Compositions for reducing the adverse effects of trichothecenes

Abstract

The present invention relates to a composition, a method for reducing adverse effects of a trichothecene, use of a compound, and a compound for use in treatment, amelioration and / or prevention of symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene.

Description

[0001] MEANS AND METHODS FOR REDUCING ADVERSE EFFECT OF TRICHOTHECENE

[0002]

[0001] The present invention relates to a composition, a method for reducing adverse effects of a trichothecene, use of a compound, and a compound for use in treatment, amelioration and / or prevention of symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene.

[0003]

[0002] Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungal origin. Fungi are known to infest food and feed material, in particular all types of grains and crops, but also other commodities such as cotton, coffee, peanuts, dates, spices etc. Upon fungal growth, the infested material will be contaminated with mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, zearalenone, trichothecenes etc.

[0004]

[0003] The gastrointestinal epithelium of an organism is of utmost importance as a functional layer to enable physiological nutrient uptake and a crucial defense barrier to prevent transfer of pathogens or other structures with adverse effects.

[0005]

[0004] Among more than 17,000 feed samples, almost three quarters were found to contain at least one type of mycotoxin. More than 50% of all samples contained at least one trichothecene mycotoxin (Streit et al. 2013. J Sci Food Agric. 93(12): 2892-2899). The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON; also referred to as vomitoxin; CAS-No. 51481-10-8) is formed by Fusarium spp. and is well known as a cytotoxic compound which causes ribotoxic stress and impairs the gastrointestinal barrier function and intestinal barrier integrity. Feed material contaminated with deoxynivalenol or other trichothecenes also leads to feed refusal and reduced body weight gain and thus not only affects animal health and wellbeing but also causes considerable economic losses in animal farming.

[0006]

[0005] Largely due to their hydrophilic structure, removal of trichothecenes such as DON by binding e.g. to mineral or clay adsorbents is inefficient and insufficient. Alternatively, trichothecenes such as DON may be transformed to non-toxic molecules by microorganisms capable of performing such transformations. While such microbial systems can be highly effective and efficient, several aspects associated with such systems render their use challenging, such as identification of a suitable microorganism, cultivability, processability and storability thereof etc. As yet another alternative, enzymatic transformation of DON to less toxic molecules has been suggested. However, such enzyme systems typically depend on two or even more enzymes that need to act together in a well coordinated matter, which has been found challenging. Also, most enzyme systems suitable for modifying trichothecenes require one or more cofactors, thus introducing yet another demanding aspect.

[0006] Despite these suggested or existing options, and in view of the challenges associated therewith, there is still a need for new solutions which reduce the adverse effects of trichothecenes.

[0007]

[0007] This objective is achieved by a composition (e.g. a nutritional composition), comprising at least a first compound having formula (I):

[0008]

[0008] and optionally at least one trichothecene.

[0009]

[0009] By including the at least first compound having formula (I), the nutritional values of the composition, in particular of a nutritional composition, can be appreciated by a consumer despite a potential co-presence of the at least one trichothecene. In particular, undesirable adverse effect(s) of such trichothecene(s) will be prevented, ameliorated and / or mitigated by the compound having formula (I). As such, the compound having formula (I) acts as an agent for the safety of the composition. In particular, the compound having formula (I) acts as an agent for the safety of a nutritional composition (e.g. feed and / or food). The compound having formula (I) can be provided to the composition (e.g. nutritional composition) as a precautionary, preventive measure, and / or as a mitigating measure. A composition (e.g. nutritional composition) comprising the at least first compound having formula (I), and optionally at least one trichothecene, will result in reduced adverse effect(s) of trichothecene(s), which might stem from said composition, or which might stem from another composition, which is contacted with the composition (e.g. nutritional composition) at a later time. A composition (e.g. nutritional composition) comprising the at least first compound having formula (I), and optionally at least one trichothecene, will improve gut barrier integrity and / or gut barrier function, in particular in the presence of a trichothecene. A composition (e.g. nutritional composition) comprising the at least first compound having formula (I), and optionally at least one trichothecene, will prevent gut barrier dysfunction, in particular wherein the gut barrier dysfunction is caused by exposure to a trichothecene. A composition (e.g. nutritional composition) comprising the at least first compound having formula (I), and optionally at least one trichothecene, will maintain gut health and / or promote normal gut barrier function, in particular in the presence of a trichothecene. The effect(s) of the composition (e.g. nutritional composition) comprising the at least a first compound having formula (I) are achieved in comparison to a comparable composition (e.g. nutritional composition) not comprising the at least a first compound having formula (I).

[0010]

[0010] Further, by providing a composition (e.g. nutritional composition) which does not only comprise a trichothecene, but also the at least first compound having formula (I), it is possible to reduce undesirable, adverse effect(s) of the trichothecene, such as e.g. reduced gut barrier function, reduced gut barrier integrity, gut barrier dysfunction, reduced gut health. In other words, owing to the presence of the least first compound having formula (I), such a composition elicits reduced trichothecene effect(s) or even no trichothecene effect at all, e.g. upon consumption of the composition.

[0011]

[0011] In some embodiments, the at least one trichothecene comprised in a composition according to the invention is selected from deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin; preferably the at least one trichothecene is deoxynivalenol.

[0012]

[0012] In some embodiments, a composition according to the invention is foodstuff; fodder; feed; silage; wet distillers grain; dried distillers grain with solubles; intermediate / s thereof; and / or mixture / s thereof; and / or the composition comprises cereal(s) such as rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn or maize, barley, sorghum, and / or soy or other Fabaceae plant(s); and / or product(s) thereof; suitable for human and / or non-human animal consumption.

[0013]

[0013] In some embodiments, a composition according to the invention further comprises one or more further compounds selected from: one or more chemicals capable of modifying mycotoxin(s); one or more polypeptides capable of modifying mycotoxin(s); one or more feed enzymes selected from phytase, carbohydrase, protease; one or more organic adsorbent(s), preferably capable of adsorbing and / or absorbing mycotoxin(s); one or more inorganic adsorbents, preferably capable of adsorbing and / or absorbing mycotoxin(s); one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s), preferably capable of modifying, adsorbing and / or absorbing mycotoxin(s); one or more plant product(s); one or more flavoring compound(s); and one or more vitamin(s).

[0014]

[0014] In some embodiments, the composition according to the invention further comprises one, two, three, or four of: (i) one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s), capable of modifying, adsorbing and / or absorbing a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol; (ii) one or more chemicals capable of modifying mycotoxin(s), preferably metabisulfite salt(s), more preferably sodium metabisulfite; (iii) one or more inorganic adsorbents, preferably diatomaceous earth and / or clay mineral such as e.g. kaolins or kaolinites, smectites such as e.g. montmorillonites, illites or chlorites; in particular bentonite; and / or (iv) one or more enzymes capable of modifying mycotoxin(s), preferably capable of modifying zearalenone and / or a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol. In some embodiments, the composition according to the invention further comprises one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s), capable of modifying, adsorbing and / or absorbing a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol. In some embodiments, the composition according to the invention further comprises one or more chemicals capable of modifying mycotoxin(s), preferably metabisulfite salt(s), more preferably sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the composition according to the invention further comprises one or more inorganic adsorbents, preferably diatomaceous earth, and / or clay mineral such as e.g. kaolins or kaolinites, smectites such as e.g. montmorillonites, illites or chlorites; in particular bentonite. In some embodiments, the composition according to the invention further comprises one or more enzymes capable of modifying mycotoxin(s), preferably capable of modifying zearalenone and / or a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol. In some embodiments, the composition according to the invention further comprises (i) one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s), capable of modifying, adsorbing and / or absorbing a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol; and (ii) one or more enzymes capable of modifying zearalenone. In some embodiments, the composition according to the invention further comprises (i) one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s), capable of modifying, adsorbing and / or absorbing a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol; and (ii) one or more enzymes capable of modifying a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol. In some embodiments, the composition according to the invention further comprises one or more means suitable for modifying, adsorbing and / or absorbing mycotoxin(s), preferably capable of modifying zearalenone and / or a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol.

[0015]

[0015] In some embodiments, said one or more chemicals capable of modifying mycotoxin(s) is / are one or more metabisulfite salt(s), such as sodium metabisulfite.

[0016]

[0016] In some embodiments, said one or more polypeptide(s) capable of modifying mycotoxin(s) is / are one or more peptidase(s), hydrolase(s), esterase(s), lactonase(s), epoxidase(s), peroxidase(s), and / or peroxygenase(s). Preferably, said one or more further polypeptide(s) capable of modifying one or more mycotoxin(s) is / are e.g. fumonisin esterase (e.g. as disclosed in WO 2016 / 134387 A1), ochratoxin peptidase (e.g. as disclosed in WO 2023 / 025938 A1 , or in WO 2022 / 129517 A2), zearalenone lactonase (e.g. as disclosed in WO 2020 / 025580 A1 , or in WO 2022 / 073649 A1), ergopeptine hydrolase (e.g. as disclosed in WO 2014 / 056006 A1).

[0017]

[0017] In some embodiments, said one or more organic absorbent(s) is / are live, inactivated, lyophilized, dormant, and / or dead whole-yeast or yeast-derived product such as e.g. yeast cell wall, or yeast oligosaccharides such as e.g. mannan.

[0018] In some embodiments, said one or more inorganic adsorbent(s) is / are diatomaceous earth and / or clay mineral such as e.g. kaolins or kaolinites, smectites such as e.g. montmorillonites, illites or chlorites; in particular bentonite.

[0018]

[0019] In some embodiments, said one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s) is / are selected from Lactobacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Lactococcus sp., Bifidobacterium sp., Bacillus sp., Leuconostoc sp., Pediococcus sp., Aspergillus sp., Saccharomyces sp., Kluyveromyces sp., Brevibacillus sp., Megasphera sp., Prevotella sp., and Propionibacterium sp.

[0019]

[0020] In some embodiments, said one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s) capable of modifying mycotoxin(s) is / are selected from the group consisting of Trichosporon and Apiotrichum genera (e.g. as disclosed in WO 03 / 053161 A1) and the Coriobacteriaceae family (e.g. as disclosed in EP 3 501 526 A1).

[0020]

[0021] In some embodiments, said one or more plant product(s) is / are e.g., seaweed, preferably seaweed meal; and / or algae, preferably algae meal; and / orthistle, preferably thistle seeds; and / or glycyrrhiza plant preparation, preferably glycyrrhiza meal and / or glycyrrhiza extract, e.g. as disclosed in WO 2018 / 121881 A1.

[0021]

[0022] In some embodiments, said one or more flavoring compound(s) is / are e.g., plant extract e.g. from oregano, thyme, Wintergreen, caraway, marjoram, mint, peppermint, anise, orange, lemon, fennel, star anise, clove, cinnamon and / or garlic; and / or essential oil such as e.g. D- limonene, y-terpinene, p-cymene, 2-carene, linalool oxide, isomenthone, camphor, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, 2-isopropyl-1-methoxy-4-methylbenzene, L-menthol, ethylamine, a-terpineol, |3- caryophyllene, D-carvone, methyl salicylate, a-caryophyllene, lavandulyl acetate, caryophyllene oxide, eugenol, thymol and / or carvacrol.

[0022]

[0023] In some embodiments, said one or more vitamin(s) is / are e.g. vitamin A, D, E, K, C, B1 , B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9 and / or B12.

[0023]

[0024] In a further aspect, the invention relates to a method for reducing adverse effect(s) of a trichothecene on an animal cell, comprising the step of contacting the trichothecene with a compound having formula (I):

[0024] (I).

[0025] In some embodiments of the method for reducing adverse effect(s) of a trichothecene on an animal cell, the adverse effect(s) is / are selected from reduced gut barrier function, reduced gut barrier integrity, gut barrier dysfunction, reduced gut health.

[0025]

[0026] In some embodiments of the method for reducing adverse effect(s) of a trichothecene on an animal cell, the animal cell is a gut cell, a gut barrier cell, a gastric cell, an intestinal cell, a jejunum cell, a duodenum cell, a colon cell, a rumen cell, an ileum cell, or a caecum cell.

[0026]

[0027] In some embodiments, the invention relates to a method for reducing adverse effect(s) of a trichothecene on an animal cell, comprising the step of contacting the trichothecene, and / or the animal cell, with the compound having formula (I).

[0027]

[0028] In some embodiments, the invention relates to a method for reducing adverse effect(s) of a trichothecene on an animal cell, comprising the step of contacting the trichothecene and / or the animal cell with the compound having formula (I), preferably wherein the trichothecene and / or the animal cell is / are contacted with the compound having formula (I) before and / or concomitantly with a contact of the trichothecene with the animal cell.

[0028]

[0029] In a further aspect, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a composition, in particular for manufacturing a nutritional composition, the method comprising the step of providing a compound having formula (I):

[0029]

[0030] and contacting the composition with the compound. For the sake of clarity, it is intended that the compound having formula (I) remains in the composition after said step of contacting the composition with the compound.

[0030]

[0031] In some embodiments, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a composition, in particular for manufacturing a nutritional composition, the method comprising the steps of providing the compound having formula (I), and contacting the composition with the compound, wherein the composition is foodstuff; fodder; feed; silage; wet distillers grain; dried distillers grain with solubles; precursor(s) thereof; intermediate / s thereof; and / or mixture / s thereof; and / or wherein the composition comprises cereal(s) such as rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn or maize, barley, sorghum, and / or soy or other Fabaceae plant(s); and / or product(s) thereof; suitable for human and / or non-human animal consumption. In some embodiments of the method for manufacturing a composition, in particular for manufacturing a nutritional compositing, the composition is a premix (see e.g. regulation (EC) no 1831 / 2003 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 September 2003, on additives for use in animal nutrition). Premixes are mixtures of feed additives, or mixtures of feed additive(s) with feed material(s) or water. Such premixes (or premixtures) are not intended for direct feeding to animals, but for incorporation in compound feed.

[0031]

[0032] In some embodiments of the method for manufacturing a composition, in particular for manufacturing a nutritional composition, the composition is foodstuff; fodder; feed; silage; wet distillers grain; dried distillers grain with solubles; precursor(s) thereof; intermediate / s thereof; and / or mixture / s thereof; and / or the composition comprises cereal(s) such as rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn or maize, barley, sorghum, and / or soy or other Fabaceae plant(s); and / or product(s) thereof; suitable for human and / or non-human animal consumption.

[0032]

[0033] In some embodiments of the method for manufacturing a composition, in particular for manufacturing a nutritional composition, the composition comprises at least one trichothecene, preferably selected from deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin; more preferably the at least one trichothecene is deoxynivalenol.

[0033]

[0034] In another aspect, the invention relates to a use of a compound having formula (I):

[0034]

[0035] and / or a means for providing the compound, in one or more of the following: (i) reducing adverse effect(s) of a trichothecene; (ii) improving gut barrier integrity and / or gut barrier function, in particular in the presence of a trichothecene; (iii) preventing gut barrier dysfunction, in particular wherein the gut barrier dysfunction is caused by exposure to a trichothecene; (iv) maintaining gut health and / or promoting normal gut barrier function, in particular in the presence of a trichothecene.

[0035]

[0036] In some embodiments, the invention relates to a use of a compound having formula (I): (I),

[0036]

[0037] and / or a means for providing the compound, in one or more of the following: (i) reducing adverse effect(s) of a trichothecene on a healthy individual (in particular on a healthy human or non-human individual or animal, e.g. mammal, bird, fish, arthropod, mollusk etc.); (ii) improving gut barrier integrity and / or gut barrier function of a healthy individual (in particular on a healthy human or non-human individual or animal, e.g. mammal, bird, fish, arthropod, mollusk etc.), in particular in the presence of a trichothecene; (iii) preventing gut barrier dysfunction in a healthy individual (in particular on a healthy human or non-human individual or animal, e.g. mammal, bird, fish, arthropod, mollusk etc.), in particular wherein the gut barrier dysfunction is caused by exposure to a trichothecene; (iv) maintaining gut health and / or promoting normal gut barrier function of a healthy individual (in particular on a healthy human or non-human individual or animal, e.g. mammal, bird, fish, arthropod, mollusk etc.), in particular in the presence of a trichothecene.

[0037]

[0038] In some embodiments of the use of the compound having formula (I) according to the invention, the trichothecene is selected from deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin; preferably the trichothecene is deoxynivalenol.

[0038]

[0039] In some embodiments of the use of the compound having formula (I) according to the invention, the means for providing the compound having formula (I) is a polypeptide capable of providing the compound having formula (I). In some embodiments of the invention, said polypeptide capable of providing the compound having formula (I) is an enzyme comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs 1-80. Such enzymes are capable of producing (E)-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(10-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-undecen-1-yl)benzoic acid, which undergoes subsequent spontaneous decarboxylation, thus providing the compound having formula (I), (E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-10-hydroxy-1-undecen-6-one, e.g. Vekiru et al. 2016. World Mycotoxin Journal 9(3): 353-363. It was found that in particular when preferably using an enzyme comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs 1-48, the compound having formula (I) can be provided in a particularly effective and efficient manner. Irrespective of any particular amino acid sequences, a skilled person in the art will appreciate that the invention can be put to practice with any means (e.g. enzyme(s)) capable of providing compound having formula (I).

[0039]

[0040] In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound for use in treatment, amelioration and / or prevention of symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene; wherein the compound has formula (I):

[0040]

[0041] Some embodiments of the invention relate to the compound for use in treatment, amelioration and / or prevention of symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene, wherein said symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene, is / are reduced gut barrier function, reduced gut barrier function, gut barrier dysfunction, reduced gut health.

[0041]

[0042] In some embodiments, the compound for use in treatment, amelioration and / or prevention of symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene, is comprised in a composition, e.g. nutritional composition; and wherein the composition is foodstuff; fodder; feed; silage; wet distillers grain; dried distillers grain with solubles; intermediate / s thereof; and / or mixture / s thereof; and wherein the composition comprises cereal(s) such as rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn or maize, barley, sorghum, and / or soy or other Fabaceae plant(s) suitable for human and / or animal consumption; and / or product(s) thereof.

[0042]

[0043] In some embodiments of the compound for use in treatment, amelioration and / or prevention of symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene, the trichothecene is selected from deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin; preferably the trichothecene is deoxynivalenol.

[0043]

[0044] In another aspect, the invention relates to means for providing a compound for use in treatment, amelioration and / or prevention of symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene; wherein the compound has formula (I):

[0044]

[0045] As described herein, means for providing the compound having formula (I) can be e.g. one or more polypeptide(s), e.g. an enzyme comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs 1-80, preferably to any one of SEQ ID NOs 1-48. In some embodiments, the means for providing the compound having formula (I), for use in treatment, amelioration and / or prevention of symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene, further comprise (4S, 12E)- 16,18-dihydroxy-4-methyl-3-oxabicyclo[12.4.0]octadeca-1 (14) , 12, 15, 17-tetraene-2,8- dione which will be modified by the means for providing the compound having formula (I) to form (E)-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(10-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-undecen-1-yl)benzoic acid, which subsequently decarboxylates to form (E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10-hydroxy-1-undecen-6-one, which may isomerize in full or partially to form (E)-11-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-10-undecen-2-one.

[0045]

[0046] Some embodiments of the invention relate to the means for providing the compound having formula (I), for use in treatment, amelioration and / or prevention of symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene, wherein said symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene, is / are reduced gut barrier function, reduced gut barrier function, gut barrier dysfunction, reduced gut health.

[0046]

[0047] In some embodiments, the means for providing the compound having formula (I), for use in treatment, amelioration and / or prevention of symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene, is comprised in a composition, e.g. nutritional composition; and wherein the composition is foodstuff; fodder; feed; silage; wet distillers grain; dried distillers grain with solubles; intermediate / s thereof; and / or mixture / s thereof; and wherein the composition comprises cereal(s) such as rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn or maize, barley, sorghum, and / or soy or other Fabaceae plant(s) suitable for human and / or animal consumption; and / or product(s) thereof.

[0047]

[0048] In some embodiments of the means for providing the compound having formula (I), for use in treatment, amelioration and / or prevention of symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene, the trichothecene is selected from deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin; preferably the trichothecene is deoxynivalenol.

[0048]

[0049] In some embodiments, the compound having formula (I), as referred to herein, is (E)-1- (3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10-hydroxy-1 -undecen-6-one, or (E)-1 -(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-10- hydroxy-1-undecen-6-one, as described e.g. by Vekiru et al. 2016. World Mycotoxin Journal 9(3): 353-363. In some embodiments, the compound is a mixture of (E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10- hydroxy-1-undecen-6-one, and its isomer (E)-11-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-10-undecen- 2-one. In some embodiments, the compound is (E)-11-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-10- undecen-2-one. In some embodiments, the compound is provided by modifying (4S,12E)-16,18- dihydroxy-4-methyl-3-oxabicyclo[12.4.0]octadeca-1 (14), 12, 15, 17-tetraene-2, 8-dione (also referred to as zearalenone; CAS no. 17924-92-4) to (E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-10-hydroxy-1- undecen-6-one and / or (E)-11-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-10-undecen-2-one; e.g. by enzymatically modifying (4S, 12E)-16, 18-dihydroxy-4-methyl-3-oxabicyclo[12.4.0]octadeca- 1 (14), 12, 15, 17-tetraene-2, 8-dione to form (E)-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(10-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-undecen-1- yl)benzoic acid, which subsequently decarboxylates to form (E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10- hydroxy-1-undecen-6-one, which may isomerize in full or partially to form (E)-11-(3,5- dihydroxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-10-undecen-2-one at room temperature, e.g. as described in Vekiru et al. 2016. World Mycotoxin Journal 9(3): 353-363. In embodiments of the invention, a composition, in particular in a nutritional composition (e.g. foodstuff; fodder; feed; silage; wet distillers grain; dried distillers grain with solubles; intermediate / s thereof; and / or mixture / s thereof; preferably wherein the nutritional composition comprises cereal(s) such as rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn or maize, barley, sorghum, and / or soy or other Fabaceae plant(s); and / or product(s) thereof; suitable for human and / or non-human animal consumption) is provided; wherein said composition comprises zearalenone; and wherein means for providing the compound having formula (I) as referred to herein, in particular means for providing the compound having formula (I) from zearalenone, is / are provided; thus resulting in a composition comprising the compound having formula (I).

[0049]

[0050] The invention is further characterized by the following items:

[0050]

[0051] Item 1 : Composition (e.g. a nutritional composition), comprising at least a first compound having formula (I):

[0051]

[0052] Item 2: Composition (e.g. a nutritional composition), comprising at least a first compound having formula (I): and at least one trichothecene.

[0052]

[0053] Item 3: The composition according to any one of items 1 or 2, wherein a risk for causing adverse effect(s) of a trichothecene is reduced, in particular wherein the adverse effect(s) of a trichothecene is / are selected from reduced gut barrier function, reduced gut barrier integrity, gut barrier dysfunction, reduced gut health.

[0053]

[0054] Item 4: The composition according to any one of items 1 or 2, wherein the composition is capable of improving gut barrier integrity and / or gut barrier function.

[0055] Item 5: The composition according to item 4, wherein the composition is capable of improving gut barrier integrity and / or gut barrier function in the presence of a trichothecene.

[0054]

[0056] Item 6: The composition according to any one of items 1 or 2, wherein the composition is capable of preventing gut barrier dysfunction.

[0055]

[0057] Item 7: The composition according to item 6, wherein the composition is capable of preventing gut barrier dysfunction, wherein the gut barrier dysfunction is caused by exposure to a trichothecene.

[0056]

[0058] Item 8: The composition according to any one of items 1 or 2, wherein the composition is capable of maintaining gut health and / or of promoting normal gut barrier function.

[0057]

[0059] Item 9: The composition according to item 8, wherein the composition is capable of maintaining gut health and / or of promoting normal gut barrier function in the presence of a trichothecene.

[0058]

[0060] Item 10: The composition according to any one of the previous items, wherein the composition is intended for administration to a healthy individual, in particular a healthy human or non-human individual or animal, e.g. mammal, bird, fish, arthropod, mollusk, swine, poultry, chicken, turkey, ruminant, sheep, cow, goat, horse, pet, cat, dog, fish, salmon, trout, rainbow trout, tilapia, catfish, bass, oyster, mussels, clams, scallops, crustaceans, crab, lobster, shrimp, prawn etc.

[0059]

[0061] Item 11 : The composition according to any one of the previous items, wherein the composition is compared to a comparable composition (e.g. comparable nutritional composition) not comprising the at least first compound having formula (I).

[0060]

[0062] Item 12: The composition according to any one of the previous items, wherein the at least one trichothecene is selected from deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin; preferably the at least one trichothecene is deoxynivalenol.

[0061]

[0063] Item 13: The composition according to any one of the previous items, wherein the composition is foodstuff; fodder; feed; silage; wet distillers grain; dried distillers grain with solubles; intermediate / s thereof; and / or mixture / s thereof; and / or the composition comprises cereal(s) such as rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn or maize, barley, sorghum, and / or soy or other Fabaceae plant(s); and / or product(s) thereof; suitable for human and / or non-human animal consumption.

[0062]

[0064] Item 14: The composition according to any one of the previous items, wherein the composition further comprises compounds selected from: one or more chemicals capable of modifying mycotoxin(s); one or more polypeptides capable of modifying mycotoxin(s); one or more feed enzymes selected from phytase, carbohydrase, protease; one or more organic adsorbent(s), preferably capable of adsorbing and / or absorbing mycotoxin(s); one or more inorganic adsorbents, preferably capable of adsorbing and / or absorbing mycotoxin(s); one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s), preferably capable of modifying, adsorbing and / or absorbing mycotoxin(s); one or more plant product(s); one or more flavoring compound(s); and one or more vitamin(s).

[0063]

[0065] Item 15: The composition according to any one of the previous items, wherein the composition further comprises one, two, three, or four of: (i) one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s), capable of modifying, adsorbing and / or absorbing a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol; (ii) one or more chemicals capable of modifying mycotoxin(s), preferably metabisulfite salt(s), more preferably sodium metabisulfite; (iii) one or more inorganic adsorbents, preferably diatomaceous earth and / or clay mineral such as e.g. kaolins or kaolinites, smectites such as e.g. montmorillonites, illites or chlorites; in particular bentonite; and / or (iv) one or more enzymes capable of modifying mycotoxin(s), preferably capable of modifying zearalenone and / or a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol.

[0064]

[0066] Item 16: The composition according to any one of the previous items, wherein the composition further comprises one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s), capable of modifying, adsorbing and / or absorbing a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol.

[0065]

[0067] Item 17: The composition according to any one of the previous items, wherein the composition further comprises one or more chemicals capable of modifying mycotoxin(s), preferably metabisulfite salt(s), more preferably sodium metabisulfite.

[0066]

[0068] Item 18: The composition according to any one of the previous items, wherein the composition further comprises one or more inorganic adsorbents, preferably diatomaceous earth and / or clay mineral such as e.g. kaolins or kaolinites, smectites such as e.g. montmorillonites, illites or chlorites; in particular bentonite.

[0067]

[0069] Item 19: The composition according to any one of the previous items, wherein the composition further comprises one or more enzymes capable of modifying mycotoxin(s), preferably capable of modifying zearalenone and / or a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol.

[0068]

[0070] Item 20: The composition according to any one of the previous items, wherein the composition further comprises (i) one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s), capable of modifying, adsorbing and / or absorbing a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol; and (ii) one or more enzymes capable of modifying zearalenone.

[0071] Item 21 : The composition according to any one of the previous items, wherein the composition further comprises (i) one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s), capable of modifying, adsorbing and / or absorbing a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol; and (ii) one or more enzymes capable of modifying a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol.

[0069]

[0072] Item 22: The composition according to any one of the previous items, wherein the composition further comprises one or more means suitable for modifying, adsorbing and / or absorbing mycotoxin(s), preferably capable of modifying zearalenone and / or a trichothecene, preferably deoxynivalenol.

[0070]

[0073] Item 23: The composition according to item 15 or 17, wherein the one or more chemicals capable of modifying mycotoxin(s) is / are one or more metabisulfite salt(s), such as sodium metabisulfite.

[0071]

[0074] Item 24: The composition according to item 15, wherein the one or more polypeptide(s) capable of modifying mycotoxin(s) is / are one or more peptidase(s), hydrolase(s), esterase(s), lactonase(s), epoxidase(s), peroxidase(s), and / or peroxygenase(s).

[0072]

[0075] Item 25: The composition according to item 15 or 24, wherein the one or more further polypeptide(s) capable of modifying one or more mycotoxin(s) is / are e.g. fumonisin esterase (e.g. as disclosed in WO 2016 / 134387 A1), ochratoxin peptidase (e.g. as disclosed in WO 2023 / 025938 A1 , or in WO 2022 / 129517 A2), zearalenone lactonase (e.g. as disclosed in WO 2020 / 025580 A1 , or in WO 2022 / 073649 A1), ergopeptine hydrolase (e.g. as disclosed in WO 2014 / 056006 A1).

[0073]

[0076] Item 26: The composition according to item 15 or 16, wherein the one or more organic absorbent(s) is / are live, inactivated, lyophilized, dormant, and / or dead whole-yeast or yeast- derived product such as e.g. yeast cell wall, or yeast oligosaccharides such as e.g. mannan.

[0074]

[0077] Item 27: The composition according to item 15 or 18, wherein the one or more inorganic adsorbent(s) is / are diatomaceous earth and / or clay mineral such as e.g. kaolins or kaolinites, smectites such as e.g. montmorillonites, illites or chlorites; in particular bentonite.

[0075]

[0078] Item 28: The composition according to item 15 or 16 or 20, wherein the one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s) is / are selected from Lactobacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Lactococcus sp., Bifidobacterium sp., Bacillus sp., Leuconostoc sp., Pediococcus sp., Aspergillus sp., Saccharomyces sp., Kluyveromyces sp., Brevibacillus sp., Megasphera sp., Prevotella sp., and Propionibacterium sp..

[0079] Item 29: The composition according to item 15 or 16 or 20 or 21 , wherein the one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s) capable of modifying mycotoxin(s) is / are selected from the group consisting of Trichosporon and Apiotrichum genera (e.g. as disclosed in WO 03 / 053161 A1) and the Coriobacteriaceae family (e.g. as disclosed in EP 3 501 526 A1).

[0076]

[0080] Item 30: The composition according to item 15, wherein the one or more plant product(s) is / are e.g., seaweed, preferably seaweed meal; and / or algae, preferably algae meal; and / or thistle, preferably thistle seeds; and / or glycyrrhiza plant preparation, preferably glycyrrhiza meal and / or glycyrrhiza extract, e.g. as disclosed in WO 2018 / 121881 A1.

[0077]

[0081] Item 31 : The composition according to item 15, wherein the one or more flavoring compound(s) is / are e.g., plant extract e.g. from oregano, thyme, Wintergreen, caraway, marjoram, mint, peppermint, anise, orange, lemon, fennel, star anise, clove, cinnamon and / or garlic; and / or essential oil such as e.g. D-limonene, y-terpinene, p-cymene, 2-carene, linalool oxide, isomenthone, camphor, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, 2-isopropyl-1-methoxy-4-methylbenzene, L- menthol, ethylamine, a-terpineol, |3-caryophyllene, D-carvone, methyl salicylate, a-caryophyllene, lavandulyl acetate, caryophyllene oxide, eugenol, thymol and / or carvacrol.

[0078]

[0082] Item 32: The composition according to item 15, wherein one or more vitamin(s) is / are e.g. vitamin A, D, E, K, C, B1 , B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9 and / or B12.

[0079]

[0083] Item 33: Method for reducing adverse effect(s) of a trichothecene on a human or nonhuman animal cell, comprising the step of contacting the trichothecene and / or the human or nonhuman animal cell with a compound having formula (I):

[0080]

[0084] Item 34: The method according to item 33, wherein the adverse effect(s) is / are selected from reduced gut barrier function, reduced gut barrier integrity, gut barrier dysfunction, reduced gut health.

[0081]

[0085] Item 35: The method according to any one of items 33 or 34, wherein the human or nonhuman animal cell is a gut cell, a gut barrier cell, a gastric cell, an intestinal cell, a jejunum cell, a duodenum cell, a colon cell, a rumen cell, an ileum cell, a caecum cell.

[0086] Item 36: The method according to any one of items 33-35, wherein the trichothecene and / or the human or non-human animal cell is / are contacted with the compound having formula(l) before and / or concomitantly with a contact of the trichothecene with the human or non-human animal cell.

[0082]

[0087] Item 37: Method for manufacturing a composition, in particular for manufacturing a nutritional composition, the method comprising the step of providing a compound having formula (I): and contacting the composition with the compound.

[0083]

[0088] Item 38: The method according to item 37, wherein the composition is foodstuff; fodder; feed; silage; wet distillers grain; dried distillers grain with solubles; precursor(s) thereof; intermediate / s thereof; and / or mixture / s thereof; and / or wherein the composition comprises cereal(s) such as rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn or maize, barley, sorghum, and / or soy or other Fabaceae plant(s); and / or product(s) thereof; suitable for human and / or non-human animal consumption.

[0084]

[0089] Item 39: The method according to item 37, wherein the composition is a premix, in particular a feed premix, as defined in the regulation (EC) no 1831 / 2003 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 September 2003, on additives for use in animal nutrition.

[0085]

[0090] Item 40: The method according to any one of items 37-39, wherein the composition comprises at least one trichothecene.

[0086]

[0091] Item 41 : The method according to any one of items 37-40, wherein the composition comprises at least one trichothecene selected from deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin.

[0087]

[0092] Item 42: The method according to any one of items 37-40, wherein the composition comprises deoxynivalenol.

[0088]

[0093] Item 43: Use of a compound having formula (I):

[0089] (I), and / or a means for providing the compound, for reducing adverse effect(s) of a trichothecene on a healthy individual (in particular on a healthy human or non-human individual or animal, e.g. mammal, bird, fish, arthropod, mollusk etc.).

[0090]

[0094] Item 44: Use of a compound having formula (I): and / or a means for providing the compound, for improving gut barrier integrity and / or gut barrier function.

[0091]

[0095] Item 45: Use of a compound having formula (I): and / or a means for providing the compound, for improving gut barrier integrity and / or gut barrier function in the presence of a trichothecene (e.g. deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T- 2 toxin).

[0092]

[0096] Item 46: Use of a compound having formula (I): (I), and / or a means for providing the compound, for improving gut barrier integrity and / or gut barrier function of a healthy individual (in particular on a healthy human or non-human individual or animal, e.g. mammal, bird, fish, arthropod, mollusk etc.).

[0093]

[0097] Item 47: Use of a compound having formula (I):

[0094] (I), and / or a means for providing the compound, for improving gut barrier integrity and / or gut barrier function of a healthy individual (in particular on a healthy human or non-human individual or animal, e.g. mammal, bird, fish, arthropod, mollusk etc.), wherein the gut barrier dysfunction is caused by exposure to a trichothecene (e.g. deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin).

[0095]

[0098] Item 48: Use of a compound having formula (I): and / or a means for providing the compound, for maintaining gut health and / or promoting normal gut barrier function of a healthy individual (in particular on a healthy human or non-human individual or animal, e.g. mammal, bird, fish, arthropod, mollusk etc.).

[0096]

[0099] Item 49: Use of a compound having formula (I):

[0097] (I), and / or a means for providing the compound, for maintaining gut health and / or promoting normal gut barrier function of a healthy individual (in particular on a healthy human or non-human individual or animal, e.g. mammal, bird, fish, arthropod, mollusk etc.), in the presence of a trichothecene (e.g. deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin).

[0098]

[0100] Item 50: The use according to any one of items 43-49, wherein trichothecene is selected from deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin.

[0099]

[0101] Item 51 : The use according to any one of items 43-50, wherein trichothecene is deoxynivalenol.

[0100]

[0102] Item 52: The use according to any one of items 43-51 , wherein the means for providing the compound having formula (I) is a polypeptide capable of providing the compound having formula (I).

[0101]

[0103] Item 53: The use according to any one of items 43-52, wherein the means for providing the compound having formula (I) is an enzyme capable of providing (E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)- 10-hydroxy-1-undecen-6-one.

[0102]

[0104] Item 54: The use according to any one of items 43-53, wherein the means for providing the compound having formula (I) is an enzyme capable of providing (E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)- 10-hydroxy-1-undecen-6-one via (E)-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(10-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-undecen-1-yl)benzoic acid.

[0103]

[0105] Item 55: The use according to any one of items 43-54, wherein the means for providing the compound having formula (I) is an enzyme comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs 1-80.

[0104]

[0106] Item 56: The use according to any one of items 43-55, wherein the means for providing the compound having formula (I) is an enzyme comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs 1-48.

[0105]

[0107] Item 57: Compound for use in treatment, amelioration, and / or prevention of symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene; wherein the compound has formula (I):

[0108] Item 58: The compound for use according to item 57, wherein the symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene, is / are reduced gut barrier function, reduced gut barrier function, gut barrier dysfunction, reduced gut health.

[0106]

[0109] Item 59: The compound for use according to any one of items 57-58, wherein the compound is comprised in a composition, e.g. nutritional composition; and wherein the composition is foodstuff; fodder; feed; silage; wet distillers grain; dried distillers grain with solubles; intermediate / s thereof; and / or mixture / s thereof; and / or the composition comprises cereal(s) such as rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn or maize, barley, sorghum, and / or soy or other Fabaceae plant(s) suitable for human and / or animal consumption; and / or product(s) thereof.

[0107]

[0110] Item 60: The compound for use according to any one of items 57-59, wherein the trichothecene is selected from deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin.

[0108]

[0111] Item 61 : The compound for use according to any one of items 57-60, wherein the trichothecene is deoxynivalenol.

[0109]

[0112] Item 62: The compound having formula (I) of any one of the preceding items, wherein the compound is comprised in a mixture of (E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10-hydroxy-1-undecen-6-one and / or (E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-10-hydroxy-1-undecen-6-one.

[0110]

[0113] Item 63: The compound having formula (I) of any one of the preceding items, wherein the compound is provided by modifying (4S,12E)-16,18-dihydroxy-4-methyl-3- oxabicyclo[12.4.0]octadeca-1 (14),12,15,17-tetraene-2,8-dione to form (E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxy- phenyl)-10-hydroxy-1-undecen-6-one and / or (E)-11-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-10- undecen-2-one.

[0111]

[0114] Item 64: The compound having formula (I) of any one of the preceding items, wherein the compound is provided by modifying (4S,12E)-16,18-dihydroxy-4-methyl-3- oxabicyclo[12.4.0]octadeca-1 (14),12,15,17-tetraene-2,8-dione to form (E)-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(10- hydroxy-6-oxo-1-undecen-1-yl)benzoic acid, wherein the (E)-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(10-hydroxy-6-oxo- 1-undecen-1-yl)benzoic acid subsequently decarboxylates to form (E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)- 10-hydroxy-1 -undecen-6-one.

[0112]

[0115] Item 65: The compound having formula (I) of any one of the preceding items, wherein the compound is provided by providing (3S,11 E)-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-3,4,5,6,9,10-hexahydro- 1 H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1 ,7(8H)-dione; and means for converting (3S,11 E)-14,16- dihydroxy-3-methyl-3,4,5,6,9,10-hexahydro-1 H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1 ,7(8H)-dione to the compound having formula (I).

[0116] Item 66: The compound having formula (I) of item 65, wherein the means for converting (3S,11 E)-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-3,4,5,6,9,10-hexahydro-1 H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin- 1 ,7(8H)-dione is / are an enzyme, preferably a lactonase.

[0113]

[0117] Item 67: The compound having formula (I) of item 65, wherein the means for converting (3S,11 E)-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-3,4,5,6,9,10-hexahydro-1 H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin- 1 ,7(8H)-dione is an enzyme comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs 1-80, preferably SEQ ID NOs 1-48.

[0114]

[0118] In the following, the present invention is further described by non-limiting figures and examples.

[0115] Examples

[0116]

[0119] The present invention as disclosed herein is not limited to specific embodiments, figures, methodology, examples, protocols etc. described herein but solely defined by the claims.

[0117] Example 1

[0118]

[0120] Deoxynivalenol (DON) is known to increase risk of gut barrier dysfunction, to impair gut barrier function and gut barrier integrity. Such undesirable effects on the gastrointestinal barrier structure and integrity can be measured as a reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of intestinal epithelial cells, as described e.g. by Springier et al. 2016. Toxins. 8(9): 264. Conversely, protective and strengthening effects on the gastrointestinal barrier can be measured as an increase in TEER.

[0119]

[0121] Essentially, a monolayer of differentiated intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) was established, and effects of test solutions on the intestinal barrier integrity function of these cells were investigated via TEER analysis as described in Springier et al. 2016. Toxins. 8(9): 264.

[0120]

[0122] A first test solution (TS1) comprised 10 pM DON dissolved in 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). A second test solution (TS2) comprised both, 10 pM of DON and 10 nM of the substance having formula (I), in 0.1% DSMO. A third test solution (TS3) comprised 10 nM of the substance having formula (I) referred to herein, i.e. (E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-10-hydroxy-1-undecen-6- one, also dissolved in 0.1% DSMO. As control, 0.1% DMSO solution was used.

[0121]

[0123] Transepithelial electrical resistance was determined upon incubation of IPEC-J2 monolayers with several test substances for 72 h. TEER was measured upon start of the incubation (0 h), after 24 h, 48 h, and after 72 h. Resistance values as obtained upon incubation with the test substances were normalized to the resistance of the DMSO control solution, see Table 1.

[0122] Table 1 : Average TEER ± standard deviation (SD) of test substances 1-3 (TS 1-3) throughout incubation was determined from at least triplicate measurements. Values were normalized to DMSO control, wherein this control TEER at 0 h was set to 100%.

[0123]

[0124] As expected, DON caused a significant impairment of intestinal barrier structure and function, as shown by an almost 70% decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance of the epithelial cells when incubated with DON for 72 h. Surprisingly, addition of the substance having formula (I), (E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-10-hydroxy-1-undecen-6-one, was found to effectively rescue gut barrier function from the adverse trichothecene effects of DON, and restored TEER of the IPEC-J2 gut cells to a healthy normal level. When applying lower or higher concentrations of DON and / or (E)-1-(3,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-10-hydroxy-1-undecen-6-one, essentially the same effect could be observed analogously.

[0124]

[0125] In contrast to the compound having formula (I), other tested substances were not found capable of rescuing the DON-induced reduction in gut barrier function and integrity.

[0125]

[0126] In agreement with the above results, intestinal barrier function was further tested by studying leakage of a small fluorescent dye marker, Lucifer Yellow, through IPEC-J2 monolayer from the apical into the basolateral compartment of a transwell system. Under normal, i.e. healthy conditions, Lucifer Yellow is not taken up or transported by epithelial cells. Thus, in normal healthy form, the gut barrier formed by the epithelial cells does not allow diffusion or leakage of Lucifer Yellow across the barrier. However, incubation with DON led to reduced gut barrier function and structure and resulted in increased Lucifer Yellow leakage, which could be restored and prevented by co-administration of the compound having formula (I) according to the invention.

Claims

Claims1. Composition, in particular a nutritional composition, comprising at least a first compound having formula (I):(I), and optionally at least one trichothecene.

2. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one trichothecene is selected from deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin; preferably the at least one trichothecene is deoxynivalenol.

3. The composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the composition is foodstuff; fodder; feed; silage; wet distillers grain; dried distillers grain with solubles; intermediate / s thereof; and / or mixture / s thereof; and / or wherein the composition comprises cereal(s) such as rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn or maize, barley, sorghum, and / or soy or other Fabaceae plant(s); and / or product(s) thereof; suitable for human and / or non-human animal consumption.

4. The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition further comprises one or more further compounds selected from one or more chemicals capable of modifying mycotoxin(s); one or more polypeptides capable of modifying mycotoxin(s); one or more feed enzymes selected from phytase, carbohydrase, protease; one or more organic adsorbent(s), preferably capable of adsorbing and / or absorbing mycotoxin(s); one or more inorganic adsorbents, preferably capable of adsorbing and / or absorbing mycotoxin(s); one or more live, inactivated, lyophilized and / or dormant microorganism(s), preferably capable of modifying, adsorbing and / or absorbing mycotoxin(s); one or more plant product(s); one or more flavoring compound(s); and one or more vitamin(s).

5. Method for reducing adverse effect(s) of a trichothecene on an animal cell, comprising the step of contacting the trichothecene with a compound having formula (I):(I).

6. Method for manufacturing a composition, in particular for manufacturing a nutritional composition, the method comprising the step of providing a compound having formula (I):(I), and contacting the composition with the compound.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the composition is foodstuff; fodder; feed; silage; wet distillers grain; dried distillers grain with solubles; precursor(s) thereof; intermediate / s thereof; and / or mixture / s thereof; and / or wherein the composition comprises cereal(s) such as rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn or maize, barley, sorghum, and / or soy or other Fabaceae plant(s); and / or product(s) thereof; suitable for human and / or non-human animal consumption.

8. The method according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the composition comprises at least one trichothecene.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the at least one trichothecene is selected from deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin; preferably the at least one trichothecene is deoxynivalenol.

10. Use of a compound having formula (I):and / or a means for providing the compound, in one or more of the following:(i) reducing adverse effect(s) of a trichothecene;(ii) improving gut barrier integrity and / or gut barrier function, in particular in the presence of a trichothecene;(iii) preventing gut barrier dysfunction, in particular wherein the gut barrier dysfunction is caused by exposure to a trichothecene;(iv) maintaining gut health and / or promoting normal gut barrier function, in particular in the presence of a trichothecene.

11. The use according to claim 10, wherein the trichothecene is selected from deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin; preferably the trichothecene is deoxynivalenol.

12. Compound for use in treatment, amelioration and / or prevention of symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene; wherein the compound has formula (I):

13. Means for providing a compound, for use in treatment, amelioration and / or prevention of symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene; wherein the compound has formula (I):

14. The compound for use according to claim 12, or the means for providing a compound for use according to claim 13, wherein the symptom(s) associated with a trichothecene is / are reduced gut barrier function, reduced gut barrier function, gut barrier dysfunction, reduced gut health.

15. The compound for use according to claim 12 or 14, or the means for providing a compound for use according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the compound is comprised in a composition, e.g. nutritional composition; and wherein the composition is foodstuff; fodder; feed; silage; wet distillers grain; dried distillers grain with solubles; intermediate / s thereof; and / or mixture / s thereof; and wherein the composition comprises cereal(s) such as rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn or maize, barley, sorghum, and / or soy or other Fabaceae plant(s) suitable for human and / or animal consumption; and / or product(s) thereof.

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