating the signal.
[0115] In some examples, the FEC encoder 950 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing a FEC encoding procedure on the set of multiple modulation symbols based on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols, where modulating the signal is based on performing the FEC encoding procedure.
[0116] In some examples, the FEC encoder 950 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing a first FEC encoding procedure to encode the one or more MSBs of the bit sequence. In some examples, the FEC encoder 950 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing a second FEC encoding procedure to encode the one or more LSBs of the bit sequence, where encoding the one or more MSBs to generate the set of shaped bits is based on performing the first FEC encoding procedure and on performing the second FEC encoding procedure.
[0117] In some examples, the scoring operation component 955 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing a scoring operation to determine the quantity of the set of shaped bits to map each modulation symbol of the set of multiple modulation symbols, where encoding the one or more MSBs of the bit sequence and mapping the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols of the set of multiple modulation symbols is based on performing the scoring operation.
[0118] In some examples, the one or more LSBs of the bit sequence are mapped to the set of multiple modulation symbols according to a binary-coded ordering.
[0119] In some examples, the one or more LSBs of the bit sequence are mapped to the set of multiple modulation symbols according to a gray-coded ordering.
[0120] In some examples, the set of shaped bits are mapped to the respective modulation symbols of a half of the set of multiple modulation symbols according to a gray-coded ordering, and the one or more LSBs are mapped to the half of the set of multiple modulation symbols according to the gray-coded ordering.
[0121] In some examples, the one or more MSBs are encoded according to a trellis shaping encoder.
[0122] FIG. 10 shows a diagram of a system 1000 including a device 1005 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1005 may be an example of or include components of a device 705, a device 805, or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 1005 may communicate (e.g., wirelessly) with one or more other devices (e.g., network entities 105, UEs 115, or a combination thereof) . The device 1005 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1020, an input / output (I / O) controller, such as an I / O controller 1010, a transceiver 1015, one or more antennas 1025, at least one memory 1030, code 1035, and at least one processor 1040. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1045) .
[0123] The I / O controller 1010 may manage input and output signals for the device 1005. The I / O controller 1010 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1005. In some cases, the I / O controller 1010 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 1010 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 1010 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1010 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 1040. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1005 via the I / O controller 1010 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1010.
[0124] In some cases, the device 1005 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 1005 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 1015 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 1025 using wired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1015 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1015 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1025 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1025. The transceiver 1015, or the transceiver 1015 and one or more antennas 1025, may be an example of a transmitter 715, a transmitter 815, a receiver 710, a receiver 810, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.
[0125] The at least one memory 1030 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The at least one memory 1030 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1035. The code 1035 may include instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 1040, cause the device 1005 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1035 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1035 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 1040 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1030 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0126] The at least one processor 1040 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 1040 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 1040. The at least one processor 1040 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 1030) to cause the device 1005 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting one-dimensional trellis shaping design) . For example, the device 1005 or a component of the device 1005 may include at least one processor 1040 and at least one memory 1030 coupled with or to the at least one processor 1040, the at least one processor 1040 and the at least one memory 1030 configured to perform various functions described herein.
[0127] In some examples, the at least one processor 1040 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1030 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 1040 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1040) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1030) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1040 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1040 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1005 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code 1035 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 1030 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0128] For example, the communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding one or more MSBs of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, the bit sequence including the one or more MSBs and one or more LSBs, where a quantity of the one or more MSBs that are encoded is based on the encoding rate. The communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a set of multiple modulation symbols according to a QAM scheme. The communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for mapping the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols according to the QAM scheme. The communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for modulating a signal based on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols. The communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the signal based on modulating the signal.
[0129] By including or configuring the communications manager 1020 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1005 may support techniques for one-dimensional trellis shaping in wireless communications that may support improved communication reliability, reduced latency, improved user experience related to reduced processing, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, improved utilization of processing capability, or any combination thereof.
[0130] In some examples, the communications manager 1020 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1015, the one or more antennas 1025, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1020 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1020 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 1040, the at least one memory 1030, the code 1035, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1035 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 1040 to cause the device 1005 to perform various aspects of one-dimensional trellis shaping design as described herein, or the at least one processor 1040 and the at least one memory 1030 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0131] FIG. 11 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1100 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1100 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1100 may be performed by a UE 115 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 10. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0132] At 1105, the method may include encoding one or more MSBs of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, the bit sequence including the one or more MSBs and one or more LSBs, where a quantity of the one or more MSBs that are encoded is based on the encoding rate. The operations of 1105 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1105 may be performed by a MSB encoder 925 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0133] At 1110, the method may include mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a set of multiple modulation symbols according to a QAM scheme. The operations of 1110 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1110 may be performed by a shaped bit mapper 930 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0134] At 1115, the method may include mapping the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols according to the QAM scheme. The operations of 1115 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1115 may be performed by a LSB mapper 935 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0135] At 1120, the method may include modulating a signal based on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols. The operations of 1120 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1120 may be performed by a signal modulator 940 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0136] At 1125, the method may include transmitting the signal based on modulating the signal. The operations of 1125 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1125 may be performed by a signal transmitter component 945 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0137] FIG. 12 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1200 that supports one-dimensional trellis shaping design in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1200 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1200 may be performed by a UE 115 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 10. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0138] At 1205, the method may include encoding one or more MSBs of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, the bit sequence including the one or more MSBs and one or more LSBs, where a quantity of the one or more MSBs that are encoded is based on the encoding rate. The operations of 1205 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1205 may be performed by a MSB encoder 925 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0139] At 1210, the method may include mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a set of multiple modulation symbols according to a QAM scheme. The operations of 1210 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1210 may be performed by a shaped bit mapper 930 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0140] At 1215, the method may include mapping the one or more LSBs to the set of multiple modulation symbols according to the QAM. The operations of 1215 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1215 may be performed by a LSB mapper 935 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0141] At 1220, the method may include performing a FEC encoding procedure on the multiple sets of modulation symbols based at least in part on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more least significant bits to the multiple sets of modulation symbols. The operations of 1220 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1220 may be performed by a FEC encoder 950 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0142] At 1225, the method may modulating a signal based on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more least significant bits to the set of multiple modulation symbols, where modulating the signal is based at least in part on performing the FEC encoding procedure. The operations of 1230 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1230 may be performed by a signal modulator 940 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0143] At 1230, the method may include transmitting the signal based on modulating the signal. The operations of 1225 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1225 may be performed by a signal transmitter component 945 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0144] The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:
[0145] Aspect 1: A method, comprising: encoding one or more most significant bits of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, the bit sequence comprising the one or more most significant bits (MSB) and one or more least significant bits (LSB) , wherein a quantity of the one or more MSBs that are encoded is based at least in part on the encoding rate; mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a plurality of modulation symbols according to a QAM scheme; mapping the one or more LSBs to the plurality of modulation symbols according to the QAM scheme; modulating a signal based at least in part on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more LSBs to the plurality of modulation symbols; and transmitting the signal based at least in part on modulating the signal.
[0146] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, further comprising: performing an FEC encoding procedure on the plurality of modulation symbols based at least in part on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more LSBs to the plurality of modulation symbols, wherein modulating the signal is based at least in part on performing the FEC encoding procedure.
[0147] Aspect 3: The method of any of aspects 1 through 2, further comprising: performing a first FEC encoding procedure to encode the one or more MSBs of the bit sequence; and performing a second FEC encoding procedure to encode the one or more LSBs of the bit sequence, wherein encoding the one or more most significant bits to generate the set of shaped bits is based at least in part on performing the first FEC encoding procedure and on performing the second FEC encoding procedure.
[0148] Aspect 4: The method of any of aspects 1 through 3, further comprising: performing a scoring operation to determine the quantity of the set of shaped bits to map each modulation symbol of the plurality of modulation symbols, wherein encoding the one or more MSBs of the bit sequence and mapping the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols of the plurality of modulation symbols is based at least in part on performing the scoring operation.
[0149] Aspect 5: The method of any of aspects 1 through 4, wherein the one or more LSBs of the bit sequence are mapped to the plurality of modulation symbols according to a binary-coded ordering.
[0150] Aspect 6: The method of any of aspects 1 through 5, wherein the one or more LSBs of the bit sequence are mapped to the plurality of modulation symbols according to a gray-coded ordering.
[0151] Aspect 7: The method of any of aspects 1 through 6, wherein the set of shaped bits are mapped to the respective modulation symbols of a half of the plurality of modulation symbols according to a gray-coded ordering, and the one or more LSBs are mapped to the half of the plurality of modulation symbols according to the gray-coded ordering.
[0152] Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 1 through 7, wherein the one or more MSBs are encoded according to a trellis shaping encoder.
[0153] Aspect 9: An apparatus comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the apparatus to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 8.
[0154] Aspect 10: An apparatus comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 8.
[0155] Aspect 11: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 8.
[0156] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations. The operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0157] Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0158] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0159] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, a graphics processing unit (GPU) , a neural processing unit (NPU) , an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor but, in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration) . Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0160] The functions described herein may be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored as or transmitted using one or more instructions or code of a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0161] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one location to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) , or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD) , floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc. Disks may reproduce data magnetically, and discs may reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a memory may be performed by multiple memories that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0162] As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. ”
[0163] As used herein, including in the claims, the article “a” before a noun is open-ended and understood to refer to “at least one” of those nouns or “one or more” of those nouns. Thus, the terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. For example, if a claim recites “a component” that performs one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “a component” having characteristics or performing functions may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent reference to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” may be understood to mean “one or more components, ” and referring to “the component” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ” Similarly, subsequent reference to a component introduced as “one or more components” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, referring to “the one or more components” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ”
[0164] The term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , ascertaining, and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in memory) , and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, obtaining, selecting, choosing, establishing, and other such similar actions.
[0165] In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label or other subsequent reference label.
[0166] The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples. ” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some figures, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.
[0167] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A wireless device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; andone or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:encode one or more most significant bits of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, the bit sequence comprising the one or more most significant bits and one or more least significant bits, wherein a quantity of the one or more most significant bits that are encoded is based at least in part on the encoding rate;mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a plurality of modulation symbols accord to a quadrature amplitude modulation scheme;map the one or more least significant bits to the plurality of modulation symbols according to the quadrature amplitude modulation scheme;modulate a signal based at least in part on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more least significant bits to the plurality of modulation symbols; andtransmit the signal based at least in part on modulating the signal.2.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:perform a forward error correction (FEC) encoding procedure on the plurality of modulation symbols based at least in part on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more least significant bits to the plurality of modulation symbols, wherein modulating the signal is based at least in part on performing the FEC encoding procedure.3.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:perform a first forward error correction (FEC) encoding procedure to encode the one or more most significant bits of the bit sequence; andperform a second FEC encoding procedure to encode the one or more least significant bits of the bit sequence, wherein encoding the one or more most significant bits to generate the set of shaped bits is based at least in part on performing the first FEC encoding procedure and on performing the second FEC encoding procedure.4.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:perform a scoring operation to determine the quantity of the set of shaped bits to map each modulation symbol of the plurality of modulation symbols, wherein encoding the one or more most significant bits of the bit sequence and mapping the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols of the plurality of modulation symbols is based at least in part on performing the scoring operation.5.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more least significant bits of the bit sequence are mapped to the plurality of modulation symbols according to a binary-coded ordering.6.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more least significant bits of the bit sequence are mapped to the plurality of modulation symbols according to a gray-coded ordering.7.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the set of shaped bits are mapped to the respective modulation symbols of a half of the plurality of modulation symbols according to a gray-coded ordering, and the one or more least significant bits are mapped to the half of the plurality of modulation symbols according to the gray-coded ordering.8.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more most significant bits are encoded according to a trellis shaping encoder.9.A method for wireless communications at a wireless device, comprising:encoding one or more most significant bits of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, the bit sequence comprising the one or more most significant bits and one or more least significant bits, wherein a quantity of the one or more most significant bits that are encoded is based at least in part on the encoding rate;mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a plurality of modulation symbols according to a quadrature amplitude modulation scheme;mapping the one or more least significant bits to the plurality of modulation symbols according to the quadrature amplitude modulation scheme;modulating a signal based at least in part on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more least significant bits to the plurality of modulation symbols; andtransmitting the signal based at least in part on modulating the signal.10.The method of claim 9, further comprising:performing a forward error correction (FEC) encoding procedure on the plurality of modulation symbols based at least in part on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more least significant bits to the plurality of modulation symbols, wherein modulating the signal is based at least in part on performing the FEC encoding procedure.11.The method of claim 9, further comprising:performing a first forward error correction (FEC) encoding procedure to encode the one or more most significant bits of the bit sequence; andperforming a second FEC encoding procedure to encode the one or more least significant bits of the bit sequence, wherein encoding the one or more most significant bits to generate the set of shaped bits is based at least in part on performing the first FEC encoding procedure and on performing the second FEC encoding procedure.12.The method of claim 9, further comprising:performing a scoring operation to determine the quantity of the set of shaped bits to map each modulation symbol of the plurality of modulation symbols, wherein encoding the one or more most significant bits of the bit sequence and mapping the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols of the plurality of modulation symbols is based at least in part on performing the scoring operation.13.The method of claim 9, wherein the set of shaped bits are mapped to the respective modulation symbols of a half of the plurality of modulation symbols according to a gray-coded ordering, and the one or more least significant bits are mapped to the half of the plurality of modulation symbols according to the gray-coded ordering.14.The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more most significant bits are encoded according to a trellis shaping encoder.15.A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to:encode one or more most significant bits of a bit sequence according to an encoding rate to generate a set of shaped bits, the bit sequence comprising the one or more most significant bits and one or more least significant bits, wherein a quantity of the one or more most significant bits that are encoded is based at least in part on the encoding rate;mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol of a plurality of modulation symbols accord to a quadrature amplitude modulation scheme;map the one or more least significant bits to the plurality of modulation symbols according to the quadrature amplitude modulation scheme;modulate a signal based at least in part on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more least significant bits to the plurality of modulation symbols; andtransmit the signal based at least in part on modulating the signal.16.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the instructions are further executable by the one or more processors to:perform a forward error correction (FEC) encoding procedure on the plurality of modulation symbols based at least in part on mapping each bit of the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols and on mapping each bit of the one or more least significant bits to the plurality of modulation symbols, wherein modulating the signal is based at least in part on performing the FEC encoding procedure.17.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the instructions are further executable by the one or more processors to:perform a first forward error correction (FEC) encoding procedure to encode the one or more most significant bits of the bit sequence; andperform a second FEC encoding procedure to encode the one or more least significant bits of the bit sequence, wherein encoding the one or more most significant bits to generate the set of shaped bits is based at least in part on performing the first FEC encoding procedure and on performing the second FEC encoding procedure.18.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the instructions are further executable by the one or more processors to:perform a scoring operation to determine the quantity of the set of shaped bits to map each modulation symbol of the plurality of modulation symbols, wherein encoding the one or more most significant bits of the bit sequence and mapping the set of shaped bits to the respective modulation symbols of the plurality of modulation symbols is based at least in part on performing the scoring operation.19.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the set of shaped bits are mapped to the respective modulation symbols of a half of the plurality of modulation symbols according to a gray-coded ordering, and the one or more least significant bits are mapped to the half of the plurality of modulation symbols according to the gray-coded ordering.20.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more most significant bits are encoded according to a trellis shaping encoder.
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