Base station and wireless communication method

Abstract

A base station according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises: a reception unit that receives a plurality of candidate beams for sensing; and a control unit that identifies one or more new beams from the plurality of candidate beams on the basis of candidate beam qualities of the plurality of candidate beams, and controls transmission of a report of the one or more new beams.

Description

Base station and wireless communication method

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a base station and a wireless communication method in a next-generation mobile communication system.

[0002] Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been specified for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks with the aim of achieving higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Document 1). LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) has also been specified with the aim of achieving higher capacity and more advanced features than LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (e.g., 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 or later, etc.) are also being considered.

[0004] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010

[0005] Various sensing methods are being considered for future wireless communication systems. For example, a terminal (user terminal, User Equipment (UE)) / base station (e.g., gNB) may transmit sensing resources to the base station / UE via a target.

[0006] However, detailed methods for measuring and reporting sensing have not been clarified. If these are not thoroughly considered, there is a risk that sensing accuracy and communication quality will be reduced.

[0007] Therefore, one of the objects of the present disclosure is to provide a base station and a wireless communication method that can appropriately perform measurements / reports for sensing.

[0008] A base station according to one aspect of the present disclosure has a receiving unit that receives multiple candidate beams for sensing, and a control unit that identifies one or more new beams from the multiple candidate beams based on the candidate beam quality of the multiple candidate beams and controls the transmission of reports of the one or more new beams.

[0009] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, sensing measurements / reports can be performed appropriately.

[0010] 1A and 1B show an example of a monostatic sensing scenario at a BS or a UE. FIGS. 2A and 2B show an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between BSs or UEs. FIGS. 3A and 3B show an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between a BS and a UE. FIG. 4 shows an example of an NR positioning architecture. FIG. 5 shows an example of a location service sequence. FIG. 6 shows an example of a PCell / PSCell BFR. FIG. 7 shows an example of an SCell BFR. FIG. 8 shows an example of a BFD. FIG. 9 shows another example of a BFD. FIG. 10 shows an example of target movement in bistatic sensing. FIG. 11 shows an example of Option 1 of embodiment 1. FIG. 12 shows an example of Option 2 of embodiment 1. FIG. 13 shows an example of Option 3 of embodiment 1. FIG. 14 shows an example of a set of RSs / beams for sensing beam monitoring. Fig. 15 shows an example of a set of RSs / beams for sensing beam monitoring and a set of candidate sensing beams. Fig. 16 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. Fig. 17 is a diagram showing an example of a configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. Fig. 18 is a diagram showing an example of a configuration of a user terminal according to an embodiment. Fig. 19 is a diagram showing an example of a hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. Fig. 20 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment.

[0011] (ISAC) The motivation for integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is to achieve high sensing performance and new / extended services by using various frequencies and cellular network equipment, and to optimize network parameters by analyzing real-time sensing data. Use cases and possible requirements for extending 5G systems to provide sensing services to address different target industries / applications are considered, and some use cases may also include non-3GPP type (non-wireless communication type) sensors (e.g., radar, camera).

[0012] For example, use case 1 is sensing for tourist destination traffic management. For example, use case 2 is intruder detection in a smart home environment.

[0013] ISAC considers sensing-assisted communication and communication-assisted sensing. Sensing-assisted communication includes sensing-assisted beam management and sensing-assisted resource allocation. Communication-assisted sensing includes network sensing and coordinated sensing. To achieve these, waveforms, beamforming, artificial intelligence (AI) / deep learning (DL) radio access technology (RAT), frame structure, and reference signals are considered. Furthermore, shared spectrum, hardware, and algorithms for ISAC are considered, including higher frequency bands, larger antenna arrays, and similar signal processing algorithms for communication and sensing.

[0014] In ISAC, the challenges are unified waveforms that simultaneously meet the requirements of communication (e.g., OFDM signals) and sensing (e.g., chirp signals), ISAC beamforming that simultaneously realizes communication (e.g., transmit signals, receive signals) and sensing (e.g., echo signals, transmit signals, reflected signals) through beamforming, and interference suppression between them, and CSI mining by AI that uses AI / DL networks to extract sensing information from channel information for communication (e.g., UL transmit signals) and radar (e.g., DL radar signals).

[0015] Three types of radar and communication systems have been considered based on whether the communication and radar (sensing) systems share hardware / bandwidth. The three types are independent radar and communication systems (independent systems), joint radar and communication systems (joint systems), and integrated radar and communication systems (integrated systems). In the following, we focus on ISAC systems, in which hardware and bandwidth are shared between the radar and communication systems.

[0016] (Wireless Sensing) Wireless sensing based on communication radio waves is a key enabler for the vision of 6G cyber physical systems (CPS). ISAC can be realized by 5G-advanced (A) and 6G with the development of higher frequencies and wider bandwidths. The design of ISAC waveforms and sensing reference signals (RS) is a key technology for realizing wireless sensing.

[0017] Use cases for ISAC include the metaverse, high altitude platform station (HAPS) sensing, and crowd estimation. HAPS can be an aircraft with an altitude of about 20 km and can be used in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs).

[0018] HAPS sensing realizes ultra-remote distance sensing using echo signals based on the support of communication functions. Considering that the sensing distance depends on the strength of the echo signal, a sensing form or sensing sequence with an extremely low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is required to improve the SNR of the echo signal under a given transmission power.

[0019] (Sensing Mode / Method) Conventional communication systems include communication between one BS (base station, gNB) and one UE, and joint transmission between multiple BSs and one UE. Conventional radar systems include monostatic radars in which one radar transmits a radar signal and receives echoes from a sensing target, and bistatic / multistatic radars in which one radar transmits a radar signal and one or more radars receive echoes from a sensing target.

[0020] Independent systems use separate hardware and separate frequency bands for radar and communications, which may be co-located or in separate locations.

[0021] A joint system uses the same hardware and separate frequency bands for radar and communications.

[0022] A unified system uses the same hardware and the same frequency bands for radar and communications.

[0023] Sensing in the ISAC system can be achieved by any of the following sensing methods: ◇Monostatic sensing: Monostatic sensing using the idea of ​​monostatic radar. This sensing method requires one BS or one UE, and sensing is performed using echo signals. In this sensing method, there is no BS-to-BS, UE-to-UE, or BS-to-UE cooperation. A use case of this sensing method is, for example, imaging using terahertz. ◇Bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing: Bistatic / multistatic sensing using bistatic radar / multistatic radar. This sensing method requires two or more BSs or two or more UEs, and sensing is performed using reflected signals. A use case of this sensing method is, for example, positioning. ◇UE-assisted sensing: UE-assisted sensing using the idea of ​​NR positioning. This sensing method requires a BS and a UE, and sensing is performed via communication (UL / DL) signals. This sensing method operates within the existing 5G NR framework. This sensing method requires a UE, and both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) sensing require high computational complexity. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, breath monitoring.

[0024] [Monostatic Sensing] This sensing method includes BS (gNB) monostatic sensing (Figure 1A) and UE monostatic sensing (Figure 1B).

[0025] A scenario suitable for monostatic sensing has the following characteristics: The sensing target is in the vicinity of the sensing BS / UE and high or medium SNR of the echo signal is required. The target may not have communication capabilities.

[0026] The capacity requirements for monostatic sensing have the following characteristics: High capacity is required due to full duplex at the BS or UE.

[0027] The performance of monostatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◇High accuracy due to no quantization. ◇Accuracy is related to the SNR of the echo signal. ◇Low latency.

[0028] [Bistatic Sensing / Multistatic Sensing] This sensing method includes bistatic sensing from BS to BS (gNB-gNB, BS-BS, BS1-BS2, gNB-to-gNB, gNB1-to-gNB2) (Figure 2A), bistatic sensing from UE to BS (UE-gNB, UE-BS, UE-to-gNB) (Figure 2B), bistatic sensing from BS to UE (gNB-UE, BS-UE, gNB-to-UE) (Figure 3A), and bistatic sensing from UE to UE (UE-UE, UE1-UE2, UE-to-UE, UE1-to-UE2) (Figure 3B).

[0029] Scenarios suitable for BS-BS bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇Tight synchronization and coordination between BSs is required, and scheduling coordination among multiple BSs is required. ◇The target may not have communication capabilities.

[0030] The capacity requirements for BS-BS bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇Low capacity can be realized due to half duplex. ◇High capacity is required due to synchronization between BSs.

[0031] The performance of BS-BS bistatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◇High accuracy due to no quantization ◇Accuracy is related to the SNR of the echo signal ◇Medium latency.

[0032] Scenarios suitable for UE-BS, BS-UE and UE-UE bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇ It requires communicating UEs to be around the target.

[0033] The capacity requirements for UE-BS bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇It can be realized even with low capacity due to half duplex. ◇High UE positioning accuracy is required.

[0034] The capacity requirements for BS-UE bistatic sensing and UE-UE bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇Low capacity can be realized due to half duplex. ◇UE needs sufficient computational resources and high accuracy of reflected signal detection. ◇High UE positioning accuracy is required.

[0035] The performance of UE-BS bistatic sensing, BS-UE bistatic sensing, and UE-UE bistatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◇ Medium accuracy due to quantization of feedback values ​​◇ Accuracy is related to the configured resources and UE location ◇ Long latency

[0036] In each of the embodiments described below, the following scenarios and assumptions may be used: ◇In ISAC scenarios, communication and sensing functions are required. ◇For low complexity and backward compatibility, TDD (half duplex) may be assumed instead of full duplex at BS and UE.

[0037] In a TDD-based ISAC system, sensing signals and reflected / echo signals are preferably transmitted and received in different time resources. For example, in BS-based sensing, including monostatic BS sensing and bistatic BS1-to-BS2 sensing, sensing signals are preferably transmitted in DL time resources, and reflected / echo signals are preferably received in UL time resources. For example, in UE-based sensing, including monostatic UE sensing and bistatic UE1-to-UE2 sensing, sensing signals are preferably transmitted in UL time resources, and reflected / echo signals are preferably received in DL time resources. In bistatic BS-to-UE sensing, DL time resources are preferably used for sensing. In bistatic UE-to-DL sensing, UL time resources are preferably used for sensing.

[0038] (Location Services: 5G System (5GS) Location Services (LCS) / Architecture Model and Concepts / Functional description of LCS per network function) In this disclosure, the following abbreviations may be used. - 5G Core Network: 5GC, 5GCN - 5G System: 5GS - (Radio) Access Network: (R)AN - Next Generation-Radio Access Network: NG-RAN - Access and Mobility Management Function: AMF - Location Management Function: LMF - Non-3GPP InterWorking Function: N3IWF - Mobile Originated Location Request: MO-LR - Mobile Terminated Location Request: MT-LR - Network Induced Location Request: NI-LR - Gateway Mobile Location Center: GMLC - Network Exposure Function: NEF - Public Land Mobile Network: PLMN - Trusted Non-3GPP Access Network: TNAN - Internet Protocol: IP - IP Multimedia Subsystem: IMS - Unified Data Management: UDM - Unified Data Repository: UDR - Quality of Service: QoS

[0039] The 5G system architecture includes the following service-based interfaces: Namf: A service-based interface presented by the AMF. Nnef: A service-based interface presented by the NEF.

[0040] The 5GS LCS architecture includes the following service-based interfaces for Location Services: Nlmf: A service-based interface presented by the LMF. Ngmlc: A service-based interface presented by the GMLC.

[0041] The 5G system architecture includes the following reference points: N1: Reference point between the UE and the AMF. N2: Reference point between the (R)AN and the AMF.

[0042] The NG-RAN node is a gNB or an ng-eNB. The gNB provides protocol termination of the NR user plane and control plane for the UE and is connected to the 5GC via the NG interface. The ng-eNB provides protocol termination of the E-UTRA user plane and control plane for the UE and is connected to the 5GC via the NG interface.

[0043] The gNB may provide measurement information for the target UE and convey this information to the LMF. To support NR RAT-dependent positioning, the gNB may perform measurements of radio signals for the target UE and provide measurement results for position estimation.

[0044] The ng-eNB may provide measurements for location estimation, provide measurement information for the target UE, and convey these measurements to the LMF. The ng-eNB performs the measurements upon request (on-demand or periodic) from the LMF. The ng-eNB may provide multiple TPs. The ng-eNB may broadcast the Assistance Data information received from the LMF in Positioning System Information messages.

[0045] The UE may perform measurements on DL signals from the NG-RAN and other sources such as E-UTRAN, different GNSS and TBS systems, WLAN access points, Bluetooth beacons, and UE barometric and motion sensors. The measurements performed are determined by the selected positioning method. The UE may, for example, include an independent positioning capability (e.g., global positioning systems (GPS)) that allows it to report its location independent of NG-RAN transmissions. A UE with independent positioning capability may utilize assistance information obtained from the network.

[0046] The Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) contains the functions responsible for managing the positioning of target UEs for all types of location requests. The AMF has access to the GMLC and NEF via the Namf interface, to the RAN via the N2 reference point, and to the UE via the N1 reference point. Functions performed by the AMF to support location services include: ◇ The AMF initiates NI-LR location requests for UEs making IMS emergency calls or to know the UE geographical area for NE satellite access for PLMN selection verification. ◇ The AMF receives and manages location requests for periodic location events, triggered location events, and UE-available location events from the GMLC for 5GC-MT-LR and delayed 5GC-MT-LR. ◇ The AMF receives and manages location requests for 5GC-MO-LR from the UE. ◇The AMF receives and manages event publication requests for location information from the NEF. ◇The AMF selects an LMF. ◇The AMF receives updated privacy requirements from the UE and forwards them to the UDR via the UDM. ◇The AMF supports cancellation of periodic or triggered location reporting for the target UE. ◇The AMF supports changing the serving LMF for periodic or triggered location reporting for the target UE. ◇If assistance data is broadcast by 5GS using an encrypted form, the AMF receives an encryption key from the LMF and forwards it to appropriately subscribed UEs using mobility management procedures. ◇The AMF stores the UE positioning capabilities received from the LMF and sends the UE positioning capabilities to the LMF together with the received location request.

[0047] The Location Management Function (LMF) manages the support of different location services for the target UE, including UE positioning and delivery of assistance data to the UE. The LMF may interact with the serving gNB or eNB to obtain location measurements for the UE, including UL measurements made by the NG-RAN and DL measurements made by the UE and provided to the NG-RAN as part of other functions, such as for handover.

[0048] The LMF manages all standby coordination and scheduling of resources required for the location of UEs registering to or accessing the 5GCN. It may also calculate or verify estimates of the final location and any velocity, and estimate the achieved accuracy. The LMF receives location requests for target UEs from the serving AMF using the Nlmf interface. The LMF interacts with the UE for location information exchange, which applies to UE-assisted and UE-based positioning methods, and interacts with the NG-RAN, N3IWF, or TNAN to obtain location information.

[0049] Additional functions that may be performed by the LMF to support location services include: ◇ The LMF supports a request for a single location received from the serving AMF for the target UE. ◇ The LMF supports a request for periodic or triggered location received from the serving AMF for the target UE. ◇ The LMF determines the type and number of positioning methods and procedures based on the UE, PLMN capabilities, QoS, UE connectivity state per access type, LCS client type, coordinate type, and optionally, service type, and an indication of requiring reliable UE location information. ◇ The LMF reports UE location estimates directly to the GMLC for periodic or triggered location of the target UE. ◇ The LMF supports cancellation of periodic or triggered location for the target UE. ◇The LMF supports the provision of broadcast assistance data via the NG-RAN using encrypted or unencrypted format and the transfer of ciphering keys to authorized UEs via the AMF. ◇The LMF supports the change of serving LMF for periodic or triggered location reporting for a target UE. ◇The LMF supports receiving stored UE positioning capabilities from the AMF and providing updated UE positioning capabilities to the AMF. ◇The LMF maps UE location to geographical areas where the PLMN is authorized or not authorized to operate based on a request from the AMF. ◇The LMF supports the determination of UE location at scheduled location times. ◇The LMF decides whether to use the user plane or the control plane for positioning.◇The LMF supports handling of 5GC-MT-LR, 5GC-NI-LR, 5GC-MO-LR, and delayed 5GC-MT-LR for periodic or triggered location across the user plane connection between the UE and the LMF.

[0050] (NR Positioning Architecture: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / NG-RAN UE Positioning Architecture) In this disclosure, the following abbreviations may be used:

[0051] Figure 4 shows an example of an architecture (NR positioning architecture) in 5GS applicable to the positioning of UEs using NR or E-UTRA access. In the case of a split gNB architecture as in this example, the gNB-DU may include a TRP function, and the TRP function may support functions for a TP, a RP, or both a TP and a RP. A gNB-DU including a TRP function does not need to provide cell services. The NG-RAN includes an ng-eNB and a gNB.

[0052] The AMF receives a request for some location services associated with a specific target UE from another entity (e.g., a GLMC or a UE), or the AMF itself decides to initiate some location services on behalf of a specific target UE (e.g., for an IMS emergency call from the UE). The AMF then sends a location service request to the LMF. The LMF processes the location service request, which may include at least one of transferring assistance data to the target UE to assist in UE-based / UE-assisted positioning and positioning the target UE. The LMF then returns the result of the location service (e.g., a position estimate for the UE) to the AMF.

[0053] The NR-Uu interface (UE-UTRA radio interface), which wirelessly connects the UE to the gNB, is used as one of several transport links for the NR positioning protocol for target UEs using NR access to the NG-RAN.

[0054] The LTE-Uu interface (radio interface), which wirelessly connects the UE to the ng-eNB, is used as one of several transport links for the LTE positioning protocol for target UEs with LTE access to the NG-RAN.

[0055] The NG-C interface between the gNB and the AMF, and between the ng-eNB and the AMF, is transparent to all UE positioning-related procedures. The NG-C interface is involved in these procedures only as a transport link for the NR positioning protocol.

[0056] The NL1 interface between the LMF and AMF is transparent to all UEs, gNBs, and ng-eNBs involved in the positioning procedure. The NL1 interface is only used as a transport link between the LPP and NRPPa.

[0057] As shown in Figure 5, the overall sequence of events for location services, which applies to the UE, NG-RAN, and LMF, follows several steps: ◇1a. Some entity in the 5GC (e.g., GMLC) requests some location services (e.g., positioning) for the target UE from the serving AMF. ◇1b. Or, the serving AMF for the target UE determines that some location services are needed (e.g., to locate the UE for an emergency call). ◇1c. Or, the UE requests some location services from the serving AMF at the NAS level. ◇2. The AMF forwards the location service request to the LMF. ◇3a. The LMF initiates a location procedure using the serving ng-eNB or gNB in ​​the NG-RAN, and possibly a neighboring ng-eNB or gNB in ​​the NG-RAN (e.g., to obtain position measurements or assistance data). ◇3b. In addition to or instead of step 3a, the LMF initiates a location procedure with the UE (e.g., to obtain a position estimate or position measurements, or to transfer Assistance Data to the UE). ◇4. The LMF provides a location service response to the AMF, including any required results (e.g., a success or failure indication and, if requested and obtained, a location estimate for the UE). ◇5a. If step 1a was performed, the AMF returns a location service response to the 5GC entity in step 1a, including any required results (e.g., a location estimate for the UE). ◇5b. If step 1b was performed, the AMF uses the location service response received in step 4 to support the service that triggered it in step 1b (e.g., it may provide a location estimate associated with the emergency call to the GMLC). ◇5c. If step 1c is performed, the AMF returns a location service response to the UE and includes any required results (e.g., a location estimate of the UE).

[0058] (NR Positioning Protocol: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / Signalling protocols and interfaces) In this disclosure, the following abbreviations may be used: ◇Enhanced Cell-ID (positioning method): E-CID ◇Observed Time Difference Of Arrival: OTDOA ◇Multi-Round Trip Time: Multi-RTT ◇Uplink Angle of Arrival: UL-AoA ◇Azimuth-Angle of Arrival: A-AoA ◇Zenith-Angle of Arrival: Z-AoA ◇Uplink Time Difference of Arrival: UL-TDOA ◇Downlink Time Difference of Arrival: DL-TDOA ◇Downlink Angle-of-Departure: DL-AoD ◇wireless local area network: WLAN ◇terrestrial beacon system: TBS ◇Metropolitan Beacon System: MBS ◇Positioning Reference Signal: PRS ◇UserPlane Location Protocol: ULP

[0059] The NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) conveys information between NG-RAN nodes and LMF. It is used to support the following positioning functions: ◇ E-CID for E-UTRA, where measurements are forwarded from the ng-eNB to the LMF. ◇ Data collection from the ng-eNB or gNB for support of OTDOA for E-UTRA. ◇ Acquisition of cell ID and cell portion ID from the gNB for support of the NR cell ID positioning method. ◇ Exchange of information between the LMF and NG-RAN nodes for the purpose of broadcasting assistance data. ◇ NR E-CID, where measurements are forwarded from the gNB to the LMF. ◇ NR Multi-RTT, where measurements are forwarded from the gNB to the LMF. ◇ NR UL-AoA, where measurements are forwarded from the gNB to the LMF. ◇NR UL-TDOA where measurements are forwarded from gNB to LMF. ◇Data collection from gNB for support of DL-TDOA, DL-AoD, multi-RTT, UL-TDOA, UL-AoA. ◇Measurement pre-configuration information transfer which allows LMF to request NG-RAN nodes to pre-configure and activate / deactivate measurement gaps / PRS processing windows.

[0060] The LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) is terminated between the target device (UE in the control plane case or SET in the user plane case) and the positioning server (LMF in the control plane case or SLP in the user plane case).

[0061] The LPP protocol aims to enable NR and LTE positioning using multiple different positioning methods while separating the details of any particular positioning method from the details of the underlying transport.

[0062] LPP procedures involve multiple message or one or more "unsolicited" message request / response pairings. Each procedure has a single purpose (e.g., transfer of Assistance Data, exchange of LPP-related capabilities, or positioning of a target device according to some QoS and one or more positioning method specifications). To achieve more complex purposes (e.g., transfer of Assistance Data and exchange of LPP-related capabilities, positioning of a target device), multiple procedures can be used in series / parallel. Multiple procedures also allow for more than one positioning attempt at the same time (e.g., to obtain a coarse location estimate using low latency and a more accurate location estimate using high latency).

[0063] (Standard UE positioning methods: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / Main concepts and requirements / Standard UE Positioning Methods) The standard UE positioning methods supported for NG-RAN access are the following: ◇ Network-assisted GNSS method ◇ OTDOA positioning based on LTE signals ◇ Enhanced Cell ID method (E-CID) based on LTE signals ◇ WLAN positioning ◇ Bluetooth positioning ◇ TBS positioning ◇ Sensor-based positioning: - ◇ Barometric pressure sensor - ◇ Motion sensor ◇ NR Enhanced Cell ID method (NR E-CID) based on NR signals ◇ Multi-RTT based on NR signals ◇ DL-AoD based on NR signals ◇ DL-TDOA based on NR signals ◇ UL-TDOA based on NR signals UL-AoA including A-AoA and Z-AoA based on NR signals

[0064] OTDOA includes TBS positioning based on PRS. In existing specifications, only OTDOA based on LTE signals is supported. If the UE is served by a gNB, E-CID includes a cell ID for the NR method. E-CID is an enhanced cell ID based on LTE signals. In existing specifications, only TBS positioning based on MBS signals is supported.

[0065] Hybrid positioning using multiple methods from a list of multiple positioning methods is supported. Standalone (i.e., autonomous without network assistance) mode using one or more methods from a list of multiple positioning methods is also supported.

[0066] These multiple positioning methods may be supported for at least one of a UE-based version, a UE-assisted / LMF-based version, and a NG-RAN node-assisted version.

[0067] Beam Failure Recovery (BFR) Procedure The BFR procedure includes beam failure detection, identification of new candidate beams, sending a beam (failure) recovery request, and monitoring the gNB response. Both contention-free (CF) and contention-based (CB) BFR requests are supported.

[0068] FIG. 6 shows an example of (Rel. 15) special cell (SpCell, Primary Cell (PCell) / Primary Secondary Cell (PSCell)) BFR. In this example, the UE measures / monitors RSs for beam failure detection (BFD) (BFD-RSs) from the PCell / PSCell (S11). The BFD-RSs are at least one of periodic (P-)CSI-RSs and SSBs that are quasi-colocated (QCL) with the PDCCH DMRS. The beam failure condition is that all beam failures are detected in measurements of multiple beams. The failure detection criterion is that the PDCCH block error rate (BLER) exceeds a threshold Q. out,LRThereafter, when the UE detects a beam failure of the PCell / PSCell based on the RS for BFD (S12), it searches for RS for a candidate beam from the PCell / PSCell and identifies a (new) candidate beam (S13). The RS for a candidate beam is at least one of P-CSI-RS and SSB. The criterion for determining a candidate beam is when L1-RSRP is greater than or equal to a threshold Q out,LR That is all. Then, the UE transmits a beam failure recovery request (BFRQ) to the PCell / PSCell using the PRACH (S14). A non-contention-based (CF) PRACH is used for BFRQ transmission. Each PRACH resource is associated with one candidate beam. Then, the UE monitors a gNB response (BFR response) from the PCell / PSCell using the PDCCH (S15). The gNB response is transmitted via the PDCCH addressed to the C-RNTI. The gNB response is transmitted based on the candidate beam identified by the UE. A dedicated search space is used to monitor the gNB response.

[0069] Figure 7 shows an example of BFR for a secondary cell (SCell) in Rel. 16. The main difference from Rel. 15 is that a two-step BFR via SR and PUSCH is used. In this example, the UE measures / monitors BFD-RS from the SCell (S21). Then, if the UE detects a beam failure for the SCell based on the BFD-RS (S22), it searches for RSs for candidate beams from the SCell and identifies a (new) candidate beam (S23). The UE then performs a two-step BFRQ including steps 1 and 2. In step 1, the UE transmits a BFR-SR to the PCell / PSCell using the PUCCH (S24). If the UE has an UL grant, step 1 is skipped. One PUCCH resource is used per cell group. The UE then receives an UL grant for the PUSCH in step 2 from the PCell / PSCell (S25). Then, in step 2, the UE transmits a PUSCH carrying a BFR MAC CE to the PCell / PSCell (S26). The BFR MAC CE includes the failed CC index and candidate beam (RS) index (if any). The UE then receives a gNB response from the PCell / PSCell using a PDCCH (S27). The gNB response includes a normal UL grant (a PDCCH with the same HARQ process number as the PUSCH in step 2, a toggled new data indicator (NDI), and a DCI scheduling the PUSCH).

[0070] For each serving cell configured for BFD, the MAC entity may follow several procedures: ◆ If a beam failure instance indication is received from lower layers: ---◆ The MAC entity starts or restarts the beamFailureDetectionTimer; ---◆ The MAC entity increments the BFI_COUNTER by 1; ---◆ If BFI_COUNTER >= beamFailureInstanceMaxCount, ---◆ If the serving cell is an SCell, ---◆ The MAC entity triggers a BFR for this serving cell; ---◆ Otherwise, ---◆ The MAC entity initiates a random access procedure on the SpCell. ◆ If the beamFailureDetectionTimer expires, or ◆ If any of the beamFailureDetectionTimer, beamFailureInstanceMaxCount, or the reference signal used for beam failure detection are reset by higher layers associated with this serving cell, ---◆ The MAC entity sets the BFI_COUNTER to 0.

[0071] 8 shows an example of BFD. In this example, in the first periodic (P-) BFD-RS transmission, the quality of the BFD-RS becomes worse than the threshold, and a beam failure instance (BFI) is detected. In the second, third, and fourth P-BFD-RS transmissions, the quality of the BFD-RS does not become worse than the threshold, and no BFI is detected. In the first P-BFD-RS transmission, a BFD timer (beamFailureDetectionTimer) is started. After the third P-BFD-RS transmission, the BFD timer expires, and the BFI counter (BFI_COUNTER) reaches its maximum value C max is not reached, so the beam obstruction procedure is reset.

[0072] 9 shows another example of BFD. In this example, the quality of the BFD-RS becomes worse than the threshold in the first, third, and fourth P-BFD-RS transmissions, and BFI is detected. In the second P-BFD-RS transmission, the quality of the BFD-RS does not become worse than the threshold, and BFI is not detected. The BFD timer is started in the first P-BFD-RS transmission, and restarted in the third P-BFD-RS transmission. After the fourth P-BFD-RS transmission, the BFI counter reaches a maximum value C before the BFD timer expires. max Therefore, a beam obstruction is declared / detected / determined.

[0073] (Issues) Taking into account the possibility of target / UE movement or link change, the beam for target sensing may be changed. Similar to beam failure monitoring and beam failure recovery for communication, beam failure monitoring and beam failure recovery for sensing are considered.

[0074] However, beam monitoring and beam failure recovery for sensing have not been fully considered, which may result in degradation of sensing performance.

[0075] Therefore, the present inventors have conceived a method of beam monitoring / beam failure recovery for sensing.

[0076] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Wireless communication methods according to the embodiments may be applied independently or in combination.

[0077] (Various Reinterpretations) In the present disclosure, a word enclosed in "( )" in a sentence may indicate an explanation of the word immediately preceding it (for example, an explanation of spelling), a paraphrase, a specific example, a supplementary explanation, etc. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, a word enclosed in "[ ]" in a sentence may be interpreted including the word in the meaning of the entire sentence, or may be interpreted excluding (ignoring) the word in the meaning of the entire sentence. Note that "( )" and "[ ]" may also be used for purposes / meanings other than those mentioned above.

[0078] In the present disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted interchangeably. Also, in the present disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C."

[0079] In the present disclosure, terms such as notify, activate, deactivate, indicate (or indicate), select, configure, update, and determine may be read interchangeably. In the present disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and operate may be read interchangeably.

[0080] In the present disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher layer parameters, fields, information elements (IEs), settings, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC) control elements (CEs), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0081] In the present disclosure, the higher layer signaling may be, for example, any one of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., messages from the core network such as positioning protocol (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages), or a combination thereof.

[0082] In the present disclosure, MAC signaling may use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MAC CE), a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU), etc. Broadcast information may be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI), Other System Information (OSI), etc.

[0083] In the present disclosure, physical layer signaling may be, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI), and the like.

[0084] In the present disclosure, reflection, echo, and scattering may be read interchangeably.

[0085] In the present disclosure, the wireless communication method, the sensing method, and the measurement method may be read interchangeably.

[0086] In the present disclosure, the terms "sensing mode" and "sensing method" may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms "use case," "sensing use case," "service," "sensing service," "sensing service type," and "sensing type" may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms "type," "report type," "CSI measurement report type," "measurement type," "CSI measurement type," "CSI type," "map type," "sensing CSI map type," "report amount," and "report parameter" may be interchangeable.

[0087] In the present disclosure, measurement, detection, estimation, calculation, processing, conversion, Fourier transform, DFT, FFT, and correlation operation may be read interchangeably.

[0088] In this disclosure, the terms measurement, received signal, measurement result, reported quantity, and channel path / channel information may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, the terms profile, response, spectrum, map, distribution, signal transformed into one or more dimensions, signal transformed into one or more domains, and transformation result may be interchangeable.

[0089] In the present disclosure, Doppler, Doppler frequency, frequency, and Doppler shift may be read interchangeably.

[0090] In the present disclosure, the terms sensing transmitter, transmitter, sensing station, wireless communication device, BS, gNB, UE, TRP, and panel may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms sensing receiver, receiver, sensing station, wireless communication device, BS, gNB, UE, TRP, and panel may be interchangeable.

[0091] In the present disclosure, the sensing transmitter may be a TRP or a UE that transmits a sensing signal used in the operation of a sensing service. The sensing transmitter may be in the same location / device as the TRP or UE as the sensing receiver, or may be in a different location / device.

[0092] In the present disclosure, the sensing receiver may be a TRP or a UE that receives a sensing signal used in the operation of a sensing service. The sensing receiver may be in the same location / device as the TRP or UE as the sensing transmitter, or may be in a different location / device.

[0093] In the present disclosure, a TRP may be a network device that transmits / receives a sensing signal, such as a BS or BS antenna. In the present disclosure, gNB and BS may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, a TRP, BS, IAB node, mobile IAD node, repeater, access point (AP), reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), drone, gNB, eNB, 6G BS, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0094] In the present disclosure, a sensing target, a target may be a target that needs to be detected by deriving the properties of an object in an environment from a sensing signal.

[0095] In the present disclosure, the background environment, the environment, may be the background (clutter / environmental objects) that is not the sensing target.

[0096] In the present disclosure, monostatic sensing may be sensing in which the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are within the same TRP / UE.

[0097] In the present disclosure, bistatic sensing may be sensing in which the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver are in different TRPs / UEs.

[0098] In the present disclosure, multistatic sensing may be sensing in which a plurality of sensing devices, including at least one of a plurality of sensing transmitters and a plurality of sensing receivers, are used for a sensing target.

[0099] In the present disclosure, the sensing signal may be a transmission over a wireless communication interface that can be used for sensing purposes.

[0100] In the present disclosure, a header UE may be a UE that triggers / performs UE-to-UE (U2U) sensing based on a request from a NW / client UE.

[0101] In the present disclosure, a client UE may be a UE that requests other UEs to perform sensing and report the sensing results.

[0102] In the present disclosure, the anchor UE may be a UE that performs transmission / reception with the header UE in relation to sensing based on a request from the header UE.

[0103] In the present disclosure, NW, RAN, BS, gNB, enhanced LMF, SF, AMF, network node, core network (CN), and other UE (in UE-to-UE bistatic sensing) may be read interchangeably.

[0104] In the present disclosure, monitoring / detecting / predicting / determining / indicating (to a higher or lower layer) one or more sensing beams (faults) and monitoring / measuring / calculating / detecting / predicting / determining / indicating (to a higher or lower layer) one or more sensing beam quality (deterioration) may be read interchangeably.

[0105] In the present disclosure, the terms candidate sensing beam (RS), new candidate sensing beam (RS), candidate new sensing beam (RS), new sensing beam (RS), candidate beam (RS), new beam (RS), best beam (RS), suitable beam (RS), and candidate RS may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms candidate sensing beam (RS), one or more candidate sensing beams (RS), and a set / list / configuration of one or more candidate sensing beams (RS) may be interchangeable.

[0106] In the present disclosure, identifying one or more candidate sensing beams, predicting one or more candidate sensing beams, determining one or more candidate sensing beams, and selecting one or more candidate sensing beams may be read interchangeably.

[0107] In the present disclosure, sensing beam quality, sensing beam quality, candidate sensing beam quality, sensing beam quality of candidate sensing beam (candidate beam), reception quality, quality, sensing measurement quality, sensing beam monitoring result, reception quality / reception result of RS (corresponding to sensing beam), measurement result, sensing result, sensing KPI, and comparison result of multiple sensing beam qualities may be read interchangeably.

[0108] In the present disclosure, a measurement result may be a signal / channel characteristic obtained by measuring a received sensing signal or communication signal, for example, the measurement result may include at least one of RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SINR, Doppler (frequency), and signal-to-clutter-ratio (SCR).

[0109] In the present disclosure, the sensing result may be a characteristic of a target obtained by processing / calculating / converting a received sensing signal or communication signal, for example, the sensing result may include at least one of the presence / position / latitude / longitude / altitude / angle / distance / velocity of a target, object / shape / posture detection / identification / gesture, and CSI.

[0110] In the present disclosure, a sensing key performance indicator (KPI) may be a performance / index for sensing, and may include, for example, at least one of a sensing estimation accuracy, a sensing estimation confident level, a false alarm probability, a detection probability, a missed detection probability, a sensing / estimation resolution, and a sensing service latency.

[0111] In the present disclosure, the comparison result between multiple values ​​may be a difference / gap / ratio / variance / correlation.

[0112] In the present disclosure, the terms (set of) RS / beam for sensing, sensing RS, sensing beam, and RS / beam configured / activated based on sensing measurement configuration may be read interchangeably.

[0113] In the present disclosure, RS (set) for sensing beam monitoring and sensing beam monitoring RS (set) may be read interchangeably.

[0114] In the present disclosure, the sensing beam quality condition for detecting / predicting sensing beam failure, the first condition, and the failure condition may be read interchangeably.

[0115] In the present disclosure, the condition for the sensing beam quality (candidate beam quality) of a candidate sensing beam for identifying / predicting a (new) candidate sensing beam (candidate beam, new sensing beam), the second condition, and the recovery condition may be read interchangeably.

[0116] (Wireless Communication Method) As in the example of bistatic sensing in Fig. 10, one or more sensing beams among one or more sensing transmission beams at a sensing transmitter (a UE in UE-to-gNB bistatic sensing, or a gNB1 in gNB1-to-gNB2 bistatic sensing) and one or more sensing reception beams at a sensing receiver (a gNB in ​​UE-to-gNB bistatic sensing, or a gNB2 in gNB1-to-gNB2 bistatic sensing) may need to be changed due to movement of a target 1, etc. The following embodiments relate to a procedure for switching / changing the sensing beam in this case (at least one of monitoring the sensing beam, detecting / predicting sensing beam failure, and reporting sensing beam failure (recovery request) / (new) candidate sensing beam, or a BFR procedure).

[0117] Such procedures for switching / changing sensing beams based on target movement may be applied to a particular use case or type of target, such as for target tracking, or may be applied based on the configuration of the particular use case or type of target.

[0118] In the present disclosure, the CN may be an extended LMF / SF / AMF.

[0119] <Embodiment 1> The gNB (sensing receiving BS) of the sensing receiver in UE-to-gNB bistatic sensing and gNB1-to-gNB2 bistatic sensing may support at least one of sensing beam (fault) monitoring and reporting of sensing beam faults (recovery requests) to the CN / gNB1 (in gNB1-to-gNB2 bistatic sensing).

[0120] The procedures for sensing beam monitoring and sensing beam failure recovery requests may include at least one of the following procedures: ◆ Procedure: Configuring sensing beam monitoring (first configuration, failure configuration) ◆ Procedure: Detecting / predicting sensing beam failure ◆ Procedure: Reporting (predicted) sensing beam failure (recovery request) ◆ Procedure: Configuring (a set of) multiple candidate sensing beams (second configuration, recovery configuration) ◆ Procedure: Identifying / predicting (new) candidate sensing beams (new sensing beams) ◆ Procedure: Reporting (predicted) candidate sensing beams ◆ Procedure: Updated sensing measurement configuration

[0121] The procedures for sensing beam monitoring and / or sensing beam failure recovery may be based on at least one of several options / variations below.

[0122] <<Option 1>> The gNB may measure the quality of one or more sensing beams, detect / predict one or more sensing beam failures, and report a sensing beam failure (recovery request). After receiving a (predicted) sensing beam failure report from the gNB, the CN may update the sensing measurement configuration.

[0123] In the example of Figure 11, the gNB receives sensing beam monitoring configuration from the CN (S111). Then, the gNB detects / predicts sensing beam failure (S112). Then, when the gNB detects / predicts sensing beam failure, it sends a report of the (predicted) sensing beam failure to the CN (S113). Then, the gNB receives updated sensing measurement configuration from the CN (S114).

[0124] <<<<Variations of Option 1>>> In the procedure of Option 1, the gNB may measure the quality of one or more sensing beams, and may report the sensing beam quality to the CN without detecting / predicting / reporting sensing beam failure. In this case, the CN may detect / predict sensing beam failure based on the reported sensing beam quality. When the CN detects / predicts sensing beam failure, it may update the sensing measurement configuration. In other words, the procedure of Option 1 may not include the processes of S112 and S113, but may include at least one of the processes of S111, S113, and S114.

[0125] <<Option 2>> The gNB may measure the quality of one or more sensing beams, detect / predict one or more sensing beam failures, and report the sensing beam failure (recovery request). After receiving the configuration of multiple candidate sensing beams (a set), the gNB may identify / predict one or more candidate sensing beams and report them to the CN. The CN may then update the sensing measurement configuration.

[0126] In the example of FIG. 12, the gNB receives sensing beam monitoring configuration from the CN (S121). Then, the gNB detects / predicts sensing beam failure (S122). Then, when the gNB detects / predicts sensing beam failure, it sends a report of the (predicted) sensing beam failure to the CN (S123). Then, the gNB receives configuration of multiple candidate sensing beams (set) from the CN (S124). Then, the gNB identifies / predicts one or more candidate sensing beams from the configured multiple candidate sensing beams (set) (S125). Then, the gNB sends a report of the (predicted) one or more candidate sensing beams to the CN (S126). Then, the gNB receives updated sensing measurement configuration from the CN (S127).

[0127] <<<<Variations of Option 2>>> In the procedure of Option 2, the gNB may measure the quality of one or more sensing beams, and may report the sensing beam quality to the CN without detecting / predicting / reporting sensing beam failure. In this case, the CN may detect / predict sensing beam failure based on the reported sensing beam quality. When the CN detects / predicts sensing beam failure, it may send a configuration of multiple candidate sensing beams (a set) to the gNB, or may send an instruction to identify / predict one or more candidate sensing beams to the gNB. In other words, the procedure of Option 2 may not include the processes of S122 and S123, but may include at least one of the processes of S121, S124, S125, and up to S126.

[0128] Option 3: The gNB may measure the quality of one or more sensing beams, detect / predict one or more sensing beam failures, and identify / predict one or more (new) candidate sensing beams. The gNB may report the (predicted) sensing beam failure (recovery request) and the (predicted) one or more candidate sensing beams to the CN. The CN may then update the sensing measurement configuration.

[0129] In the example of FIG. 13, the gNB receives sensing beam monitoring configuration (S131) ​​and configuration of a plurality of candidate sensing beams (set) (S132) from the CN. The gNB then detects / predicts sensing beam failure (S133). Then, upon detecting / predicting sensing beam failure, the gNB identifies / predicts one or more candidate sensing beams from the plurality of configured candidate sensing beams (set) (S134). The gNB then transmits a report of the (predicted) sensing beam failure (S135) and the (predicted) one or more candidate sensing beams (S136) to the CN. The gNB then receives updated sensing measurement configuration from the CN (S137).

[0130] <<<<Variations of Option 3>>> In the procedure of Option 3, the gNB may measure the quality of one or more sensing beams, not detect / predict / report sensing beam failure, and report the sensing beam quality to the CN. In this case, the CN may detect / predict sensing beam failure based on the reported sensing beam quality. When the CN detects / predicts sensing beam failure, it may send an instruction to the gNB to identify / predict one or more candidate sensing beams. The gNB may identify / predict one or more candidate sensing beams based on the instruction. In other words, the procedure of Option 3 may not include the processes of S133, S134, and S135, but may include at least one of the processes of S131, S132, S136, and S137.

[0131] According to embodiment 1, a gNB (sensing receiver) in at least one of UE-to-gNB bistatic sensing and gNB1-to-gNB2 bistatic sensing can appropriately perform at least one of sensing beam monitoring and reporting of sensing beam failure (recovery request).

[0132] <Embodiment 2> Embodiment 2 relates to the setting of sensing beam monitoring (S111, S121, S131) ​​in embodiment 1. Detection / prediction of sensing beam failure in the gNB (S112, S122, S133) may depend on the implementation of the gNB.

[0133] <<Embodiment 2-1>> Embodiment 2-1 relates to the setting of the monitoring / detection / prediction of the sensing beam (obstacle).

[0134] The gNB may detect / predict sensing beam failure based on sensing measurement configuration for sensing targets or based on a set of RSs dedicated / individually configured for sensing beam monitoring.

[0135] The CN may set / instruct the gNB to at least one of the following information elements for detecting / predicting sensing beam failure:

[0136] ◆ Information element 1: Condition / threshold of (predicted) sensing beam quality for detecting / predicting sensing beam failure. If the sensing beam quality meets or does not meet the condition, the occurrence of a sensing beam failure may be detected / predicted. The condition may be defined by at least one of several values ​​below: - ◆ Value: Threshold or value range for the (predicted) measurement result. - ◆ Value: Threshold or value range for the (predicted) sensing result. - ◆ Value: Threshold or value range for the (predicted) sensing KPI. - ◆ Value: Threshold or value range for the comparison result between multiple (predicted) sensing beam qualities. The sensing beam quality may be a measurement result / sensing result / sensing KPI.

[0137] ◆Information element 2: For the detection / prediction of sensing beam failure, the number of instances or duration of (beam failure) in which the (predicted) sensing beam quality meets the conditions (becomes worse than the threshold, falls outside the value range, or deteriorates).

[0138] "(Expected) sensing beam quality satisfies the condition" may mean at least one of several conditions / variations below.

[0139] -◆Condition 1 The (predicted) measurement result is greater than or less than a set / defined threshold, or is within or outside a set / defined value range. The measurement result may be based on at least one of several values ​​1x below: -◆Value 1a: The measurement result may be the average / maximum / minimum value of multiple measurement results within a set / defined duration / window. -◆Value 1b: The measurement result may be a predicted future measurement result. -◆Value 1c: The measurement result may be a combination of values ​​1a and 1b.

[0140] -◆Condition 2 The (predicted) sensing result is greater / less than a set / defined threshold, or is within or outside a set / defined value range. The sensing result may be based on at least one of several values ​​2x below: -◆Value 2a: The sensing result may be the average / maximum / minimum value of multiple measurement results within a set / defined duration / window. -◆Value 2b: The sensing result may be a predicted future measurement result. -◆Value 2c: The sensing result may be a combination of values ​​2a and 2b.

[0141] -◆Condition 3: The (predicted) sensing KPI is greater than or less than the set / defined threshold, or is within the set / defined value range.

[0142] -◆Condition 4: The absolute value of the comparison result between two consecutive (predicted) sensing beam qualities is greater than or less than a set / defined threshold, or is within or outside a set / defined value range. The absolute value of the comparison result may be based on at least one of the following values ​​4x: -◆Value 4a: The absolute value of the comparison result may be the average / maximum / minimum value of the comparison result between multiple sensing beam qualities within a set / defined duration / window. -◆Value 4b: The absolute value of the comparison result may be the absolute value of the comparison result between two predicted future sensing beam qualities. -◆Value 4c: The absolute value of the comparison result may be a combination of values ​​4a and 4b. -◆Value 4d: The absolute value of the comparison result may be the absolute value of the comparison result between the sensing beam quality and the predicted sensing beam quality result. --◆Value 4e: The comparison result (absolute value) may be the average / maximum / minimum value (absolute value) of the comparison result between one or more past sensing beam qualities and one or more predicted sensing beam qualities within a set / defined duration / window.

[0143] - ◆ Variation 1 The conditions to be applied may be defined by the specification or may be set by the CN.

[0144] - ◆ Variation 2 The conditions applied to different use cases / sensing targets may be different or the same.

[0145] ◆ Information element 3: Configuration / set / list of RSs for sensing beam monitoring. The RSs may be based on at least one of the following several features / variations: - ◆ Feature 1: If the sensing beam failure is based on the sensing measurement configuration for the sensing target, a set of RSs for sensing beam monitoring may not be required. - ◆ Feature 2: The CN may configure / instruct one set of RSs for sensing beam monitoring, or may configure / instruct multiple sets of RSs for sensing beam monitoring. For example, each set may correspond to a (set of) sensing target or a (set of) use case.

[0146] -◆Feature 3 The set of RSs may be (in UE-to-gNB2 bistatic sensing) SRS / PUSCH (DMRS), or (in gNB1-to-gNB2 bistatic sensing) SSB / CSI-RS / PRS / PDSCH (DMRS), or a new sensing RS.

[0147] - Feature 4 The set of RSs may be a periodic / semi-persistent / aperiodic set of RSs.

[0148] - Feature 5: The maximum number of RSs in the set may be defined by the specification. For example, the maximum may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8.

[0149] ◆ Variation 1 The RSs in the set may satisfy at least one of the following conditions: - ◆ Condition: The number of ports of the RSs in the set is equal to a specific value, or is smaller or larger than a specific value. For example, the specific value is a single-port RS or a two-port RS. - ◆ Condition: The frequency density of the RSs in the set is equal to a specific value, or is smaller or larger than a specific value. For example, the specific value is 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 6 REs per RB, or 1 RB per 2 / 3 / 4 / 6 / 8 / 12 RBs. - ◆ Condition: The frequency bandwidth of the RSs in the set is equal to a specific value, or is smaller or larger than a specific value. For example, the specific value is 2 / 4 / 6 / 8 / 12 RBs. - ◆ Condition: The number of symbols / slots of the RSs in the set is equal to a specific value, or is smaller or larger than a specific value. For example, specific values ​​are 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 symbols / slots.

[0150] As in the example of Figure 14, the gNB may determine a set of RSs / beams for sensing beam monitoring based on an implicit or explicit configuration for sensing beam monitoring. The set of RSs / beams may be multiple beams that are adjacent to each other, multiple beams within a specific range, or multiple beams with a specific spacing.

[0151] According to the second embodiment, at least one of setting sensing beam monitoring and detecting / predicting sensing beam failure can be performed appropriately.

[0152] <Embodiment 3> Embodiment 3 relates to the setting of candidate sensing beams (S124, S132) in embodiment 1. Identification / prediction of candidate sensing beams in the gNB (S125, S134) may depend on the implementation of the gNB.

[0153] The gNB may monitor the sensing beam quality for multiple beams in the set of configured candidate sensing beams and may identify / predict candidate sensing beams. As in the example of Figure 15, the (set of) one or more candidate sensing beams identified / predicted by the gNB may include a beam different from the sensing beam being monitored, may include the same beam as the sensing beam being monitored, or may include a beam different from the sensing beam detected / predicted as having an obstruction.

[0154] The CN may set / instruct the gNB to at least one of the following information elements for identifying / predicting candidate sensing beams:

[0155] ◆ Information element 1: One or more sets of RSs for candidate sensing beams. This information element may be based on at least one of several features / variations below.

[0156] Feature 1: The CN may configure / instruct one or more sets of RSs for candidate sensing beams. For example, each set may correspond to a (set of) sensing targets or a (set of) use cases.

[0157] -◆Feature 2 The set of RSs may be (in UE-to-gNB2 bistatic sensing) SRS / PUSCH (DMRS), or (in gNB1-to-gNB2 bistatic sensing) SSB / CSI-RS / PRS / PDSCH (DMRS), or a new sensing RS.

[0158] - Feature 3: The set of RSs may be a periodic / semi-persistent / aperiodic set of RSs.

[0159] - Feature 4: The maximum number of RSs in the set may be defined by the specification. For example, the maximum may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8.

[0160] --◆Variations The RSs in the set may satisfy at least one of the following conditions: --◆Condition: The number of ports of the RSs in the set is equal to / less than / greater than a specific value. For example, the specific value is a single-port RS or a two-port RS. --◆Condition: The frequency density of the RSs in the set is equal to / greater than a specific value. For example, the specific value is 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 6 REs per RB, or 1 RB per 2 / 3 / 4 / 6 / 8 / 12 RBs. --◆Condition: The frequency bandwidth of the RSs in the set is equal to / greater than a specific value, or a multiple of 2 / 4 / 6 / 8 / 12 RBs. --◆Condition: The number of symbols / slots of the RSs in the set is equal to / greater than a specific value. For example, the specific value is 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 symbols / slots.

[0161] ◆Information element 2 Conditions / thresholds for the (predicted) sensing beam quality of a candidate sensing beam for identifying / predicting a candidate sensing beam. The conditions may include at least one of the following conditions / variations: -◆Condition 1: Threshold or value range for the (predicted) measurement result. -◆Condition 2: Threshold or value range for the (predicted) sensing result. -◆Condition 3: Threshold or value range for the (predicted) sensing KPI. -◆Variation: The threshold / value range for identifying / predicting a candidate sensing beam (in embodiment 3) may be equal to, larger than, or smaller than the corresponding threshold / value range for detecting / predicting a sensing beam failure (in embodiment 2).

[0162] ◆ Information element 3: For identifying / predicting a candidate sensing beam, the number of instances or duration of (beam failure recovery) in which the (predicted) sensing beam quality of the candidate sensing beam satisfies a condition (becomes better than a threshold or falls within a value range). The condition may be based on at least one of the following conditions / variations:

[0163] ◆-Condition 1 The (predicted) measurement result is greater than or less than a set / defined threshold, or is within or outside a set / defined value range. The measurement result may be based on at least one of several values ​​1x below: --◆Value 1a: The measurement result may be the average / maximum / minimum value of multiple measurement results within a set / defined duration / window. --◆Value 1b: The measurement result may be a predicted future measurement result. --◆Value 1c: The measurement result may be a combination of values ​​1a and 1b.

[0164] -◆Condition 2 The (predicted) sensing result is greater than or less than a set / defined threshold, or is within or outside a set / defined value range. The sensing result may be based on at least one of several values ​​2x below: -◆Value 2a: The sensing result may be the average / maximum / minimum value of multiple measurement results within a set / defined duration / window. -◆Value 2b: The sensing result may be a predicted future measurement result. -◆Value 2c: The sensing result may be a combination of values ​​2a and 2b.

[0165] -◆Condition 3: The (predicted) sensing KPI is greater than or less than the set / defined threshold, or is within or outside the set / defined value range.

[0166] - ◆ Variation 1 The conditions to be applied may be defined by the specification or may be set by the CN.

[0167] - ◆ Variation 2 The conditions applied to different use cases / sensing targets / RS sets (for candidate sensing beams) may be different or the same.

[0168] -◆Variation 3 The thresholds / value ranges for identifying / predicting candidate sensing beams (in embodiment 3) may be equal to, greater than, or smaller than the corresponding thresholds / value ranges for detecting / predicting sensing beam failures (in embodiment 2).

[0169] According to embodiment 3, the candidate sensing beams can be properly set and properly identified / predicted.

[0170] Fourth Embodiment A fourth embodiment relates to the reporting of (predicted) sensing beam failure (recovery request) in the first embodiment (S113, S123, S135).

[0171] <<UE-to-gNB Bistatic Sensing>> When a gNB identifies / predicts a sensing beam failure (in embodiment 2) for a certain beam or a certain sensing measurement configuration or a certain sensing target or a certain use case, reporting on the sensing beam failure may be based on at least one of the following options:

[0172] <<<<Option 1>>> The gNB may report (predicted) sensing beam obstructions (and the corresponding beams / sensing measurement configurations / sensing targets / use cases) to the CN.

[0173] Option 2: The gNB may report a sensing beam failure recovery request to the CN. The request may include at least one of the following information elements:

[0174] ◆Information element 1 (Predicted) sensing beam obstruction (and corresponding beam / sensing measurement configuration / sensing target / use case).

[0175] ◆ Information element 2: One or more (predicted) candidate sensing beams, or the best X candidate sensing beams having sensing beam quality better than a set / defined condition / threshold. Here, the candidate sensing beams may be in a TCI state, a QCL-RS, or an RS for the candidate sensing beams. X may be set / instructed by the CN or defined by a specification.

[0176] Reporting in Option 1 / Option 2 may be via NRPPa or via a new protocol (based on NRPPa) for sensing.

[0177] <<gNB1-to-gNB2 Bistatic Sensing>> When gNB2 identifies / predicts a sensing beam obstruction (in embodiment 2) for a certain beam or a certain sensing measurement configuration or a certain sensing target or a certain use case, reporting on the sensing beam obstruction may be based on at least one of the following options:

[0178] <<<Option 1>>> gNB2 may report (predicted) sensing beam obstructions (and corresponding beams / sensing measurement configurations / sensing targets / use cases) to gNB1 / CN.

[0179] <<<<Option 2>>> gNB2 may report a sensing beam failure recovery request to gNB1 / CN. The request may include at least one of the following information elements:

[0180] ◆Information element 1 (Predicted) sensing beam obstruction (and corresponding beam / sensing measurement configuration / sensing target / use case).

[0181] ◆ Information element 2: One or more (predicted) candidate sensing beams, or the best X candidate sensing beams having sensing beam quality better than a set / defined condition / threshold. Here, the candidate sensing beams may be in a TCI state, a QCL-RS, or an RS for the candidate sensing beams. X may be set / instructed by the CN or defined by a specification.

[0182] Reporting in Option 1 / Option 2 may be via Xn, via NRPPa, or via a new protocol for sensing (based on NRPPa).

[0183] According to embodiment 4, at least one of a sensing beam failure (recovery request) and a candidate sensing beam can be reported appropriately.

[0184] <Supplementary Information> <<Notification of Information to UE>> In the above-described embodiments, any information may be notified to the UE [from a Network (NW) (e.g., a Base Station (BS))] (in other words, reception of any information from the BS by the UE) using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE, RRC message, LTE positioning protocol (LPP) message), specific signals / channels (e.g., DCI, PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0185] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) in the MAC subheader, which is not defined in existing standards. The MAC CE may be an extension of an existing MAC CE. For example, the MAC CE may be an existing MAC CE with a new octet introduced.

[0186] When the notification is performed by a DCI, the notification may be performed by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc. The specific field may be an existing DCI field or a new DCI field. The RNTI may be an existing RNTI or a new RNTI. The format of the DCI may be an existing DCI format or a new DCI format.

[0187] In addition, notification of any information to the UE in the above embodiments may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by the UE or the gNB), or aperiodic (triggered by the UE or the gNB).

[0188] In the above embodiment, the UE may receive information on at least one of the following QCL rules from the NW: QCL Type A QCL Type B QCL Type C QCL Type D

[0189] In the above embodiment, the QCL source RS for each QCL type may be at least one of the following several RSs: ◆ SSB ◆ CSI-RS with / without repetition ◆ TRS ◆ DMRS of PDCCH / PDSCH

[0190] In the above-described embodiment, the information from the NW may be set / instructed by the following methods: Common to multiple UEs or UE-specific Cell-specific or common to multiple cells Per UE / per CC / per BWP / per band / per cell / per cell group (CG)

[0191] <<Notification of Information from UE>> In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information from the UE [to the NW] (in other words, transmission / report of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE, RRC message, LPP message), specific signals / channels (e.g., UCI, PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0192] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new LCID, which is not defined in existing standards, in the MAC subheader. The MAC CE may be an extension of an existing MAC CE. For example, the MAC CE may be an extension of an existing MAC CE by introducing a new octet.

[0193] If the notification is made by UCI, the notification may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0194] In addition, notification of any information from the UE in the above embodiments may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by the UE or the gNB), or aperiodic (triggered by the UE or the gNB).

[0195] <<Regarding application of each embodiment>> In a UE / BS, specific (one or more) processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information for at least one of the above-mentioned embodiments may be applied (used) when one or more of the following conditions are met: ◆ Upper layer parameters indicating the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information are set, ◆ The specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information are determined based on related upper layer parameters, ◆ The specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information are specified / activated / triggered by MAC CE / DCI / UCI / resources / channels / RS, ◆ A specific UE capability / specific BS capability indicating (or related to) the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is reported or supported, ◆ The application of the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is determined based on specific conditions.

[0196] The specific UE capability may indicate at least one of the following: ◆ Supporting the specific process / operation / control / assumption / information ◆ Capability of each embodiment ◆ Capability of each option in each embodiment, or capability of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment ◆ Capability of each option in each embodiment, or capability of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment.

[0197] The specific BS capability may indicate at least one of the following: ◆ Supporting the specific process / action / control / assumption / information ◆ Capability of each embodiment ◆ Capability of each option in each embodiment, or capability of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment ◆ Capability of each option in each embodiment, or capability of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment.

[0198] Furthermore, the specific UE capability or the specific BS capability may be a capability that is applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), or may be a capability for each frequency (e.g., one or a combination of a cell, a band, a band combination, a BWP, a component carrier, etc.), or may be a capability for each frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), or may be a capability for each subcarrier spacing (SubCarrier Spacing (SCS)), or may be a capability for each Feature Set (FS) or Feature Set Per Component-carrier (FSPC).

[0199] Furthermore, the specific UE capability or the specific BS capability may be a capability that is applied across all duplexing methods (commonly regardless of the duplexing method), or may be a capability for each duplexing method (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) or Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0200] If the above conditions are not met, the UE / BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases.

[0201] The information on whether one or more of the above embodiments / options / choices / examples apply / are used, or which of several of the above embodiments / options / choices / examples apply / are used, may be based on several of the following methods: ◆ The information is set by one or more higher layer parameters / RRC IEs / messages. ◆ The information is determined by one or more related higher layer parameters / RRC IEs / messages. ◆ The information is indicated by a MAC CE / DCI. ◆ The information is based on one or more UE capabilities. ◆ The information is described / defined in a specification. ◆ The information is based on conditions described / defined in a specification. ◆ The information is determined by a combination of several of the above information. For example, the information is determined by the setting / indication of higher layer parameters / MAC CE / DCI and reported by a UE capability.

[0202] The above embodiments / options / choices may be combined into one embodiment / option / choice.

[0203] In the above embodiments, the RS to be measured may be a QCL source RS in an active / indicated / unified TCI state.

[0204] (Supplementary Note) The following inventions are supplementary note with respect to some embodiments of the present disclosure (mainly Embodiment 1 / Embodiment 2 / Embodiment 4). [Supplementary Note 1] A base station comprising: a receiver unit that receives one or more sensing beams for sensing; and a controller that detects or predicts a failure of the one or more sensing beams based on sensing beam quality of the one or more sensing beams, and controls transmission of a report of the failure or a recovery request for the failure, when the failure is detected or predicted. [Supplementary Note 2] The base station according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein the receiver unit receives one or more reference signals corresponding to the one or more sensing beams and a failure configuration indicating at least one of a failure condition for the sensing beam quality for detecting or predicting the failure, a number of beam failure instances in which the sensing beam quality satisfies the failure condition, and a duration in which the sensing beam quality satisfies the failure condition, and the controller detects or predicts the failure based on the failure configuration. [Supplementary Note 3] The base station according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein the receiver receives a plurality of reference signals corresponding to a plurality of candidate beams for the sensing, a recovery configuration indicating at least one of a recovery condition for candidate beam quality of the plurality of candidate beams for identifying or predicting one or more new beams from the plurality of candidate beams, a number of instances for which the candidate beam quality satisfies the recovery condition, and a duration for which the candidate beam quality satisfies the recovery condition, and the controller identifies or predicts the one or more new beams based on the recovery configuration. [Supplementary Note 4] The base station according to any of Supplementary Note 1 to Supplementary Note 3, wherein the report indicates at least one of one or more sensing beams corresponding to the failure, a configuration corresponding to the failure, a target corresponding to the failure, a use case corresponding to the failure, and one or more new beams from a plurality of candidate beams for the sensing.

[0205] (Supplementary Note) The following inventions are supplementary note regarding some embodiments of the present disclosure (mainly Embodiment 1 / Embodiment 3 / Embodiment 4). [Supplementary Note 1] A base station comprising: a receiver that receives a plurality of candidate beams for sensing; and a controller that identifies one or more new beams from the plurality of candidate beams based on candidate beam qualities of the plurality of candidate beams and controls transmission of reports of the one or more new beams. [Supplementary Note 2] The base station according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein the receiver receives a plurality of reference signals corresponding to the plurality of candidate beams and a recovery configuration indicating at least one of a recovery condition for the candidate beam quality for identifying or predicting the one or more new beams from the plurality of candidate beams, a number of instances in which the candidate beam quality satisfies the recovery condition, and a duration in which the candidate beam quality satisfies the recovery condition; and the controller identifies or predicts the one or more new beams based on the recovery configuration. [Supplementary Note 3] The base station according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein the receiver receives one or more reference signals corresponding to one or more sensing beams for detecting or predicting a failure of the one or more sensing beams for the sensing, a failure setting indicating at least one of a failure condition for sensing beam quality of the one or more sensing beams, a number of beam failure instances during which the sensing beam quality satisfies the failure condition, and a duration during which the sensing beam quality satisfies the failure condition, and the controller detects or predicts the failure based on the failure setting. [Supplementary Note 4] The base station according to any of Supplementary Note 1 to Supplementary Note 3, wherein the report indicates at least one of one or more sensing beams corresponding to a failure in the sensing, a setting corresponding to the failure, a target corresponding to the failure, a use case corresponding to the failure, and the one or more new beams.

[0206] (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of the present disclosure or a combination thereof.

[0207] 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may be simply referred to as system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR) specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0208] The wireless communication system 1 may also support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

[0209] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the master node (Master Node (MN)), and the NR base station (gNB) is the secondary node (Secondary Node (SN)). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0210] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity in which both the MN and SN are NR base stations (gNBs) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0211] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with a relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) that are located within the macrocell C1 and form small cells C2 that are smaller than the macrocell C1. A user terminal 20 may be located within at least one of the cells. The location, number, shape, size, etc. of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the embodiment shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when there is no need to distinguish between the base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as the base station 10.

[0212] The wireless communication system 1 may utilize multi-input multi-output (MIMO). For example, one cell may be formed by one antenna / base station 10, or may be formed by multiple antennas / base stations 10. One [virtual] cell (which may be called, for example, a supercell) may be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (which may be called, for example, subcells). A supercell may correspond to a cell with a fixed physical range, and a subcell may correspond to a cell with a quasi-static / dynamically variable physical range. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 may be called a cell-free system.

[0213] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CCs) and dual connectivity (DC).

[0214] Each CC may be included in at least one of a first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and a second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). The macro cell C1 may be included in FR1, and the small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band higher than 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may correspond to a higher frequency band than FR2.

[0215] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may perform communication using at least one of time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) in each CC.

[0216] The multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), an X2 / Xn interface, etc.) or wirelessly (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between the base stations 11 and 12, the base station 11 corresponding to the upper station may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and the base station 12 corresponding to the relay station (relay) may be called an IAB node.

[0217] The base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 directly or via another base station 10. The core network 30 may include, for example, at least one of an Evolved Packet Core (EPC), a 5G Core Network (5GCN), a Next Generation Core (NGC), and the like.

[0218] The core network 30 may include network functions (Network Functions (NF)) such as a User Plane Function (UPF), an Access and Mobility management Function (AMF), a Session Management Function (SMF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), a Data Network (DN), a Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). A single network node may provide multiple functions. Communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may also be performed via the DN.

[0219] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of communication methods such as LTE, LTE-A, and 5G.

[0220] An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-based radio access scheme may be used in the wireless communication system 1. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), or the like may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0221] The radio access scheme may also be called a waveform. Note that in the wireless communication system 1, other radio access schemes (e.g., other single-carrier transmission schemes, other multi-carrier transmission schemes) may be used as the UL and DL radio access schemes.

[0222] In the wireless communication system 1, a downlink shared channel (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, a broadcast channel (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), a downlink control channel (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)), etc. may be used as the downlink channel.

[0223] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, an uplink shared channel (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, an uplink control channel (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), a random access channel (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)), or the like may be used as an uplink channel.

[0224] The PDSCH transmits user data, higher layer control information, a System Information Block (SIB), etc. The PUSCH may transmit user data, higher layer control information, etc. Furthermore, the PBCH may transmit a Master Information Block (MIB).

[0225] Lower layer control information may be transmitted by the PDCCH. The lower layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) including scheduling information for at least one of the PDSCH and the PUSCH.

[0226] Note that the DCI for scheduling the PDSCH may be referred to as a DL assignment, a DL DCI, etc., and the DCI for scheduling the PUSCH may be referred to as a UL grant, a UL DCI, etc. Note that the PDSCH may be replaced with DL data, and the PUSCH may be replaced with UL data.

[0227] A control resource set (CORESET) and a search space may be used to detect the PDCCH. The CORESET corresponds to resources for searching for DCI. The search space corresponds to a search region and a search method for PDCCH candidates. One CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. The UE may monitor the CORESET associated with a certain search space based on the search space configuration.

[0228] One search space may correspond to PDCCH candidates corresponding to one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. Note that the terms "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," "CORESET configuration," and the like in the present disclosure may be read interchangeably.

[0229] The PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (which may be called, for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). The PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with a cell.

[0230] In the present disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc. may be expressed without adding "link." Also, various channels may be expressed without adding "Physical" to the beginning.

[0231] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc. may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, as the DL-RS, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc. may be transmitted.

[0232] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including an SS (PSS, SSS) and a PBCH (and a DMRS for the PBCH) may be referred to as an SS / PBCH block, an SS Block (SSB), or the like. Note that the SS, SSB, and the like may also be referred to as a reference signal.

[0233] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or the like may be transmitted as an uplink reference signal (UL-RS). Note that the DMRS may also be called a user equipment-specific reference signal (UE-specific reference signal).

[0234] (Base Station) Fig. 17 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transceiver unit 120, a transceiver antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that the base station may include one or more of each of the control unit 110, the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140.

[0235] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0236] The control unit 110 performs overall control of the base station 10. The control unit 110 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, and the like that are explained based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0237] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may control transmission and reception using the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140, measurement, etc. The control unit 110 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals, and transfer them to the transceiver unit 120. The control unit 110 may perform call processing (setting up, releasing, etc.) of communication channels, status management of the base station 10, management of radio resources, etc.

[0238] The transceiver unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transceiver unit 120 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0239] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be configured from a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be configured from a transmission processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may be configured from a reception processing unit 1212, the RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

[0240] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0241] The transceiver 120 may transmit the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 120 may receive the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0242] The transceiver 120 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0243] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer processing, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), Medium Access Control (MAC) layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 110, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0244] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0245] The transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 130.

[0246] On the other hand, the transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 130.

[0247] The transceiver 120 (reception processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, thereby acquiring user data, etc.

[0248] The transceiver 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0249] The transmission path interface 140 may transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0250] The transmitting section and receiving section of the base station 10 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving section 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140.

[0251] The base station 10 may be separated into three elements: a radio unit (RU), a distributed unit (DU), and a central unit (CU). For example, the RU may implement RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level functions of the physical layer (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU may implement higher-level functions of the physical layer (coding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU may implement the functions of the PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer.

[0252] In the present disclosure, the base station 10 may include a single device that realizes all of the functions of the RU, DU, and CU, or may include multiple devices that each realize some of the functions of the RU, DU, and CU and are connected to each other. In the present disclosure, the base station 10 may be interchangeably read as RU / DU / CU.

[0253] The transceiver 120 may receive one or more sensing beams for sensing. The controller 110 may detect or predict a failure of the one or more sensing beams based on sensing beam quality of the one or more sensing beams, and, if the failure is detected or predicted, control transmission of a report of the failure or a recovery request for the failure.

[0254] The transceiver 120 may receive one or more reference signals corresponding to the one or more sensing beams, a fault setting indicating at least one of a fault condition for the sensing beam quality for detecting or predicting the fault, a number of beam fault instances during which the sensing beam quality satisfies the fault condition, and a duration during which the sensing beam quality satisfies the fault condition. The controller 110 may detect or predict the fault based on the fault setting.

[0255] The transceiver 120 may receive a plurality of reference signals corresponding to a plurality of candidate beams for the sensing, a recovery configuration indicating at least one of a recovery condition for candidate beam quality of the plurality of candidate beams for identifying or predicting one or more new beams from the plurality of candidate beams, a number of instances in which the candidate beam quality satisfies the recovery condition, and a duration in which the candidate beam quality satisfies the recovery condition. The controller 110 may identify or predict the one or more new beams based on the recovery configuration.

[0256] The report may indicate at least one of one or more sensing beams corresponding to the obstacle, a configuration corresponding to the obstacle, a target corresponding to the obstacle, a use case corresponding to the obstacle, and one or more new beams from a plurality of candidate beams for the sensing.

[0257] The transceiver 120 may receive multiple candidate beams for sensing. The controller 110 may identify one or more new beams from the multiple candidate beams based on candidate beam qualities of the multiple candidate beams and control transmission of reports of the one or more new beams.

[0258] The transceiver 120 may receive a plurality of reference signals corresponding to the plurality of candidate beams, a recovery configuration indicating at least one of a recovery condition for the candidate beam quality for identifying or predicting the one or more new beams from the plurality of candidate beams, a number of instances in which the candidate beam quality satisfies the recovery condition, and a duration in which the candidate beam quality satisfies the recovery condition. The controller 110 may identify or predict the one or more new beams based on the recovery configuration.

[0259] The transceiver 120 may receive a fault setting indicating at least one of: one or more reference signals corresponding to one or more sensing beams for detecting or predicting a fault of the one or more sensing beams for the sensing; a fault condition for sensing beam quality of the one or more sensing beams; a number of beam fault instances during which the sensing beam quality satisfies the fault condition; and a duration during which the sensing beam quality satisfies the fault condition. The controller 110 may detect or predict the fault based on the fault setting.

[0260] The report may indicate at least one of one or more sensing beams corresponding to the sensing failure, a setting corresponding to the failure, a target corresponding to the failure, a use case corresponding to the failure, and the one or more new beams.

[0261] (User Terminal) Fig. 18 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transceiver unit 220, and a transceiver antenna 230. Note that the user terminal 20 may include one or more of each of the control unit 210, the transceiver unit 220, and the transceiver antenna 230.

[0262] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0263] The control unit 210 performs overall control of the user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0264] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may control transmission and reception, measurement, etc. using the transceiver unit 220 and the transceiver antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals and transfer them to the transceiver unit 220.

[0265] The transceiver unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transceiver unit 220 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0266] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be composed of a transmission processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may be composed of a reception processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

[0267] The transmitting / receiving antenna 230 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0268] The transceiver 220 may receive the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 220 may transmit the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0269] The transceiver unit 220 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0270] The transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 210, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0271] The transmitter / receiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0272] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the setting of transform precoding. When transform precoding is enabled for a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), the transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as the transmission processing to transmit the channel using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and if not, it may not be necessary to perform DFT processing as the transmission processing.

[0273] The transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 230.

[0274] On the other hand, the transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 230.

[0275] The transceiver unit 220 (reception processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, and acquire user data, etc.

[0276] The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 may perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 may measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0277] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on the channel measurement resources. The channel measurement resources may be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on the interference measurement resources. The interference measurement resources may be at least one of an NZP CSI-RS resource for interference measurement, a CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resource, etc. Note that CSI-IM may be referred to as CSI-Interference Management (IM) or may be interchangeably read as Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. Note that in the present disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc. may be interchangeably read as interchangeable.

[0278] The transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving unit 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0279] The transceiver 220 may transmit one or more sensing beams for sensing. The controller 210 may control reception of a report of the failure or a recovery request for the failure when a failure of the one or more sensing beams is detected or predicted based on sensing beam quality of the one or more sensing beams.

[0280] The transceiver 220 may transmit a plurality of candidate beams for sensing. The controller 210 may control reception of reports of one or more new beams when one or more new beams are identified from the plurality of candidate beams based on candidate beam qualities of the plurality of candidate beams.

[0281] (Hardware Configuration) Note that the block diagrams used to explain the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method for realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using a single device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wires, wirelessly, etc.) and these multiple devices. The functional block may be realized by combining software with the single device or the multiple devices.

[0282] Here, the functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, determination, judgment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, election, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, deeming, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs transmission may be called a transmitting unit, transmitter, etc. As described above, the implementation method of each is not particularly limited.

[0283] For example, a base station, a user terminal, etc. according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Fig. 19 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. The above-described base station 10 and user terminal 20 may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

[0284] In the present disclosure, the terms apparatus, circuit, device, section, unit, etc. may be used interchangeably. The hardware configurations of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include one or more of the devices shown in the drawings, or may be configured to exclude some of the devices.

[0285] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing may be performed by one processor, or processing may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, serially, or in other ways. Furthermore, processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips.

[0286] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading specified software (programs) onto hardware such as a processor 1001 and a memory 1002, causing the processor 1001 to perform calculations, control communication via the communication device 1004, and control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and the storage 1003.

[0287] The processor 1001, for example, runs an operating system to control the entire computer. The processor 1001 may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) including an interface with peripheral devices, a control device, an arithmetic unit, a register, etc. For example, at least a part of the above-mentioned control unit 110 (210), transceiver unit 120 (220), etc. may be realized by the processor 1001.

[0288] The processor 1001 also reads programs (program codes), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes in accordance with these. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above-described embodiments. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and the other functional blocks may be implemented in a similar manner.

[0289] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be configured by at least one of, for example, Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EEPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be referred to as a register, cache, main memory, etc. The memory 1002 may store executable programs (program codes), software modules, etc. for implementing a wireless communication method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0290] Storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of at least one of, for example, a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disc (e.g., a Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a digital versatile disc, a Blu-ray disc), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

[0291] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmission / reception device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, or a communication module. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. to realize at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmission / reception unit 120 (220), transmission / reception antenna 130 (230), etc. may be realized by the communication device 1004. The transmission / reception unit 120 (220) may be implemented as a transmission unit 120a (220a) and a reception unit 120b (220b) that are physically or logically separated.

[0292] The input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) that accepts input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, a light emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.) that outputs to the outside. Note that the input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one device (e.g., a touch panel).

[0293] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

[0294] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized using this hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

[0295] In addition, the devices included in the core network 30 (for example, network nodes that provide NF) may also be realized by the above-mentioned functional block / hardware configuration.

[0296] (Modifications) Note that terms described in the present disclosure and terms necessary for understanding the present disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, a channel, a symbol, and a signal (signal or signaling) may be interchangeable. A signal may also be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS, and may also be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc. depending on the applicable standard. A component carrier (CC) may also be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0297] A radio frame may be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of the one or more periods (frames) constituting a radio frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0298] Here, the numerology may be a communication parameter applied to at least one of transmission and reception of a signal or channel, and may indicate at least one of, for example, Subcarrier Spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, Transmission Time Interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering performed by a transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing performed by a transceiver in the time domain.

[0299] A slot may be composed of one or more symbols (such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbol) in the time domain. A slot may also be a time unit based on numerology.

[0300] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or multiple symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0301] A radio frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol all represent time units for transmitting signals. The radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol may be referred to by other names corresponding to the radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol. Note that the time units such as a frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol in the present disclosure may be interchangeable.

[0302] For example, one subframe may be referred to as a TTI, or multiple consecutive subframes may be referred to as a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be referred to as a TTI. That is, at least one of the subframe and the TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) in existing LTE, a period shorter than 1 ms (for example, 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing the TTI may be called a slot, minislot, etc. instead of a subframe.

[0303] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station performs scheduling to allocate radio resources (such as frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each user terminal) to each user terminal in TTI units. Note that the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0304] The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-encoded data packet (transport block), a code block, a code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) to which a transport block, a code block, a code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0305] When one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the minimum time unit for scheduling. Also, the number of slots (minislots) constituting the minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0306] A TTI having a time length of 1 ms may be called a regular TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel. 8-12), normal TTI, long TTI, regular subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a regular TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

[0307] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length shorter than the TTI length of a long TTI and greater than or equal to 1 ms.

[0308] A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and the frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of numerology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be determined based on numerology.

[0309] In addition, an RB may include one or more symbols in the time domain and may have a length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI, each of which may be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0310] In addition, one or more RBs may be referred to as a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

[0311] Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource region of one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0312] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), which may also be referred to as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier, where the common RBs may be identified by their index relative to a Common Reference Point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a BWP and numbered within the BWP.

[0313] The BWP may include a UL BWP (BWP for UL) and a DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

[0314] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal / channel outside the active BWP. Note that the terms "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

[0315] The above-described structures of radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, symbols, etc. are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, the number of symbols in a TTI, the symbol length, the cyclic prefix (CP) length, etc. may be changed in various ways.

[0316] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc. described in the present disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, may be expressed using relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or may be expressed using other corresponding information. For example, a radio resource may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0317] The names used for parameters and the like in this disclosure are not intended to be limiting in any way. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions and the like using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and therefore the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not intended to be limiting in any way.

[0318] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0319] Furthermore, information, signals, etc. may be output from a higher layer to a lower layer and / or from a lower layer to a higher layer. Information, signals, etc. may be input / output via multiple network nodes.

[0320] Input and output information, signals, etc. may be stored in a specific location (for example, memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input and output information, signals, etc. may be overwritten, updated, or added. Output information, signals, etc. may be deleted. Input information, signals, etc. may be transmitted to another device.

[0321] With respect to any information (e.g., variables, constants, parameters) described in the present disclosure, even if not specifically stated in the above embodiments, any first device (e.g., UE / base station) may notify any second device (e.g., base station / UE) of information indicating / specifying (or relating to) the value of the any information.

[0322] The notification of information is not limited to the aspects / embodiments described in the present disclosure, and may be performed using other methods. For example, the notification of information in the present disclosure may be performed by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB) and System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0323] Note that the physical layer signaling may be referred to as Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signal), L1 control information (L1 control signal), etc. Furthermore, the RRC signaling may be referred to as an RRC message, such as an RRC Connection Setup message or an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message. Furthermore, the MAC signaling may be notified using, for example, a MAC Control Element (CE).

[0324] Furthermore, notification of specified information (e.g., notification that "it is X") is not limited to explicit notification, but may be made implicitly (e.g., by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

[0325] The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a Boolean value represented by true or false, or by a comparison of numerical values ​​(e.g., comparison with a predetermined value).

[0326] Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

[0327] Software, instructions, information, etc. may also be transmitted or received over a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using wired technologies (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), and / or wireless technologies (such as infrared, microwave), these wired and / or wireless technologies are included within the definition of transmission media.

[0328] As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably. A "network" may refer to devices included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0329] In this disclosure, terms such as "precoding," "precoder," "weight (precoding weight)," "Quasi-Co-Location (QCL)," "Transmission Configuration Indication state (TCI state)," "spatial relation," "spatial domain filter," "transmit power," "phase rotation," "antenna port," "layer," "number of layers," "rank," "resource," "resource set," "beam," "beam width," "beam angle," "antenna," "antenna element," "panel," "UE panel," "transmitting entity," "receiving entity," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0330] In the present disclosure, the term "antenna port" may be interchangeably read as an antenna port for any signal / channel (e.g., a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port). In the present disclosure, the term "resource" may be interchangeably read as a resource for any signal / channel (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). The resource may include time / frequency / code / space / power resources. Furthermore, the spatial domain transmission filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

[0331] The group may include, for example, at least one of a spatial relationship group, a Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group, a Reference Signal (RS) group, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, a panel group, and the like.

[0332] In addition, in the present disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, codeword (CW), transport block (TB), RS, etc. may be read as interchangeable terms.

[0333] In addition, in the present disclosure, the terms TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0334] Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) property," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interchangeable.

[0335] In the present disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, and subset may be interchangeable.

[0336] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and the spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interchangeable. The "spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interchangeable with "set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)", "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information", etc. The TCI state and the TCI may be interchangeable. The spatial relationship information and the spatial relationship may be interchangeable.

[0337] In the present disclosure, terms such as "base station (BS)," "radio base station," "fixed station," "NodeB," "eNB (eNodeB)," "gNB (gNodeB)," "access point," "transmission point (TP)," "reception point (RP)," "transmission / reception point (TRP)," "panel," "cell," "sector," "cell group," "carrier," "component carrier," etc. may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, picocell, etc.

[0338] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the overall coverage area of ​​the base station can be partitioned into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can be provided with communication service by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms "cell" or "sector" refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​a base station and / or base station subsystem that provides communication service within that coverage.

[0339] In the present disclosure, a base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control / operate based on the information.

[0340] In this disclosure, the terms "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," "terminal," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0341] A mobile station may also be referred to as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

[0342] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0343] The mobile body is a movable object that can move at any speed and naturally includes cases where the mobile body is stationary. Examples of the mobile body include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcars, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted thereon. The mobile body may also be a mobile body that moves autonomously based on an operation command.

[0344] The mobile object may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned mobile object (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also include devices that do not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0345] 20 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, an RPM sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0346] The drive unit 41 is configured with at least one of an engine, a motor, and a hybrid of an engine and a motor, for example. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by a user.

[0347] The electronic control unit 49 is composed of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (for example, an input / output (IO) port) 63. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 49 from various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0348] The signals from the various sensors 50-58 include a current signal from a current sensor 50 that senses the current of the motor, a rotation speed signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by a rotation speed sensor 51, an air pressure signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed signal obtained by a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration signal obtained by an acceleration sensor 54, a depression amount signal of the accelerator pedal 43 obtained by an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a depression amount signal of the brake pedal 44 obtained by a brake pedal sensor 56, an operation signal of the shift lever 45 obtained by a shift lever sensor 57, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. obtained by an object detection sensor 58.

[0349] The information service unit 59 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, an audio system, speakers, a display, a television, and a radio, for providing (outputting) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs for controlling these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via the communication module 60 or the like to provide various information / services (e.g., multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0350] The information service unit 59 may include input devices (e.g., keyboards, mice, microphones, switches, buttons, sensors, touch panels, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., displays, speakers, LED lamps, touch panels, etc.) that output to the outside.

[0351] The driving assistance system unit 64 includes various devices for providing functions to prevent accidents and reduce the driver's driving burden, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driving assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driving assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0352] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 transmits and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to and from the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and the various sensors 50-58, which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0353] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with an external device. For example, it transmits and receives various information to and from the external device via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Furthermore, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 described above (or may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20).

[0354] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of signals from the above-mentioned various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on the signals, and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 59 to an external device via wireless communication. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc. may be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include information based on the above-mentioned input.

[0355] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, traffic signal information, vehicle distance information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on an information service unit 59 provided in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH received by the communication module 60 (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH)).

[0356] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, various sensors 50-58, and the like provided in the vehicle 40.

[0357] Furthermore, a base station in the present disclosure may be read as a user terminal. For example, the aspects / embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D) or Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may be configured to have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, terms such as an uplink channel and a downlink channel may be read as a sidelink channel.

[0358] Similarly, the user terminal in the present disclosure may be read as a base station, in which case the base station 10 may be configured to have the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

[0359] In the present disclosure, an operation described as being performed by a base station may be performed by its upper node in some cases. It is apparent that in a network including one or more network nodes having a base station, various operations performed for communication with a terminal may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (such as, but not limited to, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving-Gateway (S-GW), etc.), or a combination thereof.

[0360] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched depending on the implementation. Furthermore, the order of the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc. of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be changed unless inconsistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present elements of various steps using an example order, and are not limited to the particular order presented.

[0361] Each aspect / embodiment described in the present disclosure may be a technology other than Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or decimal number)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.17 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.19 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.21 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.22 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.23 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.24 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.25 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.26 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.27 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.28 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.29 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.30 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.31 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.32 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.33 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802. The present invention may be applied to systems that use IEEE 802.20, Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth (registered trademark), or other suitable wireless communication methods, or to next-generation systems that are expanded, modified, created, or defined based on these. Furthermore, the present invention may be applied to a combination of multiple systems (e.g., a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0362] As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

[0363] As used in this disclosure, any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc. does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and a second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must in some way precede the second element.

[0364] The term "determining" as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" may be considered to be judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, search, inquiry (e.g., looking up in a table, database, or another data structure), ascertaining, etc.

[0365] Additionally, "determining" may be considered to be "determining" receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc.

[0366] Furthermore, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" some kind of action. In the present disclosure, "determination" may be read interchangeably with the above-mentioned actions.

[0367] Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine / determining" may be interchangeably read as "assume / assuming," "expect / expecting," "consider / considering," etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, "does not expect to do..." may be interchangeably read as "assumes not to do...."

[0368] In the present disclosure, "expect" may be interchangeably read as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." ("..." may be expressed, for example, as a that clause, a to-infinitive, etc.) may be interchangeably read as "be expected ..." or "do ... (if the above "..." is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to")," etc. "does not expect ..." may be interchangeably read as "be not expected ..." or "does not ... (if the above "..." is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to")," etc. Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be interchangeably read as "an apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0369] The "maximum transmit power" in this disclosure may mean the maximum value of transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0370] As used in this disclosure, the terms "connected," "coupled," or any variation thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access."

[0371] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to one another using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., as well as using electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, light (both visible and invisible) range, etc., as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

[0372] In the present disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "coupled" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

[0373] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Furthermore, when the term "or" is used in this disclosure, it is not intended to be an exclusive or.

[0374] In this disclosure, where articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may include that the nouns following these articles are in the plural form.

[0375] In the present disclosure, terms such as "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than," "more than," "equal to," etc. may be interchangeable. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative, as expressions with "i-th" (i is an arbitrary integer) attached (for example, "highest" may be interchangeable with "i-th highest").

[0376] In this disclosure, the terms "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," "associated with," etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0377] In the present disclosure, terms such as "when A, B," "if A, (then) B," "B upon A," "B in response to A," "B based on A," "B during / while A," "B before A," "B at (the same time as) / on A," "B after A," "B since A," and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Note that A, B, and the like herein may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, and regular sentences, depending on the context. Note that the time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). A time offset may also be applied to the time at which A occurs. For example, "A" may be interchangeable with "before / after a time offset at which A occurs." The time offset (eg, one or more symbols / slots) may be predefined or may be specified by the UE based on signaled information.

[0378] In the present disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any time unit (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0379] Although the invention according to the present disclosure has been described in detail above, it is clear to those skilled in the art that the invention according to the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described in the present disclosure. The description of the present disclosure is for illustrative purposes only and does not impose any limiting meaning on the invention according to the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A base station having a receiving unit that receives multiple candidate beams for sensing; and a control unit that identifies one or more new beams from the multiple candidate beams based on the candidate beam quality of the multiple candidate beams and controls the transmission of reports of the one or more new beams.

2. The base station of claim 1, wherein the receiver receives a plurality of reference signals corresponding to the plurality of candidate beams, a recovery setting indicating at least one of recovery conditions for the candidate beam quality for identifying or predicting the one or more new beams from the plurality of candidate beams, the number of instances in which the candidate beam quality satisfies the recovery condition, and the duration in which the candidate beam quality satisfies the recovery condition; and the controller identifies or predicts the one or more new beams based on the recovery setting.

3. The base station of claim 1, wherein the receiver receives one or more reference signals corresponding to one or more sensing beams for detecting or predicting failure of the one or more sensing beams for the sensing, a failure setting indicating at least one of a failure condition for the sensing beam quality of the one or more sensing beams, a number of beam failure instances during which the sensing beam quality satisfies the failure condition, and a duration during which the sensing beam quality satisfies the failure condition; and the control unit detects or predicts the failure based on the failure setting.

4. The base station of claim 1, wherein the report indicates at least one of one or more sensing beams corresponding to the failure in the sensing, a setting corresponding to the failure, a target corresponding to the failure, a use case corresponding to the failure, and the one or more new beams.

5. A wireless communication method for a base station, comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of candidate beams for sensing; and identifying one or more new beams from the plurality of candidate beams based on the candidate beam quality of the plurality of candidate beams; and controlling the transmission of reports of the one or more new beams.

6. A base station having a transmitting unit that transmits multiple candidate beams for sensing, and a control unit that controls the reception of reports of one or more new beams when one or more new beams are identified from the multiple candidate beams based on the candidate beam quality of the multiple candidate beams.

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