Rnai agent for inhibiting expression of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and methods of use thereof
A dsRNA agent targeting XDH expression addresses the limitations of current XDH inhibitors by offering sustained uric acid reduction, enhancing treatment efficacy and safety for hyperuricemia management.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-17
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-26
AI Technical Summary
Current small molecule inhibitors for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) have poor durability, narrow safety windows, and limited therapeutic potential due to short duration of action, leading to ineffective management of hyperuricemia and associated disorders, with many patients exhibiting intolerance or refractory responses and significant side effects.
Development of a double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) agent comprising specific sense and antisense strands, with modified nucleotides, designed to inhibit XDH expression, which can be administered to reduce hepatic XDH levels and treat disorders associated with elevated uric acid levels.
The dsRNA agent effectively reduces XDH expression, providing long-lasting therapeutic benefits by lowering serum uric acid levels, thereby preventing urate crystal formation and associated injuries, with improved safety and efficacy compared to existing treatments.
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Abstract
Description
RNAI AGENT FOR INHIBITING EXPRESSION OF XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE (XDH) AND METHODS OF USE THEREOFCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 696,366, filed September 18, 2024, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to an RNAi agent, and in particular, to a double stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) agent for inhibiting expression of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and methods of use thereof.BACKGROUND
[0003] Uric acid is a potent anti-oxidant for regulating the organ redox balance. Approximately 75%of uric acid in humans is synthesized endogenously, with the remaining 25%from diet intake. The high fructose drinks, alcohols, purine-rich diets, plus the unhealthy lifestyles are triggering a hyperuricemia epidemic, with a prevalence at around one out of every five people is many countries. The lack of a functional uricase to metabolize the uric acid renders humans particularly susceptible to developing hyperuricemia-associated disorders. At above the physiological normal range, uric acid aggregates and precipitates readily to form very stable microcrystals, which seeds the formation and accumulation of needle-like sharp crystals, to cause injury to blood vessel wall, joints, and other organs (lung, kidney, brain) , leading to a spectrum of hyperuricemia-caused health problems from recurring gouty attacks, intense pain, tissue swelling, nephropathy, hypertension, atherosclerotic lesion, chronic kidney diseases, brain disorders to increased cancer occurrence.
[0004] Long-term hyperuricemia management focuses on lowering serum uric acid levels to prevent future gout attacks and complications. This may include lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes, increased fluid intake, and weight management, along with pharmacological treatments like xanthine oxidase inhibitors, urate transporter blockers, and the anti-inflammatory colchicine and NSAIDs. The goal is to maintain uric acid level below a target threshold to minimize the risk of urate crystal formation and subsequent injuries to blood vessel, joints, and other organs.
[0005] Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is a bi-functional enzyme involved in the catabolism of purines for uric acid production in the body. It catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and subsequently xanthine to uric acid, thereby playing a crucial role in the generation of reactive oxygen species and the production of uric acid, a key product in purine metabolism. The XDH can also exist in an oxidase form (xanthine oxidase) , which primarily produces hydrogen peroxide and superoxide during its catalytic process for local redox signaling. Dysfunction or mutations in the XDH can result in various metabolic disorders, including gout, complications from urate crystal injuries, and xanthinuria.
[0006] Small molecule inhibitors of the XDH have been widely employed for urate-lowering treatments. However, current drugs are severely limited by their poor durability and narrow safety window. significant number of gout patients exhibit intolerant or refractory to these therapies, and some serious side effects including increased risks of kidney tubule injury, and death. The efficacy of these inhibitors is also limited by their short duration of action (requiring daily dosing) , reducing their overall therapeutic potential. Therefore, there remains a pressing need for novel long acting XDH inhibitors to reduce the elevated hepatic XDH levels for the hyperuricemia patients.
[0007] Heterogeneity of XDH may be related to the severity of the disease, and the effect of different individuals on the disease may be due to genetic differences, and genetic diversity means that specific siRNAs need to be designed for different SNP sequences to achieve effective gene silencing and therapeutic effects. The siRNAdesign and selection are key factors in determining their specificity and efficiency, and thus screening for efficient siRNAsequences is required.SUMMARY
[0008] Provided herein is a double stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) agent for inhibiting expression of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) , comprising a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein the sense strand comprises at least 21 contiguous nucleotides differing by no more than 5 nucleotides from any one of nucleotide sequences of nucleotides 2167-2187, 2692-2712, 2729-2749, or 4145-4165 of SEQ ID NO: 1 , and the antisense strand comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least partially complementary to the sense strand.
[0009] Provided herein is a double stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) agent for inhibiting expression of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) , comprising a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein the sense strand includes a modified RNAstrand having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO. 9, and the anti-sense RNA strand includes a modified RNA strand having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO. 10, in which “m” represents 2'-O-methyl modification, “s” represents phosphorothioate modification, and “f” represents 2'-fluoro modification.
[0010] Provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting expression of a gene encoding xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) comprising the dsRNA agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0011] Provided herein is a method of treating a subject having a disorder or preventing the subject from suffering from the disorder, wherein the disorder can be treated or prevented by a reduction in xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) expression, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the dsRNA agent or the pharmaceutical composition.
[0012] Provided herein is a use of the double stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) agent of any one of claims 1-14 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 15 in a preparation of drugs for treating a subject having a disorder or preventing the subject from suffering from the disorder, wherein the disorder can be treated or prevented by a reduction in xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) expression.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] The present disclosure is further described in terms of exemplary embodiments. These exemplary embodiments are described in detail with reference to the drawings. It should be noted that the drawings are not to scale. These embodiments are non-limiting exemplary embodiments, in which like reference numerals represent similar structures throughout the several views of the drawings, and wherein:
[0014] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an amount of uric acid per animal as a function of time according to the present disclosure;
[0015] FIG. 1B is a diagram illustrating area-under-curve (AUC) of the uric acid per monkey according to the present disclosure;
[0016] FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating uric acid levels in animal #01 compared to its baseline on days 30, 45 and 60 after injection of 20 mg / kg LJ-0006 according to the present disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating uric acid levels in animal #02 compared to its baseline on days 30, 45 and 60 after injection of 10 mg / kg LJ-0006 according to the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating uric acid levels in animal #03 compared to its baseline on days 30, 45 and 60 after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006 according to the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 2D is a diagram illustrating uric acid levels in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg LJ-0006 on Day 30 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 2E is a diagram illustrating uric acid levels in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg LJ-0006 on Day 45 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 2F is a diagram illustrating uric acid levels in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg LJ-0006 on Day 60 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating AUC of the uric acid levels in animal #01 compared to its baseline on days 30, 45 and 60 after injection of 20 mg / kg LJ-0006 according to the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating AUC of the uric acid levels in animal #02 compared to its baseline on days 30, 45 and 60 after injection of 10 mg / kg LJ-0006 according to the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 3C is a diagram illustrating AUC of the uric acid levels in animal #03 compared to its baseline on days 30, 45 and 60 after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006 according to the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 3D is a diagram illustrating AUC of the uric acid levels in the animals after injection of 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg LJ-0006 on Day 30 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 3E is a diagram illustrating AUC of the uric acid levels in the animals after injection of 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg LJ-0006 on Day 45 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 3F is a diagram illustrating AUC of the uric acid levels in the animals after injection of 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg LJ-0006 on Day 60 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an XDH mRNA level under different GalNAc-siRNAin HepG2 cells according to the present disclosure;
[0029] FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006Aon Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 5B is a diagram illustrating uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006E on Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 5C is a diagram illustrating uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006C on Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure;
[0032] FIG. 5D is a diagram illustrating uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006D on Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure;
[0033] FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating AUC of the uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006Aon Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure;
[0034] FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating AUC of the uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006E on Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure;
[0035] FIG. 6C is a diagram illustrating AUC of the uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006C on Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure;
[0036] FIG. 6D is a diagram illustrating AUC of the uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006D on Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure;
[0037] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating reduction rates of the XDH mRNA level in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A, LJ-0006C, LJ-0006D and LJ-0006E on Day 0, 45, 75, 105 according to the present disclosure;
[0038] FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating reduction rates of the uric acid in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A and LJ-0006E on Day 30 according to the present disclosure;
[0039] FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating reduction rates of the uric acid in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A and LJ-0006E on Day 60 according to the present disclosure;
[0040] FIG. 8C is a diagram illustrating reduction rates of the uric acid in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A and LJ-0006E on Day 90 according to the present disclosure;
[0041] FIG. 8D is a diagram illustrating reduction rates of the uric acid in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A and LJ-0006E on Day 120 according to the present disclosure;
[0042] FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating reduction rates of the uric acid in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A on Day 30, 60, 90, 120 according to the present disclosure;
[0043] FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating reduction rates of the uric acid in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006E on Day 30, 60, 90, 120 according to the present disclosure;
[0044] FIG. 10A is a diagram illustrating uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg HZB-70016 on Day 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure; and
[0045] FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A on Day 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level according to the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0046] The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the present disclosure and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments shown but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the claims.
[0047] The terminology used herein is to describe particular example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises, ” “comprising, ” “includes, ” and / or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.
[0048] These and other features, and characteristics of the present disclosure, as well as the methods of operation and functions of the related elements of structure and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture, may become more apparent upon consideration of the following description with reference to the accompanying drawing (s) , all of which form a part of this specification. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawing (s) is for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. It is understood that the drawings are not to scale.Definitions
[0049] The XDH (also referred to as xanthine dehydrogenase) belongs to the group of molybdenum-containing hydroxylases involved in the oxidative metabolism of purines. The encoded protein can be converted to xanthine oxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic modification. As used herein, unless clear from context, xanthine dehydrogenase or XDH is understood to include both the xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase ( "XO" or "XOR" ) form of the protein. The protein is expressed predominantly in the intestine, and liver, but is also expressed in adipose tissue. transcript variants have been identified for the human isoform of the gene.
[0050] As used herein, the term “inhibit” when referring to expression of a given gene, mean that the expression of the gene, as measured by the level of RNA transcribed from the gene or the level of polypeptide, protein, or protein subunit translated from the mRNA in a cell, group of cells, tissue, organ, or subject in which the gene is transcribed, is reduced when the cell, group of cells, tissue, organ, or subject is treated with the dsRNA agents as compared to a second cell, group of cells, tissue, organ, or subject that has not or have not been so treated.
[0051] As used herein, the terms “sequence” and “nucleotide sequence” mean a succession or order of nucleobases or nucleotides, described with a succession of letters using standard nomenclature. A nucleic acid molecule may include unmodified and / or modified nucleotides.
[0052] As used herein, a “base, ” “nucleotide base, ” or “nucleobase, ” is a heterocyclic pyrimidine or purine compound that is a component of a nucleotide, and includes the primary purine bases adenine and guanine, and the primary pyrimidine bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil. A nucleobase may further be modified to include, without limitation, universal bases, hydrophobic bases, promiscuous bases, size-expanded bases, and fluorinated bases.
[0053] As used herein, the term “nucleotide” has the same meaning as commonly understood in the art. Thus, the term "nucleotide" as used herein, refers to a glycoside comprising a sugar moiety, a base moiety and a covalently linked group (linkage group) , such as a phosphate or phosphorothioate intermediate linkage group, and covers both naturally occurring nucleotides, such as DNA or RNA, and non-naturally occurring nucleotides comprising modified sugar and / or base moieties, which arc also referred to as nucleotide analogs herein. Herein, a single nucleotide can be referred to as a monomer or unit.
[0054] As used herein, “partially complementary” means that in a hybridized pair of nucleobase or nucleotide sequence molecules, at least 70%, but not all, of the bases in a contiguous sequence of a first oligonucleotide will hybridize with the same number of bases in a contiguous sequence of a second oligonucleotide. The contiguous sequence may comprise all or a part of a first or second nucleotide sequence.
[0055] As used herein, the term "XDH-associated disease" includes a disease, disorder or condition that would benefit from (e.g., treated or prevented by) a decrease in XDH gene expression, replication, or protein activity. Such disorders are caused by, or associated with elevated scrum uric acid levels.
[0056] As used herein, the terms “treat, ” “treatment, ” or the like, mean the methods or steps taken to provide relief from or alleviation of the number, severity, and / or frequency of one or more symptoms of a disease in a subject. As used herein, “treat” and “treatment” may include the prevention, management, prophylactic treatment, and / or inhibition or reduction of the number, severity, and / or frequency of one or more symptoms of a disease in a subject.
[0057] As used herein, a "subject" is an animal, such as a mammal, including a primate (such as a human, a non-human primate, e.g., a monkey, and a chimpanzee) , a non-primate (such as a rabbit, a sheep, a hamster, a guinea pig, a dog, a rat, or a mouse) , or a bird that expresses the target gene, either endogenously or heterologously. In some embodiments, the subject may be a human, such as a human being treated or assessed for a disease or disorder that would benefit from reduction in XDH expression; the human at risk for a disease or disorder that would benefit from reduction in XDH expression; the human having a disease or disorder that would benefit from reduction in XDH expression; or the human being treated for a disease or disorder that would benefit from reduction in XDH expression as described herein. In some embodiments, the subject may be a female human or a male human. In some embodiments, the subject may be an adult subject. In some embodiments, the subject may be a pediatric subject. dsRNA agent
[0058] The present disclosure provides a double stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) agent for inhibiting expression of XDH. The dsRNA includes a sense strand and an antisense strand.
[0059] The dsRNA agent, or double-stranded RNA agent, is a molecular tool commonly used in the field of RNA interference (RNAi) . The RNAi is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation by neutralizing a targeted mRNA molecule (e.g., mRNA of XDH) . The dsRNA agent is composed of two RNA strands that form a double-stranded structure, and the RNA strands are at least partially complementary. This structure is recognized by the cellular machinery involved in RNAi, leading to the silencing of target gene (e.g., XDH) . The dsRNA agent is introduced into the cell, either through synthetic delivery methods or natural mechanisms. Inside the cell, an enzyme called Dicer recognizes and processes the dsRNA into smaller fragments called small interfering RNA (siRNA) . The siRNA fragments are then incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) . The RISC, guided by the siRNA, identifies and binds to the complementary mRNA of the target gene (e.g., XDH) . Once bound, the RISC degrades the target mRNA, effectively silencing the gene by preventing its translation into protein. The dsRNA agent can be designed to target specific mRNA sequences, allowing for precise gene silencing. The RNAi mechanism can significantly reduce the expression levels of target genes, making it a potent tool for gene regulation, and the dsRNA agent can be used in a variety of organisms, including plants, animals, and even microorganisms. Therefore, the dsRNA agent has promising potential in treating diseases caused by overexpressed or malfunctioning genes.
[0060] In some embodiments, the sense strand may be 13 to 33 nucleotides in length, and the antisense strand may be 16 to 33 nucleotides in length. The sense and antisense strands may be either the same length or different lengths. In some embodiments, the sense and antisense strands may be each independently 16 to 29 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, both the sense and antisense strands may be each 18-26 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the sense and antisense strands may be each independently 21-23 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the sense strands may be each 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, or 33 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the antisense strands may be each 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, or 33 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the sense strand may be about 19 nucleotides in length while the antisense may be about 21 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, both the sense and antisense strands may be each 21 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the sense strand may be about 21 nucleotides in length while the antisense may be about 23 nucleotides in length.
[0061] The sense RNA strand may be a strand the same as part of an mRNA sequence of a target gene (e.g., the XDH gene) . The anti-sense RNA strand may be a strand complementary to the part of the mRNA sequence of the target gene (e.g., the XDH gene) . The anti-sense RNA strand may be configured to identify the mRNA of the target gene and then bind thereto for initiating transcriptional silencing. The mRNA sequence of XDH may be found in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the sense strand may comprise at least 21 contiguous nucleotides differing by no more than 5 nucleotides from any one of nucleotide sequences of nucleotides 2167-2187, 2692-2712, 2729-2749, or 4145-4165 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and the antisense strand may comprise a nucleotide sequence that is at least partially complementary to the sense strand. In some embodiments, the antisense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having 70%or more (e.g., 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, or 99%, or the like) complementary to the sense strand. In some embodiments, the antisense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%complementary to the sense strand. In some embodiments, the antisense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%complementary to the sense strand. In some embodiments, the antisense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%complementary to the sense strand. In some embodiments, the antisense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence that is fully complementary to the sense strand.
[0062] In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may comprise at least 21 contiguous nucleotides differing by no more than 5 nucleotides from any one of nucleotide sequences of nucleotides 2167-2187 of SEQ ID NO: 1. It is noted that in some embodiments of the current disclosure, the terms “differ” , “differing” , or “different” , when applied to DNA / RNA sequences, does not include nucleotide modifications. For example, in the context of comparing sequences, when two RNA sequences have the same nucleotides as the same positions, these sequences are not considered to be different; two nucleotides, with or without chemical modifications noted below, that have the same nitrogenous base (e.g., A, C, T, G, or U) , are not considered to be different. On the other hand, such limitation to these terms only applies in the context of sequence comparison.
[0063] In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having 70%or more (e.g., 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, or 99%, or the like) similarity with SEQ ID NO. 2. In some embodiments, the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having 70%or more (e.g., 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, or 99%, or the like) similarity with SEQ ID NO. 3. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 2, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 3. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 2, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 3. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 2, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 3. In some embodiments, the sense strand may have a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The ds RNA agent includes SEQ ID NO. 2 and SEQ ID NO. 4 which may be used in LJ-0006 in Examples.
[0064] In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may comprise at least 21 contiguous nucleotides differing by no more than 5 nucleotides from any one of nucleotide sequences of nucleotides 2167-2187 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having 70%or more (e.g., 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, or 99%, or the like) similarity with SEQ ID NO. 2. In some embodiments, the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having 70%or more (e.g., 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, or 99%, or the like) similarity with SEQ ID NO. 4. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 2, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 4. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 2, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 4. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 2, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 4. In some embodiments, the sense strand may have a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The ds RNA agent includes SEQ ID NO. 2 and SEQ ID NO. 4 which may be referred to as LJ-0006A or FG-00001 in Examples.
[0065] In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may comprise at least 21 contiguous nucleotides differing by no more than 5 nucleotides from any one of nucleotide sequences of nucleotides 2729-2749 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having 70%or more (e.g., 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, or 99%, or the like) similarity with SEQ ID NO. 5. In some embodiments, the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having 70%or more (e.g., 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, or 99%, or the like) similarity with SEQ ID NO. 6. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 5, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 6. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 5, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 6. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 5, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 6. In some embodiments, the sense strand may have a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. The ds RNA agent includes SEQ ID NO. 5 and SEQ ID NO. 6 which may be referred to as LJ-0006C or FG-00003 in Examples.
[0066] In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may comprises at least 21 contiguous nucleotides differing by no more than 5 nucleotides from any one of nucleotide sequences of nucleotides 4145-4165 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having 70%or more (e.g., 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, or 99%, or the like) similarity with SEQ ID NO. 7. In some embodiments, the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having 70%or more (e.g., 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, or 99%, or the like) similarity with SEQ ID NO. 8. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 7, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 8. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 7, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 8. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 7, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%similarity with SEQ ID NO. 8. In some embodiments, the sense strand may have a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the sense strand may have a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, and the anti-sense RNA strand may have a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. The ds RNA agent includes SEQ ID NO. 7 and SEQ ID NO. 8 which may be referred to as LJ-0006D or FG-00004 in Examples.
[0067] According to the Examples in the present disclosure, LJ-0006A and LJ-0006C had the most persistent and significant inhibitory effect on XDH activity in vivo and had strong inhibitory effect even at the late time point compared with a ds RNA agent having sequences (SEQ ID NO. 11 and SEQ ID NO. 12) from Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals. Modified Nucleotides
[0068] The sense and the anti-sense RNA strands may form an RNA duplex with two nucleotides overhang at 3'end on each strand. The sense RNA strand may be a strand the same as part of an mRNA sequence of the XDH gene. The anti-sense RNA strand may be a strand complementary to the part of the mRNA sequence of the target gene (e.g., the XDH gene) . The anti-sense RNA strand may be configured to identify the mRNA of the target gene and then bind thereto for initiating transcriptional silencing.
[0069] In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand or the anti-sense RNA strand may include or not include one or more nucleotides overhang at 3'end (also referred to as an overhang) in length. The overhang may be configured to increase the stability of exogenous dsRNA in a subject, confer increased nuclease resistance, and / or reduce cost. Exemplary overhangs may include one nucleotide, two nucleotides, three nucleotides, etc., which are not limited herein. In some embodiments, there may be two overhangs at 3' end of one strand of an dsRNA. Overhangs may be a default option for dsRNA design or complementary to a part of mRNA sequence of the target gene. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may not include two nucleotides overhang at 3' end in length while the anti-sense RNA strand may include two nucleotides overhang at 3' end in length. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand may include two nucleotides overhang at 3' end in length while the anti-sense RNA strand may not include two nucleotides overhang at 3' end in length. In some embodiments, the two nucleotides overhang at 3' end of the sense RNA strand may be, for example, UU or dTdT. The nucleotides (e.g., two nucleotides) overhang at 3' end of the anti-sense RNA strand may be prescribed (for example, UU or dTdT) or complementary to a part of nucleotide sequence of the mRNA of the target gene (e.g., AA, GA, GT) . In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand and the anti-sense RNA strand may each include two nucleotides overhang at 3' end in length. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand and the anti-sense RNA strand may each not include two nucleotides overhang at 3' end in length. It should be noted that the sense RNA strand and / or the anti-sense RNA strand with or without overhangs are all within the protection scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand and the anti-sense RNA strand may form a hairpin structure to improve the stability of the dsRNA and / or enhance the functional performance of the dsRNA. For example, the sense RNA strand and the anti-sense RNA strand may be joined by a loop to form a hairpin structure.
[0070] In some embodiments, one or more nucleotides of the sense and / or anti-sense strands may be modified chemically to form modified nucleotide (s) . Chemical modification of the nucleotide (s) may increase stability and / or specificity of the dsRNA, minimize immunogenicity of the dsRNA, and reduce off-target effect of the dsRNA.
[0071] In some embodiments, a modified nucleotide may include one or more of a deoxy-nucleotide, a 3’-terminal deoxythimidine (dT) nucleotide, a 2'-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a 2'-fluoro modified nucleotide, a phosphorothioate modified nucleotide, a 2'-deoxy-modified nucleotide, a locked nucleotide, an unlocked nucleotide, a conformationally restricted nucleotide, a constrained ethyl nucleotide, an abasic nucleotide, a 2’-amino-modified nucleotide, a 2’-O-allyl-modified nucleotide, 2’-C-alkyl-modified nucleotide, a 2’-methoxyethyl modified nucleotide, a 2’-O-alkyl-modified nucleotide, a morpholino nucleotide, a phosphoramidate, a non-natural base comprising nucleotide, a tetrahydropyran modified nucleotide, a 1, 5-anhydrohexitol modified nucleotide, a cyclohexenyl modified nucleotide, a thermally destabilizing nucleotide, a glycol modified nucleotide, and a 2-O- (N-methylacetamide) modified nucleotide. In some embodiments, a modified nucleotide may include one or more of a 2'-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a 2'-fluoro modified nucleotide, and a phosphorothioate modified nucleotide.
[0072] In some embodiments, different strategies of using these chemical modifications may be applied. For example, two or more chemical modifications may be used in combination (e.g., two or more chemical modifications may be performed on an individual nucleotide) . As another example, one or more the chemical modifications may be used together with the phosphorothioate modification. As a further example, only one chemical modification may be used.
[0073] For brevity, the 2'-O-methyl modification may be represented be a letter of “m” , the phosphorothioate modification may be represented by a letter of “s” , and the 2'-fluoro modification may be represented be a letter of “f” . Merely by way of example, the modified nucleotides of the dsRNA may include a 2'-O-methyl modified guanine (i.e., mG) , a 2'-O-methyl modified cytosine (i.e., mC) , a 2'-O-methyl modified adenine (i.e., mA) , and / or a 2'-O-methyl modified uracil (i.e., mU) . As another example, the modified nucleotides of the dsRNA may include a phosphorothioate modified guanine (i.e., sG) , a phosphorothioate modified cytosine (i.e., sC) , a phosphorothioate modified adenine (i.e., sA) , and / or a phosphorothioate modified uracil (i.e., sU) . As still another example, the modified nucleotides of the dsRNA may include a 2'-fluoro modified guanine (i.e., fG) , a 2'-fluoro modified cytosine (i.e., fC) , a 2'-fluoro modified adenine (i.e., fA) , and / or a 2'-fluoro modified uracil (i.e., fU) . As a further example, the modified nucleotides of the dsRNA may include a 2'-O-methyl and phosphorothioate modified guanine (i.e., msG) , a 2'-O-methyl and phosphorothioate modified cytosine (i.e., msC) , a 2'-O-methyl and phosphorothioate modified adenine (i.e., msA) , and / or a 2'-O-methyl and phosphorothioate modified uracil (i.e., msU) . As still a further example, the modified nucleotides of the dsRNA may include a 2'-fluoro and phosphorothioate modified guanine (i.e., fsG) , a 2'-fluoro and phosphorothioate modified cytosine (i.e., fsC) , a 2'-fluoro and phosphorothioate modified adenine (i.e., fsA) , and / or a 2'-fluoro and phosphorothioate modified uracil (i.e., fsU) .
[0074] In some embodiments, part or all of the nucleotides of the sense RNA strand and / or the anti-sense RNA strand may be modified. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand and / or the anti-sense RNA strand may include modified nucleotides at about 25%-100%of nucleotide positions. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand and the anti-sense RNA strand may include modified nucleotides at about 60%-100%of nucleotide positions. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand and the anti-sense RNA strand may include modified nucleotides at about 80%-100%of nucleotide positions. The sense RNA strand and the anti-sense RNA strand may include modified nucleotides at about 90%-100%of nucleotide positions. In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand and the anti-sense RNA strand may include modified nucleotides at 100%of nucleotide positions.
[0075] In some embodiments, the sense RNA strand includes a modified RNA strand having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO. 9, and the anti-sense RNA strand includes a modified RNA strand having a nucleotide sequence of or SEQ ID NO. 10. Ligand
[0076] In some embodiments, the dsRNA agent further comprises a ligand conjugated to the 3'end of the sense strand of the dsRNA agent. In some embodiments, the ligand alters the distribution, targeting, or lifetime of the dsRNA agent into which it is incorporated. In some embodiments, the ligand provides an enhanced affinity for a selected target, e.g., molecule, cell or cell type, compartment, e.g., a cellular or organ compartment, tissue, organ or region of the body, as, e.g., compared to a species absent such a ligand. In some embodiments, ligands do not take part in duplex pairing in a duplexed nucleic acid.
[0077] In some embodiments, the ligand is an N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) derivative. The N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) derivative refers to a variety of chemical compounds derived from N-acetylgalactosamine, a monosaccharide that is a derivative of galactose with an acetyl group attached to its amino group. These derivatives often play significant roles in biological systems, especially in cell signaling, adhesion, and recognition processes. GalNAc itself is a key component of glycoproteins and glycolipids, and its derivatives can further modify these molecules to enhance or alter their functions. This class of compounds is particularly important in the development of pharmaceuticals and biotechnological applications, such as targeted drug delivery systems and biomarker discovery.
[0078] In some embodiments, the ligand may be one or more GalNAc derivatives attached through a monovalent, bivalent or trivalent branched linker.
[0079] In some embodiments, the GalNAc or GalNAc derivative may be attached to the dsRNA agent via a monovalent linker. In some embodiments, the GalNAc or GalNAc derivative may be attached to the dsRNA agent via a bivalent linker. In some embodiments, the GalNAc or GalNAc derivative may be attached to the dsRNA agent via a trivalent linker. In some embodiments, the GalNAc or GalNAc derivative may be attached to the dsRNA agent via a tetravalent linker.
[0080] In some embodiments, the dsRNA agent may include one GalNAc or GalNAc derivative attached to the dsRNA agent. In some embodiments, the dsRNA agent may include a plurality (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) GalNAc or GalNAc derivatives, each independently attached to a plurality of nucleotides of the dsRNA agent through a plurality of monovalent linkers.
[0081] In some embodiments, the ligand is
[0082] In some embodiments, the ligand is Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0083] The present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting expression of a gene encoding xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) comprising the dsRNA agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The pharmaceutical composition is particularly useful in the inhibition of the expression of the XDH mRNA in a target cell, a group of cells, a tissue, or an organism.
[0084] In some embodiments, the cell may be contacted with the dsRNA in vitro or in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell may be within a subject.
[0085] In some embodiments, the cell may express the XDH gene, e.g., a liver cell, a brain cell, a gall bladder cell, a heart cell, a kidney cell, etc. In some embodiments, the cell may be a liver cell. In some embodiments, the cell may be a mammalian cell, e.g., a primate cell (such as a human cell, including human cell in a chimeric non-human animal, or a non-human primate cell, e.g., a monkey cell or a chimpanzee cell) , or a non-primate cell. In some embodiments, the cell may be a human cell, e.g., a human liver cell.
[0086] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be used to treat or prevent a subject having a disease, disorder, or condition that would benefit from reduction in the level of the target XDH mRNA, or inhibition in expression of the target gene. The pharmaceutical composition may be used to treat or prevent a subject at risk of developing a disease, disorder, symptom, or condition that would benefit from reduction of the level of the target mRNA or an inhibition in expression the target gene. In some embodiments, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients (including vehicles, carriers, diluents, and / or delivery polymers) are added to the pharmaceutical composition that includes the dsRNA agent, thereby forming a pharmaceutical formulation or medicament suitable for in vivo delivery to a subject, including a human.
[0087] The pharmaceutical composition may include the dsRNA agent that can decrease the level of the XDH mRNA in a cell, group of cells, group of cells, tissue, organ, or subject. In some embodiments, the subject has been previously identified as having a pathogenic upregulation of the target gene XDH in hepatocytes. In some embodiments, the subject has been previously identified or diagnosed as having gout or hyperuricemia. In some embodiments, the subject has been suffering from symptoms associated with gout or hyperuricemia. In some embodiments, the subject would benefit from a reduction of XDH gene expression in the subject’s liver.
[0088] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition including the dsRNA agent are used for treating or managing clinical presentations associated with gout or hyperuricemia. In some embodiments, a therapeutically (including prophylactically) effective amount of one or more of pharmaceutical compositions is administered to a subject in need of such treatment. In some embodiments, administration of any of the dsRNA agent or the pharmaceutical composition may be used to decrease the number, severity, and / or frequency of symptoms of a disease in a subject.
[0089] The pharmaceutical composition including the dsRNA agent may be used to treat at least one symptom in a subject having a disease or disorder that would benefit from reduction or inhibition in expression of XDH mRNA and / or a reduction in serum uric acid levels. Measuring serum uric acid levels may be conducted in accordance with established methods known in the art.
[0090] In some embodiments, the subject is administered a therapeutically effective amount of one or more pharmaceutical compositions that include the dsRNA agent thereby treating the symptom. In some embodiments, the subject is administered a prophylactically effective amount of one or more dsRNA agents, thereby preventing or inhibiting the at least one symptom.
[0091] The route of administration is the path by which the dsRNA agent is brought into contact with the body. In general, methods of administering drugs and oligonucleotides and nucleic acids for treatment of a mammal arc well known in the art and may be applied to administration of the compositions. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered via any suitable route in a preparation appropriately tailored to the particular route. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered by injection, for example, intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, intraarticularly, or intraperitoneally. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered via subcutaneous injection.
[0092] The pharmaceutical composition including the dsRNA agent may be delivered to a cell, group of cells, tissue, or subject using oligonucleotide delivery. In general, any suitable method recognized in the art for delivering a nucleic acid molecule (in vitro or in vivo) may be adapted for use with the pharmaceutical composition. For example, delivery may be by local administration, (e.g., direct injection, implantation, or topical administering) , systemic administration, or subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or parenteral routes, including intracranial (e.g., intraventricular, intraparenchymal and intrathecal) , intramuscular, transdermal, airway (aerosol) , nasal, oral, rectal, or topical (including buccal and sublingual) administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered by subcutaneous or intravenous infusion or injection.
[0093] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be sterile. In some embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition may be pyrogen free.
[0094] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated for administration to the subject.
[0095] As used herein, the pharmaceutical composition or medicament includes a pharmacologically effective amount of at least one of the therapeutic compounds and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients (excipients) may be substances other than the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API, therapeutic product, e.g., dsRNA agent) that are intentionally included in the drug delivery system. Excipients do not exert or are not intended to exert a therapeutic effect at the intended dosage. Excipients can act to a) aid in processing of the drug delivery system during manufacture, b) protect, support or enhance stability, bioavailability or patient acceptability of the API, c) assist in product identification, and / or d) enhance any other attribute of the overall safety, effectiveness, of delivery of the API during storage or use. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may or may not be an inert substance.
[0096] In some embodiments, the excipient may be absorption enhancers, anti-adherents, anti-foaming agents, anti-oxidants, binders, buffering agents, carriers, coating agents, colors, delivery enhancers, delivery polymers, detergents, dextran, dextrose, diluents, disintegrants, emulsifiers, extenders, fillers, flavors, glidants, humectants, lubricants, oils, polymers, preservatives, saline, salts, solvents, sugars, surfactants, suspending agents, sustained release matrices, sweeteners, thickening agents, tonicity agents, vehicles, water-repelling agents, and wetting agents.
[0097] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may be water for injection. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may be isotonic saline.
[0098] The pharmaceutical composition suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water-soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, ELTM (BASF, Parsippany, NJ) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) . Suitable carriers should be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier may be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol) , and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. In some embodiments, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, and sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable composition may be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
[0099] In some embodiments, the dsRNA agent may be optionally combined with one or more additional therapeutics. The dsRNA agent and additional therapeutic (s) may be administered in a single composition or they may be administered separately. In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutics are administered separately in separate dosage forms from the dsRNA agent (e.g., the dsRNA agent is administered by subcutaneous injection, while the additional therapeutic involved in the method of treatment dosing regimen is administered orally) . In some embodiments, the dsRNA agent may be administered to a subject in need thereof via subcutaneous injection, and the one or more optional additional therapeutics are administered orally, which together provide for a treatment regimen for diseases and conditions associated with gout or hyperuricemia. In some embodiments, the dsRNA agent may be administered to the subject in need thereof via subcutaneous injection, and the one or more optional additional therapeutics may be administered via a separate subcutaneous injection. In some embodiments, the dsRNA agent and one or more additional therapeutics may be combined into a single dosage form. The dsRNA agents with or without the one or more additional therapeutics, may be combined with one or more excipients to form pharmaceutical compositions.
[0100] In some embodiments, an effective amount of the dsRNA agent may be in the range of from about 0.1 to about 100 mg / kg of body weight per dose, e.g., from about 1.0 to about 50 mg / kg of body weight / dose. In some embodiments, an effective amount of the dsRNA agent may be in the range of from about 0.25 to about 5 mg / kg of body weight per dose. In some embodiments, an effective amount of the dsRNA agent may be in the range of from about 0.5 to about 6 mg / kg of body weight per dose. In some embodiments, an effective amount of the dsRNA agent may be a fixed dose. In some embodiments, the fixed dose is in the range of from about 0.1 mg to about 1,000 mg of dsRNA agent. In some embodiments, the fixed does is in the range of 0.5 to 400 mg of the dsRNA agent. In some embodiments, dosing may be weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, quarterly, or at any other interval depending on the dose of the dsRNA agent administered, the activity level of the particular dsRNA agent, and the desired level of inhibition for the particular subject. The amount administered may depend on such variables as the overall health status of the patient or subject, the relative biological efficacy of the compound delivered, the formulation of the drug, the presence and types of excipients in the formulation, and the route of administration. The initial dosage administered may be increased beyond the above upper level to rapidly achieve the desired blood-level or tissue level, or the initial dosage may be smaller than the optimum. Methods
[0101] The present disclosure provides a method of treating a subject having a disorder or preventing the subject from suffering from the disorder that would benefit from reduction in XDH expression, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the dsRNA agent, or the pharmaceutical composition.
[0102] In some embodiments, the disorder may be an XDH-associated disease. In some embodiments, the disorder may be associated with dysfunctional uric acid metabolism (e.g., accumulation) .
[0103] In some embodiments, the XDH-associated disease may include hyperuricemia, gout, kidney stones, acute kidney injury, nephritis, membranous nephropathy, chronic kidney diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) , nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, diabetes including type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertension, gouty arthritis, heart disease including coronary heart disease, stroke, acute uric acid nephropathy, lung diseases, Lesch Nyhan syndrome, conditions linked to oxidative stress e.g., chronic low grade inflammation. The XDH-associated disease may further include high uric acid syndromes of cancer patient, hyperuricemia-caused brain disorders (such as cognitive dysfunction) , all urate-crystal caused blood vessel injury, or urate crystal accumulation induced organ injury disorders. The organ herein includes various organs that can be affected dysfunctional uric acid metabolism (e.g., accumulation) and / or by the disorders listed above such as blood vessel, joints, kidney, lung, pancreas, heart, eye, brain, etc.
[0104] The in vivo methods of the present disclosure may include administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the dsRNA agent or the pharmaceutical composition including the dsRNA agent. The dsRNA agent or pharmaceutical composition may be administered by any means known in the art including, but not limited to oral, intraperitoneal, or parenteral routes, including intracranial (e.g., intraventricular, intraparenchymal, and intrathecal) , intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol) , nasal, rectal, and topical (including buccal and sublingual) administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered by intravenous infusion or injection. In some embodiments, the dsRNA agent or the pharmaceutical composition may be administered by subcutaneous injection. In some embodiments, the dsRNA agent or the pharmaceutical composition may be administered by intramuscular injection.
[0105] In some embodiments, the administration may be via a depot injection. The depot injection may release the dsRNA or the pharmaceutical composition in a consistent way over a prolonged time period. Thus, the depot injection may reduce the frequency of dosing needed to obtain a desired effect, e.g., a desired inhibition of XDH, or a therapeutic or prophylactic effect. The depot injection may also provide more consistent serum concentrations. The depot injection may include subcutaneous injections or intramuscular injections. In some embodiments, the depot injection may be a subcutaneous injection.
[0106] In some embodiments, the administration may be via a pump. The pump may be an external pump or a surgically implanted pump. ln some embodiments, the pump may be a subcutaneously implanted osmotic pump. In some embodiments, the pump may be an infusion pump. The infusion pump may be used for intravenous, subcutaneous, arterial, or epidural infusions. In some embodiments, the infusion pump may be a subcutaneous infusion pump. In some embodiments, the pump may be a surgically implanted pump that delivers the dsRNA to the liver.
[0107] The mode of administration may be chosen based upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and based upon the area to be treated. The route and site of administration may be chosen to enhance targeting.
[0108] In some embodiments, the method includes administering the dsRNA agent or the pharmaceutical composition featured herein such that expression of the XDH gene is decreased, such as for about 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1-6, 1-3, or 3-6 months per dose. In some embodiments, the dsRNA agent or the pharmaceutical composition is administered once every 1-6 months.
[0109] In some embodiments, the subject may be administered a therapeutic amount of dsRNA agent or the pharmaceutical composition about 0.01 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the subject may be administered a therapeutic amount of dsRNA agent or the pharmaceutical composition about 3 mg to about 1000 mg as a fixed dose, regardless of body weight.
[0110] In some embodiments, the dsRNA agent or the pharmaceutical composition is administered by subcutaneous injection. One or more injections may be used to deliver the desired dose of dsRNA to a subject. The injections may be repeated over a period of time.
[0111] The administration may be repeated on a regular basis. In some embodiments, after an initial treatment regimen, the treatments may be administered on a less frequent basis. A repeat-dose regimen may include administration of a therapeutic amount of dsRNA on a regular basis, such as once per month to once a year. In some embodiments, the dsRNA agent or the pharmaceutical composition is administered about once per month to about once every three months, or about once every three months to about once every six months. Use
[0112] The present disclosure provides a use of the dsRNA agent or the pharmaceutical composition in a preparation of drugs for treating a subject having a disorder or preventing the subject from suffering from the disorder, wherein the disorder can be treated or prevented by a reduction in XDH expression.
[0113] The use of the dsRNA agent of the disclosure enables the targeted degradation of mRNAs of the corresponding gene (XDH gene) in a subject. Using in vitro and in vivo assays, examples have demonstrated that dsRNA targeting the XDH gene can potently mediate RNA, resulting in significant inhibition of expression of the XDH gene. Thus, methods and compositions including these dsRNA are useful for treating a subject having the XDH-associated disorder.
[0114] This disclosure is further illustrated by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting. EXAMPLES Example 1: GalNAc-siRNA LJ-0006 for inosine tolerance test
[0115] Six male cynomolgus monkeys over 10 years of age were subjected to a high-fat, high-cholesterol and high-fructose diet for one year. A baseline inosine tolerance test (ITT) was performed on all six animals by intravenous injection of 200 mg / kg inosine, a substrate for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) , and serum was collected before injection and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h after inosine injection. Uric acid, the end product of XDH, was then quantified and the amount verus time of each animal was shown in FIG. 1A. Area-under-curve (AUC) of the uric acid per monkey as shown in FIG. 1B.
[0116] GalNAc-siRNA LJ-0006 was synthesized for subcutaneous injection into three of the above animals at 5, 10, or 20 mg / kg on Day 1. On Day 30, 45, and 60 after injection, ITT was conducted for these six animals and compared to baseline uric acid levels of respective animals and shown in FIGs. 2A-2F. FIG. 2A shows uric acid levels in animal #01 compared to its baseline on days 30, 45 and 60 after injection of 20 mg / kg LJ-0006. FIG. 2B shows uric acid levels in animal #02 compared to its baseline on days 30, 45 and 60 after injection of 10 mg / kg LJ-0006. FIG. 2C shows uric acid levels in animal #03 compared to its baseline on days 30, 45 and 60 after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006. FIG. 2D shows uric acid levels in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, and 20 mg / kg LJ-0006 on Day 30 compared to its baseline level. FIG. 2E shows uric acid levels in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, and 20 mg / kg LJ-0006 on Day 45 compared to its baseline level. FIG. 2F shows uric acid levels in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, and 20 mg / kg LJ-0006 on Day 60 compared to its baseline level.
[0117] The AUC of uric acid under ITT was calculated and shown in FIGs. 3A-3F. FIG. 3A shows AUC of the uric acid levels in animal #01 compared to its baseline on days 30, 45 and 60 after injection of 20 mg / kg LJ-0006. FIG. 3B shows AUC of the uric acid levels in animal #02 compared to its baseline on days 30, 45 and 60 after injection of 10 mg / kg LJ-0006. FIG. 3C shows AUC of the uric acid levels in animal #03 compared to its baseline on days 30, 45 and 60 after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006. FIG. 3D shows AUC of the uric acid levels in the animals after injection of 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg LJ-0006 on Day 30 compared to its baseline level. FIG. 3E shows AUC of the uric acid levels in the animals after injection of 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg LJ-0006 on Day 45 compared to its baseline level. FIG. 3F shows AUC of the uric acid levels in the animals after injection of 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg LJ-0006 on Day 60 compared to its baseline level. Example 2: Transient transfection in HepG2 cells and quantitative RT-PCR analysis of XDH
[0118] 2.5 million HepG2 cells per well were seeded in a 6-well plate in RPMI-1640 medium +10%FBS on day 1. On the following day, 7.5 μL siRNA was dissolved in Opti-MEM and 2.5 μL of Lipofectamine RNAiMax was added and then incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes before adding the mixture to each well and further incubated for 48 hr before extraction of total RNA for cDNA synthesis and qRT-PCR analysis.
[0119] As shown in FIG. 4, compared to non-specific control siRNA (NC #1) , FG-00001 was among the best siRNAs in suppressing the mRNA level of target gene XDH in HepG2 cells. FG-00003 was similar to FG-00005 having SEQ ID NOs. 11 and 12, the sequences from Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals; whereas, FG-00006, the sequences as shown in SEQ ID NOs. 13-14 from Alynlam Pharmaceutical was only modestly effective. FG-00001, FG-00003, FG-00004, and the Arrowhead sequence (FG-00005) were further characterized in non-human primates. The other siRNAs FG-00007 to FG-00011 were designed based on the published sequence of XDH but not selected for the next experiments. Example 3: Inhibition of XDH activity in vivo by GalNAc-siRNA
[0120] Several male cynomolgus monkeys over 10 years of age were subjected to a high-fat, high-cholesterol, and high-fructose diet for one year. A baseline ITT was performed for all four animals by intravenous injection of 200 mg / kg inosine, a substrate for XDH, serum was collected before injection and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h after inosine injection. Uric acid, the end product of XDH, was then quantified and the amount versus time of each animal over the course of the four different time period was set as the baseline of the individual animal.
[0121] Four different GalNAc-siRNAs LJ-0006A, LJ-0006E, LJ-0006C, and LJ-0006D were synthesized for subcutaneous injection respectively into the above four animals at 5 mg / kg on Day 0. GalNAc-siRNA-LJ-0006A uses siRNA FG-00001, GalNAc-siRNA-LJ-0006C uses siRNA FG-00003, GalNAc-siRNA-LJ-0006D uses siRNA FG-00004, GalNAc-siRNA-LJ-0006E uses siRNA FG-00005.
[0122] On Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 after injection, ITT was conducted for these four animals and compared to baseline uric acid levels of respective animals, as shown in FIGs. 5A-5D. FIG. 5A shows uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A on Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level. FIG. 5B shows uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006E on Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level. FIG. 5C shows uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006C on Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level. FIG. 5D shows uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006D on Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level.
[0123] The area-under-curve (AUC) of uric acid under ITT was calculated and the reduction rate compared to baseline AUC was shown in FIGs. 6A-6D. FIG. 6A shows AUC of the uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A on Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level. FIG. 6B shows AUC of the uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006E on Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level. FIG. 6C shows AUC of the uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006C on Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level. FIG. 6D shows AUC of the uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006D on Day 30, 60, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level. GalNAc-siRNA-LJ-0006A (FG-00001) showed the most long lasting and significant suppression of XDH activity in vivo. GalNAc-siRNA-LJ-0006E (FG-00005 or Arrowhead sequence) showed similar suppression at the early time points but gradually lost its suppressive activity over time while GalNAc-siRNA-LJ-0006A (FG-00001) remain very potent even at later time points. Example 4: Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of XDH from liver biopsies of animals
[0124] Liver biopsies were collected from the four animals before s. c injection and on Day 45, 75, and 105 after dosing. Total RNA was extracted from the corresponding liver biopsies and the expression level of XDH was quantified by qRT-PCR. The expression level of individual animal before dosing was set as 100%. As shown in FIG. 7, LJ-0006C suppressed the expression of XDH the most followed by LJ-0006A at Day 45. LJ-0006A continued to suppress XDH expression at a high extent at Day 75 and 105.
[0125] The suppression rates of XDH activity over the different time points of inosine tolerance test was performed for LJ-0006A and LJ-0006E over the course of the study at Day 30, 60, 90, and 120. Specifically, FIG. 8A shows reduction rates of the uric acid in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A and LJ-0006E on Day 30. FIG. 8B shows reduction rates of the uric acid in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A and LJ-0006E on Day 60. FIG. 8C shows reduction rates of the uric acid in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A and LJ-0006E on Day 90. FIG. 8D shows reduction rates of the uric acid in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A and LJ-0006E on Day 120. FIG. 9A shows reduction rates of the uric acid in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A on Day 30, 60, 90, 120. FIG. 9B shows reduction rates of the uric acid in the animals after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006E on Day 30, 60, 90, 120. As the number of days of inosine tolerance test increased, the inhibition of XDH activity of LJ-0006A was more persistent and effective than that of LJ-0006E. Example 5: Inhibition of XDH activity in vivo by GalNAc-siRNA LJ-0006A and HZB-70016
[0126] Two male cynomolgus monkeys over 10 years of age were subjected to a high-fat, high-cholesterol, and high-fructose diet for one year. A baseline ITT was performed for all two animals by intravenous injection of 200 mg / kg inosine, a substrate for XDH, serum was collected before injection and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h after inosine injection. Uric acid, the end product of XDH, was then quantified and the amount versus time of each animal over the course of the four different time period was set as the baseline of the individual animal.
[0127] GalNAc-siRNA LJ-0006A and a positive control derived from Alynlam Pharmaceutical (HZB-70016) were injected subcutaneously into the two above animals at 5 mg / kg on Day 1. The sequences of HZB-70016 are shown in SEQ ID NOs. 25-26. On Day 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 after injection, ITT was conducted for these two animals and compared to baseline uric acid levels of respective animals, as shown in FIGs. 10A-10B. FIG. 10A shows uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg HZB-70016 on Day 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level. FIG. 10B shows uric acid level in the animal after injection of 5 mg / kg LJ-0006A on Day 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 compared to its baseline level. GalNAc-siRNA-LJ-0006A (FG-00001) was more effective than the positive control derived from Alynlam Pharmaceutical (HZB-70016) over a longer duration measured by Inosine Tolerance Test in non-human primate.
Claims
1.A double stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) agent for inhibiting expression of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) , comprising a sense strand and an antisense strand, whereinthe sense strand comprises at least 21 contiguous nucleotides differing by no more than 5 nucleotides from any one of nucleotide sequences of nucleotides 2167-2187, 2692-2712, 2729-2749, or 4145-4165 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and the antisense strand comprises a nucleotide sequence that is at least partially complementary to the sense strand.2.The dsRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the sense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and the anti-sense RNA strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.3.The dsRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the sense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and the anti-sense RNA strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.4.The dsRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the sense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 and the anti-sense RNA strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, or the sense strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and the anti-sense RNA strand has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.5.The dsRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the sense RNA strand and / or the anti-sense RNA strand comprises modified nucleotides at about 25%-100%of nucleotide positions.6.The dsRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the modified nucleotides includes one or more of a deoxy-nucleotide, a 3’ -terminal deoxythimidine (dT) nucleotide, a 2'-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a 2'-fluoro modified nucleotide, a phosphorothioate modified nucleotide, a 2'-deoxy-modified nucleotide, a locked nucleotide, an unlocked nucleotide, a conformationally restricted nucleotide, a constrained ethyl nucleotide, an abasic nucleotide, a 2’ -amino-modified nucleotide, a 2’ -O-allyl-modified nucleotide, 2’ -C-alkyl-modified nucleotide, a 2’ -methoxyethyl modified nucleotide, a 2’ -O-alkyl-modified nucleotide, a morpholino nucleotide, a phosphoramidate, a non-natural base comprising nucleotide, a tetrahydropyran modified nucleotide, a 1, 5-anhydrohexitol modified nucleotide, a cyclohexenyl modified nucleotide, a thermally destabilizing nucleotide, a glycol modified nucleotide, and a 2-O- (N-7.The dsRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the sense RNA strand includes a modified RNA strand having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO. 9, and the anti-sense RNA strand includes a modified RNA strand having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO. 10, in which “m” represents 2'-O-methyl modification, “s” represents phosphorothioate modification, and “f” represents 2'-fluoro modification.8.The dsRNA agent of claim 1, wherein at least one strand comprises a 3'overhang of one or more nucleotides.9.The dsRNA agent of claim 1, further comprising a ligand conjugated to the 3'end of the sense strand of the dsRNA agent.10.The dsRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the ligand is an N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) derivative.11.The dsRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the ligand is one or more GalNAc derivatives attached through a monovalent, bivalent, or trivalent branched linker.12.The dsRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the ligand is 13.The dsRNA agent of claim 1, wherein the ligand is 14.A double stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) agent for inhibiting expression of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) , comprising a sense strand and an antisense strand, whereinthe sense strand includes a modified RNA strand having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO. 9, and the anti-sense RNA strand includes a modified RNA strand having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO. 10, in which “m” represents 2'-O-methyl modification, “s” represents phosphorothioate modification, and “f” represents 2'-fluoro modification.15.A pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting expression of a gene encoding xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) comprising the dsRNA agent of any one of claims 1-13 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.16.A method of treating a subject having a disorder or preventing the subject from suffering from the disorder, wherein the disorder can be treated or prevented by a reduction in xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) expression, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the dsRNA agent of any one of claims 1-14, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 15.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the disorder is an XDH-associated disease.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the XDH-associated disease includes hyperuricemia, gout, kidney stones, acute kidney injury, membranous nephropathy, acute uric acid nephropathy, hypertension, atherosclerosis, nephritis, chronic kidney diseases, lung diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, diabetes, myocardial infarction, heart disease, heart failure, gouty arthritis, Lesch Nyhan syndrome, glycogen storage disease (GSD) , metabolic disorder, high uric acid syndromes of cancer patient, hyperuricemia-caused brain disorders, urate-crystal caused blood vessel injury, or urate crystal accumulation induced organ injury disorders.19.A use of the double stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) agent of any one of claims 1-14 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 15 in a preparation of drugs for treating a subject having a disorder or preventing the subject from suffering from the disorder, wherein the disorder can be treated or prevented by a reduction in xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) expression.20.The double stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) agent of any one of claims 1-14 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 15 for use in treating a subject having a disorder or preventing the subject from suffering from the disorder, wherein the disorder can be treated or prevented by a reduction in xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) expression.
Citation Information
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