Partially fluorinated carbonates and their use in high-voltage and safe alkali metal and alkali metal ion batteries

Abstract

Provided herein are partially fluorinated carbonate compounds of Formula (I) and use thereof in electrolytes and electrochemical cells. Also provided are electrolytes comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I) and electrochemical cells comprising electrolytes comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I).

Description

PARTIALLY FLUORINATED CARBONATES AND THEIR USE IN HIGH-VOLTAGE AND SAFE ALKALI METALAND ALKALI METAL ION BATTERIESCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 678,239, filed August 1, 2024, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to partially fluorinated carbonate compounds, and more specifically to partially fluorinated carbonate compounds and use thereof in electrolytes and high-voltage and safe electrochemical cells.BACKGROUND

[0003] There is a continuous need to increase the energy density of lithium ion batteries for increased effectiveness in current applications, and to enable new applications. Increasing the operating voltage of the cathode to >4.4V versus Li+ / Li is one method to increase energy density, either through operating current cathode materials with higher voltage limits, or though new higher voltage cathode materials. However, existing electrolyte formulations used in commercial lithium ion batteries are incompatible with these higher voltages due to oxidative instability of the electrolyte materials, leading to electrolyte degradation and a short cycle life. Additionally, the safety of these batteries, which is of high importance, is negatively impacted by the flammable alkyl carbonates used in commercial electrolyte formulations. The safety of the battery can therefore be improved with a non-flammable electrolyte. Accordingly, there is a need for non-flammable and high voltage stable electrolytes to enable the preparation of safe high-voltage lithium ion batteries.BRIEF SUMMARY

[0004] Operating cathode active materials at voltages above 4.4V vs. Li / Li+creates additional challenges for currently commercialized electrolytes, namely the side reactions of electrolyte components on the surface of the cathode. These side reactions result in several undesirable outcomes, including, continuous thickening of the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer, dissolution of transition metals from the cathode, and consumption of active lithium, which all result in decreased cell capacity and energy efficiency. An ideal electrolyteshould have a high oxidative stability to limit how quickly these reactions occur, and when the electrolyte inevitably decomposes on the surface, it should form a dense, stable, and passivating CEI layer to inhibit further decomposition. The linear alkyl carbonates used in commercial lithium ion battery electrolytes decompose quickly at >4.4V vs. Li / Li+, and therefore do not meet these requirements. To improve compatibility, the oxidative stability of linear carbonates can be increased by incorporating fluorine atoms into the chemical structure. Fluorine, for example, has a strong electron withdrawing effect on the carbonate functional group, increasing the molecular oxidation potential.

[0005] Methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate has been previously reported as a high voltage electrolyte solvent, due to a higher oxidation potential than the non-fluorinated analog, ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). However, methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate has a low ionic conductivity, and the synthesis of methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate requires a highly toxic precursor, methyl chloroformate. Further, increased restrictions on the use of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) present a need for alternative electrolytes that do not contain these groups.

[0006] The present disclosure is directed to use of partially fluorinated groups, as opposed to highly or fully fluorinated groups. Partial fluorination retains the increased high voltage stability while also increasing the ionic conductivity compared to the fully fluorinated compounds. Additionally, partially fluorinated compounds are expected to have higher boiling and flash points than their fully fluorinated counterparts, making them safer, nonflammable solvents for electrolytes.

[0007] In the present disclosure, it is demonstrated that these partially fluorinated carbonates provide improved high voltage performance compared to fully fluorinated analogs when combined with lithium salts and co-solvents. The performance is additionally improved with additives including oxalate-containing salts, phosphate-containing salts, sulfonamide- containing salts, cyclic sulfur compounds, boron-containing compounds, phosphates, phosphites, phosphines, nitriles, phosphazenes, and / or anhydrides.

[0008] Provided herein are partially fluorinated carbonate compounds that exhibit excellent properties as electrolytes, or electrolyte components in electrochemical cell, including, for example, batteries.

[0009] In one aspect, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising a first component that comprises a fluorinated carbonate compound of Formula (I)Formula (I) wherein:R1is C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F; andR2is C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F; provided that: at least one of Ri or R2 is substituted by one or more F; and neither R1nor R2contains a -CF3 group.

[0010] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting ofCompound 3 Compound 4Compound 8Compound 7Compound 9 Compound 10Compound 14Compound 13Compound 16Compound 15

[0011] In some embodiments, at least one of R1and R2is C2-C3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments, at least one of R1and R2is C2 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F.

[0012] In some embodiments, the first component comprises one or more additional fluorinated carbonate compounds, each of which is independently a compound of Formula (I).

[0013] In some embodiments, the electrolyte comprises a second component, wherein the second component is a solvent that is not a compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the second component is selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC); propylene carbonate (PC); dimethyl carbonate (DMC); diethyl carbonate (DEC); ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC); vinyl carbonate (VC); vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC); fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC); difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC); 3,3,3-trifluoropropylene carbonate (TFPC); 1,2-dimethyoxylethane (DME); 1,2-di ethyoxylethane (DEE); 1,3-dioxolane (DOL);1,4-di oxane (DOX); tetrahydrofuran (THF); acetonitrile (AN); ethyl acetate (EA); methyl acetate (MA); methyl propanoate (MP); ethyl propanoate (EP), propyl propanoate (PP), N,N- Dimethylformamide (DMF); gamma-butyrolactone (BL); bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE); l,l,2,2-tetrafhioroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE); 1H,1H,5H- octafluoropentyl-l,l,2,2-tetrafluoroethylether (OTE); 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 1, 1,2,2- tetrafluoroethyl ether (HFE); tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) orthoformate (TFEO); l,2-bis(l,l,2,2- tetrafluoroethoxy)ethane (F8DEE); l-ethoxy-2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethane (F1DEE); 2-(2- ethoxyethoxy)- 1,1 -difluoroethane (F2DEE); l,2-bis(2-fluoroethoxy)ethane (F1F1DEE); 1,1- difluoro-2-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethane (F 1F2DEE); 1,1,1 -trifluoro-2-(2-(2- fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethane (F1F3DEE); 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)- 1,1,1 -trifluoroethane (F3DEE); 1 ,2-bis(2,2-difluoroethoxy)ethane (F4DEE); 2-(2-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)ethoxy)- 1,1,1- trifluoroethane (F5DEE); l,2-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)ethane (F6DEE); and mixtures of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the second component comprises EC, PC, DMC, EMC, DEC, EP, PP, FEC, VC, DME, DEE, BTFE, TTE, or a mixture of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the amount of the second component in the electrolyte is between about 0.05 wt. % and about 80.0 wt. %. In some embodiments, the amount of the second component in the electrolyte is between about 1 wt% and about 50 wt%. In some embodiments, the second component comprises EC, PC, DMC, EMC, DEC, EP, PP, FEC, VC, DME, DEE, BTFE, TTE, or a mixture of any of the foregoing, and the amount of the second component in the electrolyte is between about 1 wt% and about 50 wt%.

[0014] In some embodiments, the electrolyte comprises a third component, wherein the third component is a solvent that is not a compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the third component is selected from the group consisting of succinic anhydride (SA), butyric anhydride (BA); maleic anhydride (MA); tetravinyl silane (TVSI); succinonitrile (SN); fumaronitrile (FN); adiponitrile (ADN); 1,3,6-Hexanetricarbonitrile (HTCN); trimethyl borate (TMB); triphenyl borate (TPB); triethyl borate (TEB); tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (TPFPB); tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TTSB); tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) borate (TTFEB); trimethyl phosphate (TMP); triethyl phosphate (TEP); tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TTSP); tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TTSPi); tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate (TFEPa); tris(2,2,2- trifluoroethyl) phosphite (TFEPi); triallyl phosphate (TAP); tripropargyl phosphate (TPP); (pentafluorophenyl)diphenyl phosphine (PFPDPP); tris(pentafluorophenyl) phosphine (TPFPP); ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene (PFPN), l,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide (DTD); 1,3-propanesultone (PS); prop-l-ene-l,3-sultone (PES); propanediol cyclic sulfate(PCS); ethylene sulfite (ES); 1,4-butane sultone (BS); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); 1,2,6- oxadithiane-2,2,6,6-tetraoxide (ODTO); methylene methanedi sulfonate (MMDS); and mixtures of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the third component comprises SA, MA, TVSI, SN, FN, ADN, HTCN, TTSP, TTSPi, TAP, TPP, DTD, PCS, PES, PS, MMDS, or a mixture of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the amount of the third component in the electrolyte is between about 0.01 wt. % and about 20.0 wt. %. In some embodiments, the third component comprises SA, MA, TVSI, SN, FN, ADN, HTCN, TTSP, TTSPi, TAP, TPP, DTD, PCS, PES, PS, MMDS, or a mixture of any of the foregoing, and the amount of the third component in the electrolyte is between about 0.1 wt% and about 8 wt%.

[0015] In some embodiments, the electrolyte comprises one or more salts. In some embodiments, the salt is selected from the group consisting of a lithium salt, a potassium salt, a sodium salt, a cesium salt, a magnesium salt, a zinc salt, a calcium salt, a silver salt, an aluminum salt, a lanthanum salt, and mixtures of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the salt is selected from the group consisting of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI); lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI); lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (LiBETI), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6); lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsFe); lithium tetrafluorob orate (LiBF4); lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB); lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB); lithium difluorophosphate (LiDFP); lithium difluoro(dioxalato)phosphate (LiDFDOP); lithium tetrafluoro(oxalato)phosphate (LiTFOP); lithium nitrate (LiNOa); lithium perchlorate (LiCICE); lithium triflate (LiTf); lithium trifluoroacetate (LiTFA); lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazole (LiTDI); sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPFe); sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI); sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI); sodium triflate (NaTf); sodium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (NaBETI); potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPFe); potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI); potassium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (KTFSI); potassium triflate (KTf); cesium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (CsFSI); cesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (CsTFSI); magnesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Mg(TFSI)2); zinc bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Zn(TFSI)2); calcium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Ca(TFSI)2); silver bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (AgTFSI); aluminum bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (A1(TFSI)3); lanthanum bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (La(TFSI)3); and mixtures of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the salt comprises LiPFe, LiFSI, LiTFSI, LiDFOB, LiBOB, LiDFP, LiDFDOP, LiNO3, LiClO4, LiTDI, NaFSI, KFSI, or a combination of any ofthe foregoing. In some embodiments, the amount of the salt in the electrolyte is between about 0.01 wt. % and about 30.0 wt. %. In some embodiments, the salt comprises LiPFe, LiFSI, LiTFSI, LiDFOB, LiBOB, LiDFP, LiDFDOP, LiNO3, LiC104, LiTDI, NaFSI, KFSI, or a combination of any of the foregoing and the amount of the salt in the electrolyte is between about 0.1 wt% and about 25 wt%.

[0016] In another aspect, provided herein is an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and any of the electrolytes described herein. In some embodiments, the electrochemical cell is a battery. In some embodiments, the anode comprises a current collector. Examples of metals that can be used for the current collector include, but are not limited to, copper, aluminum, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, stainless steel, or an alloy containing such metals(s), among others. In some embodiments, the anode comprises solely the current collector (i.e. anode-free batteries). In some embodiments, the anode comprises an element selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and potassium. In some embodiments, the anode comprises lithium metal. In some embodiments, the anode comprises a surface protection layer comprising an alloy of lithium and metals (i.e., Mg, Zn, Sn, Ag). In some embodiments, the anode comprises a material selected from the group consisting of, but is not limited to, lithium metal, graphite, expanded graphite, hard carbon, silicon, silicon oxide (SiOx), graphite / silicon composite, graphite / silicon oxide composite (silicon can in some embodiments be Si, SiOx, SiC, or Si3N4), graphite / silicon nitride (Si3N4) composite, graphite / silicon carbide (SiC) composite, lithium titanate (LTO), titanium dioxide (TiCE), sodium titanate (i.e. Na-Ti-0 composites), transition metal oxides, tin, antimony, molybdenum disulfide (M0S2), nickel-based sulfides, sodium titanium phosphates (NaTi2(PO4)3), MXenes, potassium metal, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.

[0017] In some embodiments, the high-voltage cathode comprises a material that can be charged to above 4.4V vs. Li / Li+. In some embodiments, the high-voltage cathode comprises a surface protection layer comprising fluorine induced cathode-electrolyte interphase. In some embodiments, the high-voltage cathode comprises a material selected from the group consisting of, but is not limited to, sulfur, a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), a lithium nickel manganese aluminum oxide (NMA), a lithium nickel manganese cobalt aluminum oxide (NMCA), a lithium nickel oxide (LNO), a lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNio.5Mn1.5O4), a lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), a lithium manganese oxide (LMO), a lithium and manganese rich cathode (LMR or LLMO), alithium iron phosphate (LFP), a lithium cobalt phosphate (LCP), a lithium manganese phosphate (LMP), a lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP), a transition metal sulfide, a sodium cobalt oxide, a sodium chromium oxide, a sodium manganese oxide, a sodium nickel manganese oxide, a sodium vanadium oxide, a sodium iron phosphate (NaFePC ), a sodium vanadium phosphate (Na3V2(PO4)3), a sodium vanadium fluorophosphate (NaVPC F), a sodium copper nickel iron manganese oxide (Na[Cui / 9Ni2 / 9Fei / 3Mni / 3]O2), a Prussian blue (NaFe[Fe(CN)6]), a Prussian white (R-Nai.92Fe[Fe(CN)6]), metal doped of any of the foregoing, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0018] The present application can be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures.

[0019] FIG. 1 depicts the capacity retention of Gr / LNMO cells cycled between 3.5V and 4.9V at C / 2 charge and 1C discharge at 45 °C. Electrolytes tested are 1.2M LiPFe in 1:9 FEC: Compound 5 (curve 1), 1.2M LiPFe in 1:9 FEC: Compound 5 with 0.5 wt% of salt SI and 1 wt% of additive Al (curve 2), and 1.2M LiPFe in 1:9 FEC: Compound 5 with 0.5 wt% of salt SI, 1% of additive A2, and 1 wt% of additive Al (curve 3).

[0020] FIG. 2 depicts the capacity retention of Gr / LNMO cells cycled between 3.5V and 4.85V at C / 2 charge and 1C discharge. Electrolytes tested are 1.2M LiPFe in 1:9 FEC: methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate (curve 1) and 1.2M LiPFe in 1:9 FEC: Compound 6 (curve 2).

[0021] FIG. 3 depicts the capacity retention of Gr / LLMO cells cycled between 2.5V and 4.8V at C / 3 charge and C / 3 discharge. Electrolytes tested are 1.2M LiPFe in 3:7 FEC: Compound 7 (curve 1) and 1.2M LiPFe in 3:7 FEC: Compound 7 with 2 wt% of salt SI (curve 2).

[0022] FIG. 4 depicts the capacity retention of Gr / LLMO cells cycled between 2.5V and 4.6V at C / 3 charge and C / 3 discharge. Example electrolytes are 1.2M LiPFe in 3:7 FEC: Compound 9 with 2 wt% of salt SI (curve 1), 1.2M LiPFe in 3:7 FEC: Compound 9 with 2 wt% of salt SI and 1 wt% of additive Al (curve 2), 1.2M LiPFe in 3:7 FEC: Compound 9 with 2 wt% of salt SI and 1 wt% of additive A3 (curve 3).

[0023] FIG. 5 depicts the capacity retention of Gr / LCO cells cycled between 3.0V and 4.53V at 1C charge and 1C discharge. Electrolytes tested are 1.2M LiPFe in 1:9 FEC: Compound 8 (curve 1) and 1.2M EiPFe in 1:9 FEC: Compound 8 with 2 wt% of salt SI (curve 2).

[0024] FIG. 6 depicts the capacity retention of GrSi / ECO cells cycled between 3.0V and 4.45V at C / 3 charge and C / 3 discharge. Electrolytes tested are 1.2M LiPFe in 3:7 FEC : Compound 10 (curve 1), and 1.2M LiPFe in 3:7 FEC : Compound 10 + 2 wt% of salt SI (curve 2).

[0025] FIG. 7 depicts the capacity retention of GrSi / LCO cells cycled between 3.0V and 4.53V at 1C charge and 1C discharge at 45 °C. Slower capacity check cycles, with a C / 3 charge and C / 3 discharge, were performed after every 100 fast cycles. Electrolytes tested are 1.2M LiPFe in a 5:10:75:10 mixture of FEC : EC : DEC : EP, with 0.5 wt% of salt SI, 1 wt% of additive A2, 3 wt% of additive A3, and 5 wt% of additive A4 (curve 1), and 1.2M LiPFe in a 5:10:75:10 mixture of FEC : EC : Compound 6 : EP, with 0.5 wt% of salt SI, 1 wt% of additive A2, 3 wt% of additive A3, and 5 wt% of additive A4 (curve 2).

[0026] FIG. 8 depicts the capacity retention of Gr / NMC cells cycled between 3.0V and 4.5V at 1C charge and 1C discharge. Electrolytes tested are 1.2M LiPFe in a 1:7:2 mixture of FEC : Compound 6 : EMC, with 5 wt% of salt S2 and 0.5 wt% of additive A5 (curve 1), and a commercially available high-voltage lithium-ion electrolyte (curve 2).DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] The following description is presented to enable a person of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the various embodiments. Descriptions of specific devices, techniques, and applications are provided only as examples. Various modifications to the examples described herein will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other examples and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the various embodiments. Thus, the various embodiments are not intended to be limited to the examples described herein and shown, but are to be accorded the scope consistent with the claims.Definitions

[0028] Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter per se. For example, description referring to “about X” includes description of “X”. In some embodiments, the term “about” when used in association with a measurement, or used to modify a value, a unit, a constant, or a range of values, refers to variations of ±10%, ±5%, or ±2%.

[0029] Reference to “between” two values or parameters herein includes (and describes) embodiments that include those two values or parameters per se. For example, description referring to “between x and y” includes description of “x” and “y” per se.

[0030] It is understood that aspects and variations described herein also include “consisting” and / or “consisting essentially of’ aspects and variations.

[0031] “Alkyl” as used herein refers to and includes, unless otherwise stated, a saturated linear (i.e., unbranched) or branched univalent hydrocarbon chain or combination thereof, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e., C1-C4 means one to four carbon atoms). Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and the like.

[0032] “Optionally substituted” unless otherwise specified means that a group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) of the substituents listed for that group in which the substituents may be the same of different. In one embodiment, an optionally substituted group has one substituent. In another embodiment, an optionally substituted group has two substituents. In another embodiment, an optionally substituted group has three substituents. In another embodiment, an optionally substituted group has four substituents. In some embodiments, an optionally substituted group has 1 to 2, 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, 2 to 3, 2 to 4, or 2 to 5 substituents. In one embodiment, an optionally substituted group is unsubstituted.

[0033] It is understood that an optionally substituted moiety can be substituted with more than five substituents, if permitted by the number of valences available for substitution on the moiety. For example, a propyl group can be substituted with seven fluorine atoms to provide a perhalopropyl group. The substituents may be the same or different.Electrolytes

[0034] In one aspect, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising a first component that comprises a fluorinated carbonate compound of Formula (I)Formula (I) wherein:R1is C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F; andR2is C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F; provided that: at least one of Ri or R2 is substituted by one or more F; and neither R1nor R2contains a -CF3 group.

[0035] In some embodiments of Formula (I), at least one of R1and R2is C2-C3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), at least one of R1and R2is C2 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C2 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F.

[0036] In some embodiments of Formula (I), at least one of R1and R2is C3-C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), at least one of R1and R2is C3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F.

[0037] In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C2 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is Ci alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C2 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is C2 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C2 alkyloptionally substituted by one or more F and R2is C3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C2 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F.

[0038] In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is Ci alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is C2 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is C3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F.

[0039] In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is Ci alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is C2 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is C3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F. In some embodiments of Formula (I), R1is C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F and R2is C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F.

[0040] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising a first component comprising a single fluorinated carbonate compound of Formula (I) or any embodiments or sub formulae thereof. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising a first component comprising two or more fluorinated carbonate compounds, wherein each fluorinated carbonate compound is independently a compound having Formula (I) or any embodiments or sub formulae thereof. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising a first component comprising 2, 3, 4, or 5 fluorinated carbonate compounds, wherein each fluorinated carbonate compound is independently a compound having Formula (I) or any embodiments or sub formulae thereof.

[0041] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising a first component comprising a single fluorinated carbonate compound selected from the compounds of Table 1. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising a first component comprising two or more fluorinated carbonate compounds, each of which is independently selected from the compounds of Table 1. In some embodiments, providedherein is an electrolyte comprising a first component comprising 2, 3, 4, or 5 fluorinated carbonate compounds, each of which is independently selected from the compounds of Table 1.Table 1

[0042] In some embodiments, the first component comprises one or more additional fluorinated carbonate compounds, each of which is independently a compound of Formula (I).

[0043] In some embodiments, the electrolyte comprises a second component, wherein the second component is a solvent that is not a compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the second component is selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC); propylene carbonate (PC); dimethyl carbonate (DMC); diethyl carbonate (DEC); ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC); vinyl carbonate (VC); vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC); fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC); difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC); 3,3,3-trifluoropropylene carbonate (TFPC); 1,2-dimethyoxylethane (DME); 1,2-diethyoxylethane (DEE); 1, 3-di oxolane (DOL); 1,4-di oxane (DOX); tetrahydrofuran (THF); acetonitrile (AN); ethyl acetate (EA); methyl acetate (MA); methyl propanoate (MP); ethyl propanoate (EP), propyl propanoate (PP), N,N- Dimethylformamide (DMF); gamma-butyrolactone (BL); bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE); l,l,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE); 1H,1H,5H- octafluoropentyl-l,l,2,2-tetrafluoroethylether (OTE); 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 1, 1,2,2- tetrafluoroethyl ether (HFE); tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) orthoformate (TFEO); l,2-bis(l,l,2,2- tetrafluoroethoxy)ethane (F8DEE); l-ethoxy-2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethane (F1DEE); 2-(2- ethoxyethoxy)-l,l-difluoroethane (F2DEE); l,2-bis(2-fluoroethoxy)ethane (F1F1DEE); 1,1- difluoro-2-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethane (F 1F2DEE); 1,1,1 -trifluoro-2-(2-(2- fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethane (F1F3DEE); 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-l,l,l-trifluoroethane (F3DEE); 1 ,2-bis(2,2-difluoroethoxy)ethane (F4DEE); 2-(2-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)ethoxy)- 1,1,1- trifluoroethane (F5DEE); l,2-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)ethane (F6DEE); and mixtures of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the second component comprises EC, PC, DMC, EMC, DEC, EP, PP, FEC, VC, DME, DEE, BTFE, TTE, or a mixture of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the second component comprises FEC. In some embodiments, the amount of the second component in the electrolyte is between about 0.05 wt. % and about 80.0 wt. %. In some embodiments, the amount of the second component in the electrolyte isbetween about 1 wt% and about 50 wt%. In some embodiments, the second component comprises EC, PC, DMC, EMC, DEC, EP, PP, FEC, VC, DME, DEE, BTFE, TTE, or a mixture of any of the foregoing, and the amount of the second component in the electrolyte is between about 1 wt% and about 50 wt%.

[0044] In some embodiments the ratio of the first component to the second component, by volume, is between about 9:1 and about 7:3. In some embodiments the ratio of the first component to the second component, by volume, is about 9:1. In some embodiments the ratio of the first component to the second component, by volume, is about 7:3.

[0045] In some embodiments, the electrolyte comprises a third component, wherein the third component is a solvent that is not a compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the third component is selected from the group consisting of succinic anhydride (SA), butyric anhydride (BA); maleic anhydride (MA); tetravinyl silane (TVSI); succinonitrile (SN); fumaronitrile (FN); adiponitrile (ADN); 1,3,6-Hexanetricarbonitrile (HTCN); trimethyl borate (TMB); triphenyl borate (TPB); triethyl borate (TEB); tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (TPFPB); tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TTSB); tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) borate (TTFEB); trimethyl phosphate (TMP); triethyl phosphate (TEP); tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TTSP); tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TTSPi); tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate (TFEPa); tris(2,2,2- trifluoroethyl) phosphite (TFEPi); triallyl phosphate (TAP); tripropargyl phosphate (TPP); (pentafluorophenyl)diphenyl phosphine (PFPDPP); tris(pentafluorophenyl) phosphine (TPFPP); ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene (PFPN); l,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide (DTD); 1,3-propanesultone (PS); prop-l-ene-l,3-sultone (PES); propanediol cyclic sulfate (PCS); ethylene sulfite (ES); 1,4-butane sultone (BS); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); 1,2,6- oxadithiane-2,2,6,6-tetraoxide (ODTO); methylene methanedi sulfonate (MMDS); and mixtures of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the third component comprises SA, MA, TVSI, SN, FN, ADN, HTCN, TTSP, TTSPi, TAP, TPP, DTD, PCS, PES, PS, MMDS, or a mixture of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the third component is a mixture comprising one, two, three, four, or five components. In some embodiments, the third component comprises a mixture of TVSI and SA. In some embodiments, the third component comprises a mixture of TTSPi and PS. In some embodiments, the third component comprises a mixture of DTD and TTSP. In some embodiments, the third component comprises a mixture of MMDS and ADN. In some embodiments, the third component comprises a mixture of PCS and HTCN. In some embodiments, the third component comprises a mixture of PES, PS andMMDS. In some embodiments, the third component comprises a mixture of ADN, PS and TTSPi. In some embodiments, the amount of the third component in the electrolyte is between about 0.01 wt. % and about 20.0 wt. %. In some embodiments, the amount of the third component in the electrolyte is between about 0.1 wt. % and about 8 wt. %. In some embodiments, the amount of the third component in the electrolyte is between about 0.5 wt. % and about 3 wt. %. In some embodiments, the third component comprises SA, MA, TVSI, SN, FN, ADN, HTCN, TTSP, TTSPi, TAP, TPP, DTD, PCS, PES, PS, MMDS, or a mixture of any of the foregoing, and the amount of the third component in the electrolyte is between about 0.1 wt% and about 8 wt%.

[0046] In some embodiments, the electrolyte comprises one or more salts. In some embodiments, the salt is selected from the group consisting of a lithium salt, a potassium salt, a sodium salt, a cesium salt, a magnesium salt, a zinc salt, a calcium salt, a silver salt, an aluminum salt, a lanthanum salt, and mixtures of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the salt is selected from the group consisting of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI); lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI); lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (LiBETI), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6); lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsFe); lithium tetrafluorob orate (LiBF4); lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB); lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB); lithium difluorophosphate (LiDFP); lithium difluoro(dioxalato)phosphate (LiDFDOP); lithium tetrafluoro(oxalato)phosphate (LiTFOP); lithium nitrate (LiNOs); lithium perchlorate (LiCICU); lithium triflate (LiTf); lithium trifluoroacetate (LiTFA); lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazole (LiTDI); sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPFe); sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI); sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI); sodium triflate (NaTf); sodium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (NaBETI); potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPFe); potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI); potassium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (KTFSI); potassium triflate (KTf); cesium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (CsFSI); cesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (CsTFSI); magnesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Mg(TFSI)2); zinc bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Zn(TFSI)2); calcium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Ca(TFSI)2); silver bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (AgTFSI); aluminum bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (A1(TFSI)3); lanthanum bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (La(TFSI)3); and mixtures of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the salt comprises LiPFe, LiFSI, LiTFSI, LiDFOB, LiBOB, LiDEP, LiDEDOP, LiNO3, LiClO4, LiTDI, NaFSI, KFSI, or a combination of any ofthe foregoing. In some embodiments, the salt comprises LiPFe. In some embodiments, the salt comprises LiPFe and LiFSI. In some embodiments, the salt comprises LiPFe and LiTFSI. In some embodiments, the salt comprises LiPFe and LiDFOB. In some embodiments, the salt comprises LiPFe and LiBOB. In some embodiments, the salt comprises LiPFe and LiDFDOP. In some embodiments, the salt comprises LiPFe and LiTDI. In some embodiments, the amount of the salt in the electrolyte is between about 0.01 wt. % and about 30.0 wt. %. In some embodiments, the salt comprises LiPFe, LiFSI, LiTFSI, LiDFOB, LiBOB, LiDFP, LiDFDOP, LiNOa, LiC104, LiTDI, NaFSI, KFSI, or a combination of any of the foregoing and the amount of the salt in the electrolyte is between about 0.1 wt% and about 25 wt%. In some embodiments, the amount of the salt in the electrolyte is between about 1 M and about 2 M. In some embodiments, the amount of the salt in the electrolyte is about 1.2 M.

[0047] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte a first component comprising 2, 3, 4, or 5 components, wherein each component is independently selected from the foregoing list, or is a compound of Formula (I) or any embodiments or subformulae thereof, provided that at least one component is a compound of Formula (I) or any embodiments or sub formulae thereof.

[0048] In some embodiments, the electrolyte does not contain a second or third component that is not a compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the electrolyte contains a second component that is not a fluorinated carbonate of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the electrolyte contains a third component that is not a fluorinated carbonate of Formula (I).

[0049] In some embodiments, the electrolyte contains a second component that is not a fluorinated carbonate of Formula (I), and the proportion of the first component in the electrolyte is between about 0.5 wt. % and about 99.5 wt, %. In some embodiments, the electrolyte contains a second component that is not a fluorinated carbonate of Formula (I) and a third component that is not a fluorinated carbonate of Formula (I), and the proportion of the first component in the electrolyte is between about 0.5 wt. % and about 99.5 wt, %.

[0050] In some embodiments, the electrolyte contains a second component that is not a compound of Formula (I) and the proportion of the first component in the electrolyte is about 0.5 wt. %, about 1 wt. %, about 5 wt. %, about 10 wt. %, about 15 wt. %, about 20 wt. %, about 25 wt. %, about 30 wt. %, about 35 wt. %, about 40 wt. %, about 45 wt. %, about 50wt. %, about 55 wt. %, about 60 wt. %, about 65 wt. %, about 70 wt. %, about 75 wt. %, about 80 wt. %, about 85 wt. %, about 90 wt. %, about 95 wt. %, about 99 wt. %, or about 99.5 wt. % or a range between any two of the preceding values. In some embodiments, the electrolyte contains a second component that is not a compound of Formula (I) and a third component that is not a compound of Formula (I), and the proportion of the first component in the electrolyte is about 0.5 wt. %, about 1 wt. %, about 5 wt. %, about 10 wt. %, about 15 wt. %, about 20 wt. %, about 25 wt. %, about 30 wt. %, about 35 wt. %, about 40 wt. %, about 45 wt. %, about 50 wt. %, about 55 wt. %, about 60 wt. %, about 65 wt. %, about 70 wt. %, about 75 wt. %, about 80 wt. %, about 85 wt. %, about 90 wt. %, about 95 wt. %, about 99 wt. %, or about 99.5 wt. % or a range between any two of the preceding values. In some embodiments, the proportion of the first component in the electrolyte is at least about 1 wt.%, at least about 2 wt.%, at least about 3 wt.%, at least about 4 wt.%, at least about 5 wt.%, at least about 10 wt.%, at least about 15 wt.%, at least about 20 wt.%, at least about 25 wt.%, at least about 30 wt.%, at least about 35 wt.%, at least about 40 wt.%, at least about 45 wt.%, at least about 50 wt.%, at least about 55 wt.%, at least about 60 wt.%, at least about 65 wt.%, at least about 70 wt.%, at least about 75 wt.%, at least about 80 wt.%, at least about 85 wt.%, at least about 90 wt.%, at least about 95 wt.%, at least about 98 wt.%, at least about 99 wt.%, at least about 99 wt.%, at least about 99.5 wt.%, or at least about 100 wt.% of the electrolyte. In some embodiments, each of the fluorinated carbonate compounds in the first component in the electrolyte is present in a proportion that is independently selected from between about 0.5 wt. % and about 100 wt. %, provided that the total amount of all fluorinated carbonate compounds in the electrolyte does not exceed 100 wt. %.

[0051] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising: between about 0.5 wt% and about 99.5 wt% of a first component, wherein the first component comprises one or more fluorinated compounds of Formula (I); between about 0.05 wt% and about 80 wt% of a second component, wherein the second component is ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl propanoate (EP), propyl propanoate (PP), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinyl carbonate (VC), 1,2- dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE), bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE), l,l,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE), or a mixture of any of the foregoing;between about 0.01 wt% and about 20 wt% of a third component, wherein the third component is succinic anhydride (SA), maleic anhydride (MA), tetravinyl silane (TVSI), adiponitrile (ADN), 1,3,6-Hexanetricarbonitrile (HTCN), tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TTSP), tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TTSPi), triallyl phosphate (TAP), tripropargyl phosphate (TPP), l,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide (DTD), propanediol cyclic sulfate (PCS), prop-l-ene-l,3-sultone (PES), 1,3-propanesultone (PS), methylene methanedisulfonate (MMDS), or a mixture of any of the foregoing; and between about 0.01 wt% and about 30 wt% of a salt, wherein the salt is LiPFe, LiFSI, EiTFSI, EiDFOB, EiBOB, EiDFP, EiDFDOP, LiNO3, LiClO4, EiTDI, NaFSI, KFSI, or a combination of any of the foregoing.

[0052] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising: between about 0.5 wt% and about 99.5 wt% of a first component, wherein the first component comprises one or more fluorinated compounds of Formula (I); between about 1 wt% and about 50 wt% of a second component, wherein the second component is ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl propanoate (EP), propyl propanoate (PP), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinyl carbonate (VC), 1,2- dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE), bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE), l,l,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE), or a mixture of any of the foregoing; between about 0.1 wt% and about 8 wt% of a third component, wherein the third component is succinic anhydride (SA), maleic anhydride (MA), tetravinyl silane (TVSI), adiponitrile (ADN), 1,3,6-Hexanetricarbonitrile (HTCN), tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TTSP), tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TTSPi), triallyl phosphate (TAP), tripropargyl phosphate (TPP), l,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide (DTD), propanediol cyclic sulfate (PCS), prop-l-ene-l,3-sultone (PES), 1,3-propanesultone (PS), methylene methanedisulfonate (MMDS), or a mixture of any of the foregoing; and between about 0.1 wt% and about 25 wt% of a salt, wherein the salt is LiPFe, LiFSI, LiTFSI, LiDFOB, LiBOB, LiDFP, LiDFDOP, LiNO3, LiClO4, LiTDI, NaFSI, KFSI, or a combination of any of the foregoing.

[0053] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising: between about 0.5 wt% and about 99.5 wt% of a first component, wherein the first component comprises one or more fluorinated compounds of Formula (I); between about 1 wt% and about 50 wt% of a second component, wherein the second component is fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC); between about 0.1 wt% and about 8 wt% of a third component, wherein the third component is succinic anhydride (SA), maleic anhydride (MA), tetravinyl silane (TVSI), adiponitrile (ADN), 1,3,6-Hexanetricarbonitrile (HTCN), tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TTSP), tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TTSPi), triallyl phosphate (TAP), tripropargyl phosphate (TPP), l,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide (DTD), propanediol cyclic sulfate (PCS), prop-l-ene-l,3-sultone (PES), 1,3-propanesultone (PS), methylene methanedisulfonate (MMDS), or a mixture of any of the foregoing; and between about 0.1 wt% and about 25 wt% of a salt, wherein the salt is LiPFe.

[0054] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising: a first component and a second component, wherein the first component comprises one or more fluorinated compounds of Formula (i); the second component is ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl propanoate (EP), propyl propanoate (PP), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinyl carbonate (VC), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE), bis(2,2,2- trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE), l,l,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE), or a mixture of any of the foregoing; and wherein the ratio of the first component to the second component, by volume, is between about 9:1 and about 7:3; between about 0.1 wt% and about 8 wt% of a third component, wherein the third component is succinic anhydride (SA), maleic anhydride (MA), tetravinyl silane (TVSI), adiponitrile (ADN), 1,3,6-Hexanetricarbonitrile (HTCN), tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate(TTSP), tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TTSPi), triallyl phosphate (TAP), tripropargyl phosphate (TPP), l,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide (DTD), propanediol cyclic sulfate (PCS), prop-l-ene-l,3-sultone (PES), 1,3-propanesultone (PS), methylene methanedisulfonate (MMDS), or a mixture of any of the foregoing; and between about 1 M and about 1.5 M of a salt, wherein the salt is EiPFe, LiFSI, EiTFSI, EiDFOB, EiBOB, EiDFP, EiDFDOP, EiNO3, EiC104, EiTDI, NaFSI, KFSI, or a combination of any of the foregoing.

[0055] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising: a first component and a second component, wherein the first component comprises one or more fluorinated compounds of Formula (i); the second component is fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC); and wherein the ratio of the first component to the second component, by volume, is between about 9:1 and about 7:3; between 0 wt% and about 2 wt% of a third component, wherein the third component is succinic anhydride (SA), maleic anhydride (MA), tetravinyl silane (TVSI), adiponitrile (ADN), 1,3,6-Hexanetricarbonitrile (HTCN), tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TTSP), tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TTSPi), triallyl phosphate (TAP), tripropargyl phosphate (TPP), l,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide (DTD), propanediol cyclic sulfate (PCS), prop- 1-ene- 1,3- sultone (PES), 1,3-propanesultone (PS), methylene methanedisulfonate (MMDS), or a mixture of any of the foregoing; about 1.2 M of EiPF6; and between about 0.1 wt% and about 2 wt% of a salt selected from the group consisting of EiFSI, EiTFSI, LiDFOB, EiBOB, EiDFP, LiDFDOP, EiNO3, EiC104, LiTDI, NaFSI, and KFSI.

[0056] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising:A compound of Formula (I) and FEC in a ratio of about 9:1, respectively;between 0 wt% and about 2 wt% of a third component, wherein the third component is succinic anhydride (SA), maleic anhydride (MA), tetravinyl silane (TVSI), adiponitrile (ADN), 1,3,6-Hexanetricarbonitrile (HTCN), tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TTSP), tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TTSPi), triallyl phosphate (TAP), tripropargyl phosphate (TPP), l,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide (DTD), propanediol cyclic sulfate (PCS), prop- 1-ene- 1,3- sultone (PES), 1,3-propanesultone (PS), methylene methanedisulfonate (MMDS), or a mixture of any of the foregoing; about 1.2 M of LiPF6; and between about 0.1 wt% and about 2 wt% of a salt selected from the group consisting of LiFSI, EiTFSI, EiDFOB, EiBOB, EiDFP, EiDFDOP, LiNO3, LiC104, EiTDI, NaFSI, and KFSI.

[0057] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising:A compound of Formula (I) and FEC in a ratio of about 7:3, respectively; between 0 wt% and about 2 wt% of a third component, wherein the third component is succinic anhydride (SA), maleic anhydride (MA), tetravinyl silane (TVSI), adiponitrile (ADN), 1,3,6-Hexanetricarbonitrile (HTCN), tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TTSP), tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TTSPi), triallyl phosphate (TAP), tripropargyl phosphate (TPP), l,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide (DTD), propanediol cyclic sulfate (PCS), prop- 1-ene- 1,3- sultone (PES), 1,3-propanesultone (PS), methylene methanedisulfonate (MMDS), or a mixture of any of the foregoing; about 1.2 M of EiPF6; and between about 0.1 wt% and about 2 wt% of a salt selected from the group consisting of EiFSI, EiTFSI, EiDFOB, EiBOB, EiDFP, LiDFDOP, EiNO3, EiC104, LiTDI, NaFSI, and KFSI.

[0058] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 5 and FEC in a ratio of about 9: 1, respectively; about 1.2 M of EiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of EiFSI; and about 1 wt% of TVSI. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 5 and FEC in a ratio of about 9: 1, respectively; about 1.2 M of EiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of EiDFOB; and about 1 wt% of TTSPi. In some embodiments, providedherein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 5 and FEC in a ratio of about 9: 1, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPF6; about 0.5 wt% of LiDFDOP; and about 1 wt% of DTD. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 5 and FEC in a ratio of about 9: 1, respectively; about 1.2 M of EiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of EiTDI; and about 1 wt% of MMDS.

[0059] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 6 and FEC in a ratio of about 9: 1, respectively; about 1.2 M of EiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of EiFSI; about 1 wt% of TVSI; and about 1 wt% of SA. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 6 and FEC in a ratio of about 9: 1, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPF6; about 0.5 wt% of LiDFOB; about 1 wt% of TTSPi; and about 1 wt% of PS. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 6 and FEC in a ratio of about 9: 1, respectively; about 1.2 M of EiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of EiDFDOP; about 1 wt% of DTD; and about 1 wt% of TTSP. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 6 and FEC in a ratio of about 9: 1, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPF6; about 0.5 wt% of LiTDI; about 1 wt% of MMDS; and about 1 wt% of ADN.

[0060] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 7 and FEC in a ratio of about 9: 1, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; and about 2 wt% of LiFSI. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 7 and FEC in a ratio of about 9: 1, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; and about 2 wt% of LiDFOB. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 7 and FEC in a ratio of about 9: 1, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; and about 2 wt% of LiDFDOP. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 7 and FEC in a ratio of about 9: 1, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; and about 2 wt% of LiTDI.

[0061] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 9 and FEC in a ratio of about 7:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 2 wt% of LiFSI; and about 1 wt% of ADN. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 9 and FEC in a ratio of about 7:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 2 wt% of LiDFOB; and about 1 wt% of ADN. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 9 and FEC in a ratio of about 7:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPF6; about 2 wt% of LiDFDOP; and about 1 wt% of HTCN. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 9 and FEC in a ratioof about 7:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 2 wt% of LiTDI; and about 1 wt% of HTCN.

[0062] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 8 and FEC in a ratio of about 7:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 2 wt% of LiFSI; and about 1 wt% of TVSI. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 8 and FEC in a ratio of about 7:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 2 wt% of LiDFOB; and about 1 wt% of TTSPi. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 8 and FEC in a ratio of about 7:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPF6; about 2 wt% of LiDFDOP; and about 1 wt% of DTD. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 8 and FEC in a ratio of about 7:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 2 wt% of LiTDI; and about 1 wt% of MMDS.

[0063] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 10 and FEC in a ratio of about 7:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; and about 2 wt% of LiFSI. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 10 and FEC in a ratio of about 7:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; and about 2 wt% of LiDFOB. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 10 and FEC in a ratio of about 7:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; and about 2 wt% of LiDFDOP. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising Compound 10 and FEC in a ratio of about 7:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; and about 2 wt% of LiTDI.

[0064] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 6, and EP in a ratio of about 5:10:75:10, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiFSI; about 1 wt% of SA; about 3 wt% of PES; and about 5 wt% of TTSPi. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 6, and EP in a ratio of about 5:10:75:10, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiDFOB; about 1 wt% of PS; about 3 wt% of ADN; and about 5 wt% of HTCN. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 6, and EP in a ratio of about 5:10:75:10, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiDFDOP; about 1 wt% of TTSP; about 3 wt% of MMDS; and about 5 wt% of TVSI. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 6, and EP in a ratio of about 5:10:75:10, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiTDI; about 1 wt% of DTD; about 3 wt% of PSC; and about 5 wt% of TTSPi.

[0065] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 7, and EP in a ratio of about 5:10:75:10, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiFSI; about 1 wt% of SA; about 3 wt% of PES; and about 5 wt% of TTSPi. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 7, and EP in a ratio of about 5:10:75:10, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiDFOB; about 1 wt% of PS; about 3 wt% of ADN; and about 5 wt% of HTCN. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 7, and EP in a ratio of about 5:10:75:10, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiDFDOP; about 1 wt% of TTSP; about 3 wt% of MMDS; and about 5 wt% of TVSI. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 7, and EP in a ratio of about 5:10:75:10, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiTDI; about 1 wt% of DTD; about 3 wt% of PSC; and about 5 wt% of TTSPi.

[0066] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 9, and EP in a ratio of about 5:10:75:10, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiFSI; about 1 wt% of SA; about 3 wt% of PES; and about 5 wt% of TTSPi. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 9, and EP in a ratio of about 5:10:75:10, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiDFOB; about 1 wt% of PS; about 3 wt% of ADN; and about 5 wt% of HTCN. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 9, and EP in a ratio of about 5:10:75:10, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiDFDOP; about 1 wt% of TTSP; about 3 wt% of MMDS; and about 5 wt% of TVSI. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 9, and EP in a ratio of about 5:10:75:10, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiTDI; about 1 wt% of DTD; about 3 wt% of PSC; and about 5 wt% of TTSPi.

[0067] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 6, and EP in a ratio of about 1:2:5:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiFSI; about 3 wt% of SA; about 1 wt% of PES; and about 2 wt% of TTSPi. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 6, and EP in a ratio of about 1:2:5:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiDFOB; about 3 wt% of PS; about 1 wt% of ADN; and about 2 wt% of HTCN. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 6, and EP in a ratio of about 1:2:5:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiDFDOP; about 3 wt%of TTSP; about 1 wt% of MMDS; and about 2 wt% of TVSI. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 6, and EP in a ratio of about 1:2:5:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiTDI; about 3 wt% of DTD; about 1 wt% of PSC; and about 2 wt% of TTSPi.

[0068] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 7, and EP in a ratio of about 1:2:5:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiFSI; about 3 wt% of SA; about 1 wt% of PES; and about 2 wt% of TTSPi. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 7, and EP in a ratio of about 1:2:5:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiDFOB; about 3 wt% of PS; about 1 wt% of ADN; and about 2 wt% of HTCN. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 7, and EP in a ratio of about 1:2:5:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiDFDOP; about 3 wt% of TTSP; about 1 wt% of MMDS; and about 2 wt% of TVSI. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 7, and EP in a ratio of about 1:2:5:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiTDI; about 3 wt% of DTD; about 1 wt% of PSC; and about 2 wt% of TTSPi.

[0069] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 9, and EP in a ratio of about 1:2:5:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiFSI; about 3 wt% of SA; about 1 wt% of PES; and about 2 wt% of TTSPi. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 9, and EP in a ratio of about 1:2:5:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiDFOB; about 3 wt% of PS; about 1 wt% of ADN; and about 2 wt% of HTCN. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 9, and EP in a ratio of about 1:2:5:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiDFDOP; about 3 wt% of TTSP; about 1 wt% of MMDS; and about 2 wt% of TVSI. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 9, and EP in a ratio of about 1:2:5:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.5 wt% of LiTDI; about 3 wt% of DTD; about 1 wt% of PSC; and about 2 wt% of TTSPi.

[0070] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 6, and EP in a ratio of about 1 :3:3 :3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.2 wt% of LiDFOB; about 1 wt% of PS; about 1 wt% of ADN; and about 0.5 wt% of HTCN. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 6, andEP in a ratio of about 1 :3 :3:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.2 wt% of LiFSI; about 1 wt% of DTD; about 1 wt% of SA; and about 0.5 wt% of TTSP. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 6, and EP in a ratio of about 1 :3:3:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.2 wt% of LiDFDOP; about 1 wt% of PCS; about 1 wt% of TVSI; and about 0.5 wt% of TTSPi. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 6, and EP in a ratio of about 1 :3:3:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.2 wt% of LiTDI; about 1 wt% of PES; about 1 wt% of MMDS; and about 0.5 wt% of BA.

[0071] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 7, and EP in a ratio of about 1 :3:3 :3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.2 wt% of LiDFOB; about 1 wt% of PS; about 1 wt% of ADN; and about 0.5 wt% of HTCN. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 7, and EP in a ratio of about 1 :3 :3:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.2 wt% of LiFSI; about 1 wt% of DTD; about 1 wt% of SA; and about 0.5 wt% of TTSP. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 7, and EP in a ratio of about 1 :3:3:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.2 wt% of LiDFDOP; about 1 wt% of PCS; about 1 wt% of TVSI; and about 0.5 wt% of TTSPi. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 7, and EP in a ratio of about 1 :3:3:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.2 wt% of LiTDI; about 1 wt% of PES; about 1 wt% of MMDS; and about 0.5 wt% of BA.

[0072] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 9, and EP in a ratio of about 1 :3:3 :3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.2 wt% of LiDFOB; about 1 wt% of PS; about 1 wt% of ADN; and about 0.5 wt% of HTCN. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 9, and EP in a ratio of about 1 :3 :3:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.2 wt% of LiFSI; about 1 wt% of DTD; about 1 wt% of SA; and about 0.5 wt% of TTSP. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 9, and EP in a ratio of about 1 :3:3:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.2 wt% of LiDFDOP; about 1 wt% of PCS; about 1 wt% of TVSI; and about 0.5 wt% of TTSPi. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, EC, Compound 9, and EP in a ratio of about 1 :3:3:3, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 0.2 wt% of LiTDI; about 1 wt% of PES; about 1 wt% of MMDS; and about 0.5 wt% of BA.

[0073] In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, Compound 6, and EMC in a ratio of about 1:7:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 5 wt% of LiDFOB; and about 0.5 wt% of SA. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, Compound 6, and EMC in a ratio of about 1:7:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPF6; about 5 wt% of LiDFP; and about 0.5 wt% of DTD. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, Compound 6, and EMC in a ratio of about 1:7:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 5 wt% of LiDFDOP; and about 0.5 wt% of HTCN. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrolyte comprising FEC, Compound 6, and EMC in a ratio of about 1:7:2, respectively; about 1.2 M of LiPFe; about 5 wt% of LiTDI; and about 0.5 wt% of PS.

[0074] In some embodiments, the electrolyte does not undergo oxidation below a potential of about 4.4 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 4.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 5.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 6 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 6.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 7 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 7.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 8 V vs. Li+ / Li. about 8.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, or about 9 V vs. Li+ / Li. In some embodiments, the electrolyte does not undergo oxidation below a potential of about 6 V vs. Li+ / Li. In some embodiments, each of the one or more fluorinated carbonate compounds has a first oxidation potential that is greater than about 4.4 V vs. Li+ / Li, greater than about 4.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, greater than about 5 V vs. Li+ / Li, greater than about 5.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, greater than about 6 V vs. Li+ / Li, greater than about 6.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, greater than about 7 V vs. Li+ / Li, greater than about 7.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, greater than about 8 V vs. Li+ / Li. greater than about 8.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, or greater than about 9 V vs. Li+ / Li. In some embodiments, each of the one or more fluorinated carbonate compounds has a first oxidation potential that is greater than about 6 V vs. Li+ / Li.

[0075] In some embodiments, the electrolyte does not undergo reduction above a potential of about -3 V vs. Li+ / Li, about -2.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about -2 V vs. Li+ / Li, about -1.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about -1 V vs. Li+ / Li, about -0.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 0 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 0.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 1 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 1.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 2 V vs. Li+ / Li. In some embodiments, the electrolyte does not undergo reduction above a potential of about 0 V vs. Li+ / Li. In some embodiments, each of the one or more fluorinated carbonate compounds has a first reduction potential that is more negative than about -3 V vs. Li+ / Li, about -2.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about -2 V vs. Li+ / Li, about -1.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about -1 V vs. Li+ / Li, about -0.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 0 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 0.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 1 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 1.5 V vs.Li+ / Li, about 2 V vs. Li+ / Li. In some embodiments, each of the one or more fluorinated carbonate compounds has a first reduction potential that is more negative than about 0 V vs. Li+ / Li. In some embodiments the electrolyte has an electrochemical stability window of about -1 V vs. Li+ / Li to about 7 V vs. Li+ / Li, about -0.5 V vs. Li+ / Li to about 6.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 0 V vs. Li+ / Li to about 6 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 0.5 V vs. Li+ / Li to about 5.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, or about 1 V vs. Li+ / Li to about 5 V vs. Li+ / Li. In some embodiments the electrolyte has an electrochemical stability window of about 0 V vs. Li+ / Li to about 6 V vs. Li+ / Li. In some embodiments, the one or more fluorinated carbonate compounds have a collective electrochemical stability window of about -1 V vs. Li+ / Li to about 7 V vs. Li+ / Li, about -0.5V vs. Li+ / Li to about 6.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 0 V vs. Li+ / Li to about 6 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 0.5V vs. Li+ / Li to about 5.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, or about 1 V vs. Li+ / Li to about 5 V vs. Li+ / Li. In some embodiments, the one or more fluorinated carbonate compounds have a collective electrochemical stability window of about 0 V vs. Li+ / Li to about 6 V vs. Li+ / Li. In some embodiments, each of the one or more fluorinated carbonate compounds has an electrochemical stability window of about -1 V vs. Li+ / Li to about 7 V vs. Li+ / Li, about -0.5V vs. Li+ / Li to about 6.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 0 V vs. Li+ / Li to about 6 V vs. Li+ / Li, about 0.5V vs. Li+ / Li to about 5.5 V vs. Li+ / Li, or about 1 V vs. Li+ / Li to about 5 V vs. Li+ / Li. In some embodiments, each of the one or more fluorinated carbonate compounds has an electrochemical stability window of about 0 V vs. Li+ / Li to about 6 V vs. Li+ / Li.Electrochemical Cells

[0076] In one aspect, provided herein is an electrochemical cell comprising an electrolyte as described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein is an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte as described herein.

[0077] In additional embodiments, the electrochemical cell is a battery, and includes (1) an anode structure including an anode current collector, (2) a high-voltage cathode structure including a cathode current collector and a cathode material disposed on the cathode current collector, and (3) the electrolyte of any of the foregoing embodiments disposed between the anode structure and the cathode structure. In some embodiments, the anode structure further includes an anode material disposed on the anode current collector. In some embodiments, the anode comprises an element selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and potassium. In some embodiments, the anode comprises lithium metal. In some embodiments, the anode comprises a surface protection layer comprising an alloy of lithium and metals (i.e.,Mg, Zn, Sn, Ag). In some embodiments, the anode comprises a material selected from the group consisting of, but is not limited to, lithium metal, graphite, expanded graphite, hard carbon, silicon, silicon oxide (SiOx), graphite / silicon composite, graphite / silicon oxide composite (silicon can in some embodiments be Si, SiOx, SiC, or SiaN4), graphite / silicon nitride (SiaN4) composite, graphite / silicon carbide (SiC) composite, lithium titanate (LTO), titanium dioxide (TiC ), sodium titanate (i.e. Na-Ti-0 composites), transition metal oxides, tin, antimony, molybdenum disulfide (M0S2), nickel-based sulfides, sodium titanium phosphates (NaTi2(PO4)a), MXenes, sodium metal, potassium metal, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.

[0078] In some embodiments, the high-voltage cathode comprises a material that can be charged to above 4.4V vs. Li / Li+. In some embodiments, the cathode comprises a surface protection layer comprising fluorine induced cathode-electrolyte interphase. In some embodiments, the cathode comprises a material selected from the group consisting of, but is not limited to, sulfur, a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), a lithium nickel manganese aluminum oxide (NMA), a lithium nickel manganese cobalt aluminum oxide (NMCA), a lithium nickel oxide (LNO), a lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNi0.5Mnl.5O4, LNMO), a lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), a lithium manganese oxide (LMO), a lithium and manganese rich cathode (LMR or LLMO), a lithium iron phosphate (LFP), a lithium cobalt phosphate (LCP), a lithium manganese phosphate (LMP), a lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP), a transition metal sulfide, a sodium cobalt oxide, a sodium chromium oxide, a sodium manganese oxide, a sodium nickel manganese oxide, a sodium vanadium oxide, a sodium iron phosphate (NaFePO4), a sodium vanadium phosphate (Na3V2(PO4)3), a sodium vanadium fluorophosphate (NaVPO4F), a sodium copper nickel iron manganese oxide (Na[Cul / 9Ni2 / 9Fel / 3Mnl / 3]O2), a Prussian blue (NaFe[Fe(CN)6]), a Prussian white (R-Nal.92Fe[Fe(CN)6]), metal doped of any of the foregoing, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.ENUMERATED EMBODIMENTS

[0079] The following enumerated embodiments are representative of some aspects of the invention:Embodiment 1. An electrolyte comprising a first component that comprises a fluorinated carbonate compound of Formula (I)Formula (I) wherein:R1is C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F; andR2is C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F; provided that: at least one of Ri or R2 is substituted by one or more F; and neither R1nor R2contains a -CF3 group.Embodiment 2. The electrolyte of embodiment 1, wherein the compound of Formula(I) is selected from the group consisting ofEmbodiment 3. The electrolyte of embodiment 1, wherein at least one of R1and R2is C2-C3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F.Embodiment 4. The electrolyte of embodiment 1 or 3, wherein at least one of R1and R2is C2 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F.Embodiment 5. The electrolyte of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the first component comprises one or more additional fluorinated carbonate compounds, each of which is independently a compound of Formula (I).Embodiment 6. The electrolyte of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the electrolyte comprises a second component that is not a compound of Formula (I).Embodiment 7. The electrolyte of embodiment 6, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC); propylene carbonate (PC); dimethyl carbonate (DMC); diethyl carbonate (DEC); ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC); vinyl carbonate (VC); vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC); fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC); difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC); 3,3,3-trifluoropropylene carbonate (TFPC); 1,2-dimethyoxylethane (DME); 1,2-di ethyoxylethane (DEE); 1,3- di oxolane (DOL); 1,4-di oxane (DOX); tetrahydrofuran (THF); acetonitrile (AN); ethyl acetate (EA); methyl acetate (MA); methyl propanoate (MP); ethyl propanoate (EP), propyl propanoate (PP), N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF); gamma-butyrolactone (BL); bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE); 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl- 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE); lH,lH,5H-octafluoropentyl-l,l,2,2- tetrafluoroethylether (OTE); 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether (HFE); tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) orthoformate (TFEO); l,2-bis(l,l,2,2- tetrafluoroethoxy)ethane (F8DEE); l-ethoxy-2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethane (F1DEE); 2- (2-ethoxyethoxy)- 1 , 1 -difluoroethane (F2DEE); 1 ,2-bis(2-fluoroethoxy)ethane (F IF IDEE); l,l-difluoro-2-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethane (F1F2DEE); 1,1,1- trifluoro-2-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethane (F 1F3DEE); 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)- 1,1,1- trifluoroethane (F3DEE); l,2-bis(2,2-difluoroethoxy)ethane (F4DEE); 2-(2-(2,2- difluoroethoxy)ethoxy)- 1,1,1 -trifluoroethane (F 5DEE); 1 ,2-bis(2,2,2- trifluoroethoxy)ethane (F6DEE); and mixtures of any of the foregoing.Embodiment 8. The electrolyte of embodiment 7, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of EC; PC; DMC; EMC; DEC; EP; PP; FEC; VC; DME; DEE; BTFE; TTE; and mixtures of any of the foregoing.Embodiment 9. The electrolyte of any one of embodiments 6 to 8, wherein the amount of the second component in the electrolyte is between about 0.05 wt. % and about 80.0 wt. %.Embodiment 10. The electrolyte of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the electrolyte comprises a third component that is not a compound of Formula (I).Embodiment 11. The electrolyte of embodiment 10, wherein the third component is selected from the group consisting of succinic anhydride (SA), butyric anhydride (BA); tetravinyl silane (TVSI); succinonitrile (SN); adiponitrile (ADN); 1,3,6- Hexanetri carbonitrile (HTCN); trimethyl borate (TMB); triphenyl borate (TPB); tri ethyl borate (TEB); tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (TPFPB); tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TTSB); tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) borate (TTFEB); trimethyl phosphate (TMP); triethyl phosphate (TEP); tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TTSP); tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TTSPi); tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate (TFEPa); tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite (TFEPi); (pentafluorophenyl)diphenyl phosphine (PFPDPP); tris(pentafluorophenyl) phosphine (TPFPP); ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene (PFPN); 1 ,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide(DTD); 1,3-propanesultone (PS); prop-l-ene-l,3-sultone (PES); propanediol cyclic sulfate (PCS); ethylene sulfite (ES); 1,4-butane sultone (BS); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); l,2,6-oxadithiane-2,2,6,6-tetraoxide (ODTO); methylene methanedi sulfonate (MMDS); and mixtures of any of the foregoing.Embodiment 12. The electrolyte of embodiment 11, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of SA; TVSI; ADN; HTCN; TTSP; TTSPi; DTD; PCS; PES; PS; MMDS; and mixtures of any of the foregoing.Embodiment 13. The electrolyte of any one of embodiments 10 to 12, wherein the amount of the third component in the electrolyte is between about 0.01 wt. % and about 20.0 wt. %.Embodiment 14. The electrolyte of any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the electrolyte comprises one or more salts.Embodiment 15. The electrolyte of embodiment 14, wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of a lithium salt, a potassium salt, a sodium salt, a cesium salt, a magnesium salt, a zinc salt, a calcium salt, a silver salt, an aluminum salt, a lanthanum salt, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.Embodiment 16. The electrolyte of embodiment 14, wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI); lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI); lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (LiBETI), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPFe); lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsFe); lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4); lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB); lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB); lithium difluorophosphate (LiDFP); lithium difluoro(dioxalato)phosphate (LiDFDOP); lithium tetrafluoro(oxalato)phosphate (LiTFOP); lithium nitrate (LiNOa); lithium perchlorate (LiCICU); lithium tritiate (LiTf); lithium trifluoroacetate (LiTFA); lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazole (LiTDI); sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPFe); sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI); sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI); sodium tritiate (NaTf); sodium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (NaBETI); potassium hexafluorophosphate(KPFe); potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI); potassium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (KTFSI); potassium tritiate (KTf); cesium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (CsFSI); cesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (CsTFSI); magnesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Mg(TFSI)2); zinc bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Zn(TFSI)2); calcium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Ca(TFSI)2); silver bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (AgTFSI); aluminum bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (A1(TFSI)3); lanthanum bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (La(TFSI)3); and mixtures of any of the foregoing, wherein the amount of the salts in the electrolyte is between about 0.01 wt. % and about 30 wt. %.Embodiment 17. An electrochemical cell comprising: an anode; a cathode; and the electrolyte of any one of embodiments 1 to 16.Embodiment 18. The electrochemical cell of embodiment 17, wherein the electrochemical cell is a battery.Embodiment 19. The electrochemical cell of embodiment 17, wherein the anode comprises a current collector.Embodiment 20. The electrochemical cell of embodiment 19, wherein the current collector is selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, stainless steel, or an alloy of any of the foregoing.Embodiment 21. The electrochemical cell of embodiment 17, wherein the anode comprises an element selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and potassium.Embodiment 22. The electrochemical cell of embodiment 17, wherein the anode comprises a material selected from the group consisting of lithium metal, graphite, expanded graphite, hard carbon, silicon, silicon oxide (SiOx), graphite / siliconcomposite, graphite / silicon oxide composite (silicon can in some embodiments be Si, SiOx, SiC, or SiaN4), graphite / silicon nitride (SiaN4) composite, graphite / silicon carbide (SiC) composite, lithium titanate (LTO), titanium dioxide (TiCh), sodium titanate (i.e. Na-Ti-0 composites), transition metal oxides, tin, antimony, molybdenum disulfide (M0S2), nickel-based sulfides, sodium titanium phosphates (NaTi2(PO4)a), MXenes, sodium metal, potassium metal, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.Embodiment 23. The electrochemical cell of embodiment 22, wherein the silicon is present in the form of Si, SiOx, SiC, SiaN4, or as a mixture of any of the foregoing forms.Embodiment 24. The electrochemical cell of embodiment 17, wherein the cathode comprises a material capable of being charged to above 4.4 V vs. Li / Li+.Embodiment 25. The electrochemical cell of embodiment 17, wherein the cathode comprises a material selected from the group consisting of sulfur, a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), a lithium nickel manganese aluminum oxide (NMA), a lithium nickel manganese cobalt aluminum oxide (NMCA), a lithium nickel oxide (LNO), a lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNio.5Mn1.5O4), a lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), a lithium manganese oxide(LMO), a lithium and manganese rich cathode (LMR or LLMO), a lithium iron phosphate (LFP), a lithium cobalt phosphate (LCP), a lithium manganese phosphate(LMP), a lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP), a transition metal sulfide, a sodium cobalt oxide, a sodium chromium oxide, a sodium manganese oxide, a sodium nickel manganese oxide, a sodium vanadium oxide, a sodium iron phosphate (NaFePCU), a sodium vanadium phosphate (Na3V2(PO4)3), a sodium vanadium fluorophosphate (NaVPCUF), a sodium copper nickel iron manganese oxide (Na[Cui / 9Ni2 / 9Fei / 3Mni / 3]O2), a Prussian blue (NaFe[Fe(CN)6]), a Prussian white (R- Nai.92Fe[Fe(CN)6]), metal-doped forms of any of the foregoing, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.EXAMPLES

[0080] The presently disclosed subject matter will be better understood by reference to the following Examples, which are provided as exemplary of the invention, and not by way of limitation.Example 1: Physical properties and ionic conductivity of Fluorinated Carbonates of Formula (I).

[0081] Physical property and ionic conductivity values for two example compounds of Formula (I) are described in Table 2 and Table 3. The partially fluorinated carbonates show lower density, higher boiling point, higher flash point and higher ionic conductivity than fully fluorinated counterpart methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate, which is consistent with the design concept and desired for battery cell applications.Table 2: Physical properties of Fluorinated Carbonates of Formula (I)Table 3: Ionic conductivity of Fluorinated Carbonates of Formula (I)

[0082] In the following sections, electrolytes are tested with several different types of high voltage cathode (charged to >4.4V versus Li+ / Li), as well as cells with graphite and graphite / silicon oxide composite anodes. Electrolyte materials were dried before use, and electrolyte preparation was done in an argon filled glove box with O2 and H2O < Ippm. All cells tested were commercially produced multi-layer pouch cells.Example 2: Battery Testing of Electrolytes Containing Fluorinated Carbonates of Formula (I): Comparative examples with 4.9V Gr / LNMO cells at elevated temperature .

[0083] Pouch cells have a capacity of 230mAh, containing a graphite anode and a lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNio.5Mn1.5O4, LNMO) cathode. Cells were cycled in a thermal chamber maintained at 45°C. Cells were cycled using a Neware 5V 6A cycler at C / 2 charge and 1C discharge between 3.5V and 4.9V. Example electrolyte 1 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 1:9 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and Compound 5, by volume. Example electrolyte 2 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 1:9 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and Compound 5, by volume, with 0.5 wt% of salt SI (selected from the list of salts provided in paragraph

[0046] ) and 1 wt% of additive Al (selected from the list of third component additives provided in paragraph

[0045] ). Example electrolyte 3 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 1:9 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and Compound 5, by volume, with 0.5 wt% of salt SI, 1% of additive A2 (selected from the list of third component additives provided in paragraph

[0045] ), and 1 wt% of additive Al. Cycle life results are shown in FIG. 1. These results show that SI and the combination of SI and A2 have a synergistic effect with Al in Compound 5 electrolytes, improving the cycle life compared to the base electrolyte with no additives.Example 3: Battery Testing of Electrolytes Containing Fluorinated Carbonates of Formula (I): Comparative examples with 4.85V Gr / LNMO cells.

[0084] Pouch cells have a capacity of llOOmAh, containing a graphite anode and a lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNio.5Mn1.5O4, LNMO) cathode. Cells were cycled using a Neware 5V 6A cycler at C / 2 charge and 1C discharge between 3.4V and 4.85V. Control electrolyte 1 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 1:9 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and methyl 2,2,2- trifluoroethyl carbonate, by volume. Example electrolyte 1 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 1:9 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and Compound 6, by volume. Cycle life results are shown in FIG.2. These results show that replacing the fully fluorinated methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate with partially fluorinated Compound 6 increases the cycle life.Example 4: Battery Testing of Electrolytes Containing Fluorinated Carbonates of Formula (I): Comparative examples with 4.8V Gr / LLMO cells.

[0085] Pouch cells have a capacity of 140 mAh, containing a graphite anode and a lithium rich layered manganese oxide (LLMO) cathode. Cells were cycled using a Neware 5V 6A cycler at C / 3 charge and C / 3 discharge between 2.5V and 4.8V. Example electrolyte 1 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 3:7 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and Compound 7, by volume. Example electrolyte 2 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 3:7 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and Compound 7, by volume, with 2 wt% of salt SI. Cycle life results are shown in FIG. 3.These results show that the addition of salt SI increases the capacity retention of the battery with Compound 7 based electrolytes.Example 5: Battery Testing of Electrolytes Containing Fluorinated Carbonates of Formula (I): Comparative examples with 4.6V Gr / LLMO cells.

[0086] Pouch cells have a capacity of 140 mAh, containing a graphite anode and a lithium rich layered manganese oxide (LLMO) cathode. Cells were cycled using a Neware 5V 6A cycler at C / 3 charge and C / 3 discharge between 2.5V and 4.6V. Example electrolyte 1 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 3:7 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and Compound 9, by volume, with 2 wt% of salt SI. Example electrolyte 2 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 3:7 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and Compound 9, by volume, with 2 wt% of salt SI and 1 wt% of additive Al. Example electrolyte 3 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 3:7 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and Compound 9, by volume, with 2 wt% of salt SI and 1 wt% of additive A3 (selected from the list of third component additives provided in paragraph

[0045] ). Cycle life results are shownin FIG. 4. These results show that additive Al and additive A3 each have a synergistic effect with salt SI to increase the capacity retention of the cell.Example 6: Battery Testing of Electrolytes Containing Fluorinated Carbonates of Formula (I): Comparative examples with 4.53V Gr / LCO cells.

[0087] Pouch cells have a capacity of 1000 mAh, containing a graphite anode and a lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathode. Cells were cycled using a Neware 5V 6A cycler at 1C charge and 1C discharge between 3.0V and 4.53V. Example electrolyte 1 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 1:9 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and Compound 8, by volume. Example electrolyte 2 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 1:9 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and Compound 8, by volume, with 2 wt% of salt SI. Cycle life results are shown in FIG. 5. These results show that additive 1 increases the capacity retention of the battery with Compound 8 based electrolytes.Example 7: Battery Testing of Electrolytes Containing Fluorinated Carbonates of Formula (I): Comparative examples with 4.45V GrSi / LCO cells.

[0088] Pouch cells have a capacity of 200mAh, containing a graphite and silicon oxide composite anode, with 10% silicon oxide, and a lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathode. Cells were cycled using a Neware 5V 6A cycler at C / 3 charge and C / 3 discharge between 3.0V and 4.45V. Example electrolyte 1 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 3:7 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and Compound 10, by volume. Example electrolyte 2 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 3:7 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and Compound 10, by volume, with 2 wt% of salt SI. Results are shown in FIG. 6. The cycle life increased with the addition of salt SI.Example 8: Battery Testing of Electrolytes Containing Fluorinated Carbonates of Formula (I): Comparative examples with 4.53V GrSi / LCO cells.

[0089] Pouch cells have a capacity of lOOOmAh, containing a graphite and silicon / carbon composite anode, with 18.5% silicon / carbon, and a lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathode. Cells were cycled using a Neware 5V 6A cycler at 1C charge and 1C discharge between 3.0V and 4.53V in a thermal chamber maintained at 45 °C. Slower capacity check cycles, with a C / 3 charge and C / 3 discharge, were performed after every 100 fast cycles. Example electrolyte 1 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 5:10:75:10 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl propanoate, by volume, with 0.5 wt% of salt SI, 1 wt% of additive A2, 3 wt% of additive A3, and 5 wt% of additive A4 (selected from the list of thirdcomponent additives provided in paragraph

[0045] ). Example electrolyte 2 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 5:10:75:10 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, Compound 6, and ethyl propanoate, by volume, with 0.5 wt% of salt SI, 1 wt% of additive A2, 3 wt% of additive A3, and 5 wt% of additive A4. Results are shown in FIG. 7. The cycle life at elevated temperature is improved by replacing the non-fluorinated diethyl carbonate with the partially fluorinated Compound 6.Example 9: Battery Testing of Electrolytes Containing Fluorinated Carbonates of Formula (I): Comparative examples with 4.53V GrSi / LCO cells.

[0090] Pouch cells have a capacity of lOOOmAh, containing a graphite and silicon / carbon composite anode, with 18.5% silicon / carbon, and a lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathode. Thermal stability of the cells was tested by aging the cells in a 60 °C thermal chamber for 2 weeks in a fully charged state. The initial capacity of the cells was measured using a Neware 5V 6A cycler by cycling the cells for 3 cycles at C / 3 charge and C / 3 discharge between 3.0V and 4.53V. The cells were then charged to 4.53V at C / 3 and moved to a 60 °C thermal chamber. After two weeks, the cells were removed from the thermal chamber, returned to room temperature, and the remaining capacity was measured with a C / 3 discharge.Recoverable capacity was measured as the second of two additional C / 3 charge, C / 3 discharge cycles. Example electrolyte 1 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 1 :3:3:3 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate, and ethyl propanoate, by volume, with 0.2 wt% of salt SI, 1 wt% of additive A2, 1 wt% of additive A3, and 0.5 wt% of additive A4. Example electrolyte 2 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 1 :3:3:3 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, Compound 6, and ethyl propanoate, by volume, with 0.2 wt% of salt SI, 1 wt% of additive A2, 1 wt% of additive A3, and 0.5 wt% of additive A4. Example electrolyte 3 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 1 :3:3:3 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, Compound 7, and ethyl propanoate, by volume, with 0.2 wt% of salt SI, 1 wt% of additive A2, 1 wt% of additive A3, and 0.5 wt% of additive A4. Example electrolyte 4 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 1 :3:3:3 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, Compound 9, and ethyl propanoate, by volume, with 0.2 wt% of salt SI, 1 wt% of additive A2, 1 wt% of additive A3, and 0.5 wt% of additive A4. Results are shown in Table 4, remaining and recoverable capacity are expressed as a percentage of the last cycle before storage in the thermal chamber. The remaining and recoverable capacity are improved byreplacing the fully fluorinated methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate with partially fluorinated Compounds 6, 7, or 9.Table 4: High-temperature aging results of GrSi / LCO pouch cellsExample 10: Battery Testing of Electrolytes Containing Fluorinated Carbonates of Formula (I): Comparative examples with 4.5V Gr / NMC cells.

[0091] Pouch cells have a capacity of 200mAh, containing a graphite anode and a high- voltage lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC, LiNio.6Mno.2Coo.2O2) cathode. Cells were cycled using a Neware 5V 6A cycler at 1C charge and 1C discharge between 3.0V and 4.5V. Example electrolyte 1 is 1.2M LiPFe in a 1:7:2 mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate, Compound 6, and ethyl methyl carbonate, by volume, with 5 wt% of salt S2 (selected from the list of salts provided in paragraph

[0046] ) and 0.5 wt% of additive A5 (selected from the list of third component additives provided in paragraph

[0045] ). Example electrolyte 2 is a commercially available high-voltage lithium-ion electrolyte. Results are shown in FIG. 8. Replacing the non-fluorinated carbonates in the commercial with fluorinated carbonates of Formula (I) greatly increases the cycle life.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. An electrolyte comprising a first component that comprises a fluorinated carbonate compound of Formula (I)Formula (I) wherein:R1is C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F; andR2is C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F; provided that: at least one of Ri or R2 is substituted by one or more F; and neither R1nor R2contains a -CF3 group.

2. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of3. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein at least one of R1and R2is C2-C3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F.

4. The electrolyte of claim 1 or 3, wherein at least one of R1and R2is C2 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more F.

5. The electrolyte of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the first component comprises one or more additional fluorinated carbonate compounds, each of which is independently a compound of Formula (I).

6. The electrolyte of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the electrolyte comprises a second component that is not a compound of Formula (I).

7. The electrolyte of claim 6, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC); propylene carbonate (PC); dimethyl carbonate (DMC); diethyl carbonate (DEC); ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC); vinyl carbonate (VC); vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC); fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC); difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC); 3,3,3-trifluoropropylene carbonate (TFPC); 1,2-dimethyoxylethane (DME); 1,2-diethyoxylethane (DEE); 1, 3-di oxolane (DOL); 1,4- dioxane (DOX); tetrahydrofuran (THF); acetonitrile (AN); ethyl acetate (EA); methyl acetate (MA); methyl propanoate (MP); ethyl propanoate (EP), propyl propanoate (PP), N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF); gamma-butyrolactone (BL); bis(2,2,2- trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE); l,l,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE); lH,lH,5H-octafluoropentyl-l,l,2,2-tetrafluoroethylether (OTE); 2,2,2- trifluoroethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether (HFE); tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) orthoformate (TFEO); l,2-bis(l,l,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)ethane (F8DEE); l-ethoxy-2- (2-fluoroethoxy)ethane (F1DEE); 2-(2-ethoxy ethoxy)- 1,1 -difluoroethane (F2DEE); l,2-bis(2-fluoroethoxy)ethane (F IF IDEE); l,l-difluoro-2-(2-(2- fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethane (F1F2DEE); l,l,l-trifluoro-2-(2-(2- fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethane (F 1F3DEE); 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)- 1,1,1 -trifluoroethane (F3DEE); l,2-bis(2,2-difluoroethoxy)ethane (F4DEE); 2-(2-(2,2- difluoroethoxy)ethoxy)- 1,1,1 -trifluoroethane (F 5DEE); 1 ,2-bis(2,2,2- trifluoroethoxy)ethane (F6DEE); and mixtures of any of the foregoing.

8. The electrolyte of claim 7, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of EC; PC; DMC; EMC; DEC; EP; PP; FEC; VC; DME; DEE; BTFE; TTE; and mixtures of any of the foregoing.

9. The electrolyte of any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the amount of the second component in the electrolyte is between about 0.05 wt. % and about 80.0 wt. %.

10. The electrolyte of claims 1 to 9, wherein the electrolyte comprises a third component that is not a compound of Formula (I).

11. The electrolyte of claim 10, wherein the third component is selected from the group consisting of succinic anhydride (SA), butyric anhydride (BA); maleic anhydride (MA); tetravinyl silane (TVSI); succinonitrile (SN); fumaronitrile (FN); adiponitrile (ADN); 1,3,6-Hexanetricarbonitrile (HTCN); trimethyl borate (TMB); triphenyl borate (TPB); triethyl borate (TEB); tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (TPFPB); tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TTSB); tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) borate (TTFEB); trimethyl phosphate (TMP); triethyl phosphate (TEP); tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TTSP); tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TTSPi); tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate(TFEPa); tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite (TFEPi); triallyl phosphate (TAP); tripropargyl phosphate (TPP); (pentafluorophenyl)diphenyl phosphine (PFPDPP); tris(pentafluorophenyl) phosphine (TPFPP); ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene (PFPN); l,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide (DTD); 1,3-propanesultone (PS); prop-1- ene-l,3-sultone (PES); propanediol cyclic sulfate (PCS); ethylene sulfite (ES); 1,4- butane sultone (BS); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); l,2,6-oxadithiane-2,2,6,6- tetraoxide (ODTO); methylene methanedi sulfonate (MMDS); and mixtures of any of the foregoing.

12. The electrolyte of claim 11, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of SA; MA; TVSI; FN; ADN; HTCN; TTSP; TTSPi; TAP; TPP; DTD; PCS; PES; PS; MMDS; and mixtures of any of the foregoing.

13. The electrolyte of any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein the amount of the third component in the electrolyte is between about 0.01 wt. % and about 20.0 wt. %.

14. The electrolyte of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the electrolyte comprises one or more salts.

15. The electrolyte of claim 14, wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of a lithium salt, a potassium salt, a sodium salt, a cesium salt, a magnesium salt, a zinc salt, a calcium salt, a silver salt, an aluminum salt, a lanthanum salt, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.

16. The electrolyte of claim 14, wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI); lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI); lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (LiBETI), lithium hexafluorophosphate ( Li PFe); lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsFe); lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4); lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB); lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB); lithium difluorophosphate (LiDFP); lithium difluoro(dioxalato)phosphate (LiDFDOP); lithium tetrafluoro(oxalato)phosphate (LiTFOP); lithium nitrate (LiNOa); lithium perchlorate (LiCICU); lithium tritiate (LiTf); lithium trifluoroacetate (LiTFA); lithium 4,5-dicyano-2- (trifluoromethyl)imidazole (LiTDI); sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPFe); sodiumbis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI); sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI); sodium triflate (NaTf); sodium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (NaBETI); potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPFe); potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI); potassium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (KTFSI); potassium triflate (KTf); cesium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (CsFSI); cesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (CsTFSI); magnesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Mg(TFSI)2); zinc bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Zn(TFSI)2); calcium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Ca(TFSI)2); silver bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (AgTFSI); aluminum bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (A1(TFSI)3); lanthanum bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (La(TFSI)3); and mixtures of any of the foregoing, wherein the amount of the salts in the electrolyte is between about 0.01 wt. % and about 30 wt. %.

17. An electrochemical cell comprising: an anode; a cathode; and the electrolyte of any one of claims 1 to 16.

18. The electrochemical cell of claim 17, wherein the electrochemical cell is a battery.

19. The electrochemical cell of claim 17, wherein the anode comprises a current collector.

20. The electrochemical cell of claim 19, wherein the current collector is selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, stainless steel, or an alloy of any of the foregoing.

21. The electrochemical cell of claim 17, wherein the anode comprises an element selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and potassium.

22. The electrochemical cell of claim 17, wherein the anode comprises a material selected from the group consisting of lithium metal, graphite, expanded graphite, hard carbon, silicon, silicon oxide (SiOx), graphite / silicon composite, graphite / silicon oxidecomposite, graphite / silicon nitride (SiaN4) composite, graphite / silicon carbide (SiC) composite, lithium titanate (LTO), titanium dioxide (TiCL), sodium titanate (Na-Ti-0 composites), transition metal oxides, tin, antimony, molybdenum disulfide (M0S2), nickel-based sulfides, sodium titanium phosphates (NaTi2(PO4)a), MXenes, sodium metal, potassium metal, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.

23. The electrochemical cell of claim 22, wherein the silicon is present in the form of Si, SiOx, SiC, SiaN4, or as a mixture of any of the foregoing forms.

24. The electrochemical cell of claim 17, wherein the cathode comprises a material capable of being charged to above 4.4 V vs. Li / Li+.

25. The electrochemical cell of claim 17, wherein the cathode comprises a material selected from the group consisting of sulfur, a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), a lithium nickel manganese aluminum oxide (NMA), a lithium nickel manganese cobalt aluminum oxide (NMCA), a lithium nickel oxide (LNO), a lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNio.5Mn1.5O4), a lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), a lithium manganese oxide (LMO), a lithium and manganese rich cathode (LMR or LLMO), a lithium iron phosphate (LFP), a lithium cobalt phosphate (LCP), a lithium manganese phosphate (LMP), a lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP), a transition metal sulfide, a sodium cobalt oxide, a sodium chromium oxide, a sodium manganese oxide, a sodium nickel manganese oxide, a sodium vanadium oxide, a sodium iron phosphate (NaFePCU), a sodium vanadium phosphate (Na3V2(PO4)3), a sodium vanadium fluorophosphate (NaVPCUF), a sodium copper nickel iron manganese oxide (Na[Cui / 9Ni2 / 9Fei / 3Mni / 3]O2), a Prussian blue (NaFe[Fe(CN)6]), a Prussian white (R- Nai.92Fe[Fe(CN)6]), metal-doped forms of any of the foregoing, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.

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