panel

Abstract

The panel includes a planar body having a first side and a second side, with a plurality of air passages extending between them. Each air passage has larger opening on the first side and a smaller opening on the second side, forming a narrowing geometry. This geometry is configured to induce a directional pressure differential and / or a directional acoustic impedance, enabling greater airflow or sound propagation from one side to the other while limiting reverse airflow or sound propagation. The panel may be integrated with air cooling or accelerating modules. In some embodiments, the panel forms part of a closed-loop air circulation system. The panel may be made of concrete, stone, metal, ceramic, or phase change materials, and is suitable for thermal and acoustic regulation.

Description

DescriptionTitle of Invention: PanelTechnical Field

[0001] The present invention relates generally to passive cooling, and, in particular, to passive cooling panels having narrowing air passages.Background Art

[0002] Ventilation is the process of intentionally displacing the air inside a building with outdoor air. It is necessary in buildings to avoid the build-up of pollutants, which can adversely affect human health and productivity. Furthermore, ventilation can provide other benefits such as the control of temperature, humidity and air motion within a building.

[0003] Air conditioning or other mechanical ventilation systems can be used to provide ventilation in buildings. However, such systems consume electricity and can, therefore, be relatively expensive to operate. Hence, there remains a need for improved ventilation systems that can provide ventilation in buildings without consuming electricity. It is an object of the invention to address at least one of the above problems, or another problem associated with the prior art.Summary of Invention

[0004] The present disclosure relates to a panel configured to form a portion of a room surface, such as a ceiling, wall, or floor. In particular, the panel can include a planar body having a first side and a second side, and a plurality of air passages extending from one side to the other side. Each air passage has a fir st opening on one side that is larger than a corresponding second opening on the other side, thereby forming a narrowing geometry through the body of the panel.

[0005] The narrowing geometry of the air passages is configured to generate a directional pressure differential and / or acoustic impedance within each passage. In some embodiments, the geometry promotes airflow from one side to the other side while impeding reverse flow. In other embodiments, the geometry facilitates greater propagation of sound waves in one direction than the other, providing a form of directional acoustic control.

[0006] In some embodiments, the panel can be oriented with the first side of the panel facing an inter-floor channel or the outside and the second side of the panel facing the inside. The second side of the panel may be in fluid communication with an interior air mass while the first side of the panel may be in fluid communication with another air mass. These air masses can be cooled or accelerated using one or more air conditioning or air acceleration modules. These modules may be positioned near the first side of the panel,thereby driving cooler or faster-moving air through the air passages into the room. In some embodiments, a channel may direct air from the room to the air cooling module, thereby enabling closed-loop circulation.

[0007] The body of the panel may be formed from materials such as concrete, stone, plaster, ceramic, metal, or phase change materials. The air passages may be evenly distributed across a portion of the panel body to optimize airflow and thermal regulation.

[0008] Such panels offer improved control over directional airflow and sound propagation between two regions, and may be integrated into architectural systems to facilitate passive or assisted thermal and acoustic management.Brief Description of Drawings

[0009] The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of preferred variations of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings variations that are presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements shown. In the drawings, where: FIG. 1A

[0010] [Fig.lA] is a perspective view of a panel, according to an embodiment.FIG. IB

[0011] [Fig.1 B] is a top plan view of the panel, according to an embodiment.FIG. 1C

[0012] [Fig.lC] is a bottom plan view of the panel, according to an embodiment.FIG. ID

[0013] [Fig. ID] is a cross-sectional view of the panel taken along line A-A as shown in[Fig. IB], according to an embodiment.FIG. IE

[0014] [Fig. IE] is a cross-sectional view of the panel taken along line B-B as shown in[Fig. IB], according to an embodiment.FIGs. IF- II

[0015] FIGs. IF- II arc enlarged views of the portion enclosed by broken lines in [Fig. IE], according to an embodiment.FIGs. 1J-1M

[0016] FIGs. 1J-1M arc cross-scctional views of panels, according to various embodiments.FIG. 2

[0017] [Fig-2] is a cross sectional view of a multi-story building in which the panels form the ceiling of the first-story room, according to an embodiment.FIG. 3

[0018] [Fig.3] is a cross sectional view of a one-story building in which the panels form the roof of the first-story room, according to an embodiment.FIG. 4

[0019] [Fig.4] is a cross sectional view of a multi-story building in which the panels form the ceiling of the first- story room, according to an embodiment.FIG. 5

[0020] [Fig.5] is a cross sectional view of a multi-story building in which an air vent redirects air from near the floor to a channel above the first-story room, according to an embodiment.FIG. 6

[0021] [Fig.6] is a cross sectional view of a multi-story building in which the panels form the ceiling of the first- story room, according to an embodiment.FIG. 7

[0022] [Fig.7] is a cross sectional view of a one-story building in which the panels form the roof of the first-story room, according to an embodiment.FIG. 8

[0023] [Fig.8] is a cross sectional view of a one-story building in which the panels form the roof of the first-story room, according to an embodiment.FIG. 9

[0024] [Fig.9] is a block diagram showing method steps for cooling and / or ventilating a building or structure, according to an embodiment.FIG. 10

[0025] [Fig.10] is a block diagram showing method steps for adjusting a noise profile of a building or structure, according to an embodiment.FIG. 11

[0026] [Fig.11] is a cross sectional view of a building comprising a ventilating roof, according to an embodiment.FIG. 12

[0027] [Fig.12] is a cross sectional view of a building comprising a ventilating roof, according to an embodiment of the invention including an energy harvesting device. FIG. 13

[0028] [Fig.13] is a cross sectional view of a building comprising a ventilating roof, according to an embodiment of the invention having narrowing air passages. FIG. 14

[0029] [Fig.14] is a cross sectional view of a building comprising a ventilating roof, according to an embodiment of the invention having a constricting channel. FIG. 15

[0030] [Fig.15] shows the comparison of sound levels (in decibels) over time between a first room and a second room, according to an embodiment.FIG. 16

[0031] [Fig.16] shows the comparison of temperature (in Celsius) over time between a first room and a second room, according to an embodiment.Description of Embodiments

[0032] Implementations of the present technology will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings, which are provided as illustrative examples so as to enable those skilled in the art to practice the technology. Notably, the figures and examples below are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure to any single implementation or implementations. Wherever convenient, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to same or like parts.

[0033] Moreover, while variations described herein are primarily discussed in the context of panels for cooling and / or noise reduction, it will be recognized by those of ordinary skill that the present disclosure is not so limited. In fact, the principles of the present disclosure described herein may be readily applied to other panel uses.

[0034] In the present specification, an implementation showing a singular component should not be considered limiting; rather, the disclosure is intended to encompass other implementations including a plurality of the same component, and vice-versa, unless explicitly stated otherwise herein. Further, the present disclosure encompasses present and future known equivalents to the components referred to herein by way of illustration.

[0035] It will be recognized that while certain aspects of the technology are described in terms of a specific sequence of steps of a method, these descriptions are only illustrative of the broader methods of the disclosure and may be modified as required by the particular application. Certain steps may be rendered unnecessary or optional under certain circumstances. Additionally, certain steps or functionality may be added to the disclosed implementations, or the order of performance of two or more steps permuted. All such variations are considered to be encompassed within the disclosure disclosed and claimed herein.

[0036] [Fig.lA] illustrates a perspective view of a panel 100, in accordance with an embodiment. The panel comprises a panel body 102, which is preferably planar in structure. In alternative embodiments, the panel body 102 may be curved or incorporate non-planar geometries, including complex or contoured surfaces. The panel body 102 is preferably rectangular in shape, though other geometries such as circular, oval, or irregular forms may be employed depending on design or functionalrequirements. The panel body 102 includes a first side 104 and a second side 106, which define opposing surfaces of the body 102.[0037 J A plurality of air passages 108 traverse through the thickness of the panel body102, providing fluid communication between the first side 104 and the second side 106. Each air passage 108 includes a first opening 1 10 on the first side 104 and a corresponding second opening 112 on the second side 106. In a preferred embodiment, the openings are circular. However, other shapes, such as square, elliptical, or polygonal shapes, may be used without departing from the scope of the invention. Preferably, the first opening 110 is larger than its corresponding second opening 112 for each air passage 108, thereby creating a narrowing geometry along the length of the passage. In alternative embodiments, this dimensional asymmetry may be present in at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the air passages 108, depending on the desired airflow or acoustic performance characteristics.

[0038] Although [Fig.lA] depicts a panel body 102 having forty-nine air passages 108, it should be understood that the number of air passages may vary and can be tailored to the desired application. The air passages 108 may occupy a portion of the panel body 102 or extend across its entire surface, depending on airflow and acoustic requirements. In a preferred embodiment, the air passages are arranged in a uniform grid or another repeatable geometric pattern to ensure consistent performance and facilitate easier manufacturing. In alternative embodiments, the air passages 108 may be arranged in a non-uniform or random distribution, which may be desirable for aesthetic purposes or to achieve non-uniform airflow profiles.

[0039] The panel body 102 may be formed from a variety of materials selected based on structural, thermal, and acoustic performance requirements. In some embodiments, the panel body 102 is composed of rigid construction materials such as concrete, stone, plaster, or ceramic, which provide durability, fire resistance, and thermal mass. Alternatively, the panel body 102 may be formed from metallic materials, such as aluminum, steel, or copper, to enhance thermal conductivity and structural integrity, particularly in applications involving active airflow or thermal exchange. In certain embodiments, the panel body 102 may incorporate or be entirely composed of a phase change material (PCM) configured to absorb, store, and release thermal energy as the PCM transitions between solid and liquid states. Exemplary PCMs include paraffin waxes, fatty acids, and hydrated salts, which can be selected based on their phase transition temperature to match the target thermal regulation range of the room. For example, paraffin-based PCMs typically melt and solidify within the 20°C to 30°C range, making them well-suited for indoor climate stabilization. By absorbing excess heat during warmer periods and releasing stored heat as temperatures fall, PCMs help flatten temperature fluctuations, reduce HVAC loads, and enhance occupant comfort.When integrated into the panel, these materials enable passive thermal regulation without requiring moving parts or external power, making them ideal for energyefficient building designs.

[0040] ft should be appreciated that the panel body 102 may be a composite construction in which different materials are layered or combined to optimize weight, insulation, sound attenuation, and manufacturability. The selected material may also be perforated, cast, machined, or molded to define the desired air passage geometry and surface characteristics.

[0041] [Fig. IB] is a top plan view of the panel 100, according to an embodiment. In this view, the second openings 112 of the forty-nine air passages 108 are visible on the second side 106 of the panel body 102.

[0042] [Fig.lC] is a bottom plan view of the panel 100, according to an embodiment. This view reveals both the first openings 110 on the first side 104 and the second openings 112 on the second side 106 of the forty-nine air passages 108, illustrating their relative sizes and alignment.

[0043] [Fig. ID] is a cross-scctional view of the panel 100 taken along line A-A as shown in [Fig. IB] and [Fig. IE] is a cross-sectional view of the panel 100 taken along line B-B as shown in [Fig. IB]. As illustrated, each air passage 108 exhibits a tapered geometry, narrowing in the direction of the second opening 112 on the second side 106 of the panel body 102. In a preferred embodiment, the taper is gradual and continuous, promoting smooth airflow and reduced turbulence. In alternative embodiments, the taper may occur in discrete stepped layers, or the geometry may initially expand or widen before narrowing toward the second opening, creating a venturi-like profile that can be optimized for specific airflow or acoustic characteristics.

[0044] The narrowing geometry of each air passage 108 is designed to induce a pressure differential along the length of the passage, based at least in part on principles of fluid dynamics. Specifically, each air passage tapers from a larger first opening 110 to a smaller second opening 112, forming a converging passage through the thickness of the panel body 102. As air flows through this narrowing geometry, the change in its velocity and pressure can be estimated in accordance with the Bernoulli equation for incompressible flow, which may be expressed as:

[0045] Pj + ,5pV12= P2+ ,5pv22

[0046] Where:

[0047] Pj is the static air pressure near the first opening.

[0048] P2is the static air pressure near the second opening.

[0049] Vi is the air velocity near the first opening.

[0050] v2is the air velocity near the second opening.

[0051] p is the air density.

[0052] In addition, the continuity equation for incompressible flow (A1V1 = A2v2) applies to this estimate.

[0053] Where:

[0054] A! is the cross-sectional area near the first opening.

[0055] A2is the cross-scctional area near the second opening.

[0056] Because A]> A2, the continuity equation dictates that v2> v,, meaning the air must accelerate as it moves through the narrowing passage. According to Bernoulli’s principle, this increase in velocity corresponds to a decrease in static pressure, resulting in P2< Pj. This pressure differential has directional effects on airflow depending on the direction of travel.

[0057] As shown in [Fig. IF], when air flows from the first side 104 toward the second side 106 (i.c., through a narrowing passage), the decreasing cross-scctional area causes an increase in air velocity and a corresponding drop in static pressure at the narrower end. This lower pressure near the second opening 112 induces additional airflow from the wider portion of the air passage to the narrower portion of the air passage, effectively drawing in more air through the first opening 1 10. Conversely, as shown in [Fig.lG], when air flows from the second side 106 toward the first side 104 (i.e., through a widening passage), the increasing cross-sectional area causes a decrease in air velocity and a corresponding increase in static air pressure at the wider end. This higher pressure near the first opening 110 inhibits airflow from the narrower end of the air passage to the wider end of the air passage, thereby limiting air intake at the second opening 112.

[0058] As evidenced in FIGs. 1F-1G, the narrowing geometry of the air passages is configured to create a directional pressure differential within the air passages, where the pressure differential permits greater air flow from the first side 104 to the second side 106 than in the reverse direction. It should be appreciated that the arrows in FIGs. 1F-1G show the relative airflow velocity through the air passage 108 and adjacent regions. These arrows are not to scale and are intended to depict a simplified representation of airflow dynamics through the air passage 108 and adjacent regions.

[0059] The narrowing geometry of each air passage 108 is designed to create directional acoustic impedance along the length of the passage, based at least in part on principles of acoustics and wave propagation. Specifically, each air passage tapers from a larger first opening 110 to a smaller second opening 112, forming a converging passage through the thickness of the panel body 102. As sound waves propagate through the passage, the acoustic impedance changes as a function of the passage's cross-sectionalarea. The relationship between acoustic impedance and geometry can be approximated using the following equation:LOO6OJ Z=pc / A

[0061] Where:

[0062] Z is the acoustic impedance.

[0063] p is the density of the medium (air).

[0064] c is the speed of sound in that medium.

[0065] A is the cross-sectional area through which the sound wave travels.

[0066] This relationship implies that, as the cross-sectional area A decreases, the acoustic impedance Z increases, and vice versa.

[0067] As shown in [Fig.lH], when sound waves propagate from the first side 104 toward the second side 106, the decreasing cross-sectional area causes a progressive increase in acoustic impedance. Because Ai > A2, it follows from the equation that Z2> ZHwhere Zi corresponds to the acoustic impedance at the wider portion of the air passage and Z2corresponds to the acoustic impedance at the narrower portion of the air passage. This gradual impedance increase helps to minimize wave reflections at the interface by providing a smoother impedance transition, thereby allowing a greater portion of the sound wave energy to be transmitted through the air passage.

[0068] Conversely, as shown in [Fig. II], when sound waves propagate from the second side 106 toward the first side 104, the cross-sectional area increases in the direction of wave propagation. This results in a progressive decrease in acoustic impedance. Because A[ > A2, it follows from the equation that Z2> Z[ such that the sound waves are now encountering a drop in impedance rather than a gradual rise. This abrupt transition, from a high-impedance region (the narrower portion of the air passage) to a low- impedance region (the wider portion of the air passage), causes a portion of the sound waves to be reflected backward toward its source rather than being fully transmitted through the passage.

[0069] Further, because the combined area of the first openings 110 (AJ is greater than the combined area of the second openings 112 (A2), sound waves propagate more readily from the first side 104 to the second side 106 than in the reverse direction. This is due to a greater portion of the sound wave being reflected when it encounters the smaller area of the second side 106, compared to the larger, more open first side 104.

[0070] As evidenced in FIGs. 1H-1I, the narrowing geometry of the air passages is configured to create a directional acoustic impedance within the air passages, where the acoustic impedance permits greater sound wave propagation from the first side to the second side than in the reverse direction. It should be appreciated that the lines in FIGs. 1H-11 show the relative intensity of sound waves propagating through the airpassage 108 and adjacent regions. Lighter shades represent weaker waveforms. The lines are not to scale and are intended to depict a simplified representation of sound wave propagation through the air passage 108 and adjacent regions.

[0071] [Fig.l J] shows a cross-sectional view of an air passage. The first opening 1 10 on the first side 104 is equal or substantially equal in size to the second opening 1 12 on the second side 106. Each of the panel embodiments and / or panel arrangements disclosed within this document may incorporate air passages with this geometry, such that all or a plurality of the passages have first and second openings that are equal or substantially equal in size.

[0072] [Fig. IK] shows a cross-sectional view of an air passage. The air passage 108 includes one or more portions 120 that are parallel or substantially parallel to the first side surface 122 and / or the second side surface 124. Each of the panel embodiments and / or panel arrangements disclosed within this document may incorporate air passages having this geometry, such that all or a plurality of the air passages include a portion that is parallel or substantially parallel to the first side surface and / or the second side surface.

[0073] [Fig. IL] shows a cross-sectional view of an air passage. The air passage 108 includes one or more portions 126 that are larger than the first opening 110 on the first side 104 and the second opening 112 on the second side 106. Each of the panel embodiments and / or panel arrangements disclosed within this document may incorporate air passages with this geometry, such that all or a plurality of the air passages include a portion that is larger than the first and second openings.

[0074] [Fig. IM] shows a cross-sectional view of an air passage. The air passage 108 includes one or more portions 128 that are smaller than the first opening 110 on the first side 104 and the second opening 112 on the second side 106. Each of the panel embodiments and / or panel arrangements disclosed within this document may incorporate air passages with this geometry, such that all or a plurality of the air passages include a portion that is smaller than the first and second openings.

[0075] [Fig.2] illustrates a cross-sectional view of a multi-story building 200. A first story room 202 is enclosed by a first side wall 204, a second side wall 206, a floor 207, and a ceiling formed by a set of panels 100. A inter-floor channel 208 is defined between the ceiling panels 100 and the floor 252 of an overlying second story room 250.

[0076] The panels 100 are oriented such that their first side 104 faces the channel 208 and their second side 106 faces the interior space 210 of the first story room 202. The interior space 210 contains an interior air mass 212, and the channel 208 contains a second air mass 214.

[0077] One or more air accelerating modules 254A-C are configured to accelerate air in regions adjacent to the panels 100. The air accelerating modules 254 can comprisea fan, such as an axial fan (e.g., tube axial, vane axial, or propeller fan), a radial fan (e.g., forward-curved, backward-curved, or radial blade fan), or a crossflow fan. Alternatively, the air accelerating modules 254 can comprise any device or mechanism capable of accelerating air, including but not limited to air pumps, piezoelectric air movers, heat-driven convection accelerators, or pneumatic airflow systems.

[0078] hi an embodiment, the air accelerating module 254A is configured to push air through the channel 208, increasing the velocity of the second air mass 214 in a region adjacent to the first side 104 of the panels 100. This increases the pressure of the second air mass 214, advantageously inducing additional airflow through the air passages 108. Furthermore, fresh air from an exterior air mass 216 is drawn into the channel 208 to replace the displaced portion of the second air mass 214, thereby promoting continuous ventilation and maintaining a supply of cool and / or fresh air for the interior 210 of the first story room 202.

[0079] Alternatively, the air accelerating module 254B is configured to draw air out of the channel 208, increasing the velocity of the second air mass 214 in a region adjacent to the first side 104 of the panels 100. This decreases the pressure of the second air mass 214, advantageously inducing additional airflow from the exterior air mass 216 into the channel 208. By replacing the displaced portion of the second air mass 214, continuous ventilation and maintaining a supply of cooler and / or fresh air for the interior 210 of the first story room 202 is promoted.

[0080] Yet alternatively, the air accelerating module 254C is configured to push and pull air near the second side 106 of the panels 100, increasing the velocity of the interior air mass 212 in a region adjacent to the second side 106 of the panels 100. Increasing the velocity of the interior air mass 202 near the second side 106 of the panels 100 decreases the pressure of the interior air mass 202 near the second side 106 of the panels 100, advantageously inducing additional air flow through the air passages 108, from the second air mass 214 to the interior air mass 212. Furthermore, fresh air from an exterior air mass 216 is drawn into the channel 208 to replace the displaced portion of the second air mass 214, thereby promoting continuous ventilation and maintaining a supply of cool and / or fresh air for the interior space 210 of the first story room 202.

[0081] [Fig.3] illustrates a cross-sectional view of a one-story building 300. The first story room 302 is enclosed by a first side wall 304, a second side wall 306, a floor 307, and a ceiling formed by a set of panels 100. Here, the ceiling is also the roof of the building 300.

[0082] The panels 100 are oriented such that their first side 104 faces the outside 308 and their second side 106 faces the interior space 310 of the first story room 302. The interior space 310 contains an interior air mass 312, and the outside 308 contains an exterior air mass 316.

[0083] In an embodiment, the air accelerating module 354A is configured to push and pull air near the first side 104 of the panels 100, increasing the velocity of the exterior air mass 316 in a region adjacent to the first side 104 of the panels 100. This arrangement promotes continuous ventilation and facilitates the passive intake of cool and / or fresh air into the interior 310 of the first story room 302. It should be appreciated that natural wind can serve the same function as the air accelerating module 354A by promoting airflow across the first side 104 of the panels 100.

[0084] Alternatively, the air accelerating module 354B is configured to push and pull air near’ the second side 106 of the panels 100, increasing the velocity of the interior air mass 312 in a region adjacent to the second side 106 of the panels 100. Increasing the velocity of the interior air mass 312 near the second side 106 of the panels 100 decreases the pressure of the interior air mass 312 near the second side 106 of the panels 100, advantageously inducing additional air flow through the air passages 108, from exterior mass 316 to the interior air mass 312.

[0085] Due to the orientation of the panels 100, the air passages 108 taper in the direction of the first story room 300. This directional geometry creates an acoustic impedance profile that advantageously allows ambient outdoor sounds (e.g., wind or nature sounds) to enter the building 300, while inhibiting the transmission of indoor noises (e.g., speech or appliance sounds) to the outside 308, thereby reducing potential disturbances to surrounding wildlife.

[0086] [Fig.4] illustrates a cross-sectional view of a multi-story building 400. A first story room 402 is enclosed by a first side wall 404, a second side wall 406, a floor 407, and a ceiling formed by a set of panels 100. A channel 408 is defined between the ceiling panels 100 and the floor 452 of an overlying second story room 450.

[0087] The panels 100 are oriented such that their first side 104 faces the channel 408 and their second side 106 faces the interior space 410 of the first story room 402. The interior space 410 contains an interior air mass 412, and the channel 408 contains a second air mass 414. An open window 405 connects an exterior air mass 416 to the interior air mass 412.

[0088] One or more air cooling modules 454A-B arc configured to cool air in regions adjacent to the panels 100. The air cooling module 454A-B can comprise an air conditioner unit, such as a window unit, a split-system unit (e.g., ductless mini-split or multi-split), a portable air conditioner, or a central air conditioning system (e.g., packaged rooftop unit or split central system). Alternatively, the air cooling module 454A-B can comprise any device or mechanism capable of cooling air, including but not limited to evaporative coolers, thermoelectric (Peltier) cooling modules, absorption chillers, radiative cooling panels, phase change material systems, or earth-air heat exchangers.

[0089] In an embodiment, the air cooling module 454A is configured to cool air near the first side 104 of the 100 panels (i.e., cooling the second air mass 414 in a region adjacent to the first side 104 of the 100 panels). Cooling the second air mass 414 increases its density, causing it to sink through the air passages 108. Fresh air from an exterior air mass 416 is drawn into the channel 408 to replace the displaced portion of the second air mass 414, thereby promoting continuous ventilation and maintaining a supply of cool and / or fresh air for the interior 410 of the first story room 402. Furthermore, if a window 405 is open, increasing the supply of air into the first story room 402 helps prevent warm air from the exterior air mass 416 from penetrating deeply into the room.

[0090] Alternatively, the air cooling module 454B is configured to cool air near the second side 106 of the panels 100 (i.e., cooling the interior air mass 412 in a region adjacent to the second side 106 of the panels 100). Cooling the interior air mass 412 increases its density, causing it to sink. This induces additional air flow through the air passages 108 as more air is drawn through the first openings 110. Fresh air from an exterior air mass 416 is drawn into the channel 408 to replace the displaced portion of the second air mass 414, thereby promoting continuous ventilation and maintaining a supply of cool and / or fresh air for the interior 410 of the first story room 402. Furthermore, if a window 405 is open, increasing the supply of air into the first story room 402 helps prevent warm air from the exterior air mass 416 from penetrating deeply into the room.

[0091] [Fig.5] illustrates a cross-sectional view of a multi-story building 500. A first story room 502 is enclosed by a first side wall 504, a second side wall 506, a floor 507, and a ceiling formed by a set of panels 100. A channel 508 is defined between the ceiling panels 100 and the floor 552 of an overlying second story room 550. An air duct 509 is configured to direct air from the interior space 510 into the channel 512. It should be understood that the air duct 509 may be substituted with any suitable airflow conduit designed to redirect air.

[0092] The panels 100 are oriented such that their first side 104 faces the channel 508 and their second side 106 faces the interior space 510 of the first story room 502. The interior space 510 contains an interior air mass 512 while the channel 508 and air duct 509 contain a second air mass 514.

[0093] In an embodiment, the air cooling module 554 is configured to cool air near the first side 104 of the 100 panels (i.e., cooling the second air mass 514 in a region adjacent to the first side 104 of the 100 panels). Cooling the second air mass 514 increases its density, causing it to sink through the air passages 108. Furthermore, air from an interior air mass 512 is drawn into the air duct 509 to replace the displaced portion of the second air mass 514, thereby promoting continuous ventilation and maintaining a supply of cool and / or fresh air for the interior 510 of the first story room 502. Here, theair cooling module 554 is positioned within the channel 508. It should be appreciated that the air cooling module 554 may be positioned within the air duct 509 or at any other location suitable for cooling air either near the first side 104 of the panels 100 or upstream of the air reaching the first side 104.

[0094] Air from the interior air mass 512 can be drawn into the air duct 509 through an opening 511 positioned near the floor 507. Alternatively, the opening 511 may be integrated into the floor 507 itself, allowing the air duct 509 to extend beneath the floor. Preferably, the opening 511 is located below the panels 100. An air accelerating module 555 can help draw air from the interior air mass 512 into the air duct 509.

[0095] This embodiment is well-suited for environments that require or benefit from closed- loop air circulation. For example, rooms housing sensitive electronic or computing equipment, such as servers 557 or microchip fabrication machinery.

[0096] [Fig.6] illustrates a cross-sectional view of a multi-story building 600. A first story room 602 is enclosed by a first side wall 604, a second side wall 606, a floor 607, and a ceiling formed by a set of panels 100. A channel 608 is defined between the ceiling panels 100 and the floor 652 of an overlying second story room 650.

[0097] The panels 100 are oriented such that their first side 104 faces the interior space 610 of the first story room 602 and their second side 106 faces the channel 608. The interior space 610 contains an interior air mass 612, and the channel 608 contains a second air mass 614. An open window 605 connects an exterior air mass 616 to the interior air mass 612.

[0098] hr an embodiment, the air accelerating module 654A is configured to push air through the channel 608, increasing the velocity of the second air mass 614 in a region adjacent to the second side 106 of the panels 100. Increasing the velocity of the second air mass 614, and thus, decreasing the pressure of the second air mass 614, advantageously induces additional airflow through the air passages 108 from the interior air mass 612 to the second air mass 616. Furthermore, fresh air from an exterior air mass 616 is drawn into the interior space 610 to replace the displaced portion of the interior air mass 612, thereby promoting continuous ventilation and maintaining a supply of cool and / or fresh air in the first story room 602.

[0099] Alternatively, the air accelerating module 654B is configured to draw air out of the channel 608, increasing the velocity of the second air mass 614 in a region adjacent to the second side 106 of the panels 100. Drawing air out of the channel 608 decreases the pressure of the second air mass 614, advantageously inducing additional airflow through the air passages 108 from the interior air mass 612 to the second air mass 616. Furthermore, fresh air from an exterior air mass 616 is drawn into the interior space 610 to replace the displaced portion of the interior air mass 612, thereby promotingcontinuous ventilation and maintaining a supply of cool and / or fresh air in the first story room 602.[0100 J Yet alternatively, the air accelerating module 654C is configured to push and pull air near the second side 106 of the panels 100, increasing the velocity of the interior air mass 612 in a region adjacent to the second side 104 of the panels 100.

[0101] [Fig.7] illustrates a cross-sectional view of a one-story building 700. The first story room 702 is enclosed by a first side wall 704, a second side wall 706, a floor 707, and a ceiling formed by a set of panels 100. Here, the ceiling is also the roof of the building 700.

[0102] The panels 100 are oriented such that their first side 104 faces the interior space 710 of the first story room 702 and their second side 106 faces outside 708. The interior space 710 contains an interior air mass 712, and the outside 708 contains an exterior air mass 716. An open window 705 connects the exterior air mass 716 to the interior air mass 712.

[0103] In an embodiment, the air accelerating module 754A is configured to push and pull air near the second side 106 of the panels 100, increasing the velocity of the exterior air mass 316 in a region adjacent to the second side 106 of the panels 100. Increasing the velocity of the exterior air mass 716 near the second side 106 of the panels 100 decreases the pressure of the exterior air mass 716 near the second side 106 of the panels 100, advantageously inducing additional air flow through the air passages 108, from the interior air mass 712 to the exterior mass 716. Furthermore, fresh air from an exterior air mass 716 is drawn into the interior space 710 to replace the displaced portion of the interior air mass 712, thereby promoting continuous ventilation and maintaining a supply of cool and / or fresh air for the interior 710 of the first story room 702.

[0104] It should be appreciated that natural wind can serve the same function as the air accelerating module 754A by promoting airflow across the first side 104 of the panels 100.

[0105] Alternatively, the air accelerating module 754B is configured to push and pull air near the first side 104 of the panels 100, increasing the velocity of the interior air mass 712 in a region adjacent to the second side 106 of the panels 100. Increasing the velocity of the interior air mass 712 near the second side 106 of the panels 100 decreases the pressure of the interior air mass 712 near the second side 106 of the panels 100, advantageously inducing additional air flow through the air passages 108, from exterior mass 716 to the interior air mass 712.

[0106] Due to the orientation of the panels 100, the air passages 108 taper in the direction of the outside 708. This directional geometry creates an acoustic impedance profile that advantageously allows indoor noises (e.g., speech or appliance sounds) to exit thebuilding 700, while inhibiting the transmission of outdoor sounds (e.g., wind or nature sounds) into the building 700, thereby reducing potential disturbances to building 700 inhabitants.

[0107] [Fig-8] is a cross sectional view of a one-story building in which the panels 100 form the roof of the first-story room, according to an embodiment. The air passages on the left side of the panels 100 taper outward, narrowing toward the outside, while the air passages on the right side taper inward, narrowing toward the interior space.

[0108] In some embodiments, the air passages within one or more non-entire regions of the panels 100 taper outward, while the air passages in the remaining regions taper inward. In other embodiments, the panels 100 include one or more regions in which a majority of the air passages (e.g., at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the air passages) narrow in a common direction. This directional consistency within specific portions can enhance targeted airflow, thermal regulation, or acoustic control, depending on the design intent.

[0109] [Fig.9] is a block diagram showing method steps for cooling and / or ventilating a building or structure, according to an embodiment.

[0110] The method 900 can begin at step 902 in which one or more panels are provided. According to an embodiment, the one or more panels include a plurality of air passages that narrow towards one side of the panel (e.g., the embodiment shown in FIGs.1 A-1C). Alternatively, the one or more panels include a plurality of air passages in which the first openings are the same size or substantially equal in size to the second openings (e.g., the embodiment shown in [Fig. II]). Yet alternatively, the air passages of the one or more panels may have any geometry described elsewhere within this disclosure.

[0111] At step 904, the one or more panels are installed within the building or structure such that the one or more panels form a portion of a room surface (e.g., a portion of a ceiling, wall, floor, or any other feature in fluid communication with an interior air mass of the room). According to an embodiment, the one or more panels are oriented such that the first side of the one or more panels is in fluid communication with an interior air mass and the second side of the one or more panels is in fluid communication with a second or exterior air mass. Alternatively, the one or more panels are oriented such that the first side of the one or more panels is in fluid communication with a second or exterior air mass and the second side of the one or more panels is in fluid communication with an interior air mass. Yet alternatively, the one or more panels may be oriented according to any arrangement described elsewhere within this disclosure.

[0112] At optional step 906, the velocity of an air mass near the first side and / or second side of the one or more panels is increased. According to an embodiment, an airaccelerating module placed near or downstream from the first side of the one or more panels increases the velocity of the air near the first side of the one or more panels. Alternatively, an air accelerating module placed near or downstream from the second side of the one or more panels increases the velocity of the air near the second side of the one or more panels. It should be appreciated that natural wind can serve the same function as the air accelerating module.

[0113] At optional step 908, the temperature of an air mass near the first side and / or second side of the one or more panels is reduced. According to an embodiment, an air cooling module placed near or downstream from the first side of the one or more panels reduces the temperature of the air near the first side of the one or more panels. Alternatively, an air cooling module placed near or downstream from the second side of the one or more panels reduces the temperature of the air near the second side of the one or more panels. It should be appreciated that a cool exterior air mass caused to contact the first side and / or second side of the one or more panels (e.g., through natural wind) can serve the same function as the air accelerating module.

[0114] [Fig.10] is a block diagram showing method steps for adjusting a noise profile of a building or structure, according to an embodiment.

[0115] The method 1000 can begin at step 1002 in which one or more panels are provided. According to an embodiment, the one or more panels include a plurality of air passages that narrow towards one side of the panel (e.g., the embodiment shown in FIGs. 1A-1C). Alternatively, the one or more panels include a plurality of air passages in which the first openings are the same size or substantially equal in size to the second openings (e.g., the embodiment shown in [Fig.1 J]). Yet alternatively, the air passages of the one or more panels may have any geometry described elsewhere within this disclosure.

[0116] At step 1004, the one or more panels are installed within the building or structure such that the one or more panels form a portion of a room surface (e.g., a portion of a ceiling, wall, floor, or any other feature in fluid communication with an interior air mass of the room). According to an embodiment, the one or more panels arc oriented such that the first side of the one or more panels is in fluid communication with an interior air mass and the second side of the one or more panels is in fluid communication with a second or exterior air mass. Alternatively, the one or more panels are oriented such that the first side of the one or more panels is in fluid communication with a second or exterior air mass and the second side of the one or more panels is in fluid communication with an interior air mass. Yet alternatively, the one or more panels may be oriented according to any arrangement described elsewhere within this disclosure.

[0117] [Fig.11] illustrates a cross-sectional view of a building 1010 having a ventilating roof 1100, in accordance with an embodiment. The ventilating roof 1100 is supported by exterior walls 1012 and 1014 of the building 1010. Together, the ventilating roof 1100 and the exterior walls 1012, 1014 define an interior space 1016 of the building 1010.

[0118] The ventilating roof 1 100 comprises an upper exterior layer 1 1 10 positioned over a lower interior layer 1112. A channel 1114 is defined by the exterior layer 1110 and interior layer. The ventilating roof 1100 is generally A-shaped, with the exterior layer 1110 and interior layer 1112 each being formed of two sections that slope upwards to meet at an uppermost point towards the center of the building 1010. In this way, the channel 1114 also has two sections that slope upwards to meet at the uppermost point.

[0119] In an embodiment, the exterior layer 1110 is formed from one or more panels of a heat- absorbing material, each panel sloping upward toward the uppermost point. The interior layer 1112 comprises a pair of metal sheets joined together at the uppermost point, each of which is perforated by air passages 1120 that extend through the thickness of the interior layer 1112.

[0120] Each of the air passages 1120 passes through the interior layer 1112 from a first side 1112a of the interior layer 1112 (adjacent to the enclosed space 16) to a second side 1112b of the interior layer 1112 (adjacent to the channel 1114). Each of the air passages 1120 therefore has a length equal to the thickness of the interior layer 1112. Each of the air passages 1 120 is cylindrical and has a constant diameter along its length.

[0121] An outer opening 1130 is defined at the uppermost point of the exterior layer 1110, placing the channel 1114 in fluid communication with an exterior air mass outside of the building 1010. The outer opening 1130 is covered by a ridge vent 1140 configured to inhibit ingress of wind or rain into the channel 1114. One or more inlets 1152, 1154 are provided adjacent to the exterior walls 1012, 1014, respectively, and are configured to draw an exterior air mass into the channel 1114.

[0122] When incident sunlight strikes the exterior layer 1110, the exterior layer 1110 adsorbs heat energy in the form of solar heat. This causes the temperature of the exterior layer 1110 to rise, thereby creating a temperature differential in the channel 1114 between the exterior layer 1110 and the interior layer 1112.

[0123] This temperature differential increases the temperature of air adjacent to the exterior layer 1110 relative to air adjacent to the interior layer 1112, resulting in a lower air density near the exterior layer 1 1 10. Consequently, the warmer, less dense air rises above the cooler, denser air adjacent to the interior layer 1112, thereby generating a rising air mass 1020 within the channel 1114.

[0124] The rising air mass 1020 induces a pressure differential that creates a suction force at the second side 1112b of the interior layer 1112. This suction force draws an interiorair mass 1022 from the interior space 1016 through the air passages 1120 and into the channel 1114, thereby promoting ventilation of the interior space 1016.

[0125] The rising air mass 1020 also induces additional airflow from an exterior air mass 1024 into the channel 1 1 14 through the inlets 1 152, 1 154. This supplemental airflow accelerates the velocity of the rising air mass 1020 through the channel 1 1 14, thereby further facilitating the transfer of the interior air mass 1022 through the air passages 1120. The rising air mass 1020 ultimately exhausts from the channel 1114 through the outer opening 1130 and ridge vent 1140 into the exterior atmosphere.

[0126] [Fig.12] illustrates a cross-sectional view of a building 1010 having a ventilating roof 1200, in accordance with an embodiment. The ventilating roof 1200 is supported by exterior walls 1012 and 1014 of the building 1010. Together, the ventilating roof 1200 and the exterior walls 1012, 1014 define an interior space 1016 of the building 1010.

[0127] The ventilating roof 1200 comprises an upper exterior layer 1210 positioned over a lower interior layer 1212. A channel 1214 is defined by the exterior layer 1210 and the interior layer 1212. The ventilating roof 1200 is generally A-shapcd, with the exterior layer 1210 and interior layer 1212 each being formed of two sections that slope upwards to meet at an uppermost point towards the center of the building 1010. In this way, the channel 1214 also has two sections that slope upwards to meet at the uppermost point.

[0128] In an embodiment, the exterior layer 1210 is formed from one or more panels of a heat- absorbing material, each panel sloping upward toward the uppermost point. The interior layer 1212 comprises a pair of metal sheets joined together at the uppermost point, each of which is perforated by air passages 1220 that extend through the thickness of the interior layer 1212.

[0129] Each of the air passages 1220 passes through the interior layer 1212 from a first side 1212a of the interior layer 1212 (adjacent to the enclosed space 1016) to a second side 1212b of the interior layer 1212 (adjacent to the channel 1214). Each of the air passages 1220 therefore has a length equal to the thickness of the interior layer 1212. Each of the air passages 1220 is cylindrical and has a constant diameter along its length.

[0130] The uppermost point of the exterior layer 1210 has an outer opening 1230, which allows air to be vented from the channel 1214. The outer opening 1230 is covered by a ridge vent 1240, which protects the channel 1214 from wind and rain ingress. A hybrid wind and solar energy harvesting device 1260 is positioned directly above the ridge vent 124O.The energy harvesting device 1260 is generally trough shaped, being formed from first and second sides 1261, 1262, a base portion 1263, and an opening 1264 opposite to the base portion 1263. The base portion 1263 has an elongate slot in which sits a horizontal axis wind turbine 1266. The first side 1261 comprises a Fresnellens, which is arranged to direct and focus incident sunlight 1030 onto a solar receiver 1267 positioned inside the energy harvesting device 1260 on the second side 1262.

[0131] The ventilating roof 1200 also comprises inlets 1252, 1254 adjacent to the exterior walls 1012, 1014 of the building 1010. The inlets 1252, 1254 are configured to draw air from an exterior air mass into the channel 1214

[0132] When incident sunlight strikes the exterior layer 1210, the exterior layer 1210 absorbs heat energy in the form of solar heat. This causes the temperature of the exterior layer 1210 to rise, thereby creating a temperature differential in the channel 1214 between the exterior layer 1210 and the interior layer 1212.

[0133] This temperature differential increases the temperature of air adjacent to the exterior layer 1210 relative to air adjacent to the interior layer 1212, resulting in a lower air density near the exterior layer 1210. Consequently, the warmer, less dense air rises above the cooler, denser air adjacent to the interior layer 1212, thereby generating a rising air mass 1020 within the channel 1214.

[0134] The rising air mass 1020 induces a pressure differential that creates a suction force at the second side 1212b of the interior layer 1212. This suction force draws an interior air mass 1022 from the interior space 1016 through the air passages 1220 and into the channel 1214, thereby promoting ventilation of the interior space 1016.

[0135] The rising air mass 1020 also induces additional airflow from an exterior air mass 1024 into the channel 1214 through the inlets 1252, 1254. This supplemental airflow accelerates the velocity of the rising air mass 1020 through the channel 1214, thereby further facilitating the transfer of the interior air mass 1022 through the air passages 1220. The rising air mass 1020 ultimately exhausts from the channel 1214 through the outer opening 1230 and ridge vent 1240 into the energy harvesting device 1260.

[0136] Incident sunlight 1030 enters the energy harvesting device 1260 through the Fresnel lens of the first side 1261, which concentrates and directs the sunlight 1030 onto the solar receiver 1267 positioned on the second side 1262. The solar receiver 1267 converts the received sunlight 1030 into electrical or thermal energy for use within the building 1010.

[0137] Concentrated sunlight 1030 within the energy harvesting device 1260 also increases the temperature of air within the device, thereby creating a localized low-pressure region. This low-pressure region draws a portion of the rising air mass 1020 from the channel 1214 into the energy harvesting device 1260 through the opening 1264, accelerating the airflow toward the wind turbine 1266.[0 f 38] Additionally, air from an exterior air mass 1024 may be drawn directly into the energy harvesting device 1260, further accelerating airflow through the energy harvesting device 1260. The combined air masses 1020, 1024 flow across blades of the wind turbine 1266, causing the wind turbine 1266 to rotate and generate mechanicalenergy, which may be converted into electrical or thermal energy for use within the building 1010. The exhaust air 1026 exits the energy harvesting device 1260 through the elongate slot 1265 of the base portion 1263.

[0019] [Fig.13] illustrates a cross-sectional view of a building 1010 having a ventilating roof 1300, in accordance with an embodiment. The ventilating roof 1300 is supported by exterior walls 1012 and 1014 of the building 1010. Together, the ventilating roof 1300 and the exterior walls 1012, 1014 define an interior space 1016 of the building 1010.

[0140] The ventilating roof 1300 comprises an upper exterior layer 1310 positioned over a lower interior layer 1312. A channel 1314 is defined by the exterior layer 1310 and interior layer 1312. The ventilating roof 1300 is generally A-shaped, with the exterior layer 1310 and interior layer 1312 each being formed of two sections that slope upwards to meet at an uppermost point towards the center of the building 1010. In this way, the channel 1314 also has two sections that slope upwards to meet at the uppermost point.

[0141] In an embodiment, the exterior layer 1310 is formed from one or more panels of a heat- absorbing material, each panel sloping upward toward the uppermost point. The interior layer 1312 comprises a pair of metal sheets joined together at the uppermost point, each perforated by an array of air passages 1320 that extend through the thickness of the interior layer 1312.

[0142] Each of the air passages 1320 passes through the interior layer 1312 from a first side 1312a of the interior layer 1312 (adjacent to the enclosed space 1016) to a second side 1312b of the interior layer 1312 (adjacent to the channel 1314). Each of the air passages 1320 therefore has a length equal to the thickness of the interior layer 1312. Each of the ah' passages 1320 is tapered along its length, narrowing from a first diameter dl at the first side 1312a of the interior layer 1312 to a second diameter d2 at the second side 1312b of the interior layer 1312.

[0143] An outer opening 1330 is defined at the uppermost point of the exterior layer 1310, placing the channel 1314 in fluid communication with an exterior air mass. The outer opening 1330 allows air to be vented from the channel 1314 and is covered by a ridge vent 1340 configured to inhibit ingress of wind or rain.

[0144] The ventilating roof 1300 also comprises inlets 1352, 1354 adjacent to the exterior walls 1012, 1014 of the building 1010. The inlets 1352, 1354 are configured to draw air from an exterior air mass into the channel 1314.

[0145] When incident sunlight strikes the exterior layer 1310, the exterior layer 1310 adsorbs heat energy in the form of solar heat. This causes the temperature of the exterior layer 1310 to rise, thereby creating a temperature differential in the channel 1314 between the exterior layer 1310 and the interior layer 1312. Within the channel 3114, this increases the temperature of the air directly adjacent to the exterior layer1310 relative to the air adjacent to the interior layer 1312, thereby reducing the density of the air adjacent to the exterior layer 1310 (i.e. making it more buoyant). As a result, the air adjacent to the exterior layer 1310 rises above the cooler (and therefore more dense, i.e. less buoyant) air adjacent to the interior layer 1 12. This generates rising air 1020 in the channel 1314. The rising air mass 1020 induces a suction force at the second side 1312b of the interior layer 1312, which draws air from an interior air mass 1022 through the tapered air passages 1320 and into the channel 1314. In this way, the ventilating roof 1300 promotes ventilation of the interior space 1016.

[0146] As air from the interior air mass 1022 passes through the air passages 1320, the narrowing geometry of the passages constricts the airflow. Based on the Venturi effect, this constriction increases the velocity of the air as it travels through the air passages 1320, thereby accelerating airflow from the interior space 1016 into the channel 1314.

[0147] The rising air mass 1020 also induces additional airflow from an exterior air mass 1024 into the channel 1314 through the inlets 1352, 1354. This supplemental airflow accelerates the velocity of the rising air mass 1020 within the channel 1314, thereby further facilitating the transfer of the interior air mass 1022 through the air passages 1320. The rising air mass 1020 ultimately exhausts from the channel 1314 through the outer opening 1330 and ridge vent 1340 into the exterior atmosphere.

[0148] [Fig.14] illustrates a cross-sectional view of a building 1010 having a ventilating roof 1400, in accordance with an embodiment. The ventilating roof 1400 is supported by exterior walls 1012 and 1014 of the building 1010. Together, the ventilating roof 1400 and the exterior walls 1012, 1014 define an interior space 1016 of the building 1010.

[0149] The ventilating roof 1400 comprises an upper exterior layer 1410 positioned over a lower interior layer 1412. A channel 1412 is defined by the exterior layer 1410 and the interior layer. The ventilating roof 1400 is generally A- shaped, with the exterior layer 1410 and interior layer 1412 each being formed of two sections that slope upwards to meet at an uppermost point towards the center of the building 1010. In this way, the channel 1414 also has two sections that slope upwards to meet at the uppermost point. In each section, the exterior layer 1410 tapers towards the interior layer 1412 to define a constricted region 1415 in the channel 1414 towards the uppermost point.

[0150] The exterior layer 1410 is assembled from two panels of a heat adsorbing material that slope upwards towards the uppermost point. The interior layer 1412 is formed from two metal sheets perforated by air passages 1420. The two metal sheets also slope upwards and are joined together at the uppermost point.

[0151] Each of the air passages 1420 passes through the interior layer 1412 from a first side 1412a of the interior layer 1412 (adjacent to the enclosed space 1016) to a second side 1412b of the interior layer 1412 (adjacent to the channel 1414). Each of the air passages 1420 therefore has a length equal to the thickness of the interior layer 1412.Each of the air passages 1420 is cylindrical and has a constant diameter along its length.L0152 J An outer opening 1430 is defined at the uppermost point of the exterior layer 1410, placing the channel 1414 in fluid communication with an exterior air mass. The outer opening 1430 allows air to be vented from the channel 1414 and is covered by a ridge vent 1440 configured to inhibit ingress of wind or rain.

[0153] The ventilating roof 1400 also comprises inlets 1452, 1454 adjacent to the exterior walls 1012, 1014 of the building 1010. The inlets 1452, 1454 are configured to draw air from an exterior air mass into the channel 1414.

[0154] When incident sunlight strikes the exterior layer 1410, the exterior layer 1410 adsorbs heat energy in the form of solar heat. This causes the temperature of the exterior layer 1410 to rise, thereby creating a temperature differential in the channel 1414 between the exterior layer 1410 and the interior layer 1412.

[0155] Within the channel 1414, this increases the temperature of the air directly adjacent to the exterior layer 1410 relative to the air adjacent to the interior layer 1412, thereby reducing the density of the air adjacent to the exterior layer 1410 (i.c. making it more buoyant). As a result, the air adjacent to the exterior layer 1410 rises above the cooler (and therefore more dense, i.e. less buoyant) air adjacent to the interior layer 1412. This generates rising air 1020 in the channel 1414.The rising air 1020 creates a suction force adjacent to the interior layer 1412 above each of the array of air passages 1420, which draws air 1022 from the enclosed space 1016 below the interior layer 1412 up through the air passages 1420 and into the channel 1414. In this way, the ventilating roof 1400 provides ventilation for the building 1010. As the rising air 1020 rises upwards through the channel 1414, it moves into the constricted region 1415 of the channel 1414. Based on the Venturi effect, the velocity of the rising air mass 1020 increases as it moves through the constricted region 1415, thereby accelerating airflow through the channel 1414. This acceleration enhances the suction force at the second side 1412b of the interior layer 1412 and further facilitates the transfer of air from the interior air mass 1022 through the air passages 1420 into the channel 1414.

[0156] The rising air mass 1020 also induces additional airflow from an exterior air mass 1024 into the channel 1414 through the inlets 1452, 1454. This supplemental airflow accelerates the velocity of the rising air mass 1020 within the channel 1414, thereby further facilitating the transfer of the interior air mass 1022 through the air passages 1420. The rising air mass 1020 ultimately exhausts from the channel 1414 through the outer opening 1430 and ridge vent 1440 into the exterior atmosphere.

[0157] hr some embodiments, the exterior layer is configured as a thermal panel that absorbs incident solar radiation. Absorption of solar heat increases the temperature of the exterior layer relative to the interior layer, thereby maintaining a temperaturedifferential across the channel 1114. This temperature differential facilitates airflow by inducing buoyancy-driven movement of air masses within the channel.

[0158] The temperature differential causes the air mass adjacent to the exterior layer to become less dense and rise within the channel, generating a buoyancy force that produces a suction effect at the second side of the interior layer. The suction effect promotes one-way ventilation by drawing an interior air mass from the interior space through the air passages into the channel, while simultaneously inhibiting return flow of the buoyant air mass from the channel into the interior space.

[0159] The air passages may be dimensioned to fall within specific maximum diameter ranges. For example, each air passage may have a maximum diameter of less than about 100 mm, 50 mm, 20 mm, or even less than about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the air passages may be provided at a density of at least 10 passages per square meter, at least 100 passages per square meter, or at least 1000 passages per square meter of the interior layer. The passages may be arranged in a generally uniform grid pattern, with substantially even spacing between adjacent passages to reduce turbulence and promote uniform airflow through the channel.

[0160] The interior layer, exterior layer, or any other panel may be formed of materials selected for their thermal properties. In certain embodiments, the interior layer comprises a material having a thermal conductivity of at least 50 W / m-K, 100 W / m-K, or 200 W / m-K. Alternatively or additionally, the interior layer may comprise a material having a specific heat capacity of at least 500 J / kg-K, 700 J / kg-K, or 800 J / kg-K. Suitable materials include metals such as aluminum, copper, or steel, or metal alloys thereof. In other embodiments, the interior layer may comprise rigid construction materials such as concrete, stone, plaster, or ceramic.

[0161] The interior layer, exterior layer, or any other panel may incorporate a phase change material (PCM) configured to absorb, store, and release heat energy during transitions between solid and liquid states. Suitable PCMs include organic paraffins such as n- tetradecane, n-hexadecane, or n-octadecane, as well as inorganic salt hydrates such as calcium chloride hexahydrate, sodium sulfate dccahydratc, or sodium phosphate dodccahydratc. The incorporation of PCMs enables the ventilating roof to store solar heat during the day and release it after sunset, thereby extending ventilation operation into the evening and night-time hours.

[0162] In some embodiments, the outer opening of the channel is in fluid communication with an energy harvesting device. The energy harvesting device may include a wind turbine positioned to receive the exhaust air mass exiting the channel, thereby converting the airflow into mechanical energy. In further embodiments, the energy harvesting device may comprise a hybrid solar and wind unit positioned over the ridge vent of the ventilating roof.

[0163] In certain embodiments, the outer opening may include a turbine ventilator exposed to the exterior air mass. The turbine ventilator is configured to draw air out of the channel by rotating in response to wind energy, thereby augmenting the buoyancy- driven airflow and facilitating continuous ventilation of the interior space.

[0164] Tn certain embodiments, heat generated by room occupants induces natural air movement towards panels placed on the ceiling. Air passages in these panels can have a consistent or narrowing geometry. These panels can be comprised of a PCM material configured absorb, store, and release thermal energy as the PCM transitions between solid and liquid states.

[0165] [Fig.15] shows the comparison of sound levels (in decibels) over time between a first room, Room 1, and a second room, Room 2. The ceiling panels of Room 1 have been replaced with the panels of FIG. 1, where the panels are oriented such that their first side faces the interior space of Room 1 and their second side faces a second air mass. The ceiling panels of Room 2 are ordinary ceiling panels. As shown, Room 1 has a consistently lower noise level than Room 2, showing the efficacy of the instant invention to attenuate sound transmission into the room and thereby reduce ambient noise levels relative to conventional ceiling structures.

[0166] [Fig.16] shows the comparison of temperature (in Celsius) over time between a first room, Room 1, and a second room, Room 2. The ceiling panels of Room 1 have been replaced with the panels of FIG. 1 , where the panels are oriented such that their first side faces the interior space of Room 1 and their second side faces a second air mass. The ceiling panels of Room 2 are ordinary ceiling panels. As shown, Room 1 has a consistently lower temperature than Room 2, showing the efficacy of the instant invention to enhance passive cooling by promoting directional airflow and thermal regulation across the panels, thereby maintaining a more stable and comfortable indoor temperature compared to conventional ceiling structures.

Claims

Claims

1. 1. A panel configured to form a portion of a room surface, the panel comprising: a body having a first side and a second side, the body including a plurality of air passages traversing from the first side of the body to the second side of the body; wherein each air passage includes a first opening on the first side of the body and a second opening on the second side of the body, the first opening being larger than the second opening.

2. The panel of claim 1 , wherein a narrowing geometry of each air passage is configured to cause a differential pressure within the air passages, thereby reducing air flow from the second side of the body to the first side of the body through the air passages.

3. The panel of claim 1, wherein a narrowing geometry of each air passage is configured to cause a differential pressure within the air passages, thereby inducing additional airflow from the first side to the second side through the air passages.

4. The panel of claim 1, wherein a narrowing geometry of the air passages is configured to create a directional pressure differential within the air passages that permits greater air flow from the first side to the second side than in the reverse direction.

5. The panel of claim 1 , wherein a narrowing geometry of the air passages is configured to create a directional acoustic impedance that permits greater propagation of sound waves from the first side to the second side than in the reverse direction.

6. The panel of claim 1, wherein the second side of the panel is configured to face an interior air mass.

7. The panel of claim 6, wherein the room surface is a ceiling of the room.

8. The panel of claim 6, further comprising:an air accelerating module positioned to increase a velocity of a second air mass in a region adjacent to the first side of the body.[Claim 9 J The panel of claim 6, further comprising: an air cooling module configured to decrease a temperature of a second air mass in a region adjacent to the first side of the body.

10. The panel of claim 6, wherein the first side of the body is in fluid communication with a second air mass; and the second ah' mass is cooled by an air cooling module.

11. The panel of claim 10, further comprising; a channel configured to direct air from the interior air mass to the air cooling module.

12. The panel of claim 11, wherein the panel is positioned higher than an opening to the channel.

13. The panel of claim 6, wherein the plurality of air passages arc evenly distributed across a portion of the body.

14. The panel of claim 6, wherein the body is comprised of concrete, stone, plaster and / or ceramic.

15. The panel of claim 6, wherein the body is comprised of a phase change material; and an air cooling module configured to decrease a temperature of an air mass in a region adjacent to the first or second side of the body.

16. The panel of claim 6, wherein the body is comprised of a phase change material.

17. The panel of claim 1, wherein the first side is configured to face an interior air mass.

18. The panel of claim 17, wherein an air accelerating module positioned to increase a velocity of a second air mass in a region adjacent to the second side of the body.

19. The panel of claim 18, wherein a temperature of the interior air mass is continuously or periodically lowered using at least one of: an air cooling module configured to decrease a temperature of the interior air is in the room; or an air cooling module configured to add cooled ah' into the room.

20. A panel configured to form a portion of a room surface, the panel comprising: a body having a first side and a second side, the body including a plurality of air passages traversing from the first side of the body to the second side of the body; wherein each air passage includes a first opening on the first side of the body and a second opening on the second side of the body, the first opening being larger than the second opening; a narrowing geometry of the air passages is configured to create a directional pressure differential within the air passages that permits greater air flow from the first side to the second side than in the reverse direction; the narrowing geometry of the air passages is configured to create a directional acoustic impedance that permits greater propagation of sound waves from the first side to the second side than in the reverse direction; the first side of the panel is configured to face an interior air mass; and the panel is configured to form a portion of a room surface of a room.

21. A method of cooling a building, ventilating the building, or both, the method comprising: providing a panel comprising: a body having a first side and a second side, the body including a plurality of air passages traversing from the first side of the body to the second side of the body, wherein each air passage includes a first opening on the first side of the body and a second opening on the second side of the body; and installing the panel within the building such that the panel forms a portion of a room surface.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the panel is installed such that: the first side of the installed panel is in fluid communication with an interior air mass; and the second side of the panel is in fluid communication with a second air mass.

23. The method of claim 22, further comprising steps of:increasing a velocity of the interior air mass near the first side of the panel, increasing a velocity of the second air mass near the second side of the panel, or both.

24. The method of claim 22, further comprising steps of: decreasing a temperature of the interior air mass near the first side of the panel, decreasing a temperature of the second air mass near the second side of the panel, or both

25. The method of claim 21, wherein the panel is installed such that: the second side of the installed panel is in fluid communication with an interior air mass; and the first side of the panel is in fluid communication with a second airmass.

26. The method of claim 25, further comprising steps of: increasing a velocity of the interior air mass near the first side of the panel, increasing a velocity of the second air mass near the second side of the panel, or both.

27. The method of claim 25, further comprising steps of: decreasing a temperature of the interior air mass near the first side of the panel, decreasing a temperature of the second air mass near the second side of the panel, or both.

28. A panel configured to form a portion of a ceiling, the panel comprising: a body having a first side and a second side, the body including a plurality of air passages traversing from the first side of the body to the second side of the body; and each air passage includes a first opening on the first side of the body and a second opening on the second side of the body; and a width of the first opening is equal to a width of the second opening.

29. The panel of claim 28, wherein the body is comprised of a phase change material.

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