Methods for expanding cells
By treating CAR-T cells with human platelet lysate alongside methotrexate, the viability and expansion of CAR-T cells are enhanced, addressing the limitations of existing methods and improving the yield of CAR-T cells for cancer therapy.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/116476
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-08-22
- Filing Date
- 2025-08-22
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-26
AI Technical Summary
Existing methods for expanding CAR-T cells are limited by the viability and expansion issues caused by immunosuppressive agents like methotrexate, which affect the efficacy of allogeneic CAR-T therapy for cancer treatment.
The use of human platelet lysate (HPL) in conjunction with immunosuppressive agents like methotrexate to treat CAR-T cells, which are engineered to express a mutated dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), enhances cell viability and expansion without affecting CAR expression.
This approach significantly increases the yield of CAR-T cells, achieving at least 50-1500-fold expansion compared to treatment with methotrexate alone, while maintaining CAR expression and resistance to immunosuppression.
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Figure PCTCN2025116476-FTAPPB-I100001 
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Figure PCTCN2025116476-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
METHODS FOR EXPANDING CELLS
[0001] CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] This application claims benefit of priority of International Patent Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 113960 filed on 22 August 2024, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0003] SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING ON XML FILE
[0004] The content of the following submission on XML file is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: a computer readable form (CRF) of the Sequence Listing (file name: IEC250366PCT SEQUENCE LISTING. XML, date recorded: August 18, 2025, size: 7.10 KB) .TECHNICAL FIELD
[0005] This disclosure relates to methods for selecting, expanding, and / or enriching cells that are resistant to an immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) .BACKGROUND
[0006] Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) -T cell therapy is a promising therapeutic approach in cancer treatment, including autologous or allogeneic. Although some autologous CAR-T products have produced remarkable clinical responses with certain subsets of B cell leukemia or lymphoma, many barriers limit the efficacy of CAR-T in solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Compared with autologous CAR-T, allogeneic CAR-T can offer a lot of advantages, including the availability of “fit” cells for production and “off-the-shelf” products for each patient. Thus, methods are needed to increase the purity of CAR-T cells and enhance the expression of CAR gene on T cells, with TCRab-down-regulation to ablate their capacity to induce graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) .SUMMARY
[0007] The present disclosure relates to methods for selection, expansion, and / or enrichment of genetically-engineered cells, e.g., CAR-T cells, that are resistant to an immunosuppressive agent (e.g., methotrexate (MTX) ) . In some embodiments, the engineered cells are T cells transduced to express a mutated dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) from a lentiviral vector. The mutated DHFR (DHFRmut) may confer resistance to MTX during proliferation of the CAR-T cells. However, treatment with MTX for selection of cells expressing the mutated DHFR may decrease the viability and / or expansion of the engineered cells. It was discovered by the present disclosure that adding human platelet lysate (HPL) to the cell culture can restore or even increase the viability and / or expansion of the CAR-T cells, without affecting expression of the CAR.
[0008] Thus, the methods disclosed herein can effectively increase the yield of engineered cells (e.g., CAR-T cells) before they are subjected for treating patients in need. Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions and kits using the methods, compositions, and / or cells described herein.
[0009] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of expanding a population of cells that are resistant to an immunosuppressive agent, the method comprising treating the cells with the immunosuppressive agent and human platelet lysate (HPL) .
[0010] In one aspect, method of increasing viability and / or improving proliferation of a population of cells that are resistant to an immunosuppressive agent, the method comprising treating the cells with the immunosuppressive agent and human platelet lysate (HPL) .
[0011] In one aspect, method of enriching a population of cells that are resistant to an immunosuppressive agent, the method comprising treating the cells with the immunosuppressive agent and human platelet lysate (HPL) .
[0012] In one aspect, method of screening cells that are resistant to an immunosuppressive agent, the method comprising treating the cells with the immunosuppressive agent and human platelet lysate (HPL) .
[0013] In some embodiments, the immunosuppressive agent is an S-phase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the S-phase inhibitor is an antifolate agent. In some embodiments, the antifolate agent is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor. In some embodiments, the DHFR inhibitor is methotrexate (MTX) .
[0014] In some embodiments, the cells express an immunosuppressive agent resistant transgene. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressive agent resistant transgene comprises a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) mutant. In some embodiments, the cells are modified by introducing a vector expressing the DHFR mutant, modifying the endogenous DHFR gene, and / or knocking in a sequence encoding the DHFR mutant. In some embodiments, the DHFR mutant comprises a phenylalanine residue (F) corresponding to position 22 and / or a serine residue (S) corresponding to position 31 of human DHFR (SEQ ID NO: 4) .
[0015] In some embodiments, the method comprising treating the cells with HPL prior to, concurrently with, and / or following treating the cells with the immunosuppressive agent. In some embodiments, the method comprising treating the cells with the immunosuppressive agent prior to, concurrently with, and / or following treating the cells with HPL. In some embodiments, the method comprising treating the cells with the immunosuppressive agent in the presence of HPL in the culture medium.
[0016] In some embodiments, the immunosuppressive agent is MTX, and the cells are treated with about 0.01-5 μM of MTX. In some embodiments, the cells are treated with MTX at least about 0.01 μM, about 0.02 μM, about 0.03 μM, about 0.04 μM, about 0.05 μM, about 0.06 μM, about 0.07 μM, about 0.08 μM, about 0.09 μM, about 0.1 μM, about 0.2 μM, about 0.3 μM, about 0.4 μM, about 0.5 μM, about 0.6 μM, about 0.7 μM, about 0.8 μM, about 0.9 μM, about 1 μM, about 1.5 μM, about 2 μM, about 2.5 μM, about 3 μM, about 3.5 μM, about 4 μM, about 4.5 μM, or about 5 μM. In some embodiments, the cells are treated with MTX for at least about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours, about 18 hours, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, about 48 hours, about 56 hours, about 60 hours, about 72 hours, about 96 hours, about 120 hours, about 240 hours, about 360 hours, about 408 hours, about 480 hours, or about 960 hours. In some embodiments, the cells are treated with MTX at 0.05 μM or 1 μM for 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 120 hours or 240 hours.
[0017] In some embodiments, the cells are treated with about 0.1%-10% (percentage by volume) of HPL. In some embodiments, the cells are treated with HPL at least about 0.1%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 1.25%, about 1.5%, about 1.75%, about 2%, about 2.25%, about 2.5%, about 2.75%, about 3%, about 3.25%, about 3.5%, about 3.75%, about 4%, about 4.25%, about 4.5%, about 4.75%, about 5%, about 5.25%, about 5.5%, about 5.75%, about 6%, about 6.25%, about 6.5%, about 6.75%, about 7%, about 7.25%, about 7.5%, about 7.75%, about 8%, about 8.25%, about 8.5%, about 8.75%, about 9%, about 9.25%, about 9.5%, about 9.75%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, the cells are treated with HPL for at least about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours, about 18 hours, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, about 48 hours, about 56 hours, about 60 hours, about 72 hours, about 96 hours, about 120 hours, about 240 hours, about 360 hours, about 384 hours, about 408 hours, about 480 hours, or about 960 hours. In some embodiments, the cells are treated with 1.25%, 2.5%or 5%HPL for 72 hours, 384 hours, 408 hours or throughout the cell culture.
[0018] In some embodiments, the viability of the cells is at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, or at least 95%, during or after the cells are treated with the immunosuppressive agent and HPL. In some embodiments, the viability of the cells is at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 110%, at least 120%, at least 130%, at least 140%, at least 150%, at least 1-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 11-fold, at least 12-fold, as compared to that of cells only treated with the immunosuppressive agent.
[0019] In some embodiments, the cells are modified by viral transduction (e.g., to express the DHFR mutant) , and the expansion fold of the cells is at least 100-fold, at least 150-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 250-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 350-fold, at least 400-fold, at least 450-fold, or at least 500-fold as compared to that of the cells on the day of transduction, during or after the cells are treated with the immunosuppressive agent and HPL. In some embodiments, the expansion fold of the cells is at least 1-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 11-fold, at least 12-fold, at least 13-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 30-fold, at least 40-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 60-fold, at least 70-fold, at least 80-fold, at least 90-fold, or at least 100-fold as compared to that of cells only treated with the immunosuppressive agent.
[0020] In some embodiments, the cells expressing endogenous TCR are depleted before harvesting the cells. In some embodiments, the cells are activated before being treated with the immunosuppressive agent and HPL.
[0021] In some embodiments, the cells are immune cells or stem cells. In some embodiments, the immune cells are selected from T cells, NK cells, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the immune cells are isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors. In some embodiments, the T cells are natural killer T (NK-T) cells, γδ T cells, and αβ T cells. In some embodiments, the T cell is modified to be suitable for allogenic cell therapy.
[0022] In some embodiments, the cells are modified to disrupt or overexpress multiple gene (s) . In some embodiments, the cells further express one or more proteins of interest. In some embodiments, the one or more proteins of interest comprise a fusion protein, an enzyme, a receptor, an immunomodulatory protein, dihydrofolate reductase, an antibiotic resistance protein, a soluble polypeptide, an antibody, a soluble portion of a transmembrane protein, a secretory protein, a ligand, a cytokine, a functional fragment of any one of the proteins, an epitope fragment of any one of the proteins, and any combinations thereof.
[0023] In some embodiments, the protein of interest comprises an engineered receptor. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is an engineered T cell receptor (TCR) , a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , a T cell antigen coupler (TAC) or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor specifically targets a tumor antigen. In some embodiments, the tumor antigen is selected from the group consisting of BCMA, CLL1, CD4, GPC3, GPRC5D, GU2CYC, CD19, MUC16, MUC1, CAIX, CEA, CD8, CD7, CD10, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD38, CD41, CD44, CD49f, CD56, CD74, CD133, CD138, EGP-2, EGP-40, EpCAM, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4, FBP, fetal acetylcholine receptor, folate receptor-α, GD2, GD3, HER-2, hTERT, IL-13R-α2, κ-light chain, KDR, LeY, L1 cell adhesion molecule, MAGE-A1, mesothelin, MAGEA3, p53, MART1, GP100, proteinase-3 (PR3) , tyrosinase, survivin, hTERT, EphA2, NY-ESO-1, h5T4, PSCA, PSMA, ROR1, TAG-72, VEGF-R2, WT-1, CD123, CD44V6, NKCS1, IGF1R, EGFR, EGFR-VIII, Claudin 18.2, Claudin 6, NKG2D, Delta-like 3 (DLL3) , CD70, CS-1, c-Met, Glycolipid F77, PD-L1, and PD-L2. In some embodiments, the protein of interest comprises an exogenous Nef protein. In some embodiments, the cells are modified by introducing a vector expressing the DHFR mutant, and the proteins of interest.
[0024] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a populations of cells produced using the method described herein.
[0025] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a pharmaceutical composition, comprising the population of cells described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0026] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a kit for expanding a population of cells comprising MTX and HPL. In some embodiments, the kit described herein further comprises culture medium supplements; optionally the kit comprising IL-2.
[0027] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a culture medium suitable for culturing cells that are resistant to MTX, comprising MTX and HPL. In some embodiments, the concentration of MTX in the culture medium is about 0.1-5 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration of MTX is 0.05 μM or 1 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration of HPL in the culture medium is about 0.1%-10% (percentage by volume) . In some embodiments, the concentration of HPL is 1.25%, 2.5%or 5%.
[0028] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof the population of cells or the pharmaceutical composition described herein. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is cancer, autoimmune disease, or infection.
[0029] Other features and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0030] FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of an exemplary process of preparing MTX-resistant CARpos TCRabneg T cells.
[0031] FIGS. 2A-2D show the cell viability (FIG. 2A) and expansion fold (FIG. 2B) of CAR-T cells, expansion fold of CARpos T cells (FIG. 2C) and the percentage of TCRabneg T cells among CAR-T cells (FIG. 2D) , while the CAR-T cells were cultured with different concentrations (1.25%, 2.5%, or 5%) of HPL. Untransduced T cells ( "UnT" ) cultured without MTX and HPL were used as control.
[0032] FIGS. 3A-3C show the cell viability of CAR-T cells during the culture in 2.5%HPL, which was verified by three batches. "UnT" indicates untransduced T cells without MTX or HPL treatment. "UnT 2.5%HPL" indicates untransduced T cells without MTX treatment, but with 2.5%HPL treatment. "CART" indicates CAR-T cells expressing DHFRFS and treated with MTX, but without HPL treatment. "CART 2.5%HPL" indicates CAR-T cells expressing DHFRFS and treated with MTX and 2.5%HPL.
[0033] FIGS. 4A-4C show the expansion fold of CAR-T cells during the culture in 2.5%HPL, which was verified by three batches. "UnT" indicates untransduced T cells without MTX or HPL treatment. "UnT 2.5%HPL" indicates untransduced T cells without MTX treatment, but with 2.5%HPL treatment. "CART" indicates CAR-T cells expressing DHFRFS and treated with MTX, but without HPL treatment. "CART 2.5%HPL" indicates CAR-T cells expressing DHFRFS and treated with MTX and 2.5%HPL.
[0034] FIGS. 5A-5C show the percentage of CAR-positive (CARpos) T cells during the culture in 2.5%HPL. "UnT" indicates untransduced T cells without MTX or HPL treatment. "UnT 2.5%HPL" indicates untransduced T cells without MTX treatment, but with 2.5%HPL treatment. "CART" indicates CAR-T cells expressing DHFRFS and treated with MTX, but without HPL treatment. "CART 2.5%HPL" indicates CAR-T cells expressing DHFRFS and treated with MTX and 2.5%HPL.
[0035] FIGS. 6A-6C show the percentage of TCRab-negative (TCRabneg) T cells during the culture in 2.5%HPL. "UnT" indicates untransduced T cells without MTX or HPL treatment. "UnT 2.5%HPL" indicates untransduced T cells without MTX treatment, but with 2.5%HPL treatment. "CART" indicates CAR-T cells expressing DHFRFS and treated with MTX, but without HPL treatment. "CART 2.5%HPL" indicates CAR-T cells expressing DHFRFS and treated with MTX and 2.5%HPL.
[0036] FIGS. 7A-7B show the percentage of CAR-positive (CARpos) T cells in long-term MTX treatment, verified by two batches. "UnT HPL" indicates untransduced T cells without MTX treatment, but with 2.5%HPL treatment. "HPL-MTX-1μM-96h" indicates CAR-T cells expressing DHFRFS and treated with 2.5%HPL and 1 μM MTX for 96 hours. "HPL-MTX-1μM-240h" indicates CAR-T cells expressing DHFRFS and treated with 2.5%HPL and 1 μM MTX for 240 hours.
[0037] FIGS. 8A-8B show the percentage of TCRab-negative (TCRabneg) T cells in long-term MTX treatment, verified by two batches. "UnT HPL" indicates untransduced T cells without MTX treatment, but with 2.5%HPL treatment. "HPL-MTX-1μM-96h" indicates CAR-T cells expressing DHFRFS and treated with 2.5%HPL and 1 μM MTX for 96 hours. "HPL-MTX-1μM-240h" indicates CAR-T cells expressing DHFRFS and treated with 2.5%HPL and 1 μM MTX for 240 hours.
[0038] FIG. 9 lists sequences discussed in the disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0039] The present disclosure provides methods of selecting, expanding, and / or enriching cells that are resistant to an immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) described herein, by adding human platelet lysate (HPL) to the cell culture, thereby achieving the effect of maintaining or increasing the viability and / or expansion of the cells. In some embodiments, the cells can express an engineered receptor (e.g., any of the CARs described herein) and / or an enzyme that is resistant to the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., a mutated DHFR that is resistant to MTX) . The cells may be treated with MTX at a concentration of about 0.05-1 μM for about 6, about 24, about 48, about 72, about 96, about 120 or about 240 hours. The cells may also be treated with HPL prior to, concurrently with, and / or following the MTX treatment, at a concentration of about 1.25% (vol%) , about 2.5% (vol%) , or about 5% (vol%) . As a result, the treatment with MTX and HPL can significantly improve the yield of the cells (e.g., CAR-T cells) .
[0040] Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions and kits using the methods, compositions, and / or cells described herein.
[0041] As used herein, the term “fusion protein” in the present disclosure refers to a molecule comprising two or more proteins or the fragments thereof which are linked by the covalent bond via their respective main chains of the peptides, and more preferably, the fusion protein is generated by the genetic expression of the polynucleotide molecules encoding these proteins.
[0042] The term “engineered receptor” as used herein, refers to an exogenous receptor (such as CAR (e.g., antibody-based CAR, ligand / receptor-based CAR, or ACTR (antibody-coupled T cell receptor) ) , engineered TCR (e.g., traditional engineered TCR, chimeric TCR (cTCR) ) , T cell antigen coupler (TAC) , or TAC-like chimeric receptor) that retains its biological activity after being introduced into the T cells or modified cells described herein. The biological activity includes but are not limited to the ability of the engineered receptor in specifically binding to a molecule (e.g., cancer antigen) , properly transducing downstream signals, such as inducing cellular proliferation, cytokine production and / or performance of regulatory or cytolytic effector functions.
[0043] As used herein, the term “chimeric antigen receptor” or “CAR” refers to genetically engineered receptors, which can be used to graft one or more antigen specificity onto immune effector cells, such as T cells. Some CARs are also known as “artificial T-cell receptors, ” “chimeric T cell receptors, ” or “chimeric immune receptors. ” A CAR may comprise an extracellular ligand binding domain or an extracellular antigen binding domain specific for one or more ligands or antigens (such as tumor antigens) , a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. “CAR-T cell” refers to a T cell that expresses a CAR. “CD19 CAR” refers to a CAR that specifically recognizes CD19.
[0044] “Graft-versus-host disease” (GvHD) refers to a pathological condition where transplanted cells of a donor generate an immune response against cells of the host.
[0045] “Host-versus-graft” (HvG) response or rejection refers to a pathological condition where the immune system of a host generates an immune response against transplanted cells.
[0046] As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth. Examples of such cells include cells having an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. The term is meant to include cancerous growths, e.g., tumors; oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues, and malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. Also included are malignancies of the various organ systems, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, reproductive, hematological, neurological, hepatic, gastrointestinal, endocrine systems and neuroendocrine tumor (NET) ; as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and / or testicular tumors, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) , large cell neuroendocrine cancer (LCNC) , neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) , pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) , gastrointestinal neuroendocrine cancers, and cancer of the small intestine. Cancer that is “naturally arising” includes any cancer that is not experimentally induced by implantation of cancer cells into a subject, and includes, for example, spontaneously arising cancer, cancer caused by exposure of a patient to a carcinogen (s) , cancer resulting from insertion of a transgenic oncogene or knockout of a tumor suppressor gene, and cancer caused by infections, e.g., viral infections. The term “carcinoma” is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues. The term also includes carcinosarcomas, which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. An “adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. The term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation. The term “hematopoietic neoplastic disorders” includes diseases involving hyperplastic / neoplastic cells of hematopoietic origin. A hematopoietic neoplastic disorder can arise from myeloid, lymphoid or erythroid lineages, or precursor cells thereof.
[0047] The terms “polypeptide” and “peptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein and refer to polymers of amino acids of any length. The polymer may be linear or branched, it may comprise modified amino acids, and it may be interrupted by non-amino acids. The terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified naturally or by intervention; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification. Also included within the definition are, for example, polypeptides containing one or more analogs of an amino acid, including but not limited to, unnatural amino acids, as well as other modifications known in the art.
[0048] As used herein, the term “autologous” is meant to refer to any material derived from the same individual to whom it is later to be re-introduced into the individual.
[0049] As used herein, the term “allogeneic” refers to a graft derived from a different individual of the same species.
[0050] As used herein, the term “transfected” or “transformed” or “transduced” as used herein refers to a process by which exogenous nucleic acid is transferred or introduced into the host cell. A “transfected” or “transformed” or “transduced” cell is one which has been transfected, transformed or transduced with exogenous nucleic acid. The cell includes the primary subject cell and its progeny.
[0051] It is noted that, in this description, a term “no less than” refers to the “equal to” and / or “more than” , a term “no more than” refers to the “equal to” and / or “less than” .
[0052] Reference to "about" a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) variations that are directed to that value or parameter per se. For example, description referring to "about X" includes description of "X" . The term “about X-Y” used herein has the same meaning as “about X to about Y. ”
[0053] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a, " "an, " and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0054] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present disclosure; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
[0055] Immunosuppressive agent
[0056] In one aspect, the methods described herein comprise treating cells with an immunosuppressive agent, such as an S-phase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the cells are resistant to the immunosuppressive agent, e.g., by expressing an enzyme (e.g., a mutated enzyme) that is resistant to the immunosuppressive agent. In some embodiments, the enzyme described herein includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 amino acid mutations.
[0057] As used herein, the term "S-phase inhibitor" described herein refers to an agent that arrests cells at the S-phase of the cell cycle. The S-phase inhibitor may be an antifolate agent, which refers to a class of inhibitors of targets in the folate biosynthetic pathway. The antifolate agent may be a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor.
[0058] The antifolate agent may be selected from the group consisting of methotrexate, raltitrexa ted (e.g., ) , pemetrexed (e.g., PemfexyTM, or Ciambra) , pralatrexate (e.g., ) , trimethoprim (e.g., Triprim, or ) , and pyrimethamine
[0059] The antifolate agent may be methotrexate (MTX) . Exemplary methotrexate include OtrexupTM, TrexallTM, Amethopterin, and Methotrexate Sodium.
[0060] Methotrexate can be used to treat certain types of cancer (such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) or to control severe psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis that has not responded to other treatments. It may also be used to control juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Methotrexate belongs to a class of drugs known as antimetabolites. It works by slowing or stopping the growth of cancer cells and suppressing the immune system.
[0061] Methotrexate is a folate antagonist. Methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) , the enzyme that reduces folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolate must be regenerated via the DHFR-catalyzed reaction in order to maintain the intracellular pool of tetrahydrofolate one-carbon derivatives for both thymidylate and purine nucleotide biosynthesis. The inhibition of DHFR by folate antagonists (methotrexate) results in a deficiency in the cellular pools of thymidylate and purines and thus in a decrease in nucleic acid synthesis. Therefore, methotrexate interferes with DNA synthesis, repair, and cellular replication.
[0062] Methotrexate is most active against rapidly multiplying cells, because its cytotoxic effects occur primarily during the S phase of the cell cycle. Since cellular proliferation in malignant tissues is greater than in most normal tissues, methotrexate may impair malignant growth without irreversible damage to normal tissues. As a result, actively proliferating tissues such as malignant cells, bone marrow, fetal cells, buccal and intestinal mucosa, and cells of the urinary bladder are in general more sensitive to DHFR inhibition effects of methotrexate.
[0063] The cytotoxicity of methotrexate results from three important actions: inhibition of DHFR, inhibition of thymidylate synthase, and alteration of the transport of reduced folates. The affinity of DHFR to methotrexate is far greater than its affinity for folic acid or dihydrofolic acid, therefore, large doses of folic acid given simultaneously will not reverse the effects of methotrexate. However, Leucovorin calcium, a derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid may block the effects of methotrexate if given shortly after the antineoplastic agent. Methotrexate in high doses, followed by leucovorin rescue, is used as a part of the treatment of patients with non-metastatic osteosarcoma.
[0064] Methotrexate (MTX) is commonly used in the prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) . It inhibits DHFR and production of thymidylate and purines, thereby suppressing T cell response and proliferation as well as expression of adhesion molecules. Details can be found, e.g., in Nassar, A., et al. "Methotrexate for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. " Journal of Transplantation 2014.1 (2014) : 980301; Raimondi, M.V., et al. "DHFR inhibitors: reading the past for discovering novel anticancer agents. " Molecules 24.6 (2019) : 1140; and WO2024022509A1; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0065] Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)
[0066] Genetic modification of cells to co-express a therapeutic transgene and a drug resistant transgene that confers resistance to immunosuppressive agents provides the opportunity to select for therapeutic cells both in vivo and ex vivo. A mutated human enzyme transgene, dihydrofolate reductase double mutant (DHFRFS; L22F, F31S) , which confers resistance of modified cells to methotrexate (MTX) , allowing selection of cells co-expressing a therapeutic transgene (e.g., encoding a chimeric antigen receptor that specifically binds to a tumor antigen, and / or a Nef protein that down-regulates endogenous TCR) . The CAR may be co-expressed with DHFR (for example a mutant DHFR) . The CAR may be co-expressed with a Nef protein and DHFR (including a mutant DHFR) .
[0067] Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an enzyme that reduces dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, using NADPH as an electron donor, which can be converted to the kinds of tetrahydrofolate cofactors used in 1-carbon transfer chemistry. In humans, the DHFR enzyme is encoded by the DHFR gene. It is found in the q14.1 region of chromosome 5.
[0068] Antifolate drugs have been in use for seven decades in the treatment of cancer. MTX is a commonly used agent from this class and inhibits several folate-dependent enzymes including DHFR and thymidylate synthase (TYMS) . Inhibition of these proteins adversely affects the de novo synthesis of purine and thymidine nucleotides, which is vital for survival of rapidly replicating cells. MTX has proven valuable for treating rapidly replicating cancers such as leukemia, but the impact of MTX on healthy, replicating tissue leads to dose-limiting toxicities such as bone marrow suppression. This disadvantage of MTX has led to intense study into mechanisms of resistance and alternative antifolates for the treatment of cancer.
[0069] Stemming from the discovery of DHFR mutants that conferred MTX resistance, a mutant that weakly binds MTX, DHFRFS (comprise a L22F mutation and an F31S mutation) , was developed. A strategy was formulated where bone marrow cells would be genetically modified ex vivo with DHFR mutants resistant to MTX. The use of DHFRFS was later implemented in genetically modified T cells. T cells modified with DHFRFS are desired following bone marrow transplant for relapsed leukemia to overcome immune suppression of MTX, allowing genetically modified T cells to survive and target cancer. An advantage of DHFRFS is that it can be used to select for transgenes useful for therapeutic efficacy such as tumor targeting proteins such as chimeric antigen receptors, suicide genes, or imaging genes.
[0070] Other MTX-resistant DHFR mutants are also known in the art, see Volpato, Jordan P et al. “Increasing methotrexate resistance by combination of active-site mutations in human dihydrofolate reductase. ” Journal of molecular biology vol. 373, 3 (2007) : 599-611. Details of DHFR and its mutants can be found, e.g., in Rushworth, D., et al. "Dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase transgenes resistant to methotrexate interact to permit novel transgene regulation. " Journal of Biological Chemistry 290.38 (2015) : 22970-22976; Ercikan-Abali, E.A.., et al. "Active site-directed double mutants of dihydrofolate reductase. " Cancer Research 56.18 (1996) : 4142-4145; and Jonnalagadda, M. et al. "Efficient selection of genetically modified human T cells using methotrexate-resistant human dihydrofolate reductase. " Gene Therapy 20.8 (2013) : 853-860; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0071] The present disclosure relates to cells that are engineered to express a heterologous nucleic acid comprising a MTX-resistant transgene. The cells may express a mutant DHFR gene that encodes mutated dihydrofolate reductase. The mutant DHFR may comprise a L22F mutation and / or an F31S mutation. The mutant DHFR gene may encode a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. The cells may overexpress the DHFR gene that encodes dihydrofolate reductase.
[0072] In some embodiments, the cells described herein express a DHFR mutant that is resistant to MTX. The DHFR mutant may include a phenylalanine (F) or a tyrosine residue (Y) corresponding to position 22, and / or a serine residue (S) or a glycine residue (G) corresponding to position 31 of human DHFR (SEQ ID NO: 4) . The DHFR mutant may include additional mutations, substitutions, deletions, and / or insertions that may or may not contribute to the MTX resistance.
[0073] In some embodiments, the cells described herein are genetically modified, e.g., transduced with a vector (e.g., a viral vector) to overexpress the DHFR mutant. In some embodiments, the genetic modification involves using a gene editing system (e.g., clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats / Cas9 protein (CRISPR / Cas9) ) , modifying one or more regulating elements (e.g., promoter) of endogenous DHFR gene, and / or knocking in a sequence encoding the DHFR mutant.
[0074] In some embodiments, expression of the DHFR mutant described herein can increase the tolerance level of the cells to MTX by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 1-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 30-fold, at least 40-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 60-fold, at least 70-fold, at least 80-fold, at least 90-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 600-fold, at least 700-fold, at least 800-fold, at least 900-fold, at least 1000-fold, at least 2000-fold, at least 5000-fold, or at least 10000-fold as compared to that of a wildtype DHFR (SEQ ID NO: 4) . In some embodiments, the tolerance level described herein is determined by the viability, expansion fold, and / or cell number of living cells when MTX is present in the cell culture.
[0075] Other immunosuppressive agents resistant transgene that may be used to make the cells resistant to the immunosuppressive agent include but are not limited to methylated-DNA-protein-cysteine methyltransferase (MDMT) , inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase II (IMDHP2) or a combination thereof. MDMT makes cells resistant to chemotherapy and therefore may be used if synergy between chemotherapy and T cell therapy is desired.
[0076] Human platelet lysate (HPL)
[0077] The use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) as a culture supplement carries a risk of pathogen transmission as well as xeno-immunization against bovine antigens. Human AB serum, another cell culture option for T cells, has supply limitations and therefore may not be sufficient to meet the expected demand for immunotherapies. Human platelet lysate obtained from transfusable donor platelets is widely recognized as a valuable alternative to both FBS and human AB serum for production of clinical cellular therapies. A higher proportion of naive and central memory T cell phenotypes, which may be associated with improved long-term tumor killing, has been reported using HPL as a substitute of FBS and human AB serum.
[0078] The term “platelet lysate” or “PL” , as used herein, refers to the content rich in growth factors that is released from platelets by various methods, such as freeze / thaw cycles that result in platelet lysis. In some embodiments, the platelet lysate is human platelet lysate (human PL, hPL, or HPL) . HPL may be generated from buffy coat, platelet rich (platelet-rich plasma (PRP) ) , or platelet concentrates derived from whole blood or apheresis plasma. The platelets undergo lysis, usually through a freeze / thaw process. HPL may contain an anticoagulant, such as heparin, to prevent coagulation. Alternatively, HPL may go through further manufacturing steps to inhibit the clotting factors. HPL is available commercially through a number of manufacturers, which include AventaCell BioMedical, Mill Creek Life Sciences, Compass Biomedical, Inc., Cook Regentec, Macopharma SA, iBiologics, PL BioScience GmbH, Life Science Productions Ltd (UK) and Trinova Biochem GmbH under the product lines UltraGRO, PLTMax, PLUS, Elite Cell, Stemulate, Human Platelet Lysate, XcytePlus, PLSOLUTION, PLMATRIX and CRUX RUFA Media Supplements. HPL is also commercially available from StemCell Technologies, Sigma Aldrich, Millipore, etc. Some companies provide different grades of platelet lysate including GMP versions and clinical grade for use in human clinical trials.
[0079] HPL may comprise different growth factors, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) , endothelial growth factor (EGF) , platelet derived growth factor AB (PDGF-AB) , tissue growth factor beta (TGF-β) , and platelet derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) . HPL may have a reduced content of pathogens, including enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. There are many routing methods to decrease or complete deplete the pathogen content in HPL, such as electron-beam irradiation. This is available commercially from a number of manufacturers, such as nLiven PRTM (Cook Regentec) .
[0080] The culture media used in the methods described herein can be supplemented with HPL. The HPL can be supplemented in the media at a concentration of about 0.1-30 vol%. In some embodiments, the HPL is supplemented at a concentration of 1-20 vol%. In some embodiments, the HPL is supplemented at a concentration of 1-10 vol%. In some embodiments, the HPL is supplemented at a concentration of 1-5 vol%. If not specified otherwise, the concentration of HPL described herein is a percentage by volume (volume percent, vol%, or % (v / v) ) .
[0081] The HPL or composition comprising HPL can be lyophilized. Methods of lyophilization of peptide compositions are known to those of skill in the art and are described in "Freeze-Drying / Lyophilization of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products" , Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, New York, eds. Rey, Louis and May, Joan C, 1999.
[0082] Details of HPL can be found, e.g., in PCT Application Publication No. WO2020260875 A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0083] Proteins of interest
[0084] One aspect of the present disclosure provides methods of selecting, expanding, and / or enriching modified cells that express one or more proteins of interest. In some embodiments, the cells are modified by introducing a vector (e.g., a viral vector) encoding the DHFR mutant described herein, and one or more proteins of interest (e.g., any of the proteins of interest described herein) . In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the DHFR mutant and the sequence encoding the one or more proteins of interest are connected via one or more linkers. In some embodiments, the linker is an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence. In some embodiments, the IRES sequence comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiment, the linker is a self-cleavable linker, such as P2A, T2A, E2A, or F2A peptide.
[0085] The one or more proteins of interest may include an engineered receptor, a fusion protein, an enzyme, a soluble protein, a structural protein, a transcriptional regulatory protein, a receptor, a translational regulatory protein, a chromatin protein, a hormone, a cell cycle regulatory protein, a G protein, a neuroactive peptide, an immunomodulatory protein or agent, a blood component protein, a heat shock protein, dihydrofolate reductase, an antibiotic resistance protein, a functional fragment of any one of the proteins, an epitope fragment of any one of the proteins, and any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more proteins of interest include a soluble polypeptide, a single chain antigen-binding polypeptide, a scFv, a single-domain antibody, a soluble portion of a transmembrane protein, a secretory protein, a ligand, a VHH, or a cytokine. In some embodiments, the one or more proteins of interest include any of the engineered receptors described herein.
[0086] The one or more proteins of interest may include an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof (e.g., scFv) . In some embodiments, the fused polypeptide is a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) . The scFv usually has one heavy chain variable domain, and one light chain variable domain. In some embodiments, the scFv has two heavy chain variable domains, and two light chain variable domains.
[0087] The one or more proteins of interest may include a single domain antibody. A single-domain antibody (sdAb) , also known as a nanobody, is an antibody fragment consisting of a single monomeric variable antibody domain. Like a whole antibody, it can bind selectively to a specific antigen. In some embodiments, the single-domain antibodies are engineered from heavy-chain antibodies found in camelids and are called VHH fragments. As used herein, the “VHH” refers to the antigen-binding fragment of heavy chain only antibodies.
[0088] The one or more proteins of interest may include a cytokine. As used herein, the term "cytokine" refers to any protein or peptide, analog or functional fragment thereof, which is capable of stimulating or inducing a cytocidal immune response against a preselected cell-type, for example, a cancer cell or a virally-infected cell, in a mammal. Accordingly, it is contemplated that a variety of cytokines can be fused to the Fc at the sites described herein.
[0089] One aspect of the present disclosure provides methods of selecting, expanding, and / or enriching modified cells that do not express one or more proteins of interest, wherein the protein of interest is endogenous for the modified cells. In some embodiments, the modified cells are T cells and the protein of interest is endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the modified cells comprising an immunomodulatory protein or agent that down-regulates the protein of interest. In some embodiment, the modified cells express an exogenous Nef protein, resulting in down-modulation of the endogenous TCR in the modified cell. In some embodiments, the cells are modified by introducing a vector (e.g., a viral vector) encoding the DHFR mutant described herein, and the Nef protein. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the DHFR mutant and the sequence encoding the Nef protein are connected via one or more linkers.
[0090] Engineered receptors
[0091] One aspect of the present disclosure provides methods of selecting, expanding, and / or enriching modified cells that express an engineered receptor. . In some embodiments, the cells are modified by introducing a vector (e.g., a viral vector) encoding the DHFR mutant described herein, and an engineered receptor (e.g., any of the engineered receptors described herein) . In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is a CAR. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the DHFR mutant and the sequence encoding the CAR are connected via a linker. In some embodiments, the linker is an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence. In some embodiments, the IRES sequence comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiment, the linker is a self-cleavable linker, such as P2A, T2A, E2A, or F2A peptide.
[0092] The engineered receptor can comprise an extracellular ligand binding domain or an extracellular antigen binding domain that specifically binds to an antigen (e.g., a tumor antigen) , a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. The engineered receptor may comprise a signal peptide located at the N-terminus of the extracellular ligand binding domain. The engineered receptor can be encoded by a heterologous polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter (such as a constitutive promoter or an inducible promoter) . Exemplary engineered receptors include, but are not limited to, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , engineered T-cell receptor (TCR) , and T-cell antigen coupler (TAC) receptor.
[0093] The engineered receptor can be monovalent and monospecific. The engineered receptor can be multivalent and monospecific. The engineered receptor can be multivalent and multispecific.
[0094] The engineered receptor can comprise: (a) an extracellular ligand binding domain, (b) a transmembrane domain (e.g., derived from CD8α) , and (c) an intracellular signaling domain (ISD) comprising a chimeric signaling domain (CMSD) . The CMSD may contain one or a plurality signaling motifs known as Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motifs, or ITAMs. The plurality of ITAMs may be connected by one or more linkers. The plurality of ITAMs may be directly connected to each other. The ITAMs may be derived from a protein selected from the group consisting of CD3 zeta, CD3 gamma, CD3 delta, CD3 epsilon, common FcR gamma (FCER1G) , FcR beta (Fc Epsilon Rib) , CD79a, CD79b, Fcgamma R IIa, DAP10, and DAP 12. The engineered receptor may have an intracellular signaling domain derived from CD3ζ. The engineered receptor may not have any sequence derived from CD3ζ (e.g., human CD3ζ) .
[0095] The antigen of the engineered receptor may be a tumor antigen selected from the group consisting of BCMA, CLL1, CD4, GPC3, GPRC5D, GU2CYC, CD19, MUC16, MUC1, CAIX, CEA, CD8, CD7, CD10, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD38, CD41, CD44, CD49f, CD56, CD74, CD133, CD138, EGP-2, EGP-40, EpCAM, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4, FBP, fetal acetylcholine receptor, folate receptor-α, GD2, GD3, hTERT, IL-13Rα2, κ-light chain, KDR, LeY, L1 cell adhesion molecule, MAGE-A1, mesothelin, MAGEA3, p53, MART1, GP100, proteinase-3 (PR3) , tyrosinase, survivin, hTERT, EphA2, NY-ESO-1, h5T4, PSCA, PSMA, ROR1, TAG-72, VEGF-R2, WT-1, CD123, CD44V6, NKCS1, IGF1R, EGFR, EGFR-VIII, Claudin 18.2, Claudin 6, NKG2D, Delta-like 3 (DLL3) , CD70, CS-1, c-Met, Glycolipid F77, PD-L1, PD-L2, and other tumor antigens with clinical significance, and combinations thereof. The antigen may be CD20. The tumor antigen can be derived from an intracellular protein of tumor cells. The tumor antigen can be expressed on the surface of tumor cells. Many TCRs specific for tumor antigens (including tumor-associated antigens) have been described, including, for example, NY-ESO-1 cancer-testis antigen, the p53 tumor suppressor antigens, TCRs for tumor antigens in melanoma (e.g., MARTI, gp 100) , leukemia (e.g., WT1, minor histocompatibility antigens) , and breast cancer (e.g., HER2, NY-BR1) .
[0096] The engineered receptor described herein can be a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) . Many chimeric antigen receptors are known in the art and can be suitable for the modified cells described herein. CARs can also be constructed with a specificity for any cell surface marker by utilizing antigen binding fragments or antibody variable domains of, for example, antibody molecules.
[0097] CARs of the present disclosure may comprise an extracellular domain comprising at least one antigen binding domain that specifically binds at least one tumor antigen, a transmembrane region, and an intracellular signaling domain.
[0098] The intracellular signaling domain may generate a signal that promotes an immune effector function of the CAR-containing cell, e.g., a CAR-T cell. Immune effector function or immune effector response refers to function or response, e.g., of an immune effector cell, that enhances or promotes an immune attack of a target cell. For example, an immune effector function or response can refer to a property of a T or NK cell that promotes killing or the inhibition of growth or proliferation, of a target cell. Examples of immune effector function, e.g., in a CAR-T cell, include cytolytic activity (such as antibody-dependent cellular toxicity, or ADCC) and helper activity (such as the secretion of cytokines) . The intracellular signaling domain may generate a signal that promotes proliferation and / or survival of the CAR containing cell. The signaling domain of a naturally occurring molecule can comprise the entire intracellular or cytoplasmic portion, or the entire native intracellular signaling domain, of the molecule, or a fragment or derivative thereof.
[0099] The intracellular signaling domain of a CAR can comprise one or more (such as any of 1, 2, 3, or more) co-stimulatory signaling domains. “Co-stimulatory signaling domain” can be the intracellular portion of a co-stimulatory molecule. The term “co-stimulatory molecule” refers to a cognate binding partner on an immune cell (such as T cell) that specifically binds with a co-stimulatory ligand, thereby mediating a co-stimulatory response by the immune cell, such as, but not limited to, proliferation and survival. Co-stimulatory molecules are cell surface molecules other than antigen receptors or their ligands that contribute to an efficient immune response. A co-stimulatory molecule can be represented in the following protein families: TNF receptor proteins, Immunoglobulin-like proteins, cytokine receptors, integrins, signaling lymphocytic activation molecules (SLAM proteins) , and activating NK cell receptors. Co-stimulatory molecules include, but are not limited to an MHC class I molecule, BTLA and a Toll ligand receptor, as well as OX40, CD27, CD28, CDS, ICAM-1, LFA-1 (CD11a / CD18) , ICOS (CD278) , and 4-1BB (CD137) . Further examples of such co-stimulatory molecules include CDS, ICAM-1, GITR, BAFFR, HVEM (LIGHTR) , SLAMF7, NKp80 (KLRF1) , NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, CD160, CD19, CD4, CD8alpha, CD8beta, IL-2R beta, IL-2R gamma, IL-7R alpha, ITGA4, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD11d, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAL, CD11a, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD11b, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, LFA-1, ITGB7, NKG2D, NKG2C, TNFR2, TRANCE / RANKL, DNAM1 (CD226) , SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4) , CD84, CD96 (Tactile) , CEACAM1, CRTAM, Ly9 (CD229) , CD160 (BY55) , PSGL1, CDIOO (SEMA4D) , CD69, SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Ly108) , SLAM (SLAMF1, CD150, IPO-3) , BLAME (SLAMF8) , SELPLG (CD162) , LTBR, LAT, GADS, SLP-76, PAG / Cbp, CD19a, and a ligand that specifically binds with CD83.
[0100] The CAR can comprise a single co-stimulatory signaling domain. The CAR can comprise two or more co-stimulatory signaling domains. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a functional primary intracellular signaling domain (e.g., a chimeric signaling domain (CMSD) set forth herein) and one or more co-stimulatory signaling domains. The CAR may not comprise a functional primary intracellular signaling domain (such as CD3ζ) . The CAR can comprise an intracellular signaling domain consisting of or consisting essentially of one or more co-stimulatory signaling domains. The CAR can comprise an intracellular signaling domain consisting of or consisting essentially of a nonfunctional or attenuated primary intracellular signaling domain (such as a mutant CD3ζ) and one or more co-stimulatory signaling domains. Upon binding of the antigen binding domain to tumor antigen, the co-stimulatory signaling domains of the CAR can transduce signals for enhanced proliferation, survival and differentiation of the modified immune cells having the CAR (such as T cells) , and inhibit activation induced cell death. The one or more co-stimulatory signaling domains can be derived from one or more molecules selected from the group consisting of CD27, CD28, 4-1BB (i.e., CD137) , OX40, CD30, CD40, CD3, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) , CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, B7-H3 and ligands that specially bind to CD83.
[0101] The antigen binding domain of a CAR may comprise one or more (such as any one of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more) antibodies or antibody fragments, which can be selected from an scFv, a Fv, a Fab, a (Fab’ ) 2, a minibody, a diabody, a single domain antibody (sdAb) , or a VHH domain. The antigen binding domain of a CAR can comprise a ligand or an extracellular portion of a receptor that specifically binds to a tumor antigen. The CAR can be a monospecific, bispecific or multispecific CAR. The antigen binding domain of a CAR can specifically bind to a single tumor antigen. The antigen binding domain of a CAR can bind to two or more tumor antigens. The engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) may redirect the specificity of the modified cells through the expression of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or TCR on these cells.
[0102] The transmembrane region of a CAR comprises a transmembrane region can be selected from the transmembrane region of an alpha, beta or zeta chain of a T-cell receptor, CD28, CD3 epsilon, CD45, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137, CD154, KIRDS2, OX40, CD2, CD27, LFA-1 (CD11a, CD18) , ICOS (CD278) , 4-1BB (CD137) , GITR, CD40, BAFFR, HVEM (LIGHTR) , SLAMF7, NKp80 (KLRF1) , CD160, CD19, IL-2R beta, IL-2R gamma, IL-7R a, ITGA1, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD11d, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAL, CD11a, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD11b, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, LFA-1, ITGB7, TNFR2, DNAM1 (CD226) , SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4) , CD84, CD96 (Tactile) , CEACAM1, CRT AM, Ly9 (CD229) , CD160 (BY55) , PSGL1, CDIOO (SEMA4D) , SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Ly108) , SLAM (SLAMF1, CD150, IPO-3) , BLAME (SLAMF8) , SELPLG (CD162) , LTBR, PAG / Cbp, NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, NKG2D, and / or NKG2C. The transmembrane domain of the CAR can be a CD4, CD3, CD8α, or CD28 transmembrane domain. The transmembrane region of the CAR can comprise a CD8α transmembrane domain.
[0103] The extracellular domain can be connected to the transmembrane domain by a hinge domain. The hinge domain can be a hinge domain of CD8α. The CAR can also comprise a signal peptide (SP) , such as a CD8α signal peptide.
[0104] Many CARs targeting different tumor antigens have been widely disclosed in the field, such as CD19 CARs or BCMA CARs. The extracellular antigen binding domain of CD19 CARs can be or include the CD19 binding fragment (e.g., FMC63, SJ25C1, or those disclosed in different patents such as WO 2022 / 012683, etc) . BCMA CARs also have been well described, related patents include but not limited to WO 2016 / 014789, WO 2016 / 014565, WO 2013 / 154760, and WO 2018 / 028647, etc. The extracellular antigen binding domain of BCMA CARs may be or include BCMA binding fragment. The BCMA binding fragment may bind to one or more epitopes on BCMA. The BCMA CARs may be bivalent CARs comprising two anti-BCMA sdAbs targeting same or different BCMA epitopes.
[0105] In some embodiments, the CAR described herein comprises an amin acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0106] The engineered receptor can be a modified T-cell receptor or engineered T-cell receptor. The engineered TCR can be specific for any tumor antigen set forth herein. Any of the TCRs known in the art can be used. The TCR can have an enhanced affinity to the tumor antigen. Exemplary TCRs and methods for introducing the TCRs to immune cells have been described, for example, in U. S. Pat. No. 5, 830, 755, and Kessels et al. Immunotherapy through TCR gene transfer. Nat. Immunol. 2, 957-961 (2001) , which are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety. The engineered receptor can be an engineered TCR comprising one or more T-cell receptor (TCR) fusion proteins (TFPs) . Exemplary TFPs have been described, for example, in US20170166622A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The engineered receptor can be a T-cell antigen coupler (TAC) receptor. Exemplary TAC receptors have been described, for example, in US20160368964A1, which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0107] Modified cells
[0108] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an modified cell (e.g., CAR-T cell) that is resistant to an immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) . In some embodiments, the modified cells can express any of the DHFRs mutant described herein (e.g., DHFRFS) . In some embodiments, the modified cells can further express any of the engineered receptors described herein. In some embodiments, the modified cells can further express any of the proteins of interest described herein. In some embodiments, the modified cells contain a vector encoding any of the engineered receptors and a DHFR mutant described herein (e.g., DHFRFS) . In some embodiments, the modified cells contain a vector encoding any of the proteins of interest and any of a DHFR or its variants thereof described herein (e.g., DHFRFS) .
[0109] The modified cells may be treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) and HPL. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) and HPL are added to a cell culture for expanding, enriching, and / or selecting the modified cells.
[0110] The starting cell (e.g., the cell before being treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) and HPL described herein) that is to be engineered can be obtained from e.g., humans or non-human animals. For example, the starting cell can be obtained from humans, rats or mice. The starting cell may be a blood cell. The starting cell may be a leukocyte (e.g., a T cell) , lymphocyte or any other suitable blood cell type. The starting cell may be a peripheral blood cell. The starting cell may be a tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) . The starting cell may be a T cell, a B cell, an NKT cell or an NK cell. The starting cells may be human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) . The human PBMCs may be CD3+ cells. The human PBMCs may be CD8+ cells or CD4+ cells. The starting cell may be a T cell. The starting T cells may express one or more engineered receptors that recognize a specific antigen on the surface of a target cell. T cells can be obtained by various methods known in the art, e.g., in vitro culture of T cells (e.g., tumor infiltrating lymphocytes) isolated from subjects. The T cells may be CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, or regulatory T cells. The T cells may be T helper type 1 T cells and / or T helper type 2 T cells. The T cell may be an αβ T cell. The T cell may be a γδ T cell. The T cells may be central memory T cells. The T cells may be effector memory T cells. The T cells may be T cells. The starting cells may be stem cells, such as hematopoietic stem cell, embryonic stem cell and pluripotent stem cell, including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) . The starting cells can be primary cells, such as those isolated directly from a subject and / or isolated from a subject and frozen. The stem cells may be cultured with additional differentiation factors to obtain desired cell types (e.g., T cells) .
[0111] Different cell types can be obtained via appropriate isolation methods. The isolation methods include the separation of different cell types based on the expression or presence in the cell of one or more specific molecules, such as surface markers, e.g., surface proteins, intracellular markers, or nucleic acid. Any known methods for separation based on such markers can be used. The separation may be affinity-or immunoaffinity-based separation. For example, the isolation in some aspects includes separation of cells and cell populations based on the cells’ expression or expression level of one or more markers, typically cell surface markers, for example, by incubation with an antibody or binding partner that specifically binds to such markers, followed generally by washing steps and separation of cells having bound the antibody or binding partner, from those cells having not bound to the antibody or binding partner. Such separation steps can be based on positive selection, in which the cells having bound the reagents are retained for further use, and / or negative selection, in which the cells having not bound to the antibody or binding partner are retained. Both fractions may be retained for further use. Negative selection can be particularly useful where no antibody is available that specifically identifies a cell type in a heterogeneous population, such that separation is best carried out based on markers expressed by cells other than the desired population.
[0112] The modified cells can be autologous cells, syngeneic cells, allogeneic cells, or xenogeneic cells with respect to the individual receiving them. The modified cells can be modified by changing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) profile, by inactivating β2-microglobulin (B2M) to prevent the formation of functional Class I MHC molecules, and / or by inactivating Class II MHC molecules. The modified cells can be modified by disrupting the endogenous TCR expression via e.g., expressing an immunomodulatory agent such as a Nef protein. The modified cells can be modified by a gene-editing technology (e.g., zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) , clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) , or base-pair editing) to disrupt or overexpress multiple gene (s) .
[0113] The present disclosure also provides nucleic acids and / or vectors (e.g., lentiviral vectors) encoding any of the protein constructs described herein. For example, provided herein are nucleic acids and vectors encoding any of the DHFRs or the variants thereof described herein (e.g., DHFRFS) , any of the engineered receptors described herein, and / or any of the proteins of interest described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are nucleic acids and / or vectors encoding any of the amino acid sequences that are at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 4.
[0114] a. Viability
[0115] In one aspect, the viability of the modified cells can be at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, or at least 95%among all tested cells. In some embodiments, the cell viability is measured by Acridine Orange / Propidium Iodide (AOPI) assays. In some embodiments, the cell viability is measured by dye exclusion assays (e.g., Trypan blue stain assays, or Eosin, congo red and erythrosine B stain assays) , colorimetric assays (e.g., MTT assays, MTS assays, XTT assays, WST-1 assays, WST-8 assays, LDH assays, SRB assays, NRU assays, or CVS assays) , fluorometric assays (e.g., Resazurin (alamar blue) assays, or 5-CFDA-AM assays) , luminometric assays (e.g., ATP assays, or real-time viability assays) , and / or flow cytometry assays (e.g., membrane asymmetry assays, membrane permeability assays, or mitochondria assays) . Details of methods to determine the cell viability can be found, e.g., in Riss, T.L., et al. "Cell viability assays. " Assay guidance manual [Internet] (2016) ; and Kamiloglu, S., et al. "Guidelines for cell viability assays. " Food Frontiers 1.3 (2020) : 332-349; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0116] The viability of the modified cells can be at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 110%, at least 120%, at least 130%, at least 140%, or at least 150%as compared to that of a population of control cells (e.g., untransduced cells; cells not modified to express the DHFR or the variant thereof, the one or more proteins of interest, and / or the engineered receptor described herein; and / or cells not treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) and / or HPL described herein) .
[0117] In some embodiments, the viability of the modified cells is measured at least 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, or 20 days after transduction.
[0118] In some embodiments, the viability of the modified cells is measured after treatment of the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) at any of the concentrations and any of the treatment times described herein, and / or after treatment of HPL at any of the concentrations and any of the treatment times described herein.
[0119] b. Expansion fold
[0120] In one aspect, the expansion fold of the modified cells ca be determined by dividing the cell number at a specific time point (as numerator) by the cell number on the day of transduction (as denominator) . In some embodiments, the expansion fold of a particular group of cells (e.g., CARpos cells) is determined. In some embodiments, the expansion fold of all cells in the cell culture is determined. In some embodiments, the cell number is counted by Acridine Orange / Propidium Iodide (AOPI) assays. In some embodiments, the cell number is counted by flow cytometry. In some embodiments, the cell number is counted by manual or automatic methods. Any known methods for cell number counting can be used.
[0121] The expansion fold of the modified cells can be at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 110, at least 120, at least 130, at least 140, at least 150, at least 160, at least 170, at least 180, at least 190, at least 200, at least 210, at least 220, at least 230, at least 240, at least 250, at least 260, at least 270, at least 280, at least 290, at least 300, at least 310, at least 320, at least 330, at least 340, at least 350, at least 360, at least 370, at least 380, at least 390, at least 400, at least 410, at least 420, at least 430, at least 440, at least 450, at least 460, at least 470, at least 480, at least 490, at least 500, at least 510, at least 520, at least 530, at least 540, at least 550, at least 560, at least 570, at least 580, at least 590, or at least 600, after about 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, or 20 days post transduction. In some embodiments, the expansion fold can be about 100 to about 600, about 100 to about 500, about 100 to about 400, about 100 to about 300, about 100 to about 200, about 200 to about 600, about 200 to about 500, about 200 to about 400, about 200 to about 300, about 300 to about 600, about 300 to about 500, about 300 to about 400, about 400 to about 600, about 400 to about 500, or about 500 to about 600.
[0122] The expansion fold of the modified cells can be at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 1.5-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 2.5-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 3.5-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 4.5-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 5.5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 6.5-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 7.5-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 8.5-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 9.5-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 11-fold, at least 12-fold, at least 13-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 30-fold, at least 40-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 60-fold, at least 70-fold, at least 80-fold, at least 90-fold, or at least 100-fold as compared to that of a population of control cells (e.g., untransduced cells; cells not modified to express the DHFR or the variant thereof, the one or more proteins of interest, and / or the engineered receptor described herein; and / or cells not treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) and / or HPL described herein) , after about 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, or 20 days post transduction.
[0123] In some embodiments, the expansion fold of the modified cells is measured after treatment of the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) at any of the concentrations and any of the treatment times described herein, and / or after treatment of HPL at any of the concentrations and any of the treatment times described herein.
[0124] c. Percentage of CARpos cells
[0125] In one aspect, the percentage of CARpos cells among all cells in the cell culture can be determined, e.g., by flow cytometry.
[0126] The percentage of CARpos cells can be at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%after about 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, or 20 days post transduction. In some embodiments, the percentage of CARpos cells can be about 50%to about 100%, about 50%to about 95%, about 50%to about 90%, about 50%to about 85%, about 50%to about 80%, about 50%to about 75%, about 50%to about 70%, about 50%to about 65%, about 50%to about 60%, about 50%to about 55%, about 55%to about 100%, about 55%to about 95%, about 55%to about 90%, about 55%to about 85%, about 55%to about 80%, about 55%to about 75%, about 55%to about 70%, about 55%to about 65%, about 55%to about 60%, about 60%to about 100%, about 60%to about 95%, about 60%to about 90%, about 60%to about 85%, about 60%to about 80%, about 60%to about 75%, about 60%to about 70%, about 60%to about 65%, about 65%to about 100%, about 65%to about 95%, about 65%to about 90%, about 65%to about 85%, about 65%to about 80%, about 65%to about 75%, about 65%to about 70%, about 70%to about 100%, about 70%to about 95%, about 70%to about 90%, about 70%to about 85%, about 70%to about 80%, about 70%to about 75%, about 75%to about 100%, about 75%to about 95%, about 75%to about 90%, about 75%to about 85%, about 75%to abut 80%, about 80%to about 100%, about 80%to about 95%, about 80%to about 90%, about 80%to about 85%, about 85%to about 100%, about 85%to about 95%, about 85%to about 90%, about 90%to about 100%, about 90%to about 95%, or about 95%to about 100%.
[0127] The percentage of CARpos cells can be at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 110%, at least 120%, at least 130%, at least 140%, or at least 150%as compared to that of a population of control cells (e.g., untransduced cells; cells not modified to express the DHFR or the variant thereof, the one or more proteins of interest, and / or the engineered receptor described herein; and / or cells not treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) and / or HPL described herein) , after about 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, or 20 days post transduction.
[0128] In some embodiments, the percentage of CARpos cells is measured after treatment of the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) at any of the concentrations and any of the treatment times described herein, and / or after treatment of HPL at any of the concentrations and any of the treatment times described herein.
[0129] d. Percentage of TCRabneg cells
[0130] In one aspect, the percentage of TCRabneg cells among all cells in the cell culture can be determined, e.g., by flow cytometry. As used herein, the term "TCRab" refers to alpha and beta subunits of endogenous T cell receptor complex. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is contemplated that low expression of endogenous TCR complex in the harvested cells can effectively minimize or eliminate the risk of GvHD during allogenic transplantation. As shown in FIG. 1, cells expressing TCRab are depleted before harvesting, such that the harvested cells (primarily TCRabneg cells) are more suitable for allogenic transplantation. Thus, a higher percentage of TCRabneg cells among all cells in the cell culture indicates a higher yield of desirable cells post TCRabpos cell depletion.
[0131] The percentage of TCRabneg cells can be at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or at least 80%after about 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, or 20 days post transduction. In some embodiments, the percentage of TCRabneg cells can be about 30%to about 80%, about 30%to about 75%, about 30%to about 70%, about 30%to about 65%, about 30%to about 60%, about 30%to about 55%, about 30%to about 50%, about 30%to about 45%, about 30%to about 40%, about 30%to about 35%, about 35%to about 80%, about 35%to about 75%, about 35%to about 70%, about 35%to about 65%, about 35%to about 60%, about 35%to about 55%, about 35%to about 50%, about 35%to about 45%, about 35%about 40%, about 40%to about 80%, about 40%to about 75%, about 40%to about 70%, about 40%to about 65%, about 40%to about 60%, about 40%to about 55%, about 40%to about 50%, about 40%to about 45%, about 45%to about 80%, about 45%to about 75%, about 45%to about 70%, about 45%to about 65%, about 45%to about 60%, about 45%to about 55%, about 45%to about 50%, about 50%to about 80%, about 50%to about 75%, about 50%to about 70%, about 50%to about 65%, about 50%to about 60%, about 50%to about 55%, about 55%to about 80%, about 55%to about 75%, about 55%to about 70%, about 55%to about 65%, about 55%to about 60%, about 60%to about 80%, about 60%to about 75%, about 60%to about 70%, about 60%to about 65%, about 65%to about 80%, about 65%to about 75%, about 65%to about 70%, about 70%to about 80%, about 70%to about 75%, or about 75%to about 80%.
[0132] The percentage of TCRabneg cells can be at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 110%, at least 120%, at least 130%, at least 140%, at least 150%, at least 160%, at least 170%, at least 180%, at least 190%, at least 200%, at least 210%, at least 220%, at least 230%, at least 240%, or at least 250%as compared to that of a population of control cells (e.g., untransduced cells; cells not modified to express the DHFR or the variant thereof, the one or more proteins of interest, and / or the engineered receptor described herein; and / or cells not treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) and / or HPL described herein) , after about 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, or 20 days post transduction.
[0133] In some embodiments, the percentage of TCRabneg cells is measured after treatment of the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) at any of the concentrations and any of the treatment times described herein, and / or after treatment of HPL at any of the concentrations and any of the treatment times described herein.
[0134] Methods of selecting, expanding, and / or enriching cells
[0135] In one aspect, provided herein are methods of selecting, expanding, and / or enriching a population of cells that are resistant to an immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) , the method comprising treating the cells (e.g., in a cell culture) with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) and HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) .
[0136] In one aspect, provided herein are methods of increasing the viability and / or improving proliferation of a population of cells that are resistant to an immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) , the method comprising treating the cells (e.g., in a cell culture) with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) and HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) .
[0137] The cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) can be treated with an immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) and HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) following the flow chart shown in FIG. 1. For example, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors can be isolated on Day 0. The PBMCs can be thawed and activated on Day 1. On Day 2, the activated cells can be transduced with a vector (e.g., a lentiviral vector (LLV) ) to overexpress an enzyme that is resistant to the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the DHFRs or its mutants described herein) and an engineered receptor (e.g., any of the engineered receptors described herein) or one or more proteins of interest (e.g., Nef protein to down-regulate TCR described herein) . From Day 7 to Day 17, the transduced cells can be treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) . The cell culture medium can be supplemented with HPL from the day when the cells are activated (e.g., Day 1) to the day when the cells are harvested (e.g., Day 17 or Day 18) . Following treatment of the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., on Day 17) , the TCRabpos cells can be depleted and the rest of cells can be harvested. The harvested cells can be formulated and frozen for subsequent use (e.g., treating patients in need thereof) . The flow chart in FIG. 1 may be modified (e.g., optimized) , e.g., by changing the concentration of the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) , the treatment time of the the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) , the concentration of HPL, and / or the treatment time of HPL.
[0138] The cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) can be treated with both the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) and HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) , e.g., for about 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, or 20 days. In some embodiments, the cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) are treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) , in the absence of HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) , for about 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, or 20 days. In some embodiments, the cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) are treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) , in the presence of HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) , for about 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, or 20 days. In some embodiments, the cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) are treated with HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) , in the absence of immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) , for about 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, or 20 days. In some embodiments, the cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) are treated with HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) , in the presence of immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) , for about 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, or 20 days
[0139] In some embodiments, the cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) are transduced after about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 12 hours, about 18 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, or about 5 days after the cells are thawed and / or activated.
[0140] In some embodiments, the cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) are treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) , about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 12 hours, about 18 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, about 8 days, about 9 days, or about 10 days after transduction.
[0141] In some embodiments, the cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) are treated with HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) , prior to, concurrently with, and / or following the treatment with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) . In some embodiments, the cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) are treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) prior to, concurrently with, and / or following the treatment with HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) . The term “treated with” described herein refers to culturing cells in a medium that is supplemented with a certain agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein and / or any of the HPL compositions described herein) .
[0142] For example, the cells can be treated with 0.05 μM MTX and 1.25-5%HPL for 72 hours (e.g., from Day 7 to Day 10) , and harvested on Day 17. For example, the cells can be treated with 1.25-5%HPL from Day 1 to Day 7, 0.05 μM MTX and 1.25-5%HPL for 72 hours (e.g., from Day 7 to Day 10) , then treated with 1.25-5%HPL from Day 10, and harvested on Day 14. For example, the cells can be treated with 1.25-5%HPL from Day 1 to Day 7, 0.05 μM MTX and 1.25-5%HPL for 72 hours (e.g., from Day 7 to Day 10) , then treated with 1.25-5%HPL from Day 10, and harvested on Day 17.
[0143] For example, the cells can be treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 1 to Day 7, 0.05 μM MTX and 2.5%HPL for 120 hours (e.g., from Day 7 to Day 12) , then treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 12, and harvested on Day 14. For example, the cells can be treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 1 to Day 7, 1 μM MTX and 2.5%HPL for 6 hours (e.g., on Day 7) , then treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 7, and harvested on Day 17.
[0144] For example, the cells can be treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 1 to Day 7, 1 μM MTX and 2.5%HPL for 6 hours (e.g., on Day 7) , then treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 7, and harvested on Day 17. For example, the cells can be treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 1 to Day 7, 1 μM MTX and 2.5%HPL for 24 hours (e.g., from Day 7 to Day 8) , then treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 8, and harvested on Day 17. For example, the cells can be treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 1 to Day 7, 1 μM MTX and 2.5%HPL for 48 hours (e.g., from Day 7 to Day 9) , then treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 9, and harvested on Day 17. For example, the cells can be treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 1 to Day 7, 1 μM MTX and 2.5%HPL for 72 hours (e.g., from Day 7 to Day 10) , then treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 10, and harvested on Day 17.
[0145] For example, the cells can be treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 1 to Day 7, 1 μM MTX and 2.5%HPL for 96 hours (e.g., from Day 7 to Day 11) , then treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 11, and harvested on Day 17. For example, the cells can be treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 1 to Day 7, 1 μM MTX and 2.5%HPL for 120 hours (e.g., from Day 7 to Day 12) , then treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 12, and harvested on Day 17. For example, the cells can be treated with 2.5%HPL from Day 1 to Day 7, 1 μM MTX and 2.5%HPL for 240 hours (e.g., from Day 7 to Day 17) , and harvested on Day 17.
[0146] In some embodiments, the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) and / or HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) are supplemented in the culture media. In some embodiments, the culture media further include one or more cytokines (e.g., IL-2) . In some embodiments, the culture media do not include one or more cytokines (e.g., IL-2) . In some embodiments, the concentration of the one or more cytokines (e.g., IL-2) is about 10U, about 20U, about 50U, about 100U, about 200U, about 300U, about 400U, about 500U, about 600U, about 700U, about 800U, about 900U, about 1000U, about 2000U, about 3000U, about 4000U, about 5000U, or about 10000U.
[0147] The method of culturing cells (e.g., T cells) is performed at conditions that are suitable for culturing or growing T cells and are well known in the art. In some embodiments, before treatment of the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) and / or HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) , cells (e.g., T cells) are activated using methods known in the art. In some embodiments, after treatment of the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) and / or HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) , cells expressing the endogenous TCR complex are depleted from the total cell population. The cells or population of the cells (e.g., T cells) obtainable or obtained by any of the methods of the disclosure may be cryopreserved so that the cells may be used at a later date. This may be done by any routine method that is suitable with adoptive T cell therapy.
[0148] The cells or population of the cells (e.g., T cells) obtainable or obtained by any of the methods of the disclosure, as described herein, constitute additional aspects contemplated by the present disclosure.
[0149] a. Concentration of the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX)
[0150] The cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) can be treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) with a concentration of about 0.01-100 μM, e.g., about 0.01 μM to about 10 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.1 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 100 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 10 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, about 1 μM to about 100 μM, about 1 μM to about 10 μM, or about 10 μM to about 100 μM. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressive agent is MTX.
[0151] The concentration of MTX can be about 0.01 to about 10 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 5 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 4 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 3 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 2 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.5 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.1 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.05 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 10 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 5 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 4 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 3 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 2 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.1 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 10 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 5 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 4 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 3 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 2 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.5 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 10 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 5 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 4 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 3 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 2 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 1 μM, about 1 μM to about 10 μM, about 1 μM to about 5 μM, about 1 μM to about 4 μM, about 1 μM to about 3 μM, about 1 μM to about 2 μM, about 2 μM to about 10 μM, about 2 μM to about 5 μM, about 2 μM to about 4 μM, about 2 μM to about 3 μM, about 3 μM to about 10 μM, about 3 μM to about 5 μM, about 3 μM to about 4 μM, about 4 μM to about 10 μM, about 4 μM to about 5 μM, or about 5 μM to about 10 μM.
[0152] The concentration of MTX can be about 0.01 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.8 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.75 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.7 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.65 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.6 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.55 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.5 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.45 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.4 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.35 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.3 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.25 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.2 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.15 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.1 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.05 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.8 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.75 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.7 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.65 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.6 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.55 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.5 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.45 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.4 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.35 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.3 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.25 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.2 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.15 μM, about 0.05 μM to about 0.1 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.01 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.8 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.75 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.7 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.65 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.6 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.55 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.5 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.45 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.4 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.35 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.3 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.25 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.2 μM, about 0.1 μM to about 0.15 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.8 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.75 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.7 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.65 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.6 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.55 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.5 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.45 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.4 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.35 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.3 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.25 μM, about 0.15 μM to about 0.2 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.8 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.75 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.7 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.65 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.6 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.55 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.5 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.45 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.4 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.35 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.3 μM, about 0.2 μM to about 0.25 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 0.8 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 0.75 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 0.7 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 0.65 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 0.6 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 0.55 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 0.5 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 0.45 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 0.4 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 0.35 μM, about 0.25 μM to about 0.3 μM, about 0.3 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.3 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.3 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.3 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.3 μM to about 0.8 μM, about 0.3 μM to about 0.75 μM, about 0.3 μM to about 0.7 μM, about 0.3 μM to about 0.65 μM, about 0.3 μM to about 0.6 μM, about 0.3 μM to about 0.55 μM, about 0.3 μM to about 0.5 μM, about 0.3 μM to about 0.45 μM, about 0.3 μM to about 0.4 μM, about 0.3 μM to about 0.35 μM, about 0.4 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.4 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.4 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.4 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.4 μM to about 0.8 μM, about 0.4 μM to about 0.75 μM, about 0.4 μM to about 0.7 μM, about 0.4 μM to about 0.65 μM, about 0.4 μM to about 0.6 μM, about 0.4 μM to about 0.55 μM, about 0.4 μM to about 0.5 μM, about 0.4 μM to about 0.45 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 0.8 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 0.75 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 0.7 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 0.65 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 0.6 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 0.55 μM, about 0.55 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.55 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.55 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.55 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.55 μM to about 0.8 μM, about 0.55 μM to about 0.75 μM, about 0.55 μM to about 0.7 μM, about 0.55 μM to about 0.65 μM, about 0.55 μM to about 0.6 μM, about 0.6 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.6 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.6 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.6 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.6 μM to about 0.8 μM, about 0.6 μM to about 0.75 μM, about 0.6 μM to about 0.75 μM, about 0.6 μM to about 0.65 μM, about 0.65 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.65 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.65 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.65 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.65 μM to about 0.8 μM, about 0.65 μM to about 0.75 μM, about 0.65 μM to about 0.7 μM, about 0.7 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.7 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.7 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.7 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.7 μM to about 0.8 μM, about 0.7 μM to about 0.75 μM, about 0.75 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.75 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.75 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.75 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.75 μM to about 0.8 μM, about 0.8 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.8 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.8 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.8 μM to about 0.85 μM, about 0.85 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.85 μM to about 0.95 μM, about 0.85 μM to about 0.9 μM, about 0.9 μM to about 1 μM, about 0.9 μM to about 0.95 μM, or about 0.95 μM to about 1 μM.
[0153] The concentration of MTX can be at least about 0.01 μM, about 0.02 μM, about 0.03 μM, about 0.04 μM, about 0.05 μM, about 0.06 μM, about 0.07 μM, about 0.08 μM, about 0.09 μM, about 0.1 μM, about 0.15 μM, about 0.2 μM, about 0.25 μM, about 0.3 μM, about 0.35 μM, about 0.4 μM, about 0.45 μM, about 0.5 μM, about 0.55 μM, about 0.6 μM, about 0.65 μM, about 0.7 μM, about 0.75 μM, about 0.8 μM, about 0.85 μM, about 0.9 μM, about 0.95 μM, about 1 μM, about 1.05 μM, about 1.1 μM, about 1.15 μM, about 1.2 μM, about 1.25 μM, about 1.3 μM, about 1.35 μM, about 1.4 μM, about 1.45 μM, about 1.5 μM, about 1.6 μM, about 1.7 μM, about 1.8 μM, about 1.9 μM, about 2 μM, about 2.5 μM, about 3 μM, about 3.5 μM, about 4 μM, about 4.5 μM, or about 5 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration of MTX is between any two of the concentrations described above.
[0154] b. Treatment time of the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX)
[0155] The cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) can be treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) for about 1-960 hours, e.g., about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours, about 18 hours, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, about 48 hours, about 56 hours, about 60 hours, about 72 hours, about 96 hours, about 120 hours, about 240 hours, about 360 hours, about 408 hours, about 480 hours, or about 960 hours. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressive agent is MTX.
[0156] The cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) can be treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) for about 1-480 hours, about 1-360 hours, about 1-240 hours, about 1-120 hours, about 1-96 hours, about 1-72 hours, about 1-48 hours, about 1-36 hours, about 1-24 hours, about 1-12 hours, about 1-6 hours, about 6-960 hours, about 6-480 hours, about 6-360 hours, about 6-240 hours, about 6-120 hours, about 6-96 hours, about 6-72 hours, about 6-48 hours, about 6-36 hours, about 6-24 hours, about 6-12 hours, about 12-960 hours, about 12-480 hours, about 12-360 hours, about 12-240 hours, about 12-120 hours, about 12-96 hours, about 12-72 hours, about 12-48 hours, about 12-36 hours, about 12-24 hours, about 24-960 hours, about 24-480 hours, about 24-360 hours, about 24-240 hours, about 24-120 hours, about 24-96 hours, about 24-72 hours, about 24-48 hours, about 24-36 hours, about 36-960 hours, about 36-480 hours, about 36-360 hours, about 36-240 hours, about 36-120 hours, about 36-96 hours, about 36-72 hours, about 36-48 hours, about 48-960 hours, about 48-480 hours, about 48-360 hours, about 48-240 hours, about 48-120 hours, about 48-96 hours, about 48-72 hours, about 72-960 hours, about 72-480 hours, about 72-360 hours, about 72-240 hours, about 72-120 hours, about 72-96 hours, about 96-960 hours, about 96-480 hours, about 96-240 hours, about 96-120 hours, about 120-960 hours, about 120-480 hours, about 120-240 hours, about 240-960 hours, about 240-480 hours, or about 480-960 hours.
[0157] In some embodiments, after activation (e.g., on Day 1) and / or transduction (e.g., on Day 2) , the transduced cells are treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 days (consecutively or non-consecutively) , e.g., on Day 7, Day 8, Day 9, Day 10, Day 11, Day 12, Day 13, Day 14, Day 15, Day 16, and / or Day 17. For example, the transduced cells can be treated with the immunosuppressive agent (e.g., MTX) for about 3 hours, about 6 hours, about 12 hours, about 18 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, about 8 days, about 9 days, or about 10 days from Day 7.
[0158] c.Concentration of HPL
[0159] The HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) can be supplemented in the culture media of the cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) at a concentration (e.g., vol%) of about 0.1%, about 0.25%, about 0.5%, about 0.75%, about 1%, about 1.25%, about 1.5%, about 1.75%, about 2%, about 2.25%, about 2.5%, about 2.75%, about 3%, about 3.25%, about 3.5%, about 3.75%, about 4%, about 4.25%, about 4.5%, about 4.75%, 5.0%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about or 30%. In some embodiments, the HPL is supplemented in the culture media at a concentration of about 1.25% (1.25 vol%) . In some embodiments, the HPL is supplemented in the culture media at a concentration of about 2.5% (2.5 vol%) . In some embodiments, the HPL is supplemented in the culture media at a concentration of about 5% (5 vol%) .
[0160] The HPL can be supplemented in the culture media at a concentration (e.g., vol%) of about 1%to about 10%, about 1%to about 9%, about 1%to about 8%, about 1%to about 7%, about 1%to about 6%, about 1%to about 5%, about 1%to about 4%, about 1%to about 3%, about 1%to about 2%, about 2%to about 10%, about 2%to about 9%, about 2%to about 8%, about 2%to about 7%, about 2%to about 6%, about 2%to about 5%, about 2%to about 4%, about 2%to about 3%, about 3%to about 10%, about 3%to about 9%, about 3%to about 8%, about 3%to about 7%, about 3%to about 6%, about 3%to about 5%, about 3%to about 4%, about 4%to about 10%, about 4%to about 9%, about 4%to about 8%, about 4%to about 7%, about 4%to about 6%, about 4%to about 5%, about 5%to about 10%, about 5%to about 9%, about 5%to about 8%, about 5%to about 7%, about 5%to about 6%, about 6%to about 10%, about 6%to about 9%, about 6%to about 8%, about 6%to about 7%, about 7%to about 10%, about 7%to about 9%, about 7%to about 8%, about 8%to about 10%, about 8%to about 9%, or about 9%to about 10%.
[0161] d. Treatment time of HPL
[0162] The HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) can be supplemented in the culture media of the cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) for about 1-960 hours, e.g., about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours, about 18 hours, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, about 48 hours, about 56 hours, about 60 hours, about 72 hours, about 96 hours, about 120 hours, about 240 hours, about 360 hours, about 384 hours, about 408 hours, about 480 hours, or about 960 hours.
[0163] In some embodiments, HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) is supplemented in the culture media of the cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) for about 1-480 hours, about 1-360 hours, about 1-240 hours, about 1-120 hours, about 1-96 hours, about 1-72 hours, about 1-48 hours, about 1-36 hours, about 1-24 hours, about 1-12 hours, about 1-6 hours, about 6-960 hours, about 6-480 hours, about 6-360 hours, about 6-240 hours, about 6-120 hours, about 6-96 hours, about 6-72 hours, about 6-48 hours, about 6-36 hours, about 6-24 hours, about 6-12 hours, about 12-960 hours, about 12-480 hours, about 12-360 hours, about 12-240 hours, about 12-120 hours, about 12-96 hours, about 12-72 hours, about 12-48 hours, about 12-36 hours, about 12-24 hours, about 24-960 hours, about 24-480 hours, about 24-360 hours, about 24-240 hours, about 24-120 hours, about 24-96 hours, about 24-72 hours, about 24-48 hours, about 24-36 hours, about 36-960 hours, about 36-480 hours, about 36-360 hours, about 36-240 hours, about 36-120 hours, about 36-96 hours, about 36-72 hours, about 36-48 hours, about 48-960 hours, about 48-480 hours, about 48-360 hours, about 48-240 hours, about 48-120 hours, about 48-96 hours, about 48-72 hours, about 72-960 hours, about 72-480 hours, about 72-360 hours, about 72-240 hours, about 72-120 hours, about 72-96 hours, about 96-960 hours, about 96-480 hours, about 96-240 hours, about 96-120 hours, about 120-960 hours, about 120-480 hours, about 120-240 hours, about 240-960 hours, about 240-480 hours, or about 480-960 hours. In some embodiments, HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) is supplemented in the culture media of the cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) during the entire culture process.
[0164] After activation (e.g., on Day 1) and / or transduction (e.g., on Day 2) , the transduced cells can be immediately treated with HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 days (consecutively or non-consecutively) , e.g., on Day 1, Day 2, Day 3, Day 4, Day 5, Day 6, Day 7, Day 8, Day 9, Day 10, Day 11, Day 12, Day 13, Day 14, Day 15, Day 16, Day 17, and / or Day 18. For example, the transduced cells can be treated with HPL (e.g., any of the HPL compositions described herein) for about 3 hours, about 6 hours, about 12 hours, about 18 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, about 8 days, about 9 days, about 10 days, about 11 days, about 12 days, about 13 days, about 14 days, about 15 days, about 16 days, about 17 days, or about 18 days from Day 1. The transduced cells can be treated with HPL throughout the entire culture.
[0165] Nucleic acids and vectors
[0166] The cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) may comprise one or more nucleic acids comprising heterologous nucleic acid sequence (s) encoding any one of the engineered receptors, any of the proteins of interest, any of the DHFRs mutant , therapeutic agents, and / or immunomodulatory agents described herein. The nucleic acid may be a DNA. The nucleic acid may be a RNA. The nucleic acid can be linear. The nucleic acid can be circular.
[0167] A polynucleotide of the present disclosure may comprise a first polynucleotide sequence and a second polynucleotide sequence. The first and second polynucleotide sequences can be separated by a linker. A linker for use in the present disclosure allows for multiple proteins to be encoded by the same nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a multicistronic or bicistronic sequence) , which are translated as a polyprotein that is dissociated into separate protein components. The polynucleotide may comprise from 5’ to 3’ the first polynucleotide sequence, the linker, and the second polynucleotide sequence. The polynucleotide may comprise from 5'to 3'the second polynucleotide sequence, the linker, and the first polynucleotide sequence. The first polynucleotide sequence may encode an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) described herein and the second polynucleotide sequence may encode a DHFR or its variant thereof described herein. The first polynucleotide sequence may encode an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) described herein and the second polynucleotide sequence may encode any of the proteins of interest described herein. The first polynucleotide sequence may encode a DHFR or its variant thereof described herein and the second polynucleotide sequence may encode an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) described herein. The first polynucleotide sequence may encode any of the proteins of interest described herein and the second polynucleotide sequence may encode an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) described herein.
[0168] A polynucleotide of the present disclosure may comprise a first polynucleotide sequence, a second polynucleotide sequence, and a third polynucleotide sequence. The first, second, and third polynucleotide sequences can be separated by one or more linkers. A linker for use in the present disclosure allows for multiple proteins to be encoded by the same nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a multicistronic or bicistronic sequence) , which are translated as a polyprotein that is dissociated into separate protein components. The polynucleotide may comprise from 5’ to 3’ the first polynucleotide sequence, a first linker, the second polynucleotide sequence, a second linker, and the third polynucleotide sequence. The first, second, and third polynucleotide sequences may encode an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) , a DHFR or its variant thereof, and one or more of the proteins of interest described herein. The first and second linkers can be any linkers described herein.
[0169] The linker may comprise a nucleic acid sequence that encodes for an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. As used herein, “an internal ribosome entry site” or “IRES” refers to an element that promotes direct internal ribosome entry to the initiation codon, such as ATG, of a protein coding region, thereby leading to cap-independent translation of the gene. Various internal ribosome entry sites are known to those of skill in the art, including, without limitation, IRES obtainable from viral or cellular mRNA sources, e.g., immunogloublin heavy-chain-binding protein (BiP) ; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ; fibroblast growth factor 2; insulin-like growth factor; translational initiation factor eIF4G; yeast transcription factors TFIID and HAP4; and IRES obtainable from, e.g., cardiovirus, rhinovirus, aphthovirus, HCV, Friend murine leukemia virus (FrMLV) , and Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) . Those of skill in the art would be able to select the appropriate IRES.
[0170] The linker may comprise a nucleic acid sequence that encodes for a self-cleaving peptide. As used herein, a “self-cleaving peptide” or “2A peptide” refers to an oligopeptide that allow multiple proteins to be encoded as polyproteins, which dissociate into component proteins upon translation. Use of the term “self-cleaving” is not intended to imply a proteolytic cleavage reaction. Various self-cleaving or 2A peptides are known to those of skill in the art, including, without limitation, those found in members of the Picornaviridae virus family, e.g., foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) , equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) , Thosea asigna virus (TaV) , and porcine teschovirus-1 (PTV-1) ; and carioviruses such as Theilovirus and encephalomyocarditis viruses. 2A peptides derived from FMDV, ERAV, PTV-1, and TaV are referred to herein as “F2A, ” “E2A, ” “P2A, ” and “T2A, ” respectively. Those of skill in the art would be able to select the appropriate self-cleaving peptide.
[0171] The linker can comprise a spacer sequence. Various spacer sequences are known in the art, including, without limitation, glycine serine (GS) spacers (also known as GS linkers) . Those of skill in the art would be able to select the appropriate spacer sequence.
[0172] A polynucleotide of the present disclosure can be operably linked to a transcriptional control element, e.g., a promoter, and enhancer, etc. Suitable promoter and enhancer elements are known to those of skill in the art. The term “operably linked” refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components so described are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. A regulatory sequence “operably linked” to a coding sequence is ligated in such a way that expression of the coding sequence is achieved under conditions compatible with the regulatory sequences.
[0173] The promoter may be a CD8 cell-specific promoter, a CD4 cell-specific promoter, a neutrophil-specific promoter, or an NK-specific promoter. For example, a CD4 gene promoter can be used; see, e.g., Salmon et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90: 7739; and Marodon et al.(2003) Blood 101: 3416. As another example, a CD8 gene promoter can be used. NK cell-specific expression can be achieved by use of an Ncr1 (p46) promoter; see, e.g., Eckelhart et al. Blood (2011) 117: 1565.
[0174] Other examples of suitable promoters include the immediate early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter sequence. This promoter sequence is a strong constitutive promoter sequence capable of driving high levels of expression of any polynucleotide sequence operatively linked thereto. Other constitutive promoter sequences can also be used, including, but not limited to a simian virus 40 (SV40) early promoter, a mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, a MoMuLV promoter, an avian leukemia virus promoter, an Epstein-Barr virus immediate early promoter, a Rous sarcoma virus promoter, the elongation-factor-1-alpha promoter (EF-1 alpha promoter, EF-1α promoter) , as well as human gene promoters such as, but not limited to, an actin promoter, a myosin promoter, a hemoglobin promoter, and a creatine kinase promoter. Further, the disclosure should not be limited to the use of constitutive promoters. Inducible promoters are also contemplated as part of the disclosure. The use of an inducible promoter provides a molecular switch capable of turning on expression of the polynucleotide sequence which it is operatively linked when such expression is desired, or turning off the expression when expression is not desired. Examples of inducible promoters include, but are not limited to a metallothionine promoter, a glucocorticoid promoter, a progesterone promoter, and a tetracycline promoter.
[0175] A polynucleotide of the present disclosure may enable the production of any one of the engineered receptors, any of the proteins of interest, any of the DHFRs or the variants thereof, therapeutic agents, and / or immunomodulatory agents described herein (e.g., in a mammalian cell) . A polynucleotide of the present disclosure may enable replication of the polynucleotide. The polynucleotide may encode a naked CAR. The polynucleotide may comprise from the 5'end to the 3'end, a CD8α signal peptide, an antigen binding domain, a CD8α hinge region, a CD8αtransmembrane region, a CD137 co-stimulatory signaling domain, a CD3ζ cytoplasmic domain.
[0176] The polynucleotide may encode an amino acid sequence of DHFR or its variant thereof that is at least 70%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 4. The polynucleotide may encode an amino acid sequence of CAR that is at least 70%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0177] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any nucleotide sequence as described herein, and an amino acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any amino acid sequence as described herein. In some cases, the disclosure relates to nucleotide sequences encoding any peptides that are described herein, or any amino acid sequences that are encoded by any nucleotide sequences as described herein. The nucleic acid sequence may be less than 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, or 5000 nucleotides. The amino acid sequence may be less than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, or 1400 amino acid residues.
[0178] The amino acid sequence may (i) comprise an amino acid sequence; or (ii) consist of an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0179] The nucleic acid sequence may (i) comprise a nucleic acid sequence; or (ii) consist of a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0180] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences, or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes) . The length of a reference sequence aligned for comparison purposes may be at least 80%of the length of the reference sequence, and may be at least 90%, 95%, or 100%. The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. For purposes of the present disclosure, the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
[0181] The heterologous nucleic acid sequences (s) described herein can be present in a heterologous gene expression cassette, which comprises one or more protein-coding sequences and optionally one or more promoters. The heterologous gene expression cassette can comprise a single protein-coding sequence. The heterologous gene expression cassette can comprise two or more protein-coding sequences driven by a single promoter (i.e., polycistronic) . The heterologous gene expression cassette can further comprise one or more regulatory sequences (such as 5’ UTR, 3’ UTR, enhancer sequence, IRES, transcription termination sequence) , recombination sites, one or more selection markers (such as antibiotic resistance gene, reporter gene, etc. ) , signal sequence, or combinations thereof.
[0182] The cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) may comprise a vector comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor. An expression vector (e.g., a retroviral vector or a lentiviral vector) can be used to introduce the CAR or TCR into an immune cell or precursor thereof (e.g., a T cell) . Accordingly, an expression vector (e.g., a retroviral vector or a lentiviral vector) of the present disclosure can comprise a polynucleotide encoding for a CAR or a TCR. The expression vector (e.g., the retroviral vector or the lentiviral vector) can comprise additional elements that will aid in the functional expression of the CAR or TCR encoded therein. An expression vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding for a CAR or TCR may further comprise a mammalian promoter. The vector may comprise an EF-1α promoter. The use of an EF-1α promoter can increase the efficiency in expression of downstream transgenes (e.g., a CAR-or TCR-encoding polynucleotide) . Physiologic promoters (e.g., an EF-1α promoter) can be less likely to induce integration mediated genotoxicity, and can abrogate the ability of the retroviral vector to transform stem cells. Other physiological promoters suitable for use in a vector are known to those of skill in the art and can be incorporated into a vector of the present disclosure. The vector may further comprise a non-requisite cis acting sequence that can improve titers and gene expression.
[0183] The vector may further comprise a second heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding an immunomodulatory agent (e.g., Nef protein) . A first heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor can be fused to a second heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding an immunomodulatory agent (e.g., Nef protein) via a third nucleic acid sequence encoding a self-cleavable linker, such as P2A, T2A, E2A, or F2A peptide. The Nef protein described herein may be any one of a wildtype Nef, a mutant Nef, a Nef fragment and a fusion protein comprising a Nef fragment.
[0184] The vector can be a viral vector. Examples of viral vectors include, but are not limited to, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors, lentiviral vector, retroviral vectors, vaccinia vector, herpes simplex viral vector, and derivatives thereof. Viral vector technology is well known in the art and is described, for example, in Sambrook et al. (2001, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York) , and in other virology and molecular biology manuals.
[0185] A number of viral based systems have been developed for gene transfer into mammalian cells. For example, retroviruses provide a convenient platform for gene delivery systems. The heterologous nucleic acid can be inserted into a vector and packaged in retroviral particles using techniques known in the art. The recombinant virus can then be isolated and delivered to the cells (e.g., any of the modified cells described herein) in vitro or ex vivo. A number of retroviral systems are known in the art. Adenovirus vectors may be used. Lentivirus vectors may be used. Self-inactivating lentiviral vectors may be used. For example, self-inactivating lentiviral vectors can be packaged with protocols known in the art. The resulting lentiviral vectors can be used to transduce a mammalian cell (such as human T cells) using methods known in the art.
[0186] The vector can be a non-viral vector, such as a plasmid, or an episomal expression vector.
[0187] The vector can be an expression vector. “Expression vector” is a construct that can be used to transform a selected host and provides for expression of a coding sequence in the selected host. Expression vectors can for instance be cloning vectors, binary vectors or integrating vectors. Expression comprises transcription of the nucleic acid molecule preferably into a translatable mRNA. Regulatory elements ensuring expression in eukaryotic cells are well known to those skilled in the art. In the case of eukaryotic cells they comprise normally promoters ensuring initiation of transcription and optionally poly-Asignals ensuring termination of transcription and stabilization of the transcript. Examples of regulatory elements permitting expression in eukaryotic host cells are AOX1 or GAL1 promoter in yeast or the CMV-, SV40-, RSV-promoter (Rous sarcoma virus) , CMV-enhancer, SV40-enhancer or a globin intron in mammalian and other animal cells. Furthermore, depending on the expression system used leader sequences capable of directing the polypeptide to a cellular compartment or secreting it into the medium may be added to the coding sequence of the recited nucleic acid sequence and are well known in the art. The leader sequence (s) is (are) assembled in appropriate phase with translation, initiation and termination sequences, and preferably, a leader sequence capable of directing secretion of translated protein, or a portion thereof, into the periplasmic space or extracellular medium. Optionally, the nucleic acid sequence can encode a fusion protein including an N-terminal identification peptide imparting desired characteristics, e.g., stabilization or simplified purification of expressed recombinant product. Suitable expression vectors are known in the art such as Okayama-Berg cDNA expression vector pcDV1 (Pharmacia) , pEF-Neo, pCDM8, pRc / CMV, pcDNA1, pcDNA3 (Invitrogen) , pEF-DHFR and pEF-ADA, (Raum et al., Cancer Immunol Immunother (2001) 50 (3) , 141-150) or pSPORT1 (GIBCO BRL) .
[0188] Methods of treatment
[0189] The modified cells described herein (e.g., CAR-T cells expressing DHFRFS) can be used in a variety of experimental, therapeutic and commercial applications.
[0190] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of modulating an immune response comprising administering an effective amount of modified cells described herein to a subject in need thereof.
[0191] The term “effective amount” as used herein means an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary to achieve the desired results.
[0192] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating cancer comprising administering an effective amount of modified cells described herein to a subject in need thereof. Examples of cancer that can be treated include, but are not limited to, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) , large cell neuroendocrine cancer (LCNC) , neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) , pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) , gastrointestinal neuroendocrine cancers, leukemias including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and T cell and B cell leukemias, lymphomas (Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkins) , lymphoproliferative disorders, plasmacytomas, histiocytomas, melanomas, adenomas, sarcomas, carcinomas of solid tissues, hypoxic tumors, squamous cell carcinomas, genitourinary cancers such as cervical and bladder cancer, hematopoietic cancers, head and neck cancers, and nervous system cancers.
[0193] The disclosure further includes the use of the modified cells described herein in the manufacture of a medicament or pharmaceutical composition to modulate an immune response, to treat an infection or to treat cancer as described herein above.
[0194] The modified cells can also be used in experimental models, for example, to further study and elucidate the function of the cells.
[0195] One or more of the modified cells described herein can be administered to a subject in a single, unified form, such as an intravenous injection, or in multiple forms, for example, as multiple intravenous infusions or injections, or subcutaneous injections. In some cases, the modified cells can expand within a subject’s body, in vivo, after administration to a subject. The modified cells can be frozen to provide cells for multiple treatments with the same cell preparation. The modified cells of the disclosure, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, can be packaged as a kit. A kit can include instructions (e.g., written instructions) on the use of the modified cells and compositions comprising the same.
[0196] Methods for administration of modified cells for adoptive cell therapy are known and can be used in connection with the provided methods and compositions. For example, adoptive T cell therapy methods are described, e.g., in US Patent Application Publication No. 2003 / 0170238 to Gruenberg et al; US Patent No. 4,690,915 to Rosenberg; Rosenberg (2011) Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 8 (10) : 577-85) . See, e.g., Themeli et al. (2013) Nat Biotechnol. 31 (10) : 928-933; Tsukahara et al. (2013) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 438 (1) : 84-9; Davila et al. (2013) PLoS ONE 8 (4) : e61338. The cell therapy, e.g., adoptive T cell therapy can be carried out by autologous transfer, in which the cells are isolated and / or otherwise prepared from the subject who is to receive the cell therapy, or from a sample derived from such a subject. Thus, in some aspects, the cells are derived from a subject, e.g., patient, in need of a treatment and the cells, following isolation and processing are administered to the same subject.
[0197] The cell therapy (e.g., adoptive T cell therapy) can be carried out by allogeneic transfer, in which the cells are isolated and / or otherwise prepared from a subject other than a subject who is to receive or who ultimately receives the cell therapy, e.g., a first subject. In such embodiments, the cells then are administered to a different subject, e.g., a second subject, of the same species. The first and second subjects may be genetically identical. The first and second subjects may be genetically similar. The second subject may express the same HLA class or supertype as the first subject.
[0198] The subject (e.g., human subject) may have been treated with a therapeutic agent targeting the disease or condition, e.g., the tumor, prior to administration of the cells or composition containing the cells. The subject may be refractory or non-responsive to the other therapeutic agent. The subject may have persistent or relapsed disease, e.g., following treatment with another therapeutic intervention, including chemotherapy, radiation, and / or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) , e.g., allogenic HSCT. In some cases, the administration can effectively treat the subject despite the subject having become resistant to another therapy.
[0199] The subject may be responsive to the other therapeutic agent, and treatment with the therapeutic agent reduces disease burden. The subject may be initially responsive to the therapeutic agent, but exhibits a relapse of the disease or condition over time. The subject may have not relapsed. The subject may be determined to be at risk for relapse, such as at a high risk of relapse, and thus the cells are administered prophylactically, e.g., to reduce the likelihood of or prevent relapse. The subject may has not received prior treatment with another therapeutic agent.
[0200] The subject may have persistent or relapsed disease, e.g., following treatment with another therapeutic intervention, including chemotherapy, radiation, and / or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) , e.g., allogenic HSCT. The administration may effectively treat the subject despite the subject having become resistant to another therapy.
[0201] The modified cells described herein can be administered to an animal, such as a mammal, even more a human, to treat a cancer. In addition, the modified cells can be used for the treatment of any condition related to a cancer, especially a cell-mediated immune response against a tumor cell (s) , where it is desirable to treat or alleviate the disease.
[0202] The modified cells described herein (e.g., CAR-T cells expressing DHFRFS) can be included in a composition for immunotherapy. The composition can include a pharmaceutical composition and further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one aspect, the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the modified cell described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising the modified cells can be administered.
[0203] The modified cells can be immediately used in the above therapeutic, experimental or commercial applications or the cells can be cryopreserved for use at a later date. The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.
[0204] The modified cells disclosed herein can be formulated in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of precise dosages. The unit dosage forms may comprise additional lymphocytes. In unit dosage form, the formulation is divided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of one or more compounds. The unit dosage can be in the form of a package containing discrete quantities of the formulation. Non-limiting examples are packaged tablets or capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules. Aqueous suspension compositions can be packaged in single-dose non-reclosable containers. Multiple-dose reclosable containers can be used, for example, in combination with a preservative or without a preservative. The pharmaceutical composition may not comprise a preservative. Formulations for parenteral injection can be presented in unit dosage form, for example, in ampoules, or in multi-dose containers with a preservative.
[0205] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of transplantation in a patient in need thereof comprising the step of administering to the patient an effective amount of the cells of the disclosure for transplantation. In some embodiments, the patient is immune competent. In some embodiments, the cell is an isogeneic cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an allogeneic cell. In some embodiments, an immunosuppressive agent (e.g., any of the immunosuppressive agents described herein) can be co-administered to the patient.
[0206] Compositions, Kits and Articles of Manufacture
[0207] Also provided are compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) , kits, and articles of manufacture comprising the immunosuppressive agent described herein (e.g., an S-phase inhibitor (e.g., methotrexate) ) and / or HPL described herein.
[0208] The components of the culture medium in the methods of the disclosure may be provided in a format that is suitable for preparing the culture medium at a time when is needed. Thus, in another aspect, the present disclosure also provides kit comprising the immunosuppressive agent described herein (e.g., an S-phase inhibitor (e.g., methotrexate) ) and HPL. The kit of the disclosure may contain further culture medium supplements, such as interleukins or growth factors, serum, a buffering system, amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic salts, trace elements and / or vitamins. The kit of the disclosure may further contain IL-2.
[0209] It will be understood that the kit of the disclosure may be suitable for producing a population of cells (e.g., T cells) .
[0210] EXAMPLES
[0211] The examples provided below are for purposes of illustration only, which are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified. Thus, the disclosure should in no way be construed as being limited to the following examples, but rather, should be construed to encompass any one or more of the variations which become evident as a result of the teaching provided herein.
[0212] Some culture media used in the disclosure were referred to as “complete growth medium” or “complete medium. ” The complete growth medium was TexMACSTM GMP Medium-based and supplemented with 1.25-5 vol%human platelet lysate (HPL) and 300 IU / mL human IL-2. The complete medium was TexMACSTM GMP Medium-based and supplemented with 300 IU / mL human IL-2. The concentration of HPL and IL-2 used in the disclosure are separately indicated.
[0213] Example 1. Effects of human platelet lysate (HPL)
[0214] Exemplary methods for generating methotrexate (MTX) -resistant CAR-T cells or universal CAR-T cells (UCAR-T cells) are described, e.g., in WO2024022509, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Briefly, a lentiviral vector (LVV) containing a first sequence encoding a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) with L22F / F31S mutations (DHFRFS, SEQ ID NO: 1) and a second sequence encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR1, SEQ ID NO: 2; or CAR2, SEQ ID NO: 5) was constructed. The first and second sequences were separated by a linker, e.g., an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) . Additional elements that can reduce endogenous TCR expression were also contained in the lentiviral vector, e.g., a sequence encoding the Nef protein as described in WO2024022509.
[0215] Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors were thawed, activated by GMP T Cell TransActTM (Miltenyi Biotech) and seeded in the complete medium supplemented with IL-2. T cells were transduced with the lentiviral vector 24 hours post activation. Five days after transduction (i.e., Day 7) , MTX treatment was added to the process for CAR-T cell selection, with a concentration of 0.05 μM for 72 hours. Meanwhile, cells were cultured in complete growth medium supplemented with HPL and IL-2, wherein the concentration of HPL was 1.25%, 2.5%, or 5% (percentage by volume (vol%) ) . On Day 10, Day 14, or Day 17, cells were counted and reseeded with complete medium without HPL.
[0216] Acridine Orange / Propidium Iodide (AOPI) assays were used for cell counting and measurement of cell viability. Specifically, each cell suspension sample obtained on Day 2, Day 7, Day 10, Day 14, and Day 17 was mixed with an equal volume of AOPI, and the total cell number in the culture was also calculated (as numerator for calculation of the expansion fold) . The expansion fold was calculated using the total cell number on Day 2 as the denominator. Cell proliferation curves were plotted. Untransduced T cells (UnT) cultured without MTX and HPL were also tested as control.
[0217] Tables 1-2 provide the cell viability and expansion fold obtained during the culture, respectively, which are further summarized in FIGS. 2A-2B. These results were obtained with T cells expressing CAR2. Even though the transduced T cells were genetically modified and cultured with MTX for selective expansion, the proliferation activity of CAR-T cells cultured with HPL was not significantly reduced as compared with the UnT control. The cells even showed a higher expansion fold in groups with 2.5%or 5%HPL.
[0218] Table 1. Cell viability of CAR-T cells cultured with different concentrations of HPL
[0219] Note: “N / A” stands for “not assessed. ”
[0220] Table 2. Cell expansion fold of CAR-T cells cultured with different concentrations of HPL
[0221] Note: “N / A” stands for “not assessed. ”
[0222] The CAR-positive (CARpos) T cell population was characterized by flow cytometry on Day 7, Day 10, Day 14, and Day 17. The expansion fold of CARpos T cells is summarized in Table 3 and FIG. 2C. Rapid expansion of CARpos T cells was observed. As the culture time increased, the expansion fold of CARpos T cells maintained at a high level. The results demonstrate that during the 72-hour MTX treatment, the 2.5%or 5%HPL added in the medium resulted in a better proliferation capability of CARpos T cells from Day 7 to Day 17. The expansion fold was calculated using the total cell number on Day 2 as the denominator.
[0223] Table 3. Expansion fold of CARpos T cells cultured with different concentrations of HPL
[0224] In addition, TCRab (alpha and beta subunits of endogenous T cell receptor) expression during the culture was assessed by flow cytometry. As shown in the Table 4 and FIG. 2D, the resulting cell population in the HPL groups had an increased percentage of TCRab-negative (TCRabneg (%) ) T cells and the percentage reached a plateau at more than 50%on Day 17. No significant difference was observed between groups with different concentrations of HPL. Combined with the expansion fold results of CAR-T cells, 2.5%HPL was selected for subsequent experiments, which showed more beneficial effects for TCRabneg T cell production.
[0225] Table 4. Percentage of TCRabneg T cells cultured with different concentrations of HPL
[0226] FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an exemplary process of preparing MTX-resistant CARpos TCRabneg T cells described herein. As shown in FIG. 1, TCRab-positive (TCRabpos or TCRab+) cells are depleted from the cell culture on Day 17, and only TCRabneg T cells are harvested. It was contemplated that low expression of endogenous TCR complex in the harvested cells can effectively minimize or eliminate the risk of GvHD during allogenic transplantation. Thus, the more TCRabneg T cells obtained before TCRabpos T cells depletion, the more overall yield of desirable TCRabneg T cells can be achieved to reach the required cell dose for subsequent cell therapy.
[0227] Verification of effects of 2.5%HPL
[0228] To verify the observed effects above, the experiments were repeated with 2.5%HPL. The methods for generating MTX-resistant CAR-T cells as shown in FIG. 1 were repeated. Specifically, the culture medium was supplemented with or without 2.5%HPL; MTX concentration was 0.05 μM for 120 hours (0.05μM-120h) or 1 μM for 6 hours (1μM-6h) ; and cell numbers were monitored until Day 14 or Day 17.
[0229] Three batches of CAR-T cell (expressing CAR1) culture results, including results of cell viability (FIGS. 3A-3C) , expansion fold (FIGS. 4A-4C) , CAR expression (FIGS. 5A-5C) and TCRab expression (FIGS. 6A-6C) were obtained. Specifically, cells of Batch 1 (FIGS. 3A, 4A, 5A and 6A) and Batch 2 (FIGS. 3B, 4B, 5B and 6B) were from different donors but underwent the same MTX treatment, that was, they were treated with 0.05 μM MTX from Day 7 for 120 hours and depletion of TCRabpos cells was performed on Day 14. Cells of Batch 1 (FIGS. 3A, 4A, 5A and 6A) and Batch 3 (FIGS. 3C, 4C, 5C and 6C) were from the same donor but underwent different treatments, that was, cells of Batch 3 were treated with 1 μM MTX from Day 7 for 6 hours and depletion of TCRabpos cells was performed on Day 17. Cells of Batch 1 were cultured with HPL from D2 to D17, and cells of Batch 2 and 3 were cultured with HPL from D1 to D17. Untransduced T cells (UnT) cultured without MTX and HPL were also tested as control. Consistent results were obtained from the 3 batches of CAR-T cells.
[0230] As shown in FIGS. 5A-5C and 6A-6C, no significant difference in percentages of CARpos and TCRabneg was observed between the group with 2.5%HPL ( "CART 2.5%HPL" ) and the group without 2.5%HPL ( "CART" ) . However, CAR-T cells cultured in 2.5%HPL ( "CART 2.5%HPL" ) showed a higher cell viability and increased expansion fold (FIGS. 3A-3C and 4A-4C) , demonstrating that 2.5%HPL could benefit to untransduced cells and CAR-T cells, both in cell expansion and viability. As shown in FIGS. 3A-3B and 4A-4B, cells of CAR-T group ( "CART" ) showed a reduced proliferation activity than that of untransduced cells without or with 2.5%HPL ( "UnT" or "UnT 2.5%HPL" ) , demonstrating that MTX treatment can inhibit the proliferation activity of CAR-T cells. However, when CAR-T cells were cultured in the presence of HPL ( "CART 2.5%HPL" ) , the proliferation activity was restored. Together, the results show that 2.5%HPL can maintain cell viability during MTX selection and more cells can be obtained for subsequent TCRabpos depletion, which means a higher yield of desirable TCRabneg T cells.
[0231] Example 2. Evaluation of the combined effects of HPL and MTX
[0232] Preparation of MTX-resistant CAR-T cells was performed according to the process shown in FIG. 1, except that different cell culture media with or without 2.5 %HPL, and different MTX treatment including 0.05 μM for 120 hours (0.05μM-120h) and 1 μM for 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, or 72 hours (1μM-6h, 1μM-24h, 1μM-48h, and 1μM-72h, respectively) were used. The cell viability and total cell number of untransduced cells ( "UnT" ) and CAR-T cells ( "CAR-T1" and "CAR-T2" ) were measured during the culture.
[0233] As shown in Table 5 below, under the same MTX treatment, on Day 17, the expansion fold of the UnT groups with HPL was about 5.7 times than that of the group without HPL and CAR-T groups with HPL was 8-10 times than that of the group without HPL. The results suggest that HPL can promote proliferation of T cells with high cell viability. MTX treatment of 0.05 μM for 120 hours (0.05μM-120h) and 1 μM for 6 hours (1μM-6h) inhibited cell proliferation, but 2.5%HPL reduced MTX's inhibitory effects. Comparison between the groups of 1μM-6h and 1μM-6h-HPL in Table 5 shows that supplementation of HPL obviously increased cell viability and expansion fold of MTX-treated CAR-T cells. For example, CAR-T cells in the group of 1μM-6h had lower viability on Day 10 and a poorer expansion fold on Day 17 than that of the 1μM-6h-HPL group. In groups where CAR-T cells were treated with both HPL and MTX, as the treatment time of 1 μM MTX increased, the viability of the treated CAR-T cell maintained at a high level, whereas the expansion fold of the treated CAR-T cell showed a decreasing trend.
[0234] Table 5. Cell viability and expansion fold of CAR-T with different MTX treatments
[0235] Notes: “ / ” indicates that the data were not measured. “CAR-T1” indicates T cells transduced with the lentiviral vector at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) ; “CAR-T2” indicates T cells transduced with the lentiviral vector at a high MOI. “0.05μM-120h” indicates the CAR-T cells were cultured with the addition of MTX at a concentration of 0.05 μM for 120 hours; “1μM-6h-HPL” indicates the CAR-T cells were cultured with the addition of MTX at a concentration of 1 μM for 6 hours, and the cell medium was supplemented with 2.5%HPL.
[0236] The percentages of CARpos or TCRabneg populations were characterized by flow cytometry during the process. Two groups of CAR-T cells were generated with lentiviral transduction at a low or high MOI, denoted as CAR-T1 and CAR-T2, respectively. All data are summarized in the Table 6 below.
[0237] Table 6. Percentages of CARpos or TCRabneg of CAR-T cells with different MTX treatments
[0238] The results demonstrate that 1) HPL has no significant effect on CAR expression; 2) 0.05 μM MTX for 120 hours and 1 μM MTX for 6 hours are both effective conditions for MTX-resistant CAR-T cells selection; and 3) the longer the treatment time of 1 μM MTX (e.g., from 6 hours to 72 hours) and 2.5%HPL, the higher percentage of CARpos or TCRabneg population of cells can be obtained. Thus, HPL with longer treatment of MTX can help ease the TCRabpos T cells depletion burden, and achieve more MTX-resistant CARpos TCRabneg T cell products.
[0239] Example 3. Evaluation of treatment of HPL and MTX for longer time
[0240] The methods for preparing MTX-resistant CAR-T cells as shown in FIG. 1 were repeated but with two different MTX treatments: 1 μM for 96 hours or 1 μM for 240 hours. CAR and TCRab expression were monitored during the culture period. Data of two batches of CAR-T cells culture results were obtained, including the percentage of CARpos T cells (FIGS. 7A-7B) and the percentage of TCRabneg T cells (FIGS. 8A-8B) .
[0241] As shown in FIGS. 7A-7B, an increasing trend of the CARpos percentage was observed under both selective conditions of 1) 2.5%HPL and 1 μM MTX for 96 hours (HPL-MTX-1μM-96h) ; and 2) 2.5%HPL and 1 μM MTX for 240 hours (HPL-MTX-1μM-240h) . More than 80%cells on Day 17, after selection with 1 μM MTX for 96 hours or 240 hours, were CAR-positive, which was verified by the results of both batches. The increasing trends of the CARpos percentage in the groups of HPL-MTX-1μM-96h and HPL-MTX-1μM-240h were similar.
[0242] As shown in FIG. 8A-8B, an increasing trend of the TCRabneg percentage was observed under both selective conditions of 1) 2.5%HPL and 1 μM MTX for 96 hours (HPL-MTX-1μM-96h) ; and 2) 2.5%HPL and 1 μM MTX for 240 hours (HPL-MTX-1μM-240h) . More than 75%cells on Day 17, after selection with 1 μM MTX for 96 hours or 240 hours, were TCRab-negative, which was verified by the results of both batches. The increasing trends of the TCRabneg percentage in the groups of HPL-MTX-1μM-96h and HPL-MTX-1μM-240h were similar.
[0243] The results above show that treatment with 2.5%HPL and 1 μM MTX for a long-time selection (e.g., 96-240 hours) can obtain more MTX-resistant CAR-T cells, which reduces the pressure of TCRabpos depletion. In other words, more desirable TCRabneg T cells can be achieved to reach the required cell dose for subsequent cell therapy.
[0244] Because of HPL supplementation in the media, the CAR-T cell number before TCRabpos depletion is no longer a production-limiting condition. Given that the amount of automated sorting operations is limited by the throughput of consumables, the higher the ratio of TCRabneg T cells, the lower the pressure of subsequent TCRabpos T cells depletion. As shown in Table 7, the selective condition of 2.5%HPL and 1 μM MTX for 240 hours (HPL-MTX-1μM-240h) can improve the overall yield of final cell product (e.g., to about 50%) , and HPL can provide beneficial effects for cell proliferation (e.g., with an expansion fold of more than 200 (D17 / D2) for CAR-T cells) . The above described conditions can meet the CAR-T cell manufacturing input-output ratio (large-scale) required for clinical administration.
[0245] Table 7. Yield%post depletion of TCRabpos cells of CAR-T cells treated with HPL and MTX
[0246] Note: “Yield%” was calculated by dividing the target cell number post depletion of TCRabpos cells using the System by the number of CAR-T cells prepared for reagent labeling.
[0247] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0248] It is to be understood that while the disclosure has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1.A method of expanding a population of cells that are resistant to an immunosuppressive agent, the method comprising treating the cells with the immunosuppressive agent and human platelet lysate (HPL) .2.A method of increasing viability and / or improving proliferation of a population of cells that are resistant to an immunosuppressive agent, the method comprising treating the cells with the immunosuppressive agent and human platelet lysate (HPL) .3.A method of enriching a population of cells that are resistant to an immunosuppressive agent, the method comprising treating the cells with the immunosuppressive agent and human platelet lysate (HPL) .4.A method of screening cells that are resistant to an immunosuppressive agent, the method comprising treating the cells with the immunosuppressive agent and human platelet lysate (HPL) .5.The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the immunosuppressive agent is an S-phase inhibitor.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the S-phase inhibitor is an antifolate agent.7.The method of claim 6, wherein the antifolate agent is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the DHFR inhibitor is methotrexate (MTX) .9.The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the cells express an immunosuppressive agent resistant transgene.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the immunosuppressive agent resistant transgene comprises a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) mutant.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the cells are modified by introducing a vector expressing the DHFR mutant, modifying the endogenous DHFR gene, and / or knocking in a sequence encoding the DHFR mutant.12.The method of claim 10 or 11, wherein the DHFR mutant comprises a phenylalanine residue (F) corresponding to position 22 and / or a serine residue (S) corresponding to position 31 of human DHFR (SEQ ID NO: 4) .13.The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the method comprising treating the cells with HPL prior to, concurrently with, and / or following treating the cells with the immunosuppressive agent.14.The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the method comprising treating the cells with the immunosuppressive agent prior to, concurrently with, and / or following treating the cells with HPL.15.The method of claim 13 or 14, wherein the method comprising treating the cells with the immunosuppressive agent in the presence of HPL in the culture medium.16.The method of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the immunosuppressive agent is MTX, and the cells are treated with about 0.01-5 μM of MTX.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the cells are treated with MTX at least about 0.01 μM, about 0.02 μM, about 0.03 μM, about 0.04 μM, about 0.05 μM, about 0.06 μM, about 0.07 μM, about 0.08 μM, about 0.09 μM, about 0.1 μM, about 0.2 μM, about 0.3 μM, about 0.4 μM, about 0.5 μM, about 0.6 μM, about 0.7 μM, about 0.8 μM, about 0.9 μM, about 1 μM, about 1.5 μM, about 2 μM, about 2.5 μM, about 3 μM, about 3.5 μM, about 4 μM, about 4.5 μM, or about 5 μM.18.The method of claim 16 or 17, wherein the cells are treated with MTX for at least about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours, about 18 hours, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, about 48 hours, about 56 hours, about 60 hours, about 72 hours, about 96 hours, about 120 hours, about 240 hours, about 360 hours, about 480 hours, or about 960 hours.19.The method of any one of claims 16-18, wherein the cells are treated with MTX at 0.05 μM or 1 μM for 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 120 hours or 240 hours.20.The method of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the cells are treated with about 0.1%-10% (percentage by volume) of HPL.21.The method of claim 20, wherein the cells are treated with HPL at least about 0.1%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 1.25%, about 1.5%, about 1.75%, about 2%, about 2.25%, about 2.5%, about 2.75%, about 3%, about 3.25%, about 3.5%, about 3.75%, about 4%, about 4.25%, about 4.5%, about 4.75%, about 5%, about 5.25%, about 5.5%, about 5.75%, about 6%, about 6.25%, about 6.5%, about 6.75%, about 7%, about 7.25%, about 7.5%, about 7.75%, about 8%, about 8.25%, about 8.5%, about 8.75%, about 9%, about 9.25%, about 9.5%, about 9.75%, or about 10%.22.The method of claim 20 or 21, wherein the cells are treated with HPL for at least about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours, about 18 hours, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, about 48 hours, about 56 hours, about 60 hours, about 72 hours, about 96 hours, about 120 hours, about 240 hours, about 360 hours, about 384 hours, about 408 hours, about 480 hours, or about 960 hours.23.The method of any one of claims 20-22, wherein the cells are treated with 1.25%, 2.5%or 5%HPL for 72 hours, 384 hours, 408 hours or throughout the cell culture.24.The method of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the viability of the cells is at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, or at least 95%, during or after the cells are treated with the immunosuppressive agent and HPL.25.The method of any one of claims 1-24, wherein the viability of the cells is at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 110%, at least 120%, at least 130%, at least 140%, at least 150%, at least 1-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 11-fold, at least 12-fold, as compared to that of cells only treated with the immunosuppressive agent.26.The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the cells are modified by viral transduction (e.g., to express the DHFR mutant) , and the expansion fold of the cells is at least 100-fold, at least 150-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 250-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 350-fold, at least 400-fold, at least 450-fold, or at least 500-fold as compared to that of the cells on the day of transduction, during or after the cells are treated with the immunosuppressive agent and HPL.27.The method of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the expansion fold of the cells is at least 1-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 11-fold, at least 12-fold, at least 13-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 30-fold, at least 40-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 60-fold, at least 70-fold, at least 80-fold, at least 90-fold, or at least 100-fold as compared to that of cells only treated with the immunosuppressive agent.28.The method of any one of claims 1-27, wherein the cells expressing endogenous TCR are depleted before harvesting the cells.29.The method of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the cells are activated before being treated with the immunosuppressive agent and HPL.30.The method of any one of claims 1-29, wherein the cells are immune cells or stem cells.31.The method of claim 30, wherein the immune cells are selected from T cells, NK cells, or a combination thereof, optionally wherein the immune cells are isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors.32.The method of claim 31, wherein the T cells are natural killer T (NK-T) cells, γδ T cells, and αβ T cells, optionally wherein the T cell is modified to be suitable for allogenic cell therapy.33.The method of any one of claims 1-32, wherein the cells are modified to disrupt or overexpress multiple gene (s) .34.The method of any one of claims 1-33, wherein the cells further express one or more proteins of interest.35.The method of claim 34, wherein the one or more proteins of interest comprise a fusion protein, an enzyme, a receptor, an immunomodulatory protein, dihydrofolate reductase, an antibiotic resistance protein, a soluble polypeptide, an antibody, a soluble portion of a transmembrane protein, a secretory protein, a ligand, a cytokine, a functional fragment of any one of the proteins, an epitope fragment of any one of the proteins, and any combinations thereof.36.The method of claim 34 or 35, wherein the protein of interest comprises an engineered receptor.37.The method of claim 36, wherein the engineered receptor is an engineered T cell receptor (TCR) , a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , a T cell antigen coupler (TAC) or a portion thereof.38.The method of claim 36 or 37, wherein the engineered receptor specifically targets a tumor antigen.39.The method of claim 38, wherein the tumor antigen is selected from the group consisting of BCMA, CLL1, CD4, GPC3, GPRC5D, GU2CYC, CD19, MUC16, MUC1, CAIX, CEA, CD8, CD7, CD10, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD38, CD41, CD44, CD49f, CD56, CD74, CD133, CD138, EGP-2, EGP-40, EpCAM, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4, FBP, fetal acetylcholine receptor, folate receptor-α, GD2, GD3, HER-2, hTERT, IL-13R-α2, κ-light chain, KDR, LeY, L1 cell adhesion molecule, MAGE-A1, mesothelin, MAGEA3, p53, MART1, GP100, proteinase-3 (PR3) , tyrosinase, survivin, hTERT, EphA2, NY-ESO-1, h5T4, PSCA, PSMA, ROR1, TAG-72, VEGF-R2, WT-1, CD123, CD44V6, NKCS1, IGF1R, EGFR, EGFR-VIII, Claudin 18.2, Claudin 6, NKG2D, Delta-like 3 (DLL3) , CD70, CS-1, c-Met, Glycolipid F77, PD-L1, and PD-L2.40.The method of any one of claims 34-39, wherein the protein of interest comprises an exogenous Nef protein.41.The method of any one of claims 34-40, wherein the cells are modified by introducing a vector expressing the DHFR mutant, and the proteins of interest.42.A population of cells produced using the method of any one of claims 1-41.43.A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the population of cells of claim 42, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.44.A kit for expanding a population of cells comprising MTX and HPL.45.The kit of claim 44, further comprising culture medium supplements; optionally the kit comprising IL-2.46.A culture medium suitable for culturing cells that are resistant to MTX, comprising MTX and HPL.47.The culture medium of claim 46, wherein the concentration of MTX in the culture medium is about 0.1-5 μM; optionally wherein the concentration of MTX is 0.05 μM or 1 μM.48.The culture medium of claim 46 or 47, wherein the concentration of HPL in the culture medium is about 0.1%-10% (percentage by volume) ; optionally wherein the concentration of HPL is 1.25%, 2.5%or 5%.49.A method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof the population of cells of claim 42, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 43.50.The method of claim 49, wherein the disease or disorder is cancer, autoimmune disease, or infection.
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