Data transmission method and related apparatus

Abstract

Provided in the embodiments of the present application are a data transmission method and a related apparatus. Specifically, a sending end acquires a superframe which comprises a plurality of subframes, wherein the subframes comprise training symbols and pilot symbols. In one polarization direction, there are NTS training symbols in each subframe, and there are NPS pilot symbols in each subframe, wherein NTS and NPS are both integers greater than 1. Each training symbol and each pilot symbol is one of eight complex numbers, namely, -A1-A1j, -A1+A1j, A1-A1j, A1+A1j, -A2-A2j, -A2+A2j, A2-A2j and A2+A2j, wherein A1 and A2 are both real numbers not equal to 0, and ∣A1∣＜∣A2∣. All NPG consecutive symbols in each subframe comprise one pilot symbol located at a fixed position, wherein NPG is 96 or 128. The sending end then sends the superframe. In one polarization direction, the total number of all the symbols in the superframe is 173568. It can be seen that the interval between pilot symbols inserted into a subframe has been increased, thereby reducing redundancy. In addition, there is a symbol in each subframe that serves as both a training symbol and a pilot symbol, thereby simplifying the structure of the subframe.

Description

Data transmission method and related apparatus

[0001] The present application claims priority to the Chinese Patent Application No. 202411051800.6, filed on July 30, 2024, and entitled "A Data Transmission Method and Related Apparatus", the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] Embodiments of the present application relate to the field of optical communication, and in particular, to a data transmission method and related apparatus. BACKGROUND

[0003] Under the continuous promotion of 5G, cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence, and the like, high-speed optical transmission networks are developing towards large capacity, packetization, and intelligentization. Coherent optical communication systems utilize the amplitude, phase, polarization, and frequency of light waves to carry information. In order to combat optical signal distortion caused by dispersion, polarization-related damage, noise, nonlinear effects, and other factors during transmission and maintain long-distance transmission, coherent optical communication systems usually add some designed fixed symbol sequences in the transmission symbol sequence to facilitate the recovery of the sending symbol at the receiving end.

[0004] Existing transmission symbol sequences are mainly applied to 400Gbps or 800Gbps scenarios and cannot adapt to future 800Gbps and above (including 1.2Tbps, 1.6Tbps, etc.) scenarios, and the transmission redundancy is large. SUMMARY

[0005] Embodiments of the present application provide a data transmission method and related apparatus, which solve the problem that the transmission symbol sequence of the prior art cannot be applied to 800Gbps and above scenarios.

[0006] In a first aspect, embodiments of the present application provide a data transmission method, which is applied to a sending end. Specifically, the sending end obtains a superframe including a plurality of subframes, and each subframe includes a training symbol and a pilot symbol. In one polarization direction, the number of training symbols in a subframe is N TS , the number of pilot symbols in a subframe is N PS , N TS and N PS are integers greater than 1, and N TS +N PS is greater than or equal to 5. Each continuous N PG symbols in a subframe includes one pilot symbol at a fixed position, and N PG96 or 128. Further, the transmitter transmits the superframe. It should be noted that the method can also be applied to a specific module in the transmitter, for example, a signal processor of the transmitter. It should be understood that the module obtaining the superframe can be understood as the module itself generating the superframe, or the module receiving the superframe transmitted from a preceding module. It should also be understood that the module transmitting the superframe can be understood as the module transmitting the superframe to the receiver through a channel, or the module transmitting the superframe to a subsequent module.

[0007] Optionally, each training symbol and each pilot symbol is one of four complex numbers of -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj and A+Aj, A being a real number; or, each training symbol and each pilot symbol is one of eight complex numbers of -A1-A1j, -A1+A1j, A1-A1j, A1+A1j, -A2-A2j, -A2+A2j, A2-A2j and A2+A2j, A1 and A2 both being real numbers not equal to 0, and |A1|<|A2|.

[0008] Further, in one polarization direction, the number of all symbols in the superframe can be 173568. Of course, the number of all symbols in the superframe can also be the number of symbols N F as shown in Tables 1-3 in the description.

[0009] In this embodiment, each 96 or 128 consecutive symbols in a subframe include one pilot symbol. It can be seen that the interval of inserting the pilot symbol in the subframe is larger, and the redundancy is reduced. In addition, one symbol in the subframe is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol, and the structure of the subframe is simplified.

[0010] In some possible embodiments, in one subframe, a training symbol sequence including a plurality of training symbols in a first polarization direction is different from a training symbol sequence including a plurality of training symbols in a second polarization direction, and a pilot symbol sequence including a plurality of pilot symbols in the first polarization direction is different from a pilot symbol sequence including a plurality of pilot symbols in the second polarization direction, so as to avoid the problem that the receiver cannot distinguish the two polarization directions in actual transmission. The first polarization direction and the second polarization direction are orthogonal to each other.

[0011] In some possible embodiments, in one subframe, N TS +N PS is an odd number, one symbol in the subframe is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol, and a total of N TS +N PS symbols in one polarization direction include all training symbols and all pilot symbols, and a sum of real parts of the N TS +NPS The sum of imaginary parts of -1 symbols is 0, so that DC Balance can be achieved, which is beneficial to the quality of recovered signal at the receiving end.

[0012] In some possible embodiments, in one subframe, the number of -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj and A+Aj in one polarization direction is the same as that in the other polarization direction. TS +N PS The difference between the number of -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj and A+Aj in one polarization direction is less than or equal to 2, which effectively ensures that the number of symbols in each polarization direction tends to be balanced.

[0013] In some possible embodiments, in one subframe, the number of -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj and A+Aj in one polarization direction is the same as that in the other polarization direction. TS +N PS The difference between the number of -A1-A1j, -A1+A1j, A1-A1j, A1+A1j, -A2-A2j, -A2+A2j, A2-A2j and A2+A2j in one polarization direction is less than or equal to 2, which effectively ensures that the number of symbols in each polarization direction tends to be balanced.

[0014] In some possible embodiments, in one subframe, the number of -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj and A+Aj in one polarization direction is the same as that in the other polarization direction.

[0015] In one subframe, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A1-A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A1+A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A1-A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A1+A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A2-A2j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A2+A2j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A2-A2j, and the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A2+A2j, the two polarization directions being orthogonal to each other. In one subframe, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A1-A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A1+A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A1-A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A1+A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A2-A2j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A2+A2j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A2-A2j, and the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A2+A2j, the two polarization directions being orthogonal to each other, effectively ensuring the balance of the number of symbols in two polarization directions.

[0016] In some possible implementation manners, in one subframe, N TS continuous training symbols are arranged from the starting position of the subframe, so that the structure of the subframe is more regular.

[0017] In some possible implementation manners, in the N TS continuous training symbols, the symbol at the starting position is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol, so that the arrangement of the pilot symbol is more conducive to standardization.

[0018] In some possible implementation manners, the subframe arranged at the first position in the superframe is a first type of subframe, and the first type of subframe further includes a frame synchronization symbol, a reserved symbol and a pre- framing symbol, thereby enriching the function implementation of the first type of subframe. Each frame synchronization symbol is one of -A FAW -A FAW j, -A FAW +A FAW j, A FAW -A FAW j and A FAW +A FAW j, A FAWis a real number. In the first type of subframe, the training symbol is located before the frame synchronization symbol, the frame synchronization symbol is located before the reserved symbol, and the reserved symbol is located before the framing-pre symbol.

[0019] In some possible implementation, A = A FAW .

[0020] In some possible implementation, the superframe comprises at least one second type of subframe, the second type of subframe further comprises a framing-pre symbol, and in the second type of subframe, the training symbol is located before the framing-pre symbol.

[0021] In some possible implementation, the number of the framing-pre symbols in the superframe is N CW , the number of all symbols in the superframe is N F , and the corresponding relationship between N PG , N CW and N F is one of the following:

[0022] N PG = 128, N CW = 172032, N F = 173440 or 173568 or 173696 or 173824 or 173952 or 174080;

[0023] N PG = 128, N CW = 344064, N F = 346880 or 347136 or 347392 or 347520 or 347648 or 347776 or 347904 or 348160;

[0024] N PG = 128, N CW = 516096, N F = 520192 or 520320 or 520448 or 520576 or 520704 or 520832 or 520960 or 521088 or 521472 or 521600 or 521856 or 522240;

[0025] N PG = 128, N CW = 688128, N F = 693760 or 693888 or 694144 or 694272 or 694400 or 694656 or 694784 or 694912 or 695040 or 695296 or 695552 or 695808 or 696192 or 696320;

[0026] N PG= 128, N CW = 150528, N F = 152064 or 152192 or 152320;

[0027] N PG = 128, N CW = 129024, N F = 130048 or 130176 or 130560;

[0028] N PG = 128, N CW = 107520, N F = 108416 or 108544 or 108672 or 108800;

[0029] N PG = 128, N CW = 175616, N F = 177152 or 177280 or 177408 or 177536 or 177664;

[0030] N PG = 128, N CW = 351232, N F = 354304 or 354432 or 354560 or 354688 or 354816 or 354944 or 355072 or 355200 or 355328;

[0031] N PG = 128, N CW = 526848, N F = 531200 or 531456 or 531712 or 531840 or 532224 or 532480 or 532608 or 532864 or 532992 or 533120;

[0032] N PG = 128, N CW = 702464, N F = 708096 or 708224 or 708480 or 708608 or 708736 or 708864 or 708992 or 709120 or 709376 or 709504 or 709632 or 709888 or 710016 or 710144 or 710272 or 710400 or 710528 or 710656;

[0033] N PG = 96, N CW = 172032, N F= 173952 or 174048 or 174240 or 174336 or 174432 or 174528;

[0034] N PG = 96, N CW = 344064, N F = 347904 or 348000 or 348096 or 348192 or 348384 or 348480 or 348672 or 348768 or 348864 or 349056;

[0035] N PG = 96, N CW = 516096, N F = 521664 or 521856 or 522144 or 522240 or 522720 or 522816 or 523008 or 523200 or 523296 or 523392 or 523488 or 523584 or 523776;

[0036] N PG = 96, N CW = 688128, N F = 695520 or 695808 or 695904 or 696000 or 696192 or 696384 or 696672 or 696768 or 696864 or 696960 or 697056 or 697248 or 697344 or 697536 or 697632 or 697728 or 698112 or 698400;

[0037] N PG = 96, N CW = 150528, N F = 152160 or 152256 or 152352 or 152448 or 152544 or 152640 or 152736;

[0038] N PG = 96, N CW = 129024, N F = 130464 or 130560 or 130752 or 130848 or 130944;

[0039] N PG = 96, N CW = 107520, N F = 108672 or 108768 or 108864 or 108960 or 109056;

[0040] N PG = 96, N CW= 175616, N F = 177504 or 177600 or 177888 or 177984 or 178080 or 178176;

[0041] N PG = 96, N CW = 351232, N F = 355008 or 355104 or 355200 or 355488 or 355680 or 355776 or 355872 or 355968 or 356160 or 356352 or 356448;

[0042] N PG = 96, N CW = 526848, N F = 532416 or 532512 or 532608 or 532704 or 532800 or 532896 or 532992 or 533280 or 533376 or 533568 or 533664 or 533760 or 533856 or 533952 or 534144 or 534240 or 534336 or 534432 or 534528;

[0043] N PG = 96, N CW = 702464, N F = 709920 or 710016 or 710112 or 710208 or 710304 or 710400 or 710688 or 710784 or 710976 or 711168 or 711264 or 711360 or 711552 or 711648 or 711744 or 711936 or 712320 or 712416 or 712704 or 712800 or 712896.

[0044] In some possible implementations, in one polarization direction, the modulation format of the symbols in the superframe is quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), A = -1 or 1. Alternatively, in one polarization direction, the modulation format of the symbols in the superframe is 16QAM, A = -1, 1, -3, 3, or Alternatively, in one polarization direction, the modulation format of the symbols in the superframe is 64QAM, A = -1, 1, -3, 3, -5, 5, -7 or 7.

[0045] In some possible implementations, in one polarization direction, the total number of framed pre-symbols in the superframe is 172032.

[0046] In some possible implementation, the total number of frame synchronization symbols in the superframe is 22 in one polarization direction.

[0047] In some possible implementation, the modulation format of the symbols in the superframe is 16QAM, A1=-1 or 1, A2=-3 or 3 in one polarization direction.

[0048] In the second aspect, the embodiments of the present application provide a data transmission method, which is applied to a receiving end. Specifically, the receiving end receives a superframe including a plurality of subframes, and each subframe includes training symbols and pilot symbols. In one polarization direction, the number of training symbols in a subframe is N TS , the number of pilot symbols in a subframe is N PS , N TS and N PS are integers greater than 1, and N TS +N PS is greater than or equal to 5. Each continuous 96 or 128 symbols in a subframe includes one pilot symbol at a fixed position. Further, the receiving end decodes the superframe.

[0049] Optionally, each training symbol and each pilot symbol is one of four complex numbers of -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj and A+Aj, A being a real number; or each training symbol and each pilot symbol is one of eight complex numbers of -A1-A1j, -A1+A1j, A1-A1j, A1+A1j, -A2-A2j, -A2+A2j, A2-A2j and A2+A2j, A1 and A2 being real numbers not equal to 0, and |A1|<|A2|.

[0050] In addition, in one polarization direction, the total number of symbols in the superframe can be 173568. Of course, the total number of symbols in the superframe can also be as shown in the number of symbols N F in the superframes mentioned in Tables 1-3 in the specification.

[0051] In some possible implementation, in one subframe, the training symbol sequence including a plurality of training symbols in a first polarization direction is different from the training symbol sequence including a plurality of training symbols in a second polarization direction, and the pilot symbol sequence including a plurality of pilot symbols in the first polarization direction is different from the pilot symbol sequence including a plurality of pilot symbols in the second polarization direction, so as to avoid the problem that the receiving end cannot distinguish the two polarization directions in actual transmission. The first polarization direction and the second polarization direction are orthogonal to each other.

[0052] In some possible implementation, in one subframe, N TS +N PSis odd, one symbol in the subframe is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol, and the N TS +N PS -1 training symbols and pilot symbols in one polarization direction, and the sum of the real parts of the N TS +N PS -1 symbols is 0, so that DC balance can be achieved, and the quality of the recovered signal at the receiving end is improved.

[0053] In some possible embodiments, in one subframe, the N TS +N PS -1 symbols in one polarization direction, the number of symbols with values of -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj and A+Aj is less than or equal to 2, which effectively ensures that the number of symbols in each polarization direction tends to be balanced.

[0054] In some possible embodiments, in one subframe, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols with values of -A-Aj in both polarization directions, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols with values of -A+Aj in both polarization directions, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols with values of A-Aj in both polarization directions and the number of training symbols and pilot symbols with values of A+Aj in both polarization directions are the same, which effectively ensures that the number of symbols in both polarization directions is balanced.

[0055] In some possible embodiments, in one subframe, N TS consecutive training symbols are arranged from the start of the subframe, so that the structure of the subframe is more regular.

[0056] In some possible embodiments, in N TS consecutive training symbols, the symbol at the start is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol, so that the arrangement of the pilot symbols is more conducive to standardization.

[0057] In some possible embodiments, the subframe arranged at the first position in the superframe is a first type of subframe, and the first type of subframe further includes a frame synchronization symbol, a reserved symbol and a pre- framing symbol, which enriches the function implementation of the first type of subframe. Each frame synchronization symbol is one of the four complex numbers -A FAW -A FAW j, -A FAW +A FAW j, A FAW -A FAW j and A FAW +A FAW j, A FAWis a real number. In the first type of subframe, the training symbol is located before the frame synchronization symbol, the frame synchronization symbol is located before the reserved symbol, and the reserved symbol is located before the framing-pre symbol.

[0058] In some possible implementation, A = A FAW .

[0059] In some possible implementation, the superframe comprises at least one second type of subframe, the second type of subframe further comprises a framing-pre symbol, and in the second type of subframe, the training symbol is located before the framing-pre symbol.

[0060] In some possible implementation, the number of the framing-pre symbols in the superframe is N CW , the number of all symbols in the superframe is N F , and the corresponding relationship between N PG , N CW and N F is one of the following:

[0061] N PG = 128, N CW = 172032, N F = 173440 or 173568 or 173696 or 173824 or 173952 or 174080;

[0062] N PG = 128, N CW = 344064, N F = 346880 or 347136 or 347392 or 347520 or 347648 or 347776 or 347904 or 348160;

[0063] N PG = 128, N CW = 516096, N F = 520192 or 520320 or 520448 or 520576 or 520704 or 520832 or 520960 or 521088 or 521472 or 521600 or 521856 or 522240;

[0064] N PG = 128, N CW = 688128, N F = 693760 or 693888 or 694144 or 694272 or 694400 or 694656 or 694784 or 694912 or 695040 or 695296 or 695552 or 695808 or 696192 or 696320;

[0065] N PG= 128, N CW = 150528, N F = 152064 or 152192 or 152320;

[0066] N PG = 128, N CW = 129024, N F = 130048 or 130176 or 130560;

[0067] N PG = 128, N CW = 107520, N F = 108416 or 108544 or 108672 or 108800;

[0068] N PG = 128, N CW = 175616, N F = 177152 or 177280 or 177408 or 177536 or 177664;

[0069] N PG = 128, N CW = 351232, N F = 354304 or 354432 or 354560 or 354688 or 354816 or 354944 or 355072 or 355200 or 355328;

[0070] N PG = 128, N CW = 526848, N F = 531200 or 531456 or 531712 or 531840 or 532224 or 532480 or 532608 or 532864 or 532992 or 533120;

[0071] N PG = 128, N CW = 702464, N F = 708096 or 708224 or 708480 or 708608 or 708736 or 708864 or 708992 or 709120 or 709376 or 709504 or 709632 or 709888 or 710016 or 710144 or 710272 or 710400 or 710528 or 710656;

[0072] N PG = 96, N CW = 172032, N F= 173952 or 174048 or 174240 or 174336 or 174432 or 174528;

[0073] N PG = 96, N CW = 344064, N F = 347904 or 348000 or 348096 or 348192 or 348384 or 348480 or 348672 or 348768 or 348864 or 349056;

[0074] N PG = 96, N CW = 516096, N F = 521664 or 521856 or 522144 or 522240 or 522720 or 522816 or 523008 or 523200 or 523296 or 523392 or 523488 or 523584 or 523776;

[0075] N PG = 96, N CW = 688128, N F = 695520 or 695808 or 695904 or 696000 or 696192 or 696384 or 696672 or 696768 or 696864 or 696960 or 697056 or 697248 or 697344 or 697536 or 697632 or 697728 or 698112 or 698400;

[0076] N PG = 96, N CW = 150528, N F = 152160 or 152256 or 152352 or 152448 or 152544 or 152640 or 152736;

[0077] N PG = 96, N CW = 129024, N F = 130464 or 130560 or 130752 or 130848 or 130944;

[0078] N PG = 96, N CW = 107520, N F = 108672 or 108768 or 108864 or 108960 or 109056;

[0079] N PG = 96, N CW= 175616, N F = 177504 or 177600 or 177888 or 177984 or 178080 or 178176;

[0080] N PG = 96, N CW = 351232, N F = 355008 or 355104 or 355200 or 355488 or 355680 or 355776 or 355872 or 355968 or 356160 or 356352 or 356448;

[0081] N PG = 96, N CW = 526848, N F = 532416 or 532512 or 532608 or 532704 or 532800 or 532896 or 532992 or 533280 or 533376 or 533568 or 533664 or 533760 or 533856 or 533952 or 534144 or 534240 or 534336 or 534432 or 534528;

[0082] N PG = 96, N CW = 702464, N F = 709920 or 710016 or 710112 or 710208 or 710304 or 710400 or 710688 or 710784 or 710976 or 711168 or 711264 or 711360 or 711552 or 711648 or 711744 or 711936 or 712320 or 712416 or 712704 or 712800 or 712896.

[0083] In some possible implementation, in one polarization direction, the modulation format of the symbol in the superframe is QPSK, A = -1 or 1. Alternatively, in one polarization direction, the modulation format of the symbol in the superframe is 16QAM, A = -1, 1, -3, 3, or Alternatively, in one polarization direction, the modulation format of the symbol in the superframe is 64QAM, A = -1, 1, -3, 3, -5, 5, -7 or 7.

[0084] In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a chip, which includes a processor and a memory, the memory and the processor are connected to each other through a circuit, the memory stores instructions, and the processor is used to execute the method as introduced in any of the embodiments of the first aspect and the second aspect.

[0085] In a fourth aspect, the embodiments of the present application provide a data transmission device applied to a sending end, which comprises a processing unit and a sending unit. The processing unit is configured to acquire a superframe comprising a plurality of subframes, and each of the subframes comprises training symbols and pilot symbols. In one polarization direction, the number of the training symbols in the subframe is N TS , the number of the pilot symbols in the subframe is N PS , N TS and N PS are integers greater than 1, and N TS +N PS is greater than or equal to 5. Each of the continuous 96 or 128 symbols in the subframe comprises one pilot symbol at a fixed position. The sending unit is configured to send the superframe.

[0086] Optionally, each of the training symbols and each of the pilot symbols is one of four complex numbers of -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj and A+Aj, A being a real number; or each of the training symbols and each of the pilot symbols is one of eight complex numbers of -A1-A1j, -A1+A1j, A1-A1j, A1+A1j, -A2-A2j, -A2+A2j, A2-A2j and A2+A2j, A1 and A2 being real numbers not equal to 0, and |A1|<|A2|.

[0087] In addition, in one polarization direction, the number of all the symbols in the superframe can be 173568. Of course, the number of all the symbols in the superframe can also be as shown in the number of symbols N F in the superframes mentioned in Tables 1-3 in the specification.

[0088] In some possible implementation manners, in one subframe, a training symbol sequence comprising a plurality of training symbols in a first polarization direction is different from a training symbol sequence comprising a plurality of training symbols in a second polarization direction, and a pilot symbol sequence comprising a plurality of pilot symbols in the first polarization direction is different from a pilot symbol sequence comprising a plurality of pilot symbols in the second polarization direction, so as to avoid the problem that the receiving end cannot distinguish the two polarization directions in actual transmission. The first polarization direction and the second polarization direction are orthogonal to each other.

[0089] In some possible implementation manners, in one subframe, N TS +N PS is an odd number, one symbol in the subframe is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol, the sum of the real parts of the N TS +N PS -1 symbols comprising all the training symbols and all the pilot symbols in one polarization direction is 0, and the sum of the real parts of the N TS +N PS -1 symbols comprising all the training symbols and all the pilot symbols in one polarization direction is 0.The sum of the imaginary parts of the -1 symbols is 0, so that DC balance can be achieved, which is conducive to the quality of the recovered signal at the receiving end.

[0090] In some possible embodiments, in one subframe, the total number of training symbols and pilot symbols in one polarization direction is N TS +N PS The number of symbols with values of -A1-A1j, -A1+A1j, A1-A1j and A1+A1j in the -1 symbols is less than or equal to 2, which effectively ensures that the number of symbols in each polarization direction tends to be balanced.

[0091] In some possible embodiments, in one subframe, the total number of training symbols and pilot symbols in one polarization direction is N TS +N PS The number of symbols with values of -A1-A1j, -A1+A1j, A1-A1j and A1+A1j in the -1 symbols is less than or equal to 2, which effectively ensures that the number of symbols in each polarization direction tends to be balanced.

[0092] In some possible embodiments, in one subframe, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols with a value of -A-Aj in two polarization directions, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols with a value of -A+Aj in two polarization directions, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols with a value of A-Aj in two polarization directions and the number of training symbols and pilot symbols with a value of A+Aj in two polarization directions are the same, which effectively ensures that the number of symbols in two polarization directions is balanced.

[0093] In one subframe, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A1-A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A1+A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A1-A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A1+A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A2-A2j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A2+A2j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A2-A2j, and the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A2+A2j, the two polarization directions being orthogonal to each other. In one subframe, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A1-A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A1+A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A1-A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A1+A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A2-A2j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is -A2+A2j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A2-A2j, and the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A2+A2j, the two polarization directions being orthogonal to each other, effectively ensuring the balance of the number of symbols in two polarization directions.

[0094] In some possible implementation manners, N TS continuous training symbols are arranged from the starting position of a subframe, so that the structure of the subframe is more regular.

[0095] In some possible implementation manners, N TS continuous training symbols are arranged from the starting position of a subframe, so that the structure of the subframe is more regular.

[0096] In some possible implementation manners, the subframe arranged at the first position in a superframe is a first type of subframe, and the first type of subframe further includes a frame synchronization symbol, a reserved symbol and a pre-formation symbol, which enriches the function implementation of the first type of subframe. Each frame synchronization symbol is one of -A FAW -A FAW j, -A FAW +A FAW j, A FAW -A FAW j and A FAW +A FAW j, A FAWis a real number. In the first type of subframe, the training symbol is located before the frame synchronization symbol, the frame synchronization symbol is located before the reserved symbol, and the reserved symbol is located before the framing-pre symbol.

[0097] In some possible implementation, A = A FAW .

[0098] In some possible implementation, the superframe comprises at least one second type of subframe, the second type of subframe further comprises a framing-pre symbol, and in the second type of subframe, the training symbol is located before the framing-pre symbol.

[0099] In some possible implementation, the number of framing-pre symbols in the superframe is N CW , the number of all symbols in the superframe is N F , and the corresponding relationship between N PG , N CW and N F is one of the following:

[0100] N PG = 128, N CW = 172032, N F = 173440 or 173568 or 173696 or 173824 or 173952 or 174080;

[0101] N PG = 128, N CW = 344064, N F = 346880 or 347136 or 347392 or 347520 or 347648 or 347776 or 347904 or 348160;

[0102] N PG = 128, N CW = 516096, N F = 520192 or 520320 or 520448 or 520576 or 520704 or 520832 or 520960 or 521088 or 521472 or 521600 or 521856 or 522240;

[0103] N PG = 128, N CW = 688128, N F = 693760 or 693888 or 694144 or 694272 or 694400 or 694656 or 694784 or 694912 or 695040 or 695296 or 695552 or 695808 or 696192 or 696320;

[0104] N PG= 128, N CW = 150528, N F = 152064 or 152192 or 152320;

[0105] N PG = 128, N CW = 129024, N F = 130048 or 130176 or 130560;

[0106] N PG = 128, N CW = 107520, N F = 108416 or 108544 or 108672 or 108800;

[0107] N PG = 128, N CW = 175616, N F = 177152 or 177280 or 177408 or 177536 or 177664;

[0108] N PG = 128, N CW = 351232, N F = 354304 or 354432 or 354560 or 354688 or 354816 or 354944 or 355072 or 355200 or 355328;

[0109] N PG = 128, N CW = 526848, N F = 531200 or 531456 or 531712 or 531840 or 532224 or 532480 or 532608 or 532864 or 532992 or 533120;

[0110] N PG = 128, N CW = 702464, N F = 708096 or 708224 or 708480 or 708608 or 708736 or 708864 or 708992 or 709120 or 709376 or 709504 or 709632 or 709888 or 710016 or 710144 or 710272 or 710400 or 710528 or 710656;

[0111] N PG = 96, N CW = 172032, N F= 173952 or 174048 or 174240 or 174336 or 174432 or 174528;

[0112] N PG = 96, N CW = 344064, N F = 347904 or 348000 or 348096 or 348192 or 348384 or 348480 or 348672 or 348768 or 348864 or 349056;

[0113] N PG = 96, N CW = 516096, N F = 521664 or 521856 or 522144 or 522240 or 522720 or 522816 or 523008 or 523200 or 523296 or 523392 or 523488 or 523584 or 523776;

[0114] N PG = 96, N CW = 688128, N F = 695520 or 695808 or 695904 or 696000 or 696192 or 696384 or 696672 or 696768 or 696864 or 696960 or 697056 or 697248 or 697344 or 697536 or 697632 or 697728 or 698112 or 698400;

[0115] N PG = 96, N CW = 150528, N F = 152160 or 152256 or 152352 or 152448 or 152544 or 152640 or 152736;

[0116] N PG = 96, N CW = 129024, N F = 130464 or 130560 or 130752 or 130848 or 130944;

[0117] N PG = 96, N CW = 107520, N F = 108672 or 108768 or 108864 or 108960 or 109056;

[0118] N PG = 96, N CW= 175616, N F = 177504 or 177600 or 177888 or 177984 or 178080 or 178176;

[0119] N PG = 96, N CW = 351232, N F = 355008 or 355104 or 355200 or 355488 or 355680 or 355776 or 355872 or 355968 or 356160 or 356352 or 356448;

[0120] N PG = 96, N CW = 526848, N F = 532416 or 532512 or 532608 or 532704 or 532800 or 532896 or 532992 or 533280 or 533376 or 533568 or 533664 or 533760 or 533856 or 533952 or 534144 or 534240 or 534336 or 534432 or 534528;

[0121] N PG = 96, N CW = 702464, N F = 709920 or 710016 or 710112 or 710208 or 710304 or 710400 or 710688 or 710784 or 710976 or 711168 or 711264 or 711360 or 711552 or 711648 or 711744 or 711936 or 712320 or 712416 or 712704 or 712800 or 712896.

[0122] In some possible implementations, in one polarization direction, the modulation format of the symbols in the superframe is QPSK, A = -1 or 1. Alternatively, in one polarization direction, the modulation format of the symbols in the superframe is 16QAM, A = -1, 1, -3, 3, or or, in one polarization direction, the modulation format of the symbols in the superframe is 64QAM, A = -1, 1, -3, 3, -5, 5, -7 or 7.

[0123] In some possible implementations, in one polarization direction, the total number of framing preceding symbols in the superframe is 172032.

[0124] In some possible implementation, the total number of frame synchronization symbols in the superframe is 22 in one polarization direction.

[0125] In some possible implementation, the modulation format of the symbols in the superframe is 16QAM, A1=-1 or 1, and A2=-3 or 3 in one polarization direction.

[0126] In the fifth aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a data transmission device applied to a receiving end, which comprises a receiving unit and a processing unit. The receiving unit is configured to receive a superframe comprising a plurality of subframes, and each of the subframes comprises training symbols and pilot symbols. In one polarization direction, the number of the training symbols in the subframe is N TS , the number of the pilot symbols in the subframe is N PS , N TS and N PS are integers greater than 1, and N TS +N PS is greater than or equal to 5. Each of the 96 or 128 continuous symbols in the subframe comprises one pilot symbol at a fixed position. The processing unit is configured to decode the superframe.

[0127] Optionally, each of the training symbols and each of the pilot symbols is one of four complex numbers of -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj and A+Aj, and A is a real number; or each of the training symbols and each of the pilot symbols is one of eight complex numbers of -A1-A1j, -A1+A1j, A1-A1j, A1+A1j, -A2-A2j, -A2+A2j, A2-A2j and A2+A2j, A1 and A2 are real numbers not equal to 0, and |A1|<|A2|.

[0128] In addition, in one polarization direction, the total number of the symbols in the superframe can be 173568. Of course, the total number of the symbols in the superframe can also be as shown in the number of symbols N F in the superframes mentioned in Tables 1-3 in the specification.

[0129] In some possible implementation, in one subframe, the training symbol sequence comprising a plurality of training symbols in the first polarization direction is different from the training symbol sequence comprising a plurality of training symbols in the second polarization direction, and the pilot symbol sequence comprising a plurality of pilot symbols in the first polarization direction is different from the pilot symbol sequence comprising a plurality of pilot symbols in the second polarization direction, so as to avoid the problem that the receiving end cannot distinguish the two polarization directions in actual transmission. The first polarization direction and the second polarization direction are orthogonal to each other.

[0130] In some possible implementation, in one subframe, N TS +N PSis odd, one symbol in the subframe is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol, and the total number of training symbols and the total number of pilot symbols in one polarization direction are N TS +N PS -1, the sum of the real parts of the N TS +N PS -1 symbols is 0, and the total number of training symbols and the total number of pilot symbols in one polarization direction are N TS +N PS -1, thereby achieving DC balance and improving the quality of recovered signals at the receiving end.

[0131] In some possible embodiments, in one subframe, the total number of training symbols and the total number of pilot symbols in one polarization direction are N TS +N TS -1, and the number of symbols with values of -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj and A+Aj in the N FAW -A FAW j, -A FAW +A FAW j, A FAW -A FAW j and A FAW +A FAW j is less than or equal to 2, effectively ensuring that the number of symbols in each polarization direction tends to be balanced.

[0132] In some possible embodiments, in one subframe, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols with values of -A-Aj in two polarization directions, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols with values of -A+Aj in two polarization directions, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols with values of A-Aj in two polarization directions and the number of training symbols and pilot symbols with values of A+Aj in two polarization directions are the same, effectively ensuring that the number of symbols in two polarization directions is balanced.

[0133] In some possible embodiments, in one subframe, N TS consecutive training symbols are arranged from the start of the subframe, so that the structure of the subframe is more regular.

[0134] In some possible embodiments, N TS consecutive training symbols include a symbol at the start position that is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol, so that the arrangement of pilot symbols is more conducive to standardization.

[0135] In some possible embodiments, the subframe arranged at the first position in the superframe is a first type of subframe, and the first type of subframe further includes a frame synchronization symbol, a reserved symbol and a pre- framing symbol, thereby enriching the function implementation of the first type of subframe. Each frame synchronization symbol is one of -A FAW -A FAW j, -A FAW +A FAW j, A FAW -A FAW j and A FAW +A FAW j. FAWis a real number. In the first type of subframe, the training symbol is located before the frame synchronization symbol, the frame synchronization symbol is located before the reserved symbol, and the reserved symbol is located before the framing-pre symbol.

[0136] In some possible implementation, A = A FAW .

[0137] In some possible implementation, the superframe comprises at least one second type of subframe, the second type of subframe further comprises a framing-pre symbol, and in the second type of subframe, the training symbol is located before the framing-pre symbol.

[0138] In some possible implementation, the number of framing-pre symbols in the superframe is N CW , the total number of symbols in the superframe is N F , and the corresponding relationship between N PG , N CW and N F is one of the following:

[0139] N PG = 128, N CW = 172032, N F = 173440 or 173568 or 173696 or 173824 or 173952 or 174080;

[0140] N PG = 128, N CW = 344064, N F = 346880 or 347136 or 347392 or 347520 or 347648 or 347776 or 347904 or 348160;

[0141] N PG = 128, N CW = 516096, N F = 520192 or 520320 or 520448 or 520576 or 520704 or 520832 or 520960 or 521088 or 521472 or 521600 or 521856 or 522240;

[0142] N PG = 128, N CW = 688128, N F = 693760 or 693888 or 694144 or 694272 or 694400 or 694656 or 694784 or 694912 or 695040 or 695296 or 695552 or 695808 or 696192 or 696320;

[0143] N PG= 128, N CW = 150528, N F = 152064 or 152192 or 152320;

[0144] N PG = 128, N CW = 129024, N F = 130048 or 130176 or 130560;

[0145] N PG = 128, N CW = 107520, N F = 108416 or 108544 or 108672 or 108800;

[0146] N PG = 128, N CW = 175616, N F = 177152 or 177280 or 177408 or 177536 or 177664;

[0147] N PG = 128, N CW = 351232, N F = 354304 or 354432 or 354560 or 354688 or 354816 or 354944 or 355072 or 355200 or 355328;

[0148] N PG = 128, N CW = 526848, N F = 531200 or 531456 or 531712 or 531840 or 532224 or 532480 or 532608 or 532864 or 532992 or 533120;

[0149] N PG = 128, N CW = 702464, N F = 708096 or 708224 or 708480 or 708608 or 708736 or 708864 or 708992 or 709120 or 709376 or 709504 or 709632 or 709888 or 710016 or 710144 or 710272 or 710400 or 710528 or 710656;

[0150] N PG = 96, N CW = 172032, N F= 173952 or 174048 or 174240 or 174336 or 174432 or 174528;

[0151] N PG = 96, N CW = 344064, N F = 347904 or 348000 or 348096 or 348192 or 348384 or 348480 or 348672 or 348768 or 348864 or 349056;

[0152] N PG = 96, N CW = 516096, N F = 521664 or 521856 or 522144 or 522240 or 522720 or 522816 or 523008 or 523200 or 523296 or 523392 or 523488 or 523584 or 523776;

[0153] N PG = 96, N CW = 688128, N F = 695520 or 695808 or 695904 or 696000 or 696192 or 696384 or 696672 or 696768 or 696864 or 696960 or 697056 or 697248 or 697344 or 697536 or 697632 or 697728 or 698112 or 698400;

[0154] N PG = 96, N CW = 150528, N F = 152160 or 152256 or 152352 or 152448 or 152544 or 152640 or 152736;

[0155] N PG = 96, N CW = 129024, N F = 130464 or 130560 or 130752 or 130848 or 130944;

[0156] N PG = 96, N CW = 107520, N F = 108672 or 108768 or 108864 or 108960 or 109056;

[0157] N PG = 96, N CW= 175616, N F = 177504 or 177600 or 177888 or 177984 or 178080 or 178176;

[0158] N PG = 96, N CW = 351232, N F = 355008 or 355104 or 355200 or 355488 or 355680 or 355776 or 355872 or 355968 or 356160 or 356352 or 356448;

[0159] N PG = 96, N CW = 526848, N F = 532416 or 532512 or 532608 or 532704 or 532800 or 532896 or 532992 or 533280 or 533376 or 533568 or 533664 or 533760 or 533856 or 533952 or 534144 or 534240 or 534336 or 534432 or 534528;

[0160] N PG = 96, N CW = 702464, N F = 709920 or 710016 or 710112 or 710208 or 710304 or 710400 or 710688 or 710784 or 710976 or 711168 or 711264 or 711360 or 711552 or 711648 or 711744 or 711936 or 712320 or 712416 or 712704 or 712800 or 712896.

[0161] In some possible implementation, in one polarization direction, the modulation format of the symbol in the superframe is QPSK, A = -1 or 1. Alternatively, in one polarization direction, the modulation format of the symbol in the superframe is 16QAM, A = -1, 1, -3, 3, or Alternatively, in one polarization direction, the modulation format of the symbol in the superframe is 64QAM, A = -1, 1, -3, 3, -5, 5, -7 or 7.

[0162] In a sixth aspect, the embodiments of the present application provide a data transmission system, which comprises the data transmission device for the sending end as introduced in any of the embodiments of the fourth aspect and the data transmission device for the receiving end as introduced in any of the embodiments of the fifth aspect.

[0163] In a seventh aspect, an optical module is provided, which includes a processor and an interface. The interface is configured to transmit and receive signals, and the processor is configured to execute the method of any of the embodiments of the first aspect. For example, the interface is configured to transmit signals from the processor or transmit received signals to the processor. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0164] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a communication system to which embodiments of the present application are applied;

[0165] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a framing process in embodiments of the present application;

[0166] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a data transmission method in embodiments of the present application;

[0167] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a structure of a superframe in embodiments of the present application;

[0168] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a structure of a subframe in embodiments of the present application;

[0169] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of another structure of a subframe in embodiments of the present application;

[0170] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a constellation in two polarization directions in embodiments of the present application;

[0171] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of another constellation in two polarization directions in embodiments of the present application;

[0172] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a simulated symbol data stream in embodiments of the present application;

[0173] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of a superframe and a subframe in embodiments of the present application;

[0174] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a structure of a data transmission apparatus applied to a transmitting end in embodiments of the present application;

[0175] FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a structure of a data transmission apparatus applied to a receiving end in embodiments of the present application;

[0176] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of another structure of a data transmission apparatus in embodiments of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0177] The embodiments of the present application provide a data transmission method and related apparatus. Each 96 or 128 continuous symbols in a subframe include a pilot symbol. It can be seen that the interval of the inserted pilot symbol in the subframe is larger, and the redundancy is reduced. In addition, one symbol in the subframe is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol, and the structure of the subframe is simplified.

[0178] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a communication system to which embodiments of the present application are applied. As shown in FIG. 1, at the transmitting end, a data stream to be transmitted is provided by a source; an encoder receives the data stream and encodes it, and sends the code word information obtained by combining check bits and information bits to a transmitting end signal processor for framing. After transmission through a channel, the distorted signal due to noise or other impairments in the channel is received at the receiving end, and is sent to a receiving end signal processor for dispersion compensation, synchronization, phase recovery, etc. Then, the original data is recovered by a decoder, and is sent to a sink. The data transmission method provided by embodiments of the present application is applied to the transmitting end signal processor shown in FIG. 1, and is a very important part of the communication system.

[0179] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a framing process in embodiments of the present application. In one framing method, as shown in (a) of FIG. 2, the received data sequence is symbol mapped, including but not limited to quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and then polarization distributed to obtain dual-polarization (DP) symbols, such as DP-QPSK, DP-8QAM, DP-16QAM, DP-32QAM, DP-64QAM, etc. A certain number of dual-polarization symbols are framed, and these dual-polarization symbols before framing are also referred to as payload symbols. The framing process is as follows: a frame alignment word sequence (FAW Sequence) is inserted in the X and Y polarization directions, respectively, a training sequence is inserted, reserved fields are inserted, and a pilot sequence is inserted, to obtain a dual-polarization symbol sequence to be transmitted, referred to as a super-frame, or a multi-frame. Here, the frame alignment word sequence is also referred to as a super-frame alignment word sequence. It should be noted that the frame alignment word sequence can also be used for link training, in which case the frame alignment word sequence can be considered as a training sequence.

[0180] In the embodiments of the present application, one dual-polarization symbol can be represented by two symbols, one of which is located in the X polarization direction and the other of which is located in the Y polarization direction, and each symbol can be represented by a complex number. For example, a symbol obtained by using 16QAM modulation can be represented by any one of the following 16 complex numbers: ±1±1j, ±1±3j, ±3±1j and ±3±3j, where j is the complex unit and can also be represented by i or other letters. It should be understood that in some cases, the real part and the imaginary part are normalized, but the essence does not change. Further, a sequence of N dual-polarization symbols can be completely represented by two complex number sequences with a length of N, one of which represents the symbols in the X polarization direction and the other of which represents the symbols in the Y polarization direction. Each complex number sequence with a length of N is represented by a real part sequence with a length of N and an imaginary part sequence with a length of N, and N is an integer greater than 1.

[0181] Generally, the received data sequence is an information sequence and a check sequence obtained by using a forward error correction (FEC) code, and the framing operation shown in (a) of FIG. 2 is performed on the symbols. In another framing manner, as shown in (b) of FIG. 2, the received data sequence is first inserted with bits corresponding to the frame synchronization symbol sequence, the training symbol sequence, the reserved symbol sequence and the pilot symbol sequence according to the symbol mapping rule adopted, and then the same superframe as the operation shown in (a) of FIG. 2 can be obtained by performing symbol mapping and polarization division. Similarly, in another framing manner, as shown in (c) of FIG. 2, the received data sequence is first inserted with bits corresponding to the frame synchronization symbol sequence, the training symbol sequence, the reserved symbol sequence and the pilot symbol sequence according to the symbol mapping rule adopted, and then the same superframe as the operation shown in (a) of FIG. 2 can be obtained by performing polarization division and symbol mapping. It should be understood that in addition to the framing manners introduced in FIG. 2, there can be other similar framing manners, which will not be described herein.

[0182] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a data transmission method in the embodiments of the present application. As shown in FIG. 3, the data transmission method includes the following steps.

[0183] 101. The sending end obtains a superframe including a plurality of subframes.

[0184] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a superframe in the embodiments of the present application. As shown in FIG. 4, the superframe includes N SF subframes, each of which includes N S symbols, so that the superframe includes N F symbols, N F =N SF ×N S , N S and N SFare integers greater than 1. Among the subframes in a superframe, there are two types, which are referred to as first type subframes and second type subframes in this disclosure. The two types of subframes are introduced as follows.

[0185] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a structure of a subframe in an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in (a) of Figure 5, the structure of a first type subframe includes training symbols, pilot symbols, frame synchronization symbols, reserved symbols and payload symbols. Generally, the first type subframe is the subframe arranged at the first position in a superframe, but it is not excluded that the first type subframe is arranged at other positions in a superframe, for example, the first type subframe can also be the subframe arranged at the last position in a superframe. The subframes other than the first type subframe in a superframe are second type subframes. As shown in (b) of Figure 5, the second type subframe is different from the first type subframe. The second type subframe includes training symbols, pilot symbols and payload symbols, but does not include frame synchronization symbols and reserved symbols.

[0186] For the first type subframe and the second type subframe, each subframe includes training symbols and pilot symbols. The training symbols are used for link training and / or subframe synchronization, and the pilot symbols are used for carrier phase recovery. In one polarization direction, the number of training symbols in a subframe is denoted as N TS , and the number of pilot symbols in a subframe is denoted as N PS , N TS and N PS are integers greater than 1. It is to be noted that there is one symbol in a subframe which is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol, which is indicated by the dashed box in Figure 5. The N TS training symbols include the symbol indicated by the dashed box, and the N PS pilot symbols also include the symbol indicated by the dashed box. Further, N TS +N PS is greater than or equal to 5, and N TS +N PS is an odd number. Generally, the N TS continuous training symbols are arranged from the start position of the subframe, and the symbol at the start position among the N TS continuous training symbols is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol. That is, the first symbol of the subframe is the first symbol of the training symbol sequence and also the first symbol of the pilot symbol sequence. In other words, the first symbol of the training symbol sequence is also the first symbol of the pilot symbol sequence, and the first symbol of the training symbol sequence and the first symbol of the pilot symbol sequence have the same value. Of course, the symbol indicated by the dashed box in Figure 5 can also be any one of the N TS training symbols, which is not limited in the present disclosure.

[0187] Figure 6 is another schematic diagram of a structure of a subframe in an embodiment of the present disclosure. For each subframe in a superframe, every continuous NPG The symbols include one pilot symbol at a fixed position, wherein N PG is 96 or 128. That is, N PG is 128 in FIG. 5, and N PG is 96 in FIG. 6. It should be understood that since the position of the pilot symbol in each continuous N PG symbols is fixed, the interval between two continuous pilot symbols in a subframe is equal. Generally, the pilot symbol is located at the starting position in each continuous N PG symbols, of course, the pilot symbol can be located at any position in each continuous N PG symbols, which is not limited herein.

[0188] It should be noted that the frame synchronization symbol is used for synchronization between superframes, and the frame synchronization symbol can be used for synchronization between superframes together with the training symbol, or can realize the synchronization function together with the pilot symbol. It should be understood that the frame synchronization symbol is arranged continuously, and can be adjacent to the training symbol, as shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. In addition, the frame synchronization symbol can also have one or more symbol intervals between the training symbols. A plurality of reserved symbols are generally located after a plurality of frame synchronization symbols, which can be reserved for future other purposes, and the reserved symbols should be randomized and can not be a symbol on a constellation of a used modulation format. Of course, in some applications, the reserved symbol can also be a symbol on a constellation of a used modulation format. The reserved symbols can also have a part that is fixed as other purposes, such as optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) measurement, end-to-end (E2E) delay measurement, etc., and the reserved symbols can also be located in one of the plurality of second type subframes, which is not limited herein. The remaining symbols are framing pre-symbols (i.e., payload symbols) containing information and checks, wherein the pilot symbol does not overlap with the reserved symbol, and the pilot symbol does not overlap with the framing pre-symbol. That is, there is no symbol that is both a pilot symbol and a framing pre-symbol, and there is no symbol that is both a pilot symbol and a reserved symbol. Alternatively, the reserved symbol can also be referred to as a fixed stuff (FS), and the frame synchronization symbol can also be referred to as a multi-frame alignment signal (MFAS).

[0189] Figure 7 is a diagram of constellation in two polarization directions in an embodiment of the present application. Figure 8 is another diagram of constellation in two polarization directions in an embodiment of the present application. It should be noted that each training symbol and each pilot symbol is one of -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj and A+Aj, A is a real number. In an embodiment of the present application, the value of A is determined by the modulation format used when generating the symbol. In some practical application scenarios, -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj and A+Aj are the symbols on the constellation of the modulation format used. For example, if QPSK is used, there are 4 symbols, A=1 or -1, each training symbol can be represented by one of -1-1j, -1+1j, 1-1j and 1+1j, in a subframe, the four kinds of complex number representation of training symbols will exist, the same for pilot symbols. For another example, if 16QAM is used, there are 16 symbols, A=1, -1, 3 or -3. Usually, the training symbol and the pilot symbol are the outermost 4 symbols on the constellation, as shown by the hollow symbols in (a) of Figure 7, at this time A=3 or -3, each training symbol can be represented by one of -3-3j, -3+3j, 3-3j and 3+3j. In a subframe, the four kinds of complex number representation of training symbols will exist, the same for pilot symbols. Similarly, if 64QAM is used, there are 64 symbols, A=1, -1, 3, -3, 5, -5, 7 or -7, usually, A=5, -5, 7 or -7 in the complex number representing the training symbol and the pilot symbol, assuming A=7 or -7, as shown by the hollow symbols in (a) of Figure 8, each training symbol can be represented by one of -7-7j, -7+7j, 7-7j and 7+7j, in a subframe, the four kinds of complex number representation of training symbols will exist, the same for pilot symbols. In addition, higher order modulation formats can also be used, which will not be described herein, in actual transmission process, the probability of symbol error can be low, facilitating channel estimation.

[0190] It should be noted that each frame synchronization symbol is one of -A FAW -A FAW j, -A FAW +A FAW j, A FAW -A FAW j and A FAW +A FAW j, A FAW is a real number, where A FAW may be equal to A or not equal to A. Typically, A FAW is equal to A, at this time the operation of inserting training symbols, pilot symbols and frame synchronization symbols in the framing operation is relatively simple.

[0191] It should be noted that it is also possible to compress the symbols on the constellation diagram, and accordingly, the value of A will also be compressed accordingly. Taking 16QAM as an example, the 16 symbols on the 16QAM constellation diagram are power normalized, at this time, the value becomes The value of A is Or Taking 64QAM as an example, the 64 symbols on the 64QAM constellation diagram are power normalized, at this time, the value becomes The value of A is Or In addition, other normalization methods can also be used, which are not limited by the present application.

[0192] It should be understood that when the pilot symbol and the training symbol -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj adopt the outermost 4 symbols of the constellation diagram, the sensitivity of the training and pilot symbol is higher, but the peak to average power ratio is larger. When the pilot symbol and the training symbol take values -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj adopt the innermost 4 symbols of the constellation diagram, the noise of the training and pilot is smaller, but the sensitivity is lower.

[0193] It should be noted that in some actual application scenarios, the pilot symbol and the training symbol -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj can also not be the symbols on the constellation diagram of the used modulation format, which can be some 4 symbols in the middle area of the outermost 4 symbols and the innermost 4 symbols of the constellation diagram. At this time, the noise and sensitivity of the training and pilot symbol are general, but the peak to average power ratio is relatively low. Taking 16QAM as an example, the values of the 16 symbols on the 16QAM constellation diagram are one of {±1±1j,±1±3j,±3±1j,±3±3j}, and the value of the real number A satisfies 1≤A≤3. More specifically, as shown in (b) of FIG. 7, the outermost 4 symbols of the constellation diagram are 3+3j, 3-3j, -3+3j, -3-3j, respectively, and the innermost 4 symbols of the constellation diagram are 1+1j, 1-1j, -1+1j, -1-1j, respectively. The values of the pilot symbol and the training symbol -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj, A+Aj can be some 4 symbols in the middle area of the outermost 4 symbols and the innermost 4 symbols of the 16QAM constellation diagram. The specific value of the real number A can be selected according to the actual application scenario to make the peak to average power ratio, noise and sensitivity of the training and pilot have a good compromise. For example, the value of the real number A can be 2. The values of the pilot symbol and the training symbol are one of {±1±1j,±1±3j,±1±5j,±1±7j,±3±1j,±5±1j,±7±1j,±3±3j,±3±5j,±3±7j,±5±3j,±7±3j,±5±5j,±5±7j,±7±5j,±7±7j}. In addition, when the 16 symbols on the 16QAM constellation diagram are power normalized, the values are one of {±1±1j,±1±3j,±1±5j,±1±7j,±3±1j,±5±1j,±7±1j,±3±3j,±3±5j,±3±7j,±5±3j,±7±3j,±5±5j,±5±7j,±7±5j,±7±7j}. In addition, when the 16 symbols on the 16QAM constellation diagram are power normalized, the values are For example, the real number A satisfies The values of the pilot symbols and the training symbols are one of {±1±1j,±1±3j,±1±5j,±1±7j,±3±1j,±5±1j,±7±1j,±3±3j,±3±5j,±3±7j,±5±3j,±7±3j,±5±5j,±5±7j,±7±5j,±7±7j}. In addition, when the 16 symbols on the 16QAM constellation diagram are power normalized, the values are The values of the pilot symbols and the training symbols are one of {±1±1j,±1±3j,±1±5j,±1±7j,±3±1j,±5±1j,±7±1j,±3±3j,±3±5j,±3±7j,±5±3j,±7±3j,±5±5j,±5±7j,±7±5j,±7±7j}. In addition, when the 16 symbols on the 16QAM constellation diagram are power normalized, the values are one of {±1±1j,±1±3j,±1±5j,±1±7j,±3±1j,±5±1j,±7±1j,±3±3j,±3±5j,±3±7j,±5±3j,±7±3j,±5±5j,±5±7j,±7±5j,±7±7j}. In addition, when the 16 symbols on the 16QAM constellation diagram are power normalized, the values are For example, the real number A satisfies The values of the pilot symbols and the training symbols are one of {±1±1j,±1±3j,±1±5j,±1±7j,±3±1j,±5±1j,±7±1j,±3±3j,±3±5j,±3±7j,±5±3j,±7±3j,±5±5j,±5±7j,±7±5j,±7±7j}.

[0194] It should be noted that in one subframe, the training symbol sequence including multiple training symbols in the X polarization direction is different from the training symbol sequence including multiple training symbols in the Y polarization direction, and the pilot symbol sequence including multiple pilot symbols in the X polarization direction is different from the pilot symbol sequence including multiple pilot symbols in the Y polarization direction. The X polarization direction and the Y polarization direction are orthogonal to each other. For example, the sequence of the training symbols in the X polarization direction is -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A-Aj, and the sequence of the training symbols in the Y polarization direction is -A-Aj, -A-Aj, A+Aj, A+Aj. The training symbol sequences in the two polarization directions are different, which avoids the problem that the receiving end cannot distinguish the two polarization directions in actual transmission.

[0195] It should be noted that in one subframe, the sum of real parts of N TS +N PS -1 symbols including all training symbols and all pilot symbols in one polarization direction is 0, and the sum of imaginary parts of N TS +N PS -1 symbols including all training symbols and all pilot symbols in one polarization direction is 0, so that DC balance can be achieved, which is beneficial to the quality of signal recovered at the receiving end. It should be understood that since the training symbol sequence and the pilot symbol sequence share one symbol in the subframe, the shared symbol needs to be subtracted when combining the training symbol sequence and the pilot symbol sequence to calculate the number of symbols, that is, the training symbol sequence and the pilot symbol sequence share N TS +N PS -1 symbols.

[0196] In one possible scenario, in one subframe, the number of symbols whose values are -A-Aj, -A+Aj, A-Aj and A+Aj in N TS +N PS -1 symbols of the training symbol sequence and the pilot symbol sequence in one polarization direction differ by less than or equal to 2, which effectively ensures that the number of symbols in each polarization direction tends to be balanced. For example, in one polarization direction, the number of -A-Aj is the number of -A+Aj is the number of A-Aj is the number of A+Aj is For another example, in one polarization direction, the number of -A-Aj is the number of -A+Aj is the number of A-Aj is the number of A+Aj is For another example, in one polarization direction, the number of -A-Aj is the number of -A+Aj is the number of A-Aj is the number of A+Aj is For another example, in one polarization direction, the number of -A-Aj is the number of -A+Aj is the number of A-Aj is the number of A+Aj is Wherein, represents the floor of a positive real number a.

[0197] In one possible scenario, in one subframe, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in N TS +NPS - The number of -A-Aj in one symbol, N TS + N PS - The number of -A+Aj in one symbol, N TS + N PS - The number of A-Aj in one symbol, N TS + N PS - The number of A+Aj in one symbol is the same, effectively guaranteeing the balance of the number of symbols in two polarization directions.

[0198] As an example, N TS + N PS - The number of -A-Aj in one training symbol and pilot symbol in two polarization directions is respectively and N TS + N PS - The total number of -A-Aj in one training symbol and pilot symbol in two polarization directions is (N TS + N PS -1) / 2; N TS + N PS - The number of -A+Aj in one training symbol and pilot symbol in two polarization directions is respectively and N TS + N PS - The total number of -A+Aj in one training symbol and pilot symbol in two polarization directions is (N TS + N PS -1) / 2; N TS + N PS - The number of A-Aj in one training symbol and pilot symbol in two polarization directions is respectively and N TS + N PS - The total number of A-Aj in one training symbol and pilot symbol in two polarization directions is (N TS + N PS -1) / 2; N TS + N PS - The number of A+Aj in one training symbol and pilot symbol in two polarization directions is respectively and N TS + NPS The total number of training symbols and pilot symbols with polarization A+Aj in both polarization directions is (N TS +N PS -1) / 2.

[0199] As yet another example, N TS +N PS The number of training symbols and pilot symbols of -A-Aj in the two polarization directions are respectively and N TS +N PS The total number of training symbols and pilot symbols with polarization -A-Aj in both polarization directions is (N TS +N PS -1) / 2;N TS +N PS The number of -A+Aj training symbols and pilot symbols in the two polarization directions are respectively and N TS +N PS The total number of training symbols and pilot symbols with polarization -A+Aj in both polarization directions is (N TS +N PS -1) / 2;N TS +N PS The number of training symbols and pilot symbols with polarization A-Aj in the two polarization directions are respectively and N TS +N PS The total number of training symbols and pilot symbols with polarization A-Aj in both polarization directions is (N TS +N PS -1) / 2;N TS +N PS The number of training symbols and pilot symbols with polarization A+Aj in the two polarization directions are respectively and N TS +N PS The total number of training symbols and pilot symbols with polarization A+Aj in both polarization directions is (N TS +N PS -1) / 2.

[0200] It should be noted that, in the embodiments of this application, the number N of symbols before framing in the superframe is... CWThe values of the parameter n include, but are not limited to, 172032, 344064, 516096, 688128, 150528, 129024, 107520, 175616, 351232, 526848, 702464, 172032, 344064, 516096, 688128, 150528, 129024, 107520, 175616, 351232, 526848, 702464.

[0201] 102. The transmitting end sends a superframe to the receiving end.

[0202] The superframe sent by the transmitting end is transmitted to the receiving end through a channel.

[0203] It should be noted that in some other specific applications, the values of each training symbol and each pilot symbol are one of the eight complex numbers: -A1 - A1j, -A1 + A1j, A1 - A1j, A1 + A1j, -A2 - A2j, -A2 + A2j, A2 - A2j, A2 + A2j, where A1 and A2 are real numbers not equal to 0, and the absolute value of A1 is less than the absolute value of A2, that is, ∣A1∣ < ∣A2∣, and j represents the imaginary unit. The complex numbers -A1 - A1j, -A1 + A1j, A1 - A1j, A1 + A1j, -A2 - A2j, -A2 + A2j, A2 - A2j, A2 + A2j are the constellation points corresponding to the symbol mapping adopted. It should be noted that -A1 - A1j, -A1 + A1j, A1 - A1j, A1 + A1j can be expressed as (-1 - 1j)×A1, (-1 + 1j)×A1, (1 - 1j)×A1, (1 + 1j)×A1, and -A2 - A2j, -A2 + A2j, A2 - A2j, A2 + A2j can be expressed as (-1 - 1j)×A2, (-1 + 1j)×A2, (1 - 1j)×A2, (1 + 1j)×A2. Considering A1 < A2, it should be understood that the 4 constellation points corresponding to -A1 - A1j, -A1 + A1j, A1 - A1j, A1 + A1j are the points in the inner circle of the constellation diagram, and the 4 constellation points corresponding to -A2 - A2j, -A2 + A2j, A2 - A2j, A2 + A2j are the points in the outer circle of the constellation diagram. For example, taking the 16QAM symbol mapping as an example, there is A2 = 3×A1. The 16 constellation points (also called symbols) on the 16QAM constellation diagram adopted have values {±1 ± 1j, ±1 ± 3j, ±3 ± 1j, ±3 ± 3j}, with A1 = 1 and A2 = 3. At this time, the 4 outermost constellation points on the constellation diagram are the symbols -3 - 3j, -3 + 3j, 3 - 3j, 3 + 3j; the 4 innermost constellation points on the constellation diagram are the symbols -1 - 1j, -1 + 1j, 1 - 1j, 1 + 1j. It should be noted that it is also possible to compress the symbols on the constellation diagram. Correspondingly, the values of A1 and A2 will also be compressed accordingly. For example, power normalization is performed on the 16 symbols on the 16QAM constellation diagram. At this time, the values of the 16 symbols on the 16QAM constellation diagram become There is And

[0204] In some specific applications, in one polarization direction, the number N of the frame synchronization symbols FAW takes the value of 22. At this time, its specific value can be the same as the frame synchronization symbol sequence in the existing 400ZR and 800ZR standards, which is convenient for compatibility with the existing solutions and easy to implement.

[0205] Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of analog symbol data streams in the embodiments of the present application. As shown in Fig. 9, in some possible scenarios, the superframe symbol data stream after digital to analog conversion (DAC) can be regarded as four analog symbol data streams, respectively marked as X I , X Q , Y I and Y Q . Among them, the X I analog symbol data stream and the X Q analog symbol data stream correspond to the real part sequence data stream and the imaginary part sequence data stream in the X polarization direction respectively. The Y I analog symbol data stream and the Y Q analog symbol data stream correspond to the real part sequence data stream and the imaginary part sequence data stream in the Y polarization direction respectively. It should be understood that the X polarization direction and the Y polarization direction (also referred to as the H polarization direction and the V polarization direction) are two orthogonal polarization directions, and there are two orthogonal phase channels, I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature), in each polarization direction, which correspond to the real part sequence data stream and the imaginary part sequence data stream respectively.

[0206] 103. The receiving end decodes the superframe.

[0207] It should be understood that the specific operation of the receiving end after receiving the superframe will not be described in detail herein, and can be referred to the related description of Fig. 1.

[0208] Some specific examples of the number of different parts of symbols in the superframe provided by the embodiments of the present application are described below.

[0209] (1) The number of symbols N CW before framing is 172032, for example, an open FEC (OFEC) encoding mode with an encoding redundancy of about 15.3% is used, or other encoding modes can also be used; the first symbol in each continuous N PG =128 symbols is a pilot symbol, at this time, the number of subframes N SF , the number of pilot symbols in each subframe N PS , the number of symbols in each subframe N S , the number of symbols in the superframe N F , the superframe redundancy OH, the number of training symbols in the superframe N TS,TOT , the number of frame synchronization symbols N FAW , and the number of reserved symbols N RES are equal to one of the parameters in Table 1. Among them, N TS +N PS is an odd number, N FAW is an even number, and the corresponding NRES 0, OH = (N F -N CW ) / N CW , N F =N S ×N SF , N TS,TOT =N TS ×N SF .

[0210] The other parameters are the number of symbols, which can be understood as the number of dual-polarization symbols, or the number of symbols in one polarization direction; and the number of different symbols in two polarization directions is the same, for example, there are 10 training symbols in one polarization direction, and there are also 10 training symbols in the other polarization direction, and overall, there are 10 dual-polarization training symbols. The subsequent tables can be understood in this way, and the present application will not be repeated.

[0211] The frame redundancy of the superframe structure of the case listed in Table 1 is lower than OH < 1.20%, and Table 1 only limits N TS,TOT +N FAW +N RES , but does not separately limit the number of training symbols N TS in each subframe; in addition, Table 1 does not limit the number of symbols N S in each subframe and the number of symbols N F of the superframe.

[0212] Table 1

[0213] Considering that the number of training symbols N TS is not greater than 11, in combination with Table 1, Table 2 can be obtained. The frame redundancy OH of the superframe structure of the case listed in Table 2 is less than 1.20%; the number of training symbols N TS in each subframe ranges from 2 to 18 symbols; Table 2 does not limit the number of symbols N S in each subframe and the number of symbols N F of the superframe.

[0214] Table 2

[0215] It should be noted that in some specific applications, in one polarization direction, the number of frame synchronization symbols N FAWis 22, and its specific value can be the same as the frame synchronization symbol sequence in the existing 400ZR and 800ZR standards, facilitating compatibility with the existing scheme and simple implementation. For example, consider the parameter combination with serial number 88 in Table 2, that is, in one polarization direction, the number of subframes N SF in a superframe is 12, the number of pilot symbols N PS in each subframe is 13, the number of symbols N S in each subframe is 14464, the number of symbols N F in a superframe is 173568, the number of training symbols N TS in each subframe is 10, the number of frame synchronization symbols N FAW and the number of reserved symbols N RES sum to 72. In combination with N FAW is 22, the number of reserved symbols (also referred to as fixed padding) N RES is 72-22 = 50. For another example, consider the parameter combination with serial number 98 in Table 2, that is, in one polarization direction, the number of subframes N SF in a superframe is 6, the number of pilot symbols N PS in each subframe is 226, the number of symbols N S in each subframe is 28928, the number of symbols N F in a superframe is 173568, the number of training symbols N TS in each subframe is 11, the number of frame synchronization symbols N FAW and the number of reserved symbols N RES sum to 120. In combination with N FAW is 22, the number of reserved symbols (also referred to as fixed padding) N RES is 120-22 = 98. The number of reserved symbols N RES in other parameter combinations can also be understood and calculated simply in the above manner, and will not be described herein again.

[0216] It should be understood that the superframe architecture considered in the present application has relatively low frame redundancy, resulting in better transmission efficiency.

[0217] In some specific applications, the bus width in the specific DSP implementation of the transceiver end is 192 or 128. In order to facilitate hardware implementation, the number of symbols N F in a superframe should be an integer multiple of 192 and 128. It should be understood that when N PG = 128, that is, the first symbol in every 128 symbols in each subframe is a pilot symbol, the number of symbols N F in a superframe and the number of symbols N Smust be an integer multiple of 128. Therefore, when the first symbol in every 128 symbols is used as the pilot symbol, only the number of symbols N F must be an integer multiple of 192. The same can be said for the subsequent tables, which represent the case when the first symbol in every 128 symbols is used as the pilot symbol. The number of symbols N F must be an integer multiple of 192. In combination with Table 2, Table 3 can be obtained. In the cases listed in Table 3, the frame redundancy OH < 1.20%, and the number of symbols N F must be an integer multiple of 192 and 128. In addition, the number of training symbols N TS in every sub-frame must be in the range of 2 to 18 symbols. Table 3 shows the number of symbols N S in every sub-frame.

[0218] Table 3

[0219] In some specific applications, the bit width in the specific DSP implementation of the transceiver is 192 or 128. In order to facilitate hardware implementation, preferably, not only the number of symbols N F in the super-frame must be an integer multiple of 192 and 128, but also the number of symbols N S in every sub-frame must also be an integer multiple of 192 and 128. It should be understood that if N S is an integer multiple of 192 and 128, then N F must be an integer multiple of 192 and 128, and vice versa. The number of symbols N S in every sub-frame must be an integer multiple of 192. In combination with Table 3, Table 4 can be obtained. In the cases listed in Table 4, the frame redundancy OH < 1.20%, and the number of symbols N F in the super-frame and the number of symbols N S in every sub-frame must be an integer multiple of 192 and 128. In addition, the number of training symbols N TS in every sub-frame must be in the range of 2 to 18 symbols.

[0220] Table 4

[0221] The present application also provides several specific super-frame formats, which are described as follows:

[0222] Embodiment 1: The pre-framing symbols are encoded by OFEC with a redundancy of about 15.3%, the number of pre-framing symbols is 172032, the pilot symbol interval is 128 symbols, and the corresponding N SF , N TS , N PS , N FAW, N RES , N S , N F , OH and the like are shown in Table 5 as follows:

[0223] Table 5

[0224] Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of a superframe and a subframe in the embodiment of the application. The superframe includes 12 subframes, and each subframe includes 14464 symbols, as shown in (a) of Fig. 10. The first type of subframe is shown in (b) of Fig. 10, and has 113 pilot symbols, 10 training symbols, 22 frame synchronization symbols, and 50 reserved symbols. In the existing 400G-ZR and 800G-ZR standards, the first subframe also contains 22 frame synchronization symbols, which is conducive to multiplexing. The second type of subframe is shown in (c) of Fig. 10, and also has 113 pilot symbols and 10 training symbols. In each subframe, the first symbol in every 128 symbols is a pilot symbol; in some specific applications, the bit width in the specific DSP implementation of the transceiver is 192 or 128, and in order to facilitate hardware implementation, the number of symbols N F of the superframe is an integer multiple of 192 and 128. The superframe architecture considered in this embodiment has relatively low frame redundancy, which makes the transmission efficiency better.

[0225] Embodiment two: the symbols before framing are subjected to OFEC coding with a code redundancy of about 15.3%, the number of symbols before framing is 172032, and the pilot symbol interval is 128 symbols. The corresponding N SF , N TS , N PS , N FAW , N RES , N S , N F , OH and the like are shown in Table 6 as follows:

[0226] Table 6

[0227] The superframe includes 12 subframes, and each subframe includes 14464 symbols. The first type of subframe has 113 pilot symbols, 12 training symbols, 22 frame synchronization symbols, and 26 reserved symbols. In the existing 400G-ZR and 800G-ZR standards, the first subframe also contains 22 frame synchronization symbols, which is conducive to multiplexing. The second type of subframe also has 113 pilot symbols and 12 training symbols. In each subframe, the first symbol in every 128 symbols is a pilot symbol; in some specific applications, the bit width in the specific DSP implementation of the transceiver is 192 or 128, and in order to facilitate hardware implementation, the number of symbols N FThe superframe architecture considered in this embodiment is of integer multiples of 192 and 128. The superframe architecture considered in this embodiment has a low frame redundancy, which makes the transmission more efficient.

[0228] Fig. 11 is a structural schematic diagram of a data transmission apparatus applied to a sending end in an embodiment of the present application. As shown in Fig. 11, the data transmission apparatus includes a processing unit 201 and a sending unit 202. The processing unit 201 is configured to perform the operation of step 101, and the sending unit 202 is configured to perform the operation of step 102. It should be understood that the data transmission apparatus provided by the embodiment of the present application can also be implemented in other manners. For example, the division of the units in the apparatus is merely a logical function division, and other division manners can be used in actual implementation. For example, multiple units or components can be combined or integrated into another system, or some units or components can be combined or integrated. In addition, the units in the various embodiments of the present application can be integrated in a processing unit, or each unit can be a separate physical unit, or two or more units can be integrated in a processing unit. The integrated units can be implemented in the form of hardware or software function units.

[0229] Fig. 12 is a structural schematic diagram of a data transmission apparatus applied to a receiving end in an embodiment of the present application. As shown in Fig. 12, the data transmission apparatus includes a receiving unit 301 and a processing unit 302. The receiving unit 301 is configured to perform the operation of step 102, and the processing unit 302 is configured to perform the operation of step 103. It should be understood that the data transmission apparatus provided by the embodiment of the present application can also be implemented in other manners. For example, the division of the units in the apparatus is merely a logical function division, and other division manners can be used in actual implementation. For example, multiple units or components can be combined or integrated into another system, or some units or components can be combined or integrated. In addition, the units in the various embodiments of the present application can be integrated in a processing unit, or each unit can be a separate physical unit, or two or more units can be integrated in a processing unit. The integrated units can be implemented in the form of hardware or software function units.

[0230] Figure 13 is another schematic diagram of the data transmission apparatus in the embodiments of the present application. The data transmission apparatus can be applied to a sending end or a receiving end. As shown in Figure 13, the data transmission apparatus includes a processor 401 and a transceiver 402. The processor 401 and the transceiver 402 are connected with each other through a wire. Specifically, the transceiver 402 is configured to perform operations of data transceiving, and the processor 401 is configured to perform operations other than data transceiving. In a possible implementation, the processor 401 can include the processing unit 201 shown in Figure 11, and the transceiver 402 can include the sending unit 202 shown in Figure 11. In another possible implementation, the processor 401 can include the processing unit 302 shown in Figure 12, and the transceiver 402 can include the receiving unit 301 shown in Figure 12. Optionally, the data transmission apparatus can further include a memory 403, where the memory 403 is configured to store program instructions and data.

[0231] The embodiments of the present application further provide a chip. The chip integrates a circuit for implementing the functions of the processor 401 and one or more interfaces. When the chip integrates a memory, the chip can complete the method steps of any one or more of the preceding embodiments. When the chip does not integrate a memory, the chip can be connected with an external memory through the interfaces. The chip implements the actions performed by the sending end device or the receiving end device in the embodiments of the present application according to program codes stored in the external memory.

[0232] Generally, an optical module is composed of optoelectronic devices, a processor and interfaces, etc. The optoelectronic devices include a transmitting device and a receiving device. The sending end of the optical module converts an electrical signal into an optical signal and transmits the optical signal through an optical fiber. The receiving end of the optical module receives the optical signal and converts the optical signal into an electrical signal.

[0233] It should be noted that the types of optical modules in the embodiments of the present application include, but are not limited to, normal optical modules, near package optics (NPO) modules, and co-packaged optics (CPO) modules, etc. The functions that can be implemented by the normal optical modules include, but are not limited to, digital signal processing (DSP) and clock data recovery (CDR), etc. For example, the normal optical module converts an analog signal into a digital signal, performs DSP on the digital signal, and then converts the digital signal into an analog signal to be sent to a host-side device. Since the DSP needs to be retimed, the normal optical module can also be referred to as a retimed module. The normal optical module is connected to the host-side device through an attachment unit interface (AUI). The NPO module and the CPO module do not have a pluggable optical module physical package form, and are closer to the host-side device. The NPO module and the CPO module can also be referred to as optical engines. The NPO technology or the CPO technology is a technology of "packaging" the host-side device (or the host-side chip) and the optical engine. When the host-side device and the optical engine are packaged by using the NPO technology, the optical engine can be referred to as an NPO module. When the host-side device and the optical engine are packaged by using the CPO technology, the optical engine can be referred to as a CPO module.

[0234] Finally, it should be noted that the above is merely a specific implementation of the present application, but the protection scope of the present application is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art can easily think of changes or replacements within the technical range disclosed in the present application, which should be covered within the protection scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present application should be subject to the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A data transmission method, characterized by, The method comprises: An over-frame including a plurality of sub-frames is acquired, the sub-frames including training symbols and pilot symbols, wherein in one polarization direction, the number of the training symbols in the sub-frames is N TS , the number of the pilot symbols in the sub-frames is N PS , N TS and N PS are integers greater than 1, N TS +N PS is greater than or equal to 5, each of the training symbols and each of the pilot symbols is one of eight complex numbers of -A1-A1j, -A1+A1j, A1-A1j, A1+A1j, -A2-A2j, -A2+A2j, A2-A2j and A2+A2j, A1 and A2 are real numbers not equal to 0, and |A1|<|A2|, each of N PG consecutive symbols in the sub-frames includes one pilot symbol at a fixed position, and N PG is 128; The superframe is transmitted, wherein the total number of symbols in the superframe is 173568 in one polarization direction.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein, In one subframe, a training symbol sequence comprising a plurality of training symbols in a first polarization direction is different from a training symbol sequence comprising a plurality of training symbols in a second polarization direction, and a pilot symbol sequence comprising a plurality of pilot symbols in the first polarization direction is different from a pilot symbol sequence comprising a plurality of pilot symbols in the second polarization direction, the first polarization direction and the second polarization direction being orthogonal to each other.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, In one subframe, N TS +N PS is odd, one symbol in the subframe is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol, and the sum of the real parts of the N TS +N PS -1 symbols is 0, and the sum of the imaginary parts of the N TS +N PS -1 symbols is 0.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, In one subframe, the total N TS +N PS The number of symbols with values -A1-A1j, -A1+A1j, A1-A1j, A1+A1j, -A2-A2j, -A2+A2j, A2-A2j and A2+A2j in the N-1 symbols in one polarization direction respectively differ from each other by less than or equal to 2.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, In one subframe, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is-A1-A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is-A1+A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A1-A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A1+A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is-A2-A2j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is-A2+A2j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A2-A2j, and the number of training symbols and pilot symbols in two polarization directions is A2+A2j, the two polarization directions being orthogonal to each other.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, In one subframe, N TS consecutive training symbols are arranged starting from the beginning of the subframe.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein, N TS The symbol at the start position in the consecutive training symbols is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The subframe arranged at the first position in the superframe is a first type of subframe, the first type of subframe further comprising a frame synchronization symbol, a reserved symbol and a pre-formation symbol, in the first type of subframe, the training symbol is located before the frame synchronization symbol, the frame synchronization symbol is located before the reserved symbol, and the reserved symbol is located before the pre-formation symbol.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that, The superframe comprises at least one second type of subframe, the second type of subframe further comprising a pre-formation symbol, in the second type of subframe, the training symbol is located before the pre-formation symbol.

10. The method according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that, The total number of pre-formation symbols in the superframe is 172032 in one polarization direction.

11. The method of claim 8, wherein, The total number of frame synchronization symbols in the superframe is 22 in one polarization direction.

12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that, In one polarization direction, the modulation format of the symbols in the superframe is 16QAM, A1=-1 or 1, and A2=-3 or 3.

13. A data transmission method, characterized by, The method comprises: Receiving a superframe comprising a plurality of subframes, the subframes comprising training symbols and pilot symbols, wherein in one polarization direction, the number of the training symbols in the subframes is N TS , the number of the pilot symbols in the subframes is N PS , N TS and N PS are integers greater than 1, N TS +N PS is greater than or equal to 5, each of the training symbols and each of the pilot symbols is one of eight complex numbers of -A1-A1j, -A1+A1j, A1-A1j, A1+A1j, -A2-A2j, -A2+A2j, A2-A2j and A2+A2j, A1 and A2 are real numbers not equal to 0, and |A1|<|A2|, each of 128 continuous symbols in the subframes comprises one pilot symbol at a fixed position; The superframe is decoded, wherein the total number of symbols in the superframe is 173568 in one polarization direction.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein, In one subframe, N TS consecutive training symbols are arranged starting from the beginning of the subframe.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein, N TS The symbol at the start position in the consecutive training symbols is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol.

16. A chip, characterized by The chip comprises a processor and a memory, the memory and the processor are connected to each other through a line, the memory stores instructions, and the processor is used to execute the method in any one of claims 1 to 15.

17. A data transmission device applied to a sending end, characterized in that, The method comprises: A processing unit and a transmitting unit; The processing unit is configured to acquire a superframe including a plurality of subframes, the subframes including training symbols and pilot symbols, wherein in one polarization direction, the number of the training symbols in the subframes is N TS , the number of the pilot symbols in the subframes is N PS , N TS and N PS are integers greater than 1, N TS +N PS is greater than or equal to 5, each of the training symbols and each of the pilot symbols is one of eight complex numbers of -A1-A1j, -A1+A1j, A1-A1j, A1+A1j, -A2-A2j, -A2+A2j, A2-A2j and A2+A2j, A1 and A2 are real numbers not equal to 0, and |A1|<|A2|, and each of 128 continuous symbols in the subframes includes one pilot symbol at a fixed position. The transmitting unit is used to transmit the superframe, wherein the total number of symbols in the superframe is 173568 in one polarization direction.

18. The data transmission apparatus of claim 17, wherein, In one subframe, a training symbol sequence comprising a plurality of training symbols in a first polarization direction is different from a training symbol sequence comprising a plurality of training symbols in a second polarization direction, and a pilot symbol sequence comprising a plurality of pilot symbols in the first polarization direction is different from a pilot symbol sequence comprising a plurality of pilot symbols in the second polarization direction, the first polarization direction and the second polarization direction being orthogonal to each other.

19. The data transmission device according to claim 17 or 18, characterized in that, In one subframe, N TS +N PS is odd, one symbol in the subframe is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol, and the sum of the real parts of the N TS +N PS -1 symbols is 0, and the sum of the imaginary parts of the N TS +N PS -1 symbols is 0.

20. The data transmission apparatus according to any one of claims 17 to 19, wherein, In one subframe, the total N TS +N PS The number of symbols with values -A1-A1j, -A1+A1j, A1-A1j, A1+A1j, -A2-A2j, -A2+A2j, A2-A2j and A2+A2j in the N-1 symbols in one polarization direction respectively differ from each other by less than or equal to 2.

21. The data transmission device of any of claims 17-20, wherein, The number of training symbols and pilot symbols of -A1-A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols of -A1+A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols of A1-A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols of A1+A1j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols of -A2-A2j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols of -A2+A2j, the number of training symbols and pilot symbols of A2-A2j and the number of training symbols and pilot symbols of A2+A2j in one subframe in two polarization directions are the same, and the two polarization directions are orthogonal to each other.

22. The data transmission device of any of claims 17-21, wherein, In one subframe, N TS consecutive training symbols are arranged starting from the beginning of the subframe.

23. The data transmission device of claim 22, wherein, N TS The symbol at the start position in the consecutive training symbols is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol.

24. The data transmission apparatus according to any one of claims 17 to 23, wherein, The subframe arranged at the first position in the superframe is a first type of subframe, the first type of subframe further comprises a frame synchronization symbol, a reserved symbol and a pre-formation symbol, and in the first type of subframe, the training symbol is located before the frame synchronization symbol, the frame synchronization symbol is located before the reserved symbol, and the reserved symbol is located before the pre-formation symbol.

25. The data transmission device of claim 24, wherein, The superframe comprises at least one second type of subframe, and the second type of subframe further comprises a pre-formation symbol, and in the second type of subframe, the training symbol is located before the pre-formation symbol.

26. The data transmission device according to claim 24 or 25, characterized in that, The total number of pre-formation symbols in the superframe in one polarization direction is 172032.

27. The data transmission apparatus according to any one of claims 24 to 26, wherein, The total number of frame synchronization symbols in the superframe in one polarization direction is 22.

28. The data transmission device of any of claims 17 to 27, wherein, In one polarization direction, the modulation format of the symbols in the superframe is 16QAM, A1=-1 or 1, and A2=-3 or 3.

29. A data transmission device applied to a receiving end, characterized in that, Comprise: a receiving unit and a processing unit; The receiving unit is configured to receive a superframe comprising a plurality of subframes, the subframes comprising training symbols and pilot symbols, wherein in one polarization direction, the number of the training symbols in the subframes is N TS , the number of the pilot symbols in the subframes is N PS , N TS and N PS are integers greater than 1, N TS +N PS is greater than or equal to 5, each of the training symbols and each of the pilot symbols is one of eight complex numbers of -A1-A1j, -A1+A1j, A1-A1j, A1+A1j, -A2-A2j, -A2+A2j, A2-A2j and A2+A2j, A1 and A2 are real numbers not equal to 0, and |A1|<|A2|, and each of 128 continuous symbols in the subframes comprises one pilot symbol at a fixed position; The processing unit is configured to decode the superframe, wherein the total number of symbols in the superframe in one polarization direction is 173568.

30. The data transmission device of claim 29, wherein, In one subframe, N TS consecutive training symbols are arranged starting from the beginning of the subframe.

31. The data transmitting device of claim 30, wherein, N TS The symbol at the start position in the consecutive training symbols is both a training symbol and a pilot symbol.

32. A data transmission system, characterized by Comprise: The data transmission device applied to a sending end according to any one of claims 17 to 28 and the data transmission device applied to a receiving end according to any one of claims 29 to 31.

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