Negative electrode sheet and solid-state battery

Abstract

A negative electrode sheet (10) and a solid-state battery. An annular modification layer (12) is provided in a second region (112) of a negative electrode body (11), such that when the negative electrode sheet (10) is applied to a solid-state battery, the modification layer (12) can form a certain gap in the solid-state battery, thereby facilitating the reduction in the expansion rate of the solid-state battery. In addition, the modification layer (12) can stop lithium ions diffusing from a first region (111) to the second region (112), thereby prolonging the service life of the solid-state battery.

Description

Negative plate and solid-state battery

[0001] The present application claims priority to the Chinese patent application No. 202421841947.0, filed on July 31, 2024, to the Chinese Patent Office, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present application relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a negative plate and a solid-state battery having the same. BACKGROUND

[0003] Due to the demand for energy saving and emission reduction, batteries are increasingly widely used. Batteries are not only used in energy storage power systems such as hydroelectric, thermal, wind and solar power stations, but also widely used in electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, electric vehicles and other electric vehicles, military equipment, aerospace and other fields. With the continuous expansion of the application field of batteries, the market demand is also increasing.

[0004] Traditional liquid lithium ion batteries are composed of a separator, a positive plate, a negative plate, an electrolyte and a carrier. Among them, the electrolyte is prone to fire, explosion and other safety hazards after the battery thermal runaway. The solid-state electrolyte can eliminate the problems of flammability, explosion and liquid leakage caused by liquid electrolyte, and is the preferred electrolyte for the next generation of batteries. Compared with liquid electrolyte, the advantages of solid-state electrolyte over traditional liquid electrolyte include higher safety, higher density, better stability, limitation of lithium dendrite formation and higher working temperature range, which significantly improves the adaptability and reliability of the battery.

[0005] However, solid-state batteries also have the problem of high expansion rate. For example, a solid-state battery with lithium metal as the negative plate, due to the deposition of lithium ions to form lithium metal, will cause the overall thickness of the battery to expand during charging. Tests have found that lithium metal batteries have a huge expansion force (up to 2000 kgf for large batteries), and without external constraints, the free expansion rate of the battery can reach 30%. At the same time, the battery has the problem of rapid decline in electrical performance, resulting in an undesirable service life. TECHNICAL PROBLEM TECHNICAL SOLUTION

[0006] The present application provides a solid-state electrolyte and a solid-state battery having the same, aiming to improve or solve at least one of the above technical problems.

[0007] In one aspect, the present application provides a negative plate for a solid-state battery, the solid-state battery further comprising a positive plate having a positive active layer thereon, the negative plate comprising a negative body and a negative modification layer.

[0008] The negative electrode body has a first region arranged opposite to the positive electrode active layer, and a second region outside the first region, the second region being a closed ring, and the first region being located in the second region.

[0009] The negative electrode modification layer is located on the second region, and the negative electrode modification layer is a closed ring.

[0010] In a possible implementation manner of the present application, the negative electrode modification layer is a closed ring; and / or the negative electrode modification layer covers the second region.

[0011] In a possible implementation manner of the present application, the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer is 4 μm to 130 μm.

[0012] In a possible implementation manner of the present application, the negative electrode body and the negative electrode modification layer are an integrated structure.

[0013] In a possible implementation manner of the present application, the negative electrode body is a metal foil, and the material for preparing the metal foil is selected from one or more of lithium, copper and silver.

[0014] In a possible implementation manner of the present application, the material for preparing the negative electrode body includes metal lithium, and the material for preparing the negative electrode modification layer does not react with lithium metal; and / or

[0015] The material for preparing the negative electrode body includes a metal material, and the material for preparing the negative electrode modification layer is selected from one of ceramic, polyimide and polypropylene.

[0016] The second aspect of the present application provides a solid-state battery, which includes a positive electrode sheet, a solid-state electrolyte film and the above-mentioned negative electrode sheet, and the positive electrode sheet, the solid-state electrolyte and the negative electrode sheet are sequentially stacked.

[0017] In a possible implementation manner of the present application, the positive electrode sheet is selected from one of a lithium iron phosphate positive electrode sheet and a lithium cobaltate positive electrode sheet.

[0018] In a possible implementation manner of the present application, if the positive electrode sheet is a lithium iron phosphate positive electrode sheet, the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer is 4 μm to 110 μm; or if the positive electrode sheet is a lithium cobaltate positive electrode sheet, the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer is 4 μm to 130 μm.

[0019] In a possible implementation manner of the present application, the solid-state battery is a soft package battery. Advantageous effects

[0020] The negative electrode sheet provided in the present application sets an annular modification layer in the second region of the negative electrode body, so that when the negative electrode sheet in the present application is used in a solid-state battery, the modification layer can form a certain gap in the solid-state battery, for example, the gap can provide accommodation space for components deformed during use (for example, a negative electrode sheet with increased thickness, a deformed negative electrode sheet, a deformed solid-state electrolyte membrane, etc.), which is beneficial to reduce the expansion rate of the solid-state battery.

[0021] In addition, the modification layer can block the diffusion of lithium ions from the first region to the second region, thereby improving the service life of the solid-state battery. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0022] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application, the drawings needed in the embodiment description will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor.

[0023] FIG. 1 is an exploded structural schematic diagram of a positive electrode sheet, a solid-state electrolyte membrane and a negative electrode sheet in a solid-state battery provided by the present application;

[0024] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the layer structure of the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode body;

[0025] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the negative electrode sheet provided by the present application.

[0026] Reference numerals:

[0027] 10, negative electrode sheet; 11, negative electrode body; 111, first region; 112, second region; 12, negative electrode modification layer; 13, negative electrode tab; 20, solid-state electrolyte membrane; 30, positive electrode sheet; 31, positive electrode tab. Embodiments of the present application

[0028] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be described clearly and completely below in combination with the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present application, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor are within the scope of protection of the present application.

[0029] In the description of the present application, it needs to be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "transverse", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer" and the like indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, which is only for the convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, and does not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation of the present application.

[0030] In addition, the terms "first", "second" are only for descriptive purposes and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Therefore, the features defined with "first", "second" can explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features. In the description of the present application, the meaning of "multiple" is two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0031] In this application, the word "exemplary" is used to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any implementation described as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations. The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the application. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth. It is apparent to those skilled in the art that the present application can be practiced without using these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and processes are not described in detail in order to avoid obscuring the description of the present application. Thus, the present application is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features presented herein.

[0032] The conventional liquid lithium ion battery is composed of a positive electrode sheet, a separator, a negative electrode sheet, an electrolyte, and a shell.

[0033] It should be noted that the electrolyte is prone to fire, explosion and other safety hazards after the battery thermal runaway. The solid-state electrolyte can eliminate the problems of flammability, explosion and liquid leakage caused by liquid electrolyte, and is the preferred electrolyte for the next generation of batteries. Compared with liquid electrolyte, the advantages of solid-state electrolyte include higher safety, higher density, better stability, limitation of lithium dendrite generation and higher working temperature range, which significantly improve the adaptability and reliability of solid-state batteries.

[0034] But the solid-state battery also has the problem of large expansion rate. For example, in the use process of the lithium ion solid-state battery, lithium ions are deposited on the negative electrode sheet to form lithium metal, which increases the thickness of the negative electrode sheet, thereby causing the overall thickness of the battery to expand during charging. Tests have found that the expansion force of the lithium ion solid-state battery with lithium metal as the negative electrode sheet is huge (up to 2000 kgf for large batteries), and the free expansion rate of the battery can reach 30% without external force constraint. At the same time, the solid-state battery also has the problem of rapid decline in electrical performance, resulting in an undesirable service life.

[0035] In view of the above at least one technical problem of the existing solid-state battery.

[0036] The negative electrode sheet and the solid-state battery having the same provided by the embodiments of the present application can form a certain gap in the solid-state battery when the negative electrode sheet is used in the solid-state battery, for example, the gap can provide accommodation space for components deformed during use (such as a negative electrode sheet with increased thickness, a deformed negative electrode sheet, a deformed solid-state electrolyte film, etc.), which is beneficial to reduce the expansion rate of the solid-state battery.

[0037] In addition, the inventors have found that in the storage or use process of the solid-state battery or the solid-state battery, lithium ions will diffuse from the periphery of the negative electrode sheet opposite the outer contour of the positive electrode sheet, causing self-discharge or a decline in overall performance of the solid-state battery or the solid-state battery. By providing the modification layer in the present application, the modification layer can block the diffusion of lithium ions from the first region to the second region at the periphery, thereby improving the service life of the solid-state battery.

[0038] The negative electrode sheet and the solid-state battery having the same provided by the embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below in combination with specific embodiments.

[0039] The embodiments of the present application provide a solid-state battery, which includes one or more battery cells. For example, the solid-state battery includes a battery cell, a shell, a connector, and the like. It can be understood that the battery cell is the core component of the battery, and its main function is to store and release electrical energy, which is the basic unit of the battery.

[0040] It should be noted that the shape of the solid-state battery is not limited, for example, the shape of the solid-state battery can be a rectangular solid, a square solid, a cylindrical solid, an irregular polygonal solid, etc.

[0041] The solid-state battery in the present application includes but is not limited to a soft package solid-state battery. For example, the solid-state battery is a soft package aluminum-plastic film structure solid-state battery. Of course, the shell of the solid-state battery can also be an aluminum shell, a plastic shell, a steel shell, etc., which is not limited here. Unless otherwise specified, the solid-state battery in the following is a soft package aluminum-plastic film structure solid-state battery.

[0042] In the present application, referring to FIG. 1 to FIG. 3, the solid-state battery cell includes a positive electrode sheet 30, a negative electrode sheet 10, and a solid-state electrolyte film 20. The solid-state electrolyte film 20 is arranged between the positive electrode sheet 30 and the negative electrode sheet 10. Exemplarily, the solid-state battery cell includes the positive electrode sheet 30, the solid-state electrolyte film 20, and the negative electrode sheet 10 arranged in sequence.

[0043] In some embodiments of the present application, the positive electrode sheet 30 is provided with a positive electrode active layer (not shown in the figure). Exemplarily, the positive electrode sheet 30 includes a positive electrode current collector (not shown in the figure) and a positive electrode active layer arranged on the surface of the positive electrode current collector. For example, the positive electrode active layer covers part of the positive electrode current collector except the positive electrode tab 31.

[0044] In some embodiments of the present application, the negative electrode sheet 10 includes a negative electrode body 11 and a negative electrode modification layer 12. The negative electrode body has a first region 111 arranged opposite to the positive electrode active layer (i.e. the positive electrode sheet 30), and a second region 112 located outside the first region 111. The second region 112 is in a closed ring shape, and the first region 111 is located inside the second region 112.

[0045] Exemplarily, the negative electrode body 11 is a metal foil. Further, the material for preparing the metal foil is selected from one or more of lithium, copper, and silver. For example, the negative electrode body 11 is a lithium metal sheet negative electrode. For another example, the negative electrode body 11 is a copper metal sheet negative electrode. For another example, the negative electrode body 11 is a silver metal sheet negative electrode. Hereinafter, unless otherwise specified, the lithium metal sheet negative electrode (also referred to as lithium metal negative electrode or lithium negative electrode) is taken as an example for illustration.

[0046] In the embodiments of the present application, the positive electrode sheet 30, the negative electrode sheet 10, and the solid-state electrolyte film 10 are generally in a planar layer structure. In order to improve the performance of the battery, in the soft package battery, the area of the solid-state electrolyte film 20 is slightly larger than the area of the negative electrode sheet 10, and the area of the negative electrode sheet 10 is slightly larger than the area of the positive electrode sheet 30. Hereinafter, the positive electrode sheet 30 and the negative electrode sheet 10 are taken as examples for illustration.

[0047] Exemplarily, the positive sheet 30 (i.e. the part of the positive sheet 30 except the positive tab 31) is a square of 10mm*10mm, i.e. the positive active layer is a square of 10mm*10mm. The negative body 11 is a square of 12mm*12mm, and the positive sheet 30 is stacked on the negative body 11 and located at a position close to the middle of the negative body 11 (for example, the center of the square region in the positive sheet 30 is projected onto the center of the square region in the negative body 11, and the outer contour line of the square region in the positive sheet 30 is parallel to the outer contour line of the negative body 11). Then, when the positive sheet 30 and the negative body 11 are stacked, the positive active layer covers the square region of 10mm*10mm in the middle of the negative body 11, i.e. the positive active layer covers the first region 111 on the negative body 11. Correspondingly, the part of the side of the negative body 11 not covered by the positive active layer is the second region 112, i.e. the area between the outer contour line of the negative body 11 (for example, the outer contour line of the square of 12mm*12mm) and the outer contour line of the square of 10mm*10mm in the negative sheet (i.e. the outer contour line of the area covered by the positive active layer on the negative sheet) is the second region 112.

[0048] Exemplarily, referring to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, the positive sheet 30 and the negative sheet 10 are generally rectangular, the first region 111 is the area covered by the positive active layer on the negative sheet 10 (or the negative body 11) when the positive sheet 30 and the negative sheet 10 (or the negative body 11) are stacked (the positive active layer faces the negative sheet 10), or the area covered or blocked by the positive active layer (i.e. the positive sheet 30) on the negative body 11. The second region 112 is the area not covered by the positive active layer (i.e. the positive sheet 30) on the negative body 11 when the positive sheet 30 and the negative body 11 are stacked (the positive active layer faces the negative sheet).

[0049] In the application, the negative sheet 10 is used in a solid-state battery, and the negative modification layer 12 can form a certain gap in the solid-state battery, for example, the gap can provide accommodation space for components deformed during use (such as a negative sheet with increased thickness, a deformed negative sheet, a deformed solid-state electrolyte film, etc.), which is beneficial to reduce the expansion rate of the solid-state battery. The solid-state battery using this structure can make the expansion rate of the battery within the service life within 10%.

[0050] In addition, the negative modification layer 12 can block the diffusion of lithium ions from the first region 111 to the edge of the second region 112, avoid the risk of short circuit caused by the solid-state battery, and greatly improve the safety and comprehensive electrical performance of the solid-state battery.

[0051] In some embodiments of the present application, the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer 12 is 4 μm to 130 μm. It should be noted that the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer 12 refers to the dimension of the negative electrode modification layer 12 in the direction perpendicular to the plane on which the negative electrode body 11 is located.

[0052] It can be understood that if the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer 12 is too small, for example, the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer 12 is less than 4 μm, the volume of the accommodation space formed in the solid-state battery is small, and the effect of improving or avoiding the diffusion of lithium ions from the first region 111 at the center position to the second region 112 at the edge position is not obvious. If the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer 12 is too large, for example, the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer 12 is greater than 130 μm, it is easy to cause the volume of the solid-state battery to be large.

[0053] For example, the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer 12 is 4 μm, 10 μm, 20 μm, 30 μm, 40 μm, 50 μm, 60 μm, 70 μm, 80 μm, 90 μm, 100 μm, 110 μm, 120 μm, or 130 μm.

[0054] It should be noted that the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer 12 is also related to the positive electrode active material. In some embodiments of the present application, the positive electrode sheet 30 is a lithium iron phosphate positive electrode sheet, that is, the active material of the positive electrode active layer in the positive electrode sheet 30 is mainly lithium iron phosphate. For example, if the positive electrode sheet 30 is a lithium iron phosphate positive electrode sheet, the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer 12 located on the second region 112 is 4 μm to 110 μm.

[0055] For another example, the positive electrode sheet 30 is a lithium cobaltate positive electrode sheet, that is, the active material of the positive electrode active layer in the positive electrode sheet 30 is mainly lithium cobaltate. For example, if the positive electrode sheet 30 is a lithium cobaltate positive electrode sheet, the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer 12 located on the second region 112 is 4 μm to 130 μm.

[0056] In some embodiments of the present application, the negative electrode body 11 and the negative electrode modification layer 12 are an integrated structure. It can be understood that the negative electrode body 11 and the negative electrode modification layer 12 being an integrated structure is beneficial to improve the connection force between the negative electrode modification layer 12 and the negative electrode body 11, and increase the overall strength of the negative electrode body 11 and the negative electrode modification layer 12.

[0057] In some embodiments of the present application, the negative electrode modification layer 12 can be formed by coating, bonding, deposition, 3D printing, chemical etching, etc.

[0058] In some embodiments of the present application, the negative electrode modification layer 12 located on the second region 112 is a closed ring, that is, the negative electrode modification layer 12 is a continuous ring.

[0059] It can be understood that the negative electrode modification layer 12 is a closed ring, which is beneficial to improve the effect of the negative electrode modification layer 12 on blocking lithium ions from diffusing from the first region 111 to the second region 112.

[0060] Exemplarily, the negative electrode modification layer 12 is a square ring.

[0061] In some embodiments of the present application, the negative electrode modification layer 12 covers the second region. In this way, the width of the negative electrode modification layer 12 (i.e., the size of the negative electrode modification layer 12 along the connecting direction of the second region and the first region) can be increased, and the connecting area between the negative electrode modification layer 12 and the negative electrode body 11 can be increased, which is beneficial to improve the connecting force between the negative electrode modification layer 12 and the negative electrode body 11, and further improve the effect of the negative electrode modification layer 12 on blocking lithium ions from diffusing from the first region 111 to the second region 112 near the edge, thereby improving the service life of the solid-state battery.

[0062] In some embodiments of the present application, in order to avoid mutual corrosion between the negative electrode body 11 and the negative electrode modification layer 12 and improve the stability of the solid-state battery, the material for preparing the negative electrode modification layer 12 does not react with the material for preparing the negative electrode body 11.

[0063] Exemplarily, the material for preparing the negative electrode body includes a metal material, and the metal material is exemplarily selected from one or more of lithium, copper, and silver. Specifically, the material for preparing the negative electrode body 11 includes lithium metal, and the material for preparing the negative electrode modification layer 12 does not react with lithium metal. For example, the material for preparing the negative electrode modification layer 12 is selected from one of ceramic (such as alumina), polyimide, and polypropylene.

[0064] Further, the material for preparing the negative electrode modification layer 12 also does not react with the material for preparing the solid-state electrolyte membrane 20.

[0065] In the above embodiments, the description of each embodiment has its own focus, and the parts not described in detail in a certain embodiment can be referred to the detailed description of other embodiments above, which will not be described here.

[0066] The above has described the basic concept, and it is obvious that the above detailed disclosure is only taken as an example and does not constitute a limitation on the present application. Although it is not explicitly stated here, those skilled in the art can make various modifications, improvements and corrections to the present application. Such modifications, improvements and corrections are suggested in the present application, so such modifications, improvements and corrections still belong to the spirit and scope of the exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0067] Also, the use of "a" or "an" to describe embodiments of the present application are intended to be a special case of "one or more," unless otherwise noted. Stated in other apt terms, a reference to "one or more" of something also covers a situation where more than one instance of the same thing is present.

[0068] Similarly, it is to be noted that, for the sake of brevity, the specifications herein have sometimes referred to the embodiments of the application using only one or more of the features of the application, or a combination thereof. This is not meant to limit the application to the features of the embodiments described, but rather to the application as defined in the claims.

[0069] Some embodiments use numerical ranges to describe quantities of components, attributes, etc. It should be understood that such numerical ranges described in the embodiments are, in some examples, modified by the word "about." Unless otherwise indicated, "about" indicates ±20% of the indicated value. Accordingly, any numerical parameters recited in the specification and claims are approximations. Although these numerical ranges and parameters are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as practicable. The numerical values set forth in the specific examples also can vary depending on the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present application.

[0070] The above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out the fundamental aspects of the application. The description and representation are made by way of example, and the scope of the application is not limited to the details of the description.

Claims

1. A negative electrode sheet for a solid-state battery, the solid-state battery further comprising a positive electrode sheet provided with a positive electrode active layer, wherein, The negative electrode sheet comprises a negative electrode body and a negative electrode modification layer. The negative electrode body has a first region arranged opposite to the positive electrode active layer, and a second region outside the first region, the second region being a closed ring, and the first region being located in the second region. The negative electrode modification layer is located on the second region, and the negative electrode modification layer is a ring shape.

2. The negative electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein The negative electrode modification layer is a closed ring shape.

3. The negative electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein The negative electrode modification layer covers the second region.

4. The negative electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein The thickness of the negative electrode modification layer is 4-130 μm.

5. The negative electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein The negative electrode body and the negative electrode modification layer are an integral structure.

6. The negative electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein The negative electrode body is a metal foil.

7. The negative electrode sheet according to claim 6, wherein The material for preparing the metal foil is selected from one or more of lithium, copper and silver.

8. The negative electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein The material for preparing the negative electrode body comprises lithium metal, and the material for preparing the negative electrode modification layer does not react with lithium metal.

9. The negative electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein The material for preparing the negative electrode body comprises a metal material, and the material for preparing the negative electrode modification layer is selected from one of ceramic, polyimide and polypropylene.

10. The negative electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein The negative electrode body is a lithium metal sheet.

11. The negative electrode sheet according to claim 1, wherein The negative electrode modification layer is integrally formed on the negative electrode body by at least one of a coating process, a bonding process, a deposition process, a 3D printing process and a chemical etching process.

12. A solid state battery, wherein, The solid-state battery comprises a positive electrode sheet, a solid-state electrolyte film and the negative electrode sheet according to any one of claims 1-11, and the positive electrode sheet, the solid-state electrolyte and the negative electrode sheet are sequentially stacked.

13. The solid-state battery of claim 12, wherein, The positive electrode sheet is selected from one of a lithium iron phosphate positive electrode sheet and a lithium cobaltate positive electrode sheet.

14. The solid-state battery of claim 13, wherein, The positive electrode sheet is a lithium iron phosphate positive electrode sheet, and the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer is 4-110 μm.

15. The solid-state battery of claim 13, wherein, The positive electrode sheet is a lithium cobaltate positive electrode sheet, and the thickness of the negative electrode modification layer is 4-130 μm.

16. The solid-state battery of claim 12, wherein, The positive electrode sheet, the negative electrode sheet and the solid-state electrolyte film are generally planar and in a layer shape.

17. The solid-state battery of claim 16, wherein, The area of the solid-state electrolyte film is greater than that of the negative electrode sheet, and the area of the negative electrode sheet is greater than that of the positive electrode sheet.

18. The solid-state battery of claim 12, wherein, The positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet are both square.

19. The solid-state battery of claim 12, wherein, The solid-state battery is a soft-pack battery.

20. The solid-state battery of claim 12, wherein, The positive electrode sheet comprises a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active layer arranged on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.

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