Battery-less implantable wireless health monitoring device

Abstract

The invention regards a battery-less implantable wireless device for measuring physiological parameters in a subject, comprising a sensor system configured to measure the physiological parameters, with the sensor system including a temperature sensor and an electrical impedance spectroscopy unit; an antenna for communication with an external device; a reservoir capacitor unit for storing RF energy transferred from the external device; and a logic controller configured to manage the charging of the reservoir capacitor unit, use the RF energy stored in the reservoir capacitor unit to measure the physiological parameters, and transmit a return signal indicative of the measured physiological parameters.

Description

[0001] Battery-Less Implantable Wireless Health Monitoring Device

[0002] Background

[0003] In recent years, there has been significant progress in the development of implantable identification (ID) chips for animals. These devices are primarily designed to provide a reliable means of identifying animals, which is crucial for managing production animals, companion animals, and wild animals. Implantable ID chips help track individual animals, maintain accurate records, and ensure that each animal receives appropriate care. These advancements have enabled efficient animal management practices and provided valuable data for veterinary and research purposes. For instance, many countries require microchips in dogs, cats, ferrets, and other animals to match vaccination records and ensure proper identification. This requirement extends beyond pets to include other companion animals, such as equine, and production animals, facilitating better health management, disease control, and compliance with international trade regulations.

[0004] Despite these advancements, current implantable ID chips exhibit several notable disadvantages. These chips often have limited range and limited reliability of wireless communication with external readers. This can lead to intermittent data transmission and reduced accuracy in tracking and monitoring the animal's movements and identity. There are compatibility issues between different types of microchips and scanners, which can hinder the ability to reliably identify animals. This lack of standardization and interoperability can cause delays in animal identification, especially during emergencies. These issues underline the need for improved solutions that can offer more reliable communication and enhanced performance.

[0005] Furthermore, current ID chips, while effective at providing identification information, often struggle with maintaining comprehensive and updated health records for animals. It is challenging to keep these records current and accessible while ensuring that only authorized individuals have access. Ensuring the authenticity of health records and preventing tampering are significant concerns. For example, in the animal production industry, accurate health monitoring and traceability from birth to slaughter are essential. Similarly, for pets and equine, it is important to ensure that their health records are authentic, such as verifying adherence to national, or emergency, vaccination programs. Additionally, the illegal animal trade exacerbates these problems, as reliable and tamper-proof health records are crucial for combating this issue.

[0006] It is therefore an objective of the present disclosure to provide an improved implantable ID chip that addresses the limitations of existing devices. The aim is to enhance identification capabilities in a more efficient and reliable manner, eliminating the need for internal power sources, and to ensure better compatibility and accessibility. The solution should also facilitate maintaining comprehensive and tamper-proof health records that are easily accessible to authorized individuals, thereby supporting better health management and combating issues like the illegal animal trade.

[0007] Moreover, while existing identification chips and related implants are useful for ID purposes, they are generally limited in their sensing capabilities. More advanced physiological measurements, such as tissue impedance or biosignal acquisition, typically place higher demands on power supply and measurement stability. Conventional solutions that address these demands often rely on internal batteries or continuous external powering schemes. Further, conventional solutions have large device sizes, high maintenance requirements, and long-term safety risks, and may also have limited energy efficiency and interoperability. Accordingly, prior approaches leave unresolved challenges for implantable devices that are intended to combine reliable identification with meaningful physiological monitoring while minimizing energy and maintenance burdens.

[0008] Summary

[0009] The present disclosure relates to a battery-free implantable wireless device for identifying and monitoring the health of a subject, and related methods. This invention provides a reliable and maintenance-free solution for continuous identification and health record management, eliminating the need for battery replacements and reducing the risk of device failure. By utilizing energy harvested from an external device, for example RF energy, the implantable device ensures sustained operation and accurate data collection.

[0010] In some embodiments, the harvested energy is temporarily stored in a capacitor and used in a coordinated cycle of charging, sensing, and wireless transmission. This allows the device to perform a complete measurement and return communication on demand from an external reader, without requiring any internal battery. Such operation supports long-term implantability and avoids the drawbacks of rechargeable or replaceable power sources.

[0011] The present disclosure enables effective identification and health monitoring through a combination of unique identification and data storage, facilitating accurate recordkeeping and secure access to health information. The device's compact and flexible design ensures minimal discomfort upon implantation, making it suitable for a wide range of subjects including production animals, companion animals, equine, and humans. In particular, the architecture allows physiological measurements, including those that typically require stable and continuous power such as electrical impedance spectroscopy, to be carried out reliably using only energy stored in the capacitor. This coordinated energy management ensures that accurate measurements and data transmission can be achieved even under the strict energy budget of a battery-free implant.

[0012] Therefore, the present disclosure relates, in a first aspect, to a battery-less implantable wireless device for measuring physiological parameters in a subject, the device comprising:

[0013] - a sensor system configured to measure the physiological parameters, the sensor system comprising a temperature sensor and an electrical impedance spectroscopy unit;

[0014] - an antenna for communication with an external device;

[0015] - a reservoir capacitor unit for storing RF energy transferred from the external device;

[0016] - a logic controller configured to:

[0017] • manage the charging of the reservoir capacitor unit;

[0018] • use the RF energy stored in the reservoir capacitor unit to measure the physiological parameters; and

[0019] • transmit a return signal indicative of the measured physiological parameters. The device is arranged so that it can operate without an internal power source, relying on RF energy harvested from an external device, which is stored in the reservoir capacitor unit. This energy-efficient design eliminates the need for battery replacement and reduces the risk of leakage, ensuring long-term reliability and safety.

[0020] In particular, the logic controller can be arranged so as to sequence the operation of the device into phases of charging, measurement, and transmission. Thus, once sufficient energy has been accumulated in the reservoir capacitor, a measurement phase is initiated in which very low excitation currents are applied to the tissue. A four- terminal electrode arrangement may be used to minimize losses caused by electrode impedance, thereby allowing accurate impedance measurements under the constrained energy budget. After measurement, the remaining stored energy is used for transmission, for example by active load modulation, ensuring that both sensing and communication can be completed within one capacitor charge cycle.

[0021] In practice, excitation currents for EIS may be in the range of 1 pA to 100 pA, for example 5-20 pA, which is sufficient to obtain stable impedance spectra while remaining within the constrained energy budget of a capacitor-powered implant. The four-terminal electrode arrangement allows these low currents to be used without loss of accuracy.

[0022] The EIS unit may sweep frequencies from about 1 kHz to several MHz, for example 10 kHz to 1 MHz. These ranges allow assessment of tissue properties such as hydration, cell integrity, or hormonal changes. The ability to complete such a sweep within a single capacitor charge cycle demonstrates that accurate impedance spectroscopy is feasible without a battery.

[0023] The sensor system, including a temperature sensor and an electrical impedance spectroscopy unit, enables comprehensive health monitoring by measuring critical physiological parameters such as temperature and impedance, which can indicate for example hydration, progesterone and / or glucose levels.. In other embodiments, the sensor system may comprise a electrocardiography (ECG) unit.

[0024] The device features a flexible carrier and a bio-compatible coating, making it suitable for safe implantation and minimizing discomfort to the subject. The antenna is optimized for both data transfer and RF energy harvesting, ensuring efficient communication and power management. The logic controller manages energy storage and utilization, enabling precise measurement and data transmission.

[0025] The device can be used for various applications, including monitoring production animals, companion animals (e.g. horses, cats, dogs, ferrets), and wild animals. It supports wireless communication protocols such as NFC, BLE, Wi-Fi, and Zigbee, allowing for versatile connectivity with external devices. The external device initiates the transfer of RF energy and receives measurement data, which can be stored and managed on a network-based system. This system can compare the measurement data with subject-specific data and generate alerts based on predefined physiological thresholds, enhancing animal management and health monitoring.

[0026] The system is designed with security features, including encryption and tiered access levels, ensuring that data is accessible only to authorized users such as breeders, owners, veterinarians, medical professionals, and third party verifiers. The device's ability to measure and transmit physiological parameters continuously or periodically without external triggers further enhances its utility in various scenarios. The implantable device dimensions are optimized to facilitate implantation and minimize discomfort, making it suitable for use in a wide range of animals and potentially humans.

[0027] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the device comprises a data record for storing information related to the subject, including identifiers, health data, vaccination records, breeder information, past and present owners, veterinarian records, and past and present measurements of physiological parameters. The return signal can provide information related to this data record, offering a comprehensive view of the subject's health and identification details.

[0028] In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a network-based system.

[0029] In yet a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method for monitoring physiological parameters in a subject.

[0030] In even yet a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to an animal monitoring system. Description of the drawings

[0031] In the following embodiment and examples will be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings:

[0032] FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of a battery-less implantable wireless device for measuring physiological parameters as disclosed herein.

[0033] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a battery-less implantable wireless device as disclosed herein.

[0034] FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a network-based system incorporating the batteryless implantable wireless device as disclosed herein.

[0035] FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of an integrated circuit within the battery-less implantable wireless device as disclosed herein.

[0036] FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a battery-less implantable wireless device as disclosed herein.

[0037] FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a battery-less implantable wireless device as disclosed herein.

[0038] FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart of an embodiment of a method for monitoring physiological parameters in a subject.

[0039] Detailed description

[0040] The present inventors have recognized that while capacitor-based, battery-free implants are known, they have generally been regarded as unsuitable for performing energy-demanding physiological measurements such as electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) . Known solutions either rely on simple low-power sensing such as temperature, or they employ an internal rechargeable battery to buffer sufficient energy for more complex biosignal acquisition. In particular, systems that include EIS or ECG measurements are typically designed with rechargeable batteries, as it was believed that passive capacitor powering could not provide adequate stability and reproducibility.

[0041] Prior systems that included EIS in animal implants were deliberately designed with rechargeable batteries, teaching away from capacitor-only powering. The present disclosure instead shows that such measurements can be achieved without any battery, contrary to these design choices. In addition to sensing, the device may store subject-specific identification and health data, providing both physiological monitoring and digital identity in a single implant. This integration reduces compatibility issues and enhances traceability compared to prior separate ID and health record systems. Integrating identification and physiological monitoring in a single implant also reduces the number of communication events required, which directly lowers energy consumption and improves reliability of readout under capacitor-only powering. In this way the device may be configured to conserve energy and ensure that both identity and health data can be retrieved in one capacitor- powered transmission cycle.

[0042] The present disclosure therefore provides for a fully implantable, battery-less device that can nevertheless achieve accurate physiological measurements including E IS, provided that the device architecture is arranged to coordinate energy harvesting, storage, measurement, and communication in a controlled manner. The technical problem addressed is therefore how to obtain robust impedance and other physiological measurements in a passive implant, while avoiding the size, maintenance, and safety burdens of an internal battery.

[0043] Unlike temperature or simple biosignal sensing, EIS requires both controlled current injection and precise voltage measurement across biological tissue. These operations must be performed with stable excitation over a frequency sweep, making the technique particularly sensitive to fluctuations in supply voltage. The present disclosure can, in advantageous embodiments, be supported by measure such as by employing low-current excitation, and may further use features such as four-terminal electrodes and / or duty-cycled capacitor operation to enhance stability and reproducibility of measurements even without a battery.

[0044] To this end, the device is configured in a manner that allows RF energy harvested from an external reader to be stored in a reservoir capacitor until a sufficient energy threshold is reached. The logic controller can then initiate a measurement phase in which the sensor system performs physiological measurements, for example by applying low excitation currents in an EIS sequence. A four-terminal electrode arrangement may be employed to minimize errors due to electrode impedance, thereby allowing accurate and reproducible data even when operating at very low currents. After the measurement, the residual stored energy can be used to transmit a return signal to the external device, for example using active load modulation. By sequencing these steps under strict duty-cycling, a complete measurement-and-communication event can be executed using a single capacitor charge. Illustrative example: with a reservoir capacitor of 100 pF charged to 3 V, the stored energy is approximately 0.45 mJ (E =1 / 2-C'V2). An EIS sequence employing excitation currents of 5-20 pA over I Q- 50 frequency points and a brief return transmission payload (e.g., tens to hundreds of bytes with error detection) can be completed within this energy budget when operated in the single-measurement-per-charge mode described herein. These values are illustrative and can be scaled depending on capacitor type, electrode configuration, measurement resolution, and data payload size.

[0045] Duty-cycling, as used herein, refers to the controlled sequencing of charging, measurement, and transmission such that only one of these phases is active at a time. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be designed so that charging occupies the majority of time, while measurement and transmission are triggered only when sufficient stored energy is available. This avoids energy depletion mid-operation and ensures reproducibility.

[0046] In some embodiments, the EIS unit may operate across frequencies in the range of from 1 kHz to 20 MHz, for example in the range of 1 kHz to 1 MHz, such as 10 kHz to several hundred kHz (e.g. 500 kHz), suitable for many physiological impedance measurements. These frequency ranges are sufficient to capture meaningful tissue impedance spectra while remaining compatible with the limited energy available from a single capacitor charge. For avoidance of doubt, the frequencies used for EIS excitation are independent of the RF carrier used for wireless power transfer and communication with the external device. The EIS excitation may occur at kilohertzmegahertz frequencies applied to the tissue via the electrodes, whereas the wireless link (e.g., HF) provides energy and a data channel to the logic controller. In embodiments that “use the same frequency for charging and communication,” this refers to the wireless link only and does not constrain the EIS excitation frequencies.

[0047] Without such coordinated measures of low-current excitation, duty-cycling, and efficient communication, the skilled person would expect capacitor-only powering to be insufficient for reliable EIS. This explains why prior solutions relied on batteries, and highlights the synergistic architecture of the present disclosure. This reliance demonstrates that the skilled person was directed towards ever-improving battery solutions rather than considering removal of the battery altogether. This coordinated operation allows physiological sensing that was previously considered too energy-demanding for battery-free capacitor-based implants. It also permits removal of the internal battery, enabling a significantly smaller, safer, and maintenance-free implant that can be permanently deployed in animals or humans while providing both physiological monitoring and digital identification.

[0048] Thus, in a first aspect, the present disclosure relates to a battery-less implantable wireless device for measuring physiological parameters in a subject. The device comprises a sensor system configured to measure the physiological parameters. The sensor system may comprise an electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) unit comprising a plurality of electrodes. The device may further comprise an antenna for communication with an external device; a battery-free reservoir capacitor unit for storing RF energy wirelessly transferred from the external device; and a logic controller.

[0049] The device is arranged so that it can operate without an internal power source, relying entirely on RF energy harvested from the external device and stored in the reservoir capacitor unit. In certain embodiments, the device architecture is further configured to operate in a coordinated cycle of charging, measurement, and communication. In one example, each capacitor charge cycle supports a single measurement event followed by transmission of the result. The device may remain in a dormant state while charging; once a defined energy threshold is reached, the logic controller activates the sensor system to perform the measurement, and the residual energy is then used to transmit a return signal to the external device. By sequencing these steps under duty-cycling, reliable operation can be achieved within the constrained energy budget of the capacitor.

[0050] In some embodiments, the measurement phase employs very low excitation currents, for example in the microampere range, to conserve energy. In further advantageous embodiments, a four-terminal electrode arrangement may be used to minimize errors due to electrode impedance, thereby allowing accurate and reproducible EIS measurements even at such low currents. These measures can individually or in combination improve the robustness of EIS under capacitor-only powering. To ensure accuracy across physiological and environmental variation, the device may execute a brief calibration routine prior to or following the EIS sweep, for example estimating electrode / tissue interface offsets, and may apply temperature compensation using a co-located temperature sensor. In mobile subjects, short acquisition windows synchronized to low-motion intervals and simple outlier rejection across repeated points can further improve reproducibility within a single charge cycle.

[0051] In further embodiments, the communication circuit may be adapted to the constrained energy budget. For example, active load modulation can provide an efficient return link to the external device, and in some cases the same frequency band may be used for both charging and communication. Such measures, individually or in combination, can reduce RF front-end complexity and conserve energy, thereby improving the feasibility of capacitor-only operation. To enhance link robustness under constrained energy, the return payload may include a checksum or cyclic redundancy check (CRC). If the available stored energy is determined to be insufficient to complete the intended transmission, the logic controller may defer or fragment the payload and resume transmission on a subsequent charge cycle, thereby avoiding partial or corrupted messages.

[0052] Additional refinements can include the use of flexible electrodes, or tail-like electrodes extending away from the device housing to increase electrode spacing while maintaining a compact implant footprint. Such designs improve impedance measurement accuracy by reducing near-field effects, while keeping the device body small for safe implantation. Electrodes and interconnects may be formed from biocompatible materials such as platinum-iridium, gold, stainless steel, or carbonbased conductors on a flexible polymer carrier (e.g., polyimide). The device and any tail-like electrode portions may be encapsulated in medically acceptable coatings such as Parylene, silicone, or polyurethane to ensure long-term biocompatibility.

[0053] In still other embodiments, the device may be configured for multiple measurements per capacitor charge, or may buffer measurement results for later transmission, depending on capacitor capacity and the intended application. Periodic or continuous monitoring can also be supported where energy availability permits, although the single-measurement-per-cycle represents a particularly energy-efficient baseline mode of operation.

[0054] In some embodiments, the reservoir capacitor may have a capacity in the range of 10 pF to 1 ,000 pF, such as 50-500 pF, which has been found sufficient to power a single impedance measurement sequence together with return transmission. The skilled person will appreciate that suitable capacitor sizes may be selected based on the desired measurement duration and transmission protocol.

[0055] By removing the internal battery, the implantable device can be made significantly smaller and safer, facilitating long-term implantation in animals or humans without the risks of battery leakage or the burden of battery replacement. The device therefore enables permanent, maintenance-free physiological monitoring combined with reliable identification and health record management. This architecture allows the removal of bulky batteries and associated charging hardware, directly enabling drastic miniaturization of the implant while maintaining measurement capability.

[0056] By eliminating the battery and associated charging circuitry, the implantable device can be reduced to volumes below 300 mm3, such as 25-150 mm3. This enables implantation not only in larger animals, but also in smaller species and in anatomical sites where battery-based implants would not fit, extending the technical applicability of the device. The excitation currents and acquisition times described herein are selected to keep tissue heating negligible, and the wireless power and communication duty cycle may be arranged to comply with applicable exposure guidelines. In typical embodiments, specific absorption rate (SAR) limits are respected by virtue of the brief, on-demand operation and low average power.

[0057] Definitions

[0058] As used herein, an external device refers to an electronic device located outside the body that communicates with the implantable wireless device wirelessly, without the need for a physical connection. The external device can transmit data to and receive data from the implantable device, control its operations, and supply power via wireless means, such as RF energy. Examples of external devices include smartphones, tablets, dedicated medical readers, or other computing devices equipped with appropriate software and communication protocols, such as Near Field Communication (NFC), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, or Zigbee. The external device facilitates the collection and transmission of physiological data from the implantable device to authorised external systems, enabling remote monitoring and management of the subject's health. In some embodiments, the antenna and matching network of the implantable device may be configured to support both wireless power transfer and bidirectional communication in the selected frequency band without requiring a separate radio front-end for charging and communication. The term "companion animal" as used herein refers to animals that are domesticated and kept primarily for companionship, leisure, or enjoyment by humans. This category includes, but is not limited to, animals such as dogs, cats, rabbits, and horses, in cases where they are kept for non-commercial purposes, such as leisure riding, recreational activities, or as part of a hobby. Companion animals typically live in close association with humans and are provided with care focused on their well-being, comfort, and health. In some embodiments, the term "companion animal" may specifically refer to smaller household pets, such as dogs, cats, and rabbits.

[0059] The term "production animal" as used herein refers to animals that are raised primarily for commercial, agricultural, or industrial purposes, including but not limited to food production, fiber production, labor, or sports. Examples include cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry, and horses, when they are used for purposes such as meat, milk, wool, or other by-products, or for commercial activities such as racing, breeding, or agricultural work. These animals are often managed in agricultural or industrial settings, with a focus on maximizing productivity, reproduction, and economic value.

[0060] The term "wild animal" as used herein refers to animals that live and thrive in their natural habitats without direct human intervention or domestication. Wild animals include, but are not limited to, terrestrial and marine species such as deer, wolves, birds, fish, and large predators. These animals are typically monitored for conservation, scientific research, or environmental management purposes. In some embodiments, the term "wild animal" may be limited to specific groups of animals, such as endangered species, or animals that are being monitored for conservation purposes only, excluding those in captivity or domesticated settings.

[0061] As used herein, a battery-less device operates without an internal battery and instead relies on energy harvested from external sources, such as RF energy transmitted by an external device. This eliminates the need for battery replacement, providing a maintenance-free solution for long-term implantation.

[0062] An implantable device, as used herein, is designed for insertion into the body of a human or animal for the purpose of monitoring physiological parameters, identification, or other medical or management purposes. The device is made from biocompatible materials and designed for long-term implantation, with minimal discomfort to the subject and without significant risk of adverse reactions. Physiological parameters refer to measurable data related to the biological and physical state of a subject. These can include, but are not limited to, body temperature, tissue impedance, hydration levels, progesterone, hormone levels, heart rate, and / or other vital signs or indicators of health status that the implantable device is designed to monitor.

[0063] Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) refers to a technique used to measure the electrical properties of biological tissues by applying a small alternating electrical current through the tissue and measuring the resulting voltage. The impedance, or resistance to the current flow, can provide information about tissue health, hydration, and other physiological characteristics.

[0064] Electrocardiogram (ECG) refers to a technique used to measure the electrical activity of the heart by detecting the voltage differences generated by the depolarization and repolarization of cardiac muscle tissue during each heartbeat. These measurements provide valuable information about heart rate, rhythm, and overall cardiac function, enabling the detection of potential abnormalities such as arrhythmias or other heart conditions.

[0065] A return signal, as used herein, is the data transmitted from the implantable device back to the external device, indicative of the physiological parameters measured by the sensor system. The return signal can contain information such as temperature readings, impedance data, or any other relevant physiological data.

[0066] A reservoir capacitor, in this context, refers to a component within the implantable device that temporarily stores RF energy harvested from the external device. This stored energy powers the sensor system and other components of the device in discrete bursts, allowing it to perform measurements and transmit data. The reservoir capacitor can be periodically recharged by the external device, enabling continued operation without the need for a traditional internal battery or chemical energy storage.

[0067] A four-terminal system is an electrode configuration used for more accurate electrical measurements. Two electrodes are used to inject current into the tissue, and two separate electrodes are used to measure the voltage across the tissue. This setup minimizes errors caused by electrode impedance, enabling more precise impedance measurements. Active load modulation refers to a communication method where the implantable device actively modulates the load on the wireless signal to send data back to the external device. This method enables efficient wireless communication in the system without requiring an internal power source.

[0068] A data record, as used herein, refers to a stored set of information related to the subject in which the implantable device is placed. This record can include identifiers, health data, vaccination history, breeder or owner information, veterinarian records, and previous physiological measurements. The data record is stored in the memory of the device and can be updated or retrieved by the external device.

[0069] A reservoir capacitor unit, as used herein, refers to one or more capacitors arranged to temporarily store RF energy harvested from an external device. The stored energy is then used to power the operation of the implantable device, including physiological measurement, data processing, and transmission of a return signal. The reservoir capacitor unit can comprise, for example, ceramic capacitors, electrolytic capacitors, supercapacitors, or combinations thereof, and may be implemented as a single component or as an array of capacitors connected in series and / or parallel. By storing sufficient energy for a complete measurement-and-transmission cycle, the reservoir capacitor unit enables the device to operate entirely without an internal battery.

[0070] The present disclosure relates to a battery-less implantable wireless device for measuring physiological parameters in a subject, comprising a sensor system configured to measure the physiological parameters. The sensor system can include any type of sensor, for example a temperature sensor and an electrical impedance spectroscopy unit. Alternatively, the present disclosure may comprise a temperature sensor or an electrical impedance spectroscopy unit. Thus, in certain examples of the present disclosure the implantable wireless device may comprise a temperature sensor but not an electrical impedance spectroscopy unit. In other examples, the device may comprise an electrical impedance spectroscopy unit, but not a temperature sensor. As such, the temperature sensor or the electrical impedance spectroscopy unit are not necessarily essential components of the present disclosure. The battery-less implantable wireless device for measuring physiological parameters in a subject may comprise either a temperature sensor or an electrical impedance spectroscopy unit, and said device may further be arranged as disclosed herein.

[0071] Sensor system The device's sensor system may comprise or consist of:

[0072] - an electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) unit, a temperature sensor and an EIS unit,

[0073] - an EIS unit and an electrocardiography (ECG) unit,

[0074] - a temperature sensor and an ECG unit, or

[0075] - a temperature sensor and an EIS unit.

[0076] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the sensor system's temperature sensor can be implemented using a thermistor or a thermocouple, capable of detecting minute changes in temperature with high accuracy. The electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) device in the implantable wireless system can be arranged to measure electrical properties of biological tissues. For example, the measurement data of the EIS unit may provide insights into physiological parameters such as hydration levels or tissue health. The EIS unit operates by applying a small, alternating electrical current through the tissue, with currents typically in the range of 1-20 pA, ensuring negligible tissue heating and compliance with accepted exposure guidelines, and measuring the resulting voltage, from which the impedance can be calculated. The EIS unit may include one or more electrodes configured to apply a small electrical current and measure the resulting voltage to determine the impedance. These electrodes can be arranged in a four-terminal setup, with two electrodes injecting current (e.g., excitation electrodes) and two measuring the voltage (e.g., measurement electrodes). This configuration minimizes the effects of electrode impedance and ensures accurate measurements. The electrodes can be made from biocompatible materials such as platinum, titanium, or gold, or carbon-based conductors on polymer carriers (e.g., polyimide), with coatings such as Parylene, silicone, or polyurethane to ensure longterm biocompatibility ensuring stability within the body. The device may alternatively comprise a single electrode or multiple electrodes. In any event, the EIS unit can be arranged to inject current and measure a resulting voltage. The one or more electrodes of the EIS unit (e.g., four electrodes as mentioned above) are typically exposed to the surroundings of the device. For example, while a part of the device may be covered by a coating for passivation, the electrodes are typically arranged to be exposed to the surrounding environment of the implantable device. In specific examples, the one or more electrodes are arranged to extend away from a main body of the device. For example, said electrodes may be arranged to extend away from a carrier, e.g., a flexible substrate onto which part of the implantable device is provided. Similarly, the ECG unit may include multiple electrodes, the same or different from the EIS, configured to detect the electrical activity of the heart. The ECG electrodes can measure the voltage differences generated by cardiac muscle depolarization and repolarization during each heartbeat, providing valuable data on heart rate and rhythm. The ECG unit operates by detecting these voltage differences and may be powered by the reservoir capacitor unit and / or a signal received from the external device. This setup allows for periodic or triggered monitoring monitoring of cardiac health, enabling the detection of potential abnormalities such as arrhythmias, ischemia, or other cardiac conditions.

[0077] The EIS unit can use various frequencies for the alternating current, for example between 1 kHz and several MHz, depending on capacitor capacity and desired diagnostic resolution while remaining compatible with the limited energy stored in the capacitor. Different frequencies can provide different information about the tissue properties. For example, lower frequencies might be more sensitive to extracellular fluid, while higher frequencies can provide information about cell membrane integrity and intracellular properties. By sweeping through a range of frequencies, the EIS unit can generate a comprehensive profile of the tissue's electrical properties. The data collected by the sensor system can be used to infer several physiological conditions. For example, changes in tissue impedance can indicate variations in hydration levels, tissue composition, or the presence of inflammation. In clinical settings, EIS has been used to monitor conditions such as edema, dehydration, and even to detect certain types of cancer.

[0078] The EIS unit and / or the ECG unit can be integrated with the implantable system's logic controller, which manages the operation of the measurements. The logic controller can schedule measurements at regular intervals or in response to specific triggers, such as changes in other physiological parameters or external commands. It processes the raw data, converting it into meaningful metrics that can be transmitted to an external device.

[0079] The logic controller could be implemented as a low-power microcontroller with integrated RF energy harvesting and power management capabilities. It may include software algorithms for managing the charge cycles of the reservoir capacitor unit, ensuring that sufficient energy is available for sensor operation and data transmission. The logic controller can also implement protocols for data communication, ensuring secure and reliable transmission of physiological data to the external device.

[0080] The device comprises an arrangement for communication with an external device, for example an antenna. The antenna can be designed in various forms to adapt (e.g. optimize) its performance for both data communication and RF energy harvesting. It can be a flexible printed circuit antenna, which allows it to conform to the shape of the implantation site, supporting better integration with the body and minimizing discomfort for the subject. Another possible design is a coil antenna, which can be wound to fit within the compact dimensions of the device while providing efficient energy transfer and communication capabilities.

[0081] The material used for the antenna can also vary; it can be made of biocompatible conductive materials such as titanium, gold or platinum, which ensure safety and longevity when implanted in the body. Additionally, the antenna can be coated with biocompatible polymers to further protect it from bodily fluids and tissues, preventing corrosion and ensuring consistent performance over time.

[0082] The antenna can be designed to operate at specific frequencies, such as those used in NFC (13.56 MHz) or other wireless communication protocols, to maximize its efficiency for both energy harvesting and data transmission. The design can include tuning elements to adjust its resonance frequency, ensuring optimal performance in varying implantation conditions.

[0083] Moreover, the antenna can be a loop antenna, providing a balance between size and efficiency, or it can be a patch antenna, which can be embedded into a flexible substrate to maintain its shape and performance within the compact form factor of the implantable device. The choice of antenna design and materials depends on the specific requirements of the application, including the range of communication, the amount of RF energy needed, and the implantation environment.

[0084] The logic controller can be configured to manage the charging of the reservoir capacitor unit, use the RF energy stored in the reservoir capacitor unit to measure the physiological parameters, and transmit a return signal indicative of the measured physiological parameters. The logic controller may, for example, be a low-power microcontroller unit (MCU). These MCUs are specifically designed to operate with minimal energy consumption, making them ideal for battery-less devices that rely on harvested RF energy. Low- power MCUs can handle multiple tasks, including managing the charging of the reservoir capacitor unit, processing sensor data, and controlling the communication with the external device. Examples of suitable MCUs include those from the ARM Cortex-M series, which are known for their energy efficiency and robust performance.

[0085] The logic controller can also incorporate an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designed specifically for the implantable device. An ASIC can integrate all necessary functions into a single chip, optimizing the size, power consumption, and performance of the device. ASICs can be custom-designed to meet the exact specifications required for managing the sensor system, energy storage, and data transmission, providing a highly efficient and compact solution.

[0086] In some designs, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) could be used as the logic controller. FPGAs offer flexibility and reconfigurability, allowing the device's functionality to be updated or modified post-implantation through remote programming. This can be particularly useful for adapting to new requirements or improving performance without needing to replace the device.

[0087] The logic controller's primary tasks include managing the energy harvested by the reservoir capacitor unit, ensuring it is efficiently stored and utilized. It regulates the charging cycles to prevent overcharging and to maximize the energy available for the device's operations. The controller also activates the sensor system at predefined intervals or in response to external triggers, ensuring timely and accurate data collection.

[0088] Data processing is another critical function of the logic controller. It processes the raw data from the temperature sensor and electrical impedance spectroscopy unit, converting it into meaningful physiological parameters. The controller can also perform preliminary analyses, such as detecting anomalies or trends in the data, before transmitting it to the external device.

[0089] Communication management is another key role of the logic controller. It handles the transmission of the processed data back to the external device, ensuring secure and reliable communication. The logic controller can support various wireless communication protocols, such as NFC, BLE, Wi-Fi, and Zigbee, providing flexibility in how the device interacts with external readers and data management systems.

[0090] The logic controller can also incorporate security features to protect the integrity and confidentiality of the transmitted data. This can include encryption algorithms and authentication protocols to ensure that only authorized devices can communicate with the implantable device.

[0091] The device may comprise a reservoir capacitor unit for storing RF energy transferred from the external device. The reservoir capacitor unit may be one or a plurality of components, such as a plurality of capacitors. For example, the reservoir capacitor unit may comprise or consist of one or more high-capacity supercapacitors.

[0092] Supercapacitors can store large amounts of energy and release it quickly when needed. Supercapacitors typically have a long cycle life and high power density, and can therefore allow for rapid energy discharge and recharge cycles. Supercapacitors can be made from materials such as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, or graphene, which provide high surface area and excellent conductivity.

[0093] Alternatively, or additionally, the reservoir capacitor unit may comprise one or more electrolytic capacitors. Electrolytic capacitors can offer high capacitance values in a relatively small form factor. These capacitors can store sufficient energy to power the implantable device's sensor system and communication components.

[0094] Alternatively, or additionally, the reservoir capacitor unit may comprise one or more ceramic capacitor. Ceramic capacitor can have a high reliability and stability. They can be designed in multilayer configurations to achieve the desired capacitance and voltage ratings. Ceramic capacitors are less sensitive to temperature changes and can maintain consistent performance over time.

[0095] The choice between supercapacitors, electrolytic capacitors, and ceramic capacitors may be made depending on trade-offs between energy density, leakage current, and form factor.

[0096] The reservoir capacitor unit can also be designed as an array of capacitors (e.g. smaller capacitors) connected in parallel or series to achieve the required capacitance and voltage levels. The reservoir capacitor unit’s capacity may be adjusted based on the energy requirements of the sensor system and the frequency of measurements. The reservoir capacitor unit can be encapsulated in a coating, for example a biocompatible coating, or housed within an enclosure, for example a biocompatible enclosure.

[0097] Physiological parameters of the subject refer to the measurable factors that indicate the functioning and condition of the biological processes within the subject's body. These parameters can include, but are not limited to, temperature, which indicates the body temperature of the subject and can reveal fever, hypothermia, or normal metabolic activity; heart rate, which is the number of heart beats per minute and provides insights into cardiovascular health; and rhythm, which refers to the regularity of heartbeats and can indicate normal or abnormal cardiac function. Impedance is another key parameter, measuring the resistance of biological tissues to an alternating electrical current, and providing information about tissue composition, hydration, hormonal, and / or glucose levels, and overall tissue health. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals reflect the electrical activity of the heart, helping to diagnose arrhythmias, ischemia, and other cardiac conditions. Hydration levels indicate the amount of water present in the tissues, crucial for maintaining cellular function and overall health. Tissue health can be assessed by looking for indicators such as inflammation, edema, or other pathological states. Additional parameters include respiratory rate, the number of breaths per minute, which provides information about respiratory function; blood pressure, the pressure of blood within the arteries, giving insights into cardiovascular health and function; and oxygen saturation, the level of oxygen in the blood, indicating respiratory efficiency and overall oxygenation status. These parameters are essential for monitoring the health and well-being of the subject, whether it is a human, production animal, pet, or wild animal.

[0098] The device may be arranged for implantation in, and use with, humans. In a clinical setting, the device can be used to monitor the health and well-being of patients, providing valuable data on various physiological parameters. The temperature sensor and impedance spectroscopy device can offer periodic or triggered monitoring of body temperature and tissue health, aiding in the early detection and management of diseases. The ECG functionality can monitor heart rate and rhythm, providing critical information for managing cardiac conditions. This health monitoring can be especially beneficial for patients with chronic conditions, enabling timely medical interventions and personalized healthcare management, for example continuous, periodic or triggered health monitoring. The device can also be used in a home healthcare setting, allowing individuals to track their health parameters and share data with their healthcare providers remotely.

[0099] Alternatively, the device may be arranged for implantation in, and use with, animals, such as production animals, companion animals, equine / horses, laboratory and / or wild animals. For production animals, (e.g. livestock) the device can be used to monitor the health and well-being of animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses. The temperature sensor and impedance spectroscopy device can provide valuable data on the animals' health status, aiding in disease prevention and management. For companion animals (e.g. pets), the device can be implanted in animals such as dogs, cats, ferrets, horses, and rabbits, providing companion animal owners and animal health care workers with health monitoring capabilities.

[0100] The device may further be arranged for implantation and use with production animals, and can be specifically tailored for animals like cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses. The device may, for example, be arranged such that it is beneficial for large-scale farming operations where monitoring the health of each animal individually can be challenging. In particular, the device can play a vital role in optimizing breeding programs by providing health monitoring of breeding stock. Breeders can track vital health metrics that influence reproductive success, such as body condition, temperature, hydration, hormonal levels, and overall physiological health, supporting that only healthy and well-maintained animals are selected for breeding.

[0101] The ability to monitor animals during gestation and track their recovery post-birth can help in maximizing breeding efficiency, preventing complications, and improving the overall genetic quality of the herd. In cases where artificial insemination is used, the device could assist in determining the optimal time for insemination by providing detailed physiological data. Furthermore, the device can be instrumental in tracking fertility cycles, allowing farmers to make more informed decisions about the timing of breeding, ultimately improving pregnancy rates and reducing the intervals between reproductive cycles.

[0102] Beyond breeding, the device can help in tracking health metrics, detecting early signs of illness, and supporting proper management practices to improve overall herd health. The collected data can also be used to optimize feeding, preventative and medical treatment schedules, thus enhancing productivity and animal welfare. For companion animals such as horses, dogs, cats, ferrets and rabbits, the device can provide pet owners with peace of mind by offering health monitoring (e.g. continuous, periodic or triggered health monitoring). This capability is especially valuable for managing chronic conditions or monitoring the recovery of companion animals from surgery or illness. The device can alert owners to potential health issues, allowing for prompt veterinary consultation. The small size and flexible design of the device facilitate implantation in smaller animals without causing discomfort or interference with their daily activities.

[0103] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the device comprises a data record for storing information related to the subject. The data record may for example be stored on a memory of the implantable device, such as a non-transient memory. This data record enhances the utility of the device by enabling it to store and manage comprehensive information about the subject in which it is implanted. The data record may include an identifier for identifying the subject, health data, vaccination records, breeder information, past and present owners, veterinarian records, medical professional details, past measurements of physiological parameters, and / or present measurements of physiological parameters.

[0104] For a companion animal (e.g. a pet) or a production animal, the data record may include an identifier for identifying the subject, health data, vaccination records, breeder information, past and present owners, veterinarian records, and medical professional details. Further, the data record may comprise present measurements of physiological parameters, but can alternatively or additionally comprise past measurements of physiological parameters.

[0105] The data record's inclusion allows for the efficient retrieval and utilization of relevant information. For instance, the identifier can uniquely identify the subject, supporting that health data and other records are accurately associated with the correct individual. This unique identification helps avoid mix-ups and ensures that every piece of information collected is attributed to the right animal or person.

[0106] Health data can include vital signs such as temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, as well as historical measurements of these parameters over time. This comprehensive health profile helps in tracking the overall well-being of the subject and identifying any trends or anomalies that might indicate health issues. Other relevant physiological parameters that the sensor system can detect might include hydration levels, electrical impedance, and possibly biomarkers indicative of specific health conditions.

[0107] Vaccination and anti-parasitical records are crucial for ensuring that the subject is up- to-date with necessary immunizations, which is especially important for preventing the spread of infectious diseases. This is particularly valuable for companion animals and production animals, where maintaining a strict preventative treatment and procedure schedule is critical for herd health and compliance with regulations.

[0108] Breeder information helps maintain detailed lineage and genetic information about the subject. For breeders, this data is essential for managing breeding programs, ensuring genetic diversity, and maintaining records of pedigrees. Veterinarians also benefit from having access to this information, as it can provide insights into hereditary health issues and inform treatment plans.

[0109] Additionally, the data record can include past and present owners' information, which helps in tracking the history of the subject’s care and ownership. This is particularly useful for rehomed companion animals or production animals that may change hands multiple times. Having a clear record of previous owners, care routines, medical history, living conditions, and purchase information can help new owners, veterinarians, and animal care professionals understand the animal's background and make informed decisions about purchases, their ongoing care and well-being.

[0110] Veterinarian records, including previous medical treatments, surgeries, and prescriptions, provide a comprehensive medical history that can be critical for ongoing care. Access to this information ensures continuity of care and allows veterinarians to make better-informed decisions based on the subject’s past medical experiences.

[0111] The ability to store and access this extensive array of information efficiently ensures that all stakeholders, including breeders, owners, and veterinarians, can collaborate effectively in maintaining the subject's health. The integration of these data records into a network-based system further enhances the ability to share and manage this information securely and efficiently, ensuring that the right people have access to the right information at the right time. The device can be arranged to provide, such as transmit, a return signal. The return signal can represent or provide information related to the data record. For example, the return signal can be indicative or represent the data record.

[0112] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the device may comprise two measurement electrodes. For example, arranged to facilitate the measurements, e.g. impedance spectroscopy and / or ECG. These electrodes can be positioned to ensure optimal contact with the tissue, providing reliable and precise measurements. The design and placement of these electrodes are advantageous to the device's ability to measure physiological parameters accurately, making it a versatile tool for health monitoring. Other embodiments of the device may include additional or alternative electrode configurations to further enhance measurement accuracy and functionality.

[0113] In another embodiment, the device may comprise two excitation electrodes. For example, arranged to facilitate the measurements, e.g. impedance spectroscopy and / or ECG. These excitation electrodes can be configured to inject a small electrical current into the tissue, which can then be measured by the measurement electrodes. The use of excitation electrodes allows for more accurate and controlled measurement of electrical impedance, enhancing the device's capability to monitor physiological parameters effectively.

[0114] The device may also comprise at least two measurement electrodes and at least two excitation electrodes. This configuration can provide a more robust and versatile system for both measuring physiological parameters and ensuring efficient operation. The excitation electrodes can be optimized for applying a small electrical current through the tissue, while the measurement electrodes can be designed to provide precise readings of the tissue's electrical properties. This setup allows for accurate impedance measurements and reliable monitoring of physiological parameters.

[0115] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the excitation electrodes may be the same as the measurement electrodes, or they may be different electrodes. This flexibility in electrode configuration allows for various design options to suit specific applications and implantation sites. For instance, using the same electrodes for both excitation and measurement can simplify the device design and reduce its overall size.

[0116] The device may be configured as a four-terminal system, with a first pair of electrodes for injecting current into the tissue and a second pair of electrodes for measuring the voltage across the tissue. This four-terminal configuration is advantageous for minimizing measurement errors caused by electrode impedance, thereby providing more accurate readings of the tissue's electrical properties. By separating the current injection and voltage measurement functions, this setup reduces the influence of the contact resistance at the electrode-tissue interface, which can otherwise distort the measurements.

[0117] In practical applications, this configuration can be particularly useful for monitoring hydration levels, where precise measurements of tissue impedance are required to determine the water content within the tissues. Accurate hydration monitoring is crucial in medical scenarios such as managing dehydration in patients, athletes, or individuals in extreme environments. Additionally, this setup can be employed to detect specific biomarkers that alter the electrical properties of tissues, providing valuable diagnostic information.

[0118] The four-terminal system can also be beneficial in detecting changes in tissue composition and health. For example, it can be used to monitor edema, where fluid accumulation in the tissues causes changes in impedance, or to detect early signs of tissue inflammation or fibrosis. In cancer detection, the differences in electrical properties between normal and malignant tissues can be identified with high precision using this configuration.

[0119] Moreover, this system can be integrated with other sensor modalities within the device, such as temperature sensors and ECG electrodes, to provide a comprehensive monitoring solution. The integration of multiple sensing capabilities allows for the simultaneous measurement of various physiological parameters, offering a more holistic view of the subject's health.

[0120] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, at least one of the electrodes is arranged as a tail, i.e., said at least one electrode may be arranged so that it extends away from the rest of the device, such as a part of the device arranged on the flexible carrier substrate. For example, the one or more electrodes may extend away from the rest of the device with a length of at least 10 mm, such as at least 20 mm, such as at least 30 mm, such as at least 40 mm, such as at least 50 mm, such as at least 100 mm. The elongated tail design can enhance the device's stability within the tissue and improve the reliability of measurements by ensuring consistent contact with the tissue. The tail can be made of flexible materials to conform to the implantation site and minimize discomfort for the subject. The length of the tail can be adjusted based on the specific application and the size of the subject, providing versatility in the device's design and use. A longer distance between the electrodes can result in more accurate measurements by reducing the influence of near-field effects and capturing a more representative sample of the tissue's electrical properties. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, at least one of the electrodes is arranged as a tail, i.e., said at least one electrode may be arranged so that it extends away from the rest of the device, such as a part of the device arranged on the flexible carrier substrate. For example, the one or more electrodes may extend away from the rest of the device with a length of at least 10 mm, such as at least 20 mm, such as at least 30 mm, such as at least 40 mm, such as at least 50 mm, such as at least 100 mm. The elongated tail design can enhance the device's stability within the tissue and improve the reliability of measurements by ensuring consistent contact with the tissue. The tail can be made of flexible materials to conform to the implantation site and minimize discomfort for the subject. The length of the tail can be adjusted based on the specific application and the size of the subject, providing versatility in the device's design and use. A longer distance between the electrodes can result in more accurate measurements by reducing the influence of near-field effects and capturing a more representative sample of the tissue's electrical properties.

[0121] In specific examples of the present disclosure, the one or more measurement electrodes are arranged on an opposite side of the device with respect to the excitation electrodes. For example, opposite sides with respect to the axial length of the implantable device. Thus, the implantable device, may have one dimension that is substantially longer than the rest, defining the axial length. The excitation electrodes and the measurement electrodes may be arranged on opposite sides of said axial length of the implantable device. The distance between the ends of each pair of electrodes, arranged on opposite sides of the device, can be at least 30 mm, more preferably at least 50 mm, more preferably at least 100 mm. At the same time, it is possible that the flexible carrier, that may contain the main body of the device, has a length, along the same axis, of less than 50 mm, such as less than 30 mm, more preferably less than 20 mm. Thus, the flexible carrier may have a length, along said axis, which is less than for example 30 mm, while the distance between the opposite pair of electrodes is at least 60 mm. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the operation of the device may be triggered by an external reader, such as by an interrogation signal transmitted by the external reader. The device can for example be arranged such that the device is to remain in a low-power state until it receives a signal from the external reader, at which point it activates to perform measurements and transmit data back to the external reader, such as by the return signal. Thereby, the operational life of the device can be extended by minimizing power consumption during periods of inactivity. In other embodiments of the present disclosure, the device may be capable of periodically and / or continuously measuring the physiological parameters without being triggered by the external reader. This autonomous operation ensures that the device can provide continuous monitoring of the subject's health, capturing data at regular intervals or in real-time, which is particularly useful for tracking changes in physiological parameters that may indicate health issues. The measurements may be saved onto a memory of the device. The measurements may thereafter be transmitted to an external device, once the external device has connected to the implantable device.

[0122] In some embodiments, the device may be configured to support ongoing monitoring of physiological parameters. Such monitoring can be realized as periodic measurements triggered by an internal timer, by physiological changes detected in the tissue, or by interrogation from an external reader. In certain cases where sufficient energy storage is available, the device may provide more frequent, near-continuous measurements, or continuous measurements. In some cases the measurements are buffered locally and transmitted during the next established link with an external device, in other cases they are transmitted directly after measurement. This flexibility allows the system to balance energy constraints with the need for timely health information.

[0123] The device may also be configured to provide an alert, such as to the external device, when a measurement of the physiological parameters is outside a predetermined interval. This alerting capability can enable immediate response to potential health problems, allowing for timely medical intervention. The predetermined intervals can be set based on normal physiological ranges for the specific subject, ensuring that any significant deviations are promptly detected and reported.

[0124] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the sensor system of the device is capable of ongoing or periodic monitoring of the physiological parameters and periodically transmitting the data. This continuous monitoring ensures that any changes in the subject's health status are promptly captured and recorded. Periodic data transmission allows for the efficient use of power and bandwidth, sending updates at regular intervals or when significant changes are detected. The sensor system may be configured to operate within a temperature range suitable for the intended subject. This ensures that the device functions reliably under the physiological conditions of the subject, whether it is a human or an animal. The temperature range can be adjusted based on the specific requirements of the application, improving accuracy and consistent performance in various environments.

[0125] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the device may be configured as an active device with internal signal processing capabilities. This configuration allows the device to process the measured data internally before transmitting it to the external device, enhancing the efficiency and reliability of data communication. Internal signal processing can also enable the device to perform preliminary analyses of the measurements / physiological parameters, thereby providing more insightful data to the external device.

[0126] The device can be configured for bidirectional communication, enabling duplex data exchange with the external device. This bidirectional capability allows the external device not only to receive data from the implantable device but also to send commands, information, or updates to it.

[0127] For instance, the bidirectional communication may allow for adding new information to the data record stored in the implantable device. Information such as vaccination records, changes in ownership, updates on health professionals, and other relevant details can be transmitted from the external device to the implantable device. This ensures that the data record remains current and comprehensive, providing an accurate and up-to-date history of the subject's health and management. This capability is particularly useful for maintaining detailed health records in veterinary and medical applications, enhancing the overall utility and effectiveness of the implantable device.

[0128] The bidirectional communication can allow for sending firmware updates to the implantable device, ensuring that it remains up-to-date with the latest software enhancements and bug fixes. Additionally, bidirectional communication can facilitate real-time adjustments to the device's operation based on the subject's current physiological status. For example, the external device can modify measurement intervals or activate specific sensors in response to detected anomalies or changes in the subject's condition.

[0129] Furthermore, this capability allows for the implementation of personalized treatment protocols. Healthcare providers can remotely adjust therapy parameters, such as electrical stimulation patterns or drug delivery rates, based on the continuous monitoring data received from the implantable device. In the context of clinical trials, researchers can use bidirectional communication to adjust study parameters and collect additional data points as needed, improving the robustness and flexibility of the study design.

[0130] The device may support wireless communication using a wireless protocol. Said wireless protocol may for example be selected from the group consisting of near-field communication (NFC), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, and Zigbee depending on application and energy constraints. A person skilled in the art knows about alternative suitable wireless protocols. Such protocols provide various options for wireless data transfer, ensuring compatibility with a wide range of external devices and applications. The device may also comprise a memory, such as a non-transient memory, for example flash, FRAM, EEPROM, for storing data, such as measurements of physiological parameters and / or the data record (e.g. identification information). This memory ensures that critical data is retained within the device, even if immediate transmission to the external device is not possible.

[0131] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the device may use the same frequency for both charging of the device, e.g. by a reservoir capacitor unit, and communications. This dual-use frequency design can simplify the device architecture and reduce the need for multiple frequency bands, enhancing the efficiency of both energy transfer and data communication. The device may have amplitude modulation (AM) capabilities. AM may be used to improve clarity and robustness of the transmitted signal, reducing the likelihood of data loss or corruption during transmission. Alternatively, or additionally, the device may also feature active load modulation, further enhancing the robustness of its communication capabilities by enabling dynamic adjustments to the load based on the communication environment. The device may use the RF energy for transmitting the return signal. Utilizing the harvested RF energy for communication ensures that the device remains battery-less and self-sustaining, capable of operating solely on the energy provided by the external device. This design minimizes the need for maintenance and enhances the device's longevity and reliability. Thus, the device may be arranged to store RF energy using a reservoir capacitor unit, and may use said stored RF energy for physiological measurements, e.g temperature and / or EIS, processing the measurements data, reading the data record, and / or transmitting a return signal, or a combination thereof.

[0132] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the device may be arranged on a flexible carrier. This flexible carrier can for example be arranged to conform to the shape of the implantation site, reducing discomfort for the subject and ensuring better contact with the tissue for accurate measurements. The flexibility of the carrier also allows for easier implantation and removal if necessary. The device may further comprise a biocompatible coating to ensure safe implantation and operation within the body. This coating can prevent adverse reactions from the body’s immune system, enhancing the long-term stability and functionality of the device. The bio-compatible coating may be selected from materials such as Parylene, silicone, and polyurethane, which are known for their safety and durability in medical applications.

[0133] The flexible carrier may be made of biocompatible polymer materials. These materials can provide the necessary structural support while being flexible enough to adapt to the contours of the implantation site. This design ensures that the device remains securely in place and operates effectively over an extended period. The implantable device dimensions refer to the length, width, and height of the device. For example, the device's length may be less than 15 mm, the width may be less than 5 mm, and the height (thickness) may be less than 2 mm to facilitate implantation and minimize discomfort to the subject. Thus, the footprint of the device may be less than 15 mm by 5 mm.

[0134] In different embodiments, the dimensions can be adjusted to better suit specific applications or implantation sites. For instance, the device could have a length of less than 14 mm, less than 13 mm, or even less than 12 mm, and a width of less than 4 mm or less than 3 mm. The height (thickness) could also vary, being less than 2 mm, less than 1 .5 mm, or less than 1 mm, depending on the specific requirements for the implantation site and the size of the subject.

[0135] The volume of the device may, for example, be less than 300 mm3, such as less than 250 mm3, less than 200 mm3, less than 150 mm3, or less than 100 mm3. These variations in dimensions and volume ensure that the device can be tailored to fit different implantation sites and subject sizes while maintaining its functionality and minimizing discomfort.

[0136] For example, in a smaller version, the device might measure 12 mm in length, 3 mm in width, and 1.5 mm in height, resulting in a volume of 54 mm3. Alternatively, in an even more compact design, the device could be 10 mm in length, 2.5 mm in width, and 1 mm in height, with a volume of 25 mm3. These configurations show the flexibility in design, allowing the device to be optimized for various implantation scenarios and subject anatomies.

[0137] The small size of the device makes it suitable for use in a wide range of subjects, including small animals and potentially humans, without causing significant discomfort or disruption to their normal activities. This compact design also allows for implantation in locations that may be challenging for larger devices.

[0138] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the antenna may be optimized for both data transfer and RF energy harvesting from the external device. This optimization ensures that the device can efficiently communicate with the external reader while also harvesting sufficient energy to power its operations.

[0139] The antenna design can include features such as specific geometric configurations and materials that enhance its performance in both functions. The device may operate at a frequency within the range of 10 MHz to 2.4 GHz, such as within the range of 10 MHz to 1 GHz, for example 13.56 MHz. The choice of frequency can be tailored to the specific application requirements, balancing factors such as range, data transfer rate, and power efficiency. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the antenna is tuned to an optimal frequency band and has a physical structure designed to enhance performance in both data transfer and RF energy harvesting. The tuning process involves adjusting the antenna's dimensions and materials to resonate at the desired frequency, maximizing its efficiency in capturing and transmitting signals. This design ensures reliable and effective operation in diverse environments and applications.

[0140] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the logic controller may be a microcontroller. This microcontroller can be programmed to manage various functions of the device, including the charging of the reservoir capacitor unit, processing sensor data, and controlling data transmission to the external device. The use of a microcontroller provides flexibility in the device's operation, allowing it to be easily updated or reprogrammed for different applications or improvements in functionality. The microcontroller may be a low-power microcontroller, designed to operate efficiently with minimal energy consumption. This is particularly important for a battery-less device, as it relies on harvested RF energy for its power. A low-power microcontroller ensures that the device can perform its required functions without depleting its energy reserves quickly, thus maintaining continuous operation and reliable performance.

[0141] In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a network-based system. The network-based system may comprise at least one battery-less implantable wireless device for measuring physiological conditions of a subject. The battery-less implantable wireless device may be as disclosed elsewhere herein. The network-based system can also include an external device configured to communicate with the implantable wireless device, providing power to the implantable device and receiving the measurement data. Additionally, the system may include a server comprising subjectspecific data, enabling comprehensive data management and analysis.

[0142] The system may be arranged to compare the measurement data with the subjectspecific data stored on the server. This comparison can help identify any anomalies or trends in the physiological parameters, facilitating early detection of health issues and enabling timely interventions. By integrating measurement data with historical health records, the system can provide valuable insights into the subject's health status and trends over time. Alternatively, or additionally, the server can store comprehensive information about the subject, such as a pet. For example, the server may store vaccination records, ownership details, breeder information, and other relevant data. This centralized storage of pet information ensures that all pertinent health and management details are readily accessible, enhancing the overall effectiveness of health monitoring and care.

[0143] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the system can employ a dynamic access management framework, balancing individual privacy with societal needs. It can for example grant temporary control to the current custodian of the animal, allowing them to manage data access for various stakeholders such as breeders, veterinarians, insurance and service providers. This system may be arranged to so that the control resets upon transfer of custodianship. Concurrently, the system can be designed to adapt to regulatory scenarios, ensuring that key stakeholders, including law enforcement, health authorities, and official inspectors, can access critical data, when necessary, irrespective of individual custodian preferences. This approach ensures compliance with evolving legal and public health requirements while maintaining data integrity and privacy in routine situations..

[0144] The external device may be configured to communicate with the implantable wireless device using a wireless protocol, such as near-field communication (NFC), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, and / or Zigbee. These communication protocols provide flexibility in how the external device interacts with the implantable device, allowing for seamless data transfer and power management in various environments and applications.

[0145] The subject-specific data and / or the measurement data stored on the server may include an identifier for identifying the subject in which the device is implanted, health data, immunisation and preventative health treatment records, breeder information, past and / or present owners, veterinarian records, medical professional details, and past and / or present measurements of physiological parameters. This comprehensive data set provides a complete picture of the subject's health and history, enabling more informed decision-making and better health management practices.

[0146] Access to the stored data may be encrypted and tiered based on user roles, including breeders, owners, animal health care workers, service providers, and medical professionals. Encryption ensures that sensitive data is protected from unauthorized access, while tiered access levels allow each user group to access only the information pertinent to their role, maintaining data security and privacy.

[0147] The external device may be configured to provide power to the implantable device through the wireless protocol. This capability eliminates the need for an internal battery within the implantable device, reducing maintenance requirements and potential failure points. The external device can efficiently transfer RF energy to the implantable device, ensuring continuous operation and reliable performance.

[0148] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the external device may comprise a mobile application for displaying, analyzing, and / or managing the health data received from the implantable device. The mobile application can provide an intuitive interface for users to monitor the health status of the subject, receive alerts, and access historical data. This functionality enhances the usability and accessibility of the system, making it easier for users to manage the health of their animals or themselves. The server may be configured to generate alerts based on predefined physiological thresholds detected by the implantable device. These alerts can notify users of potential health issues, prompting timely medical interventions. The predefined thresholds can be customized based on the specific needs and health conditions of the subject, ensuring that the alerts are relevant and actionable.

[0149] The data stored on the server may be accessed remotely via a secure interface, for example an app or a web interface. This remote access capability allows authorized users to monitor the health status of the subject from any location, providing flexibility and convenience. The secure interface ensures that sensitive health and / or ownership data is protected, while allowing users to access the information they need to make informed decisions.

[0150] Data transmission between the implantable device and the external device, and between the external device and the server, may be encrypted using secure protocols. This encryption protects the data from unauthorized access and ensures its integrity during transmission, maintaining the confidentiality and reliability of the health information being managed by the system.

[0151] In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method for monitoring physiological parameters in a subject. The method may involve implanting the device as disclosed herein into a subject. The implantation process ensures that the device is positioned correctly to accurately measure the required physiological parameters. This method allows the device to be situated in a location where it can gather relevant data without causing significant discomfort to the subject. The method may also include transferring RF energy from an external device to the implantable device using a wireless protocol selected from the group consisting of near-field communication (NFC), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, and Zigbee. This transfer of energy is crucial for powering the battery-less implantable device, enabling it to perform its monitoring functions. The wireless protocol can be chosen based on the specific application requirements and the environment in which the device will operate.

[0152] The method may further include measuring physiological parameters using the sensor system of the implantable device. The sensor system can detect various health indicators such as temperature and impedance, providing valuable data on the subject's health status. These measurements can be taken continuously or at regular intervals, depending on the configuration of the device. The method may also involve transmitting the measured data and a unique identifier to the external device. This transmission ensures that the collected data is relayed to the external device for further analysis and storage. The unique identifier helps in associating the data with the specific subject, facilitating accurate tracking and management of the health information.

[0153] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may include storing and / or managing the measured data on a network-based system as disclosed herein. This system can include a server that stores the subject-specific data and provides access to authorized users. Storing the data on a network-based system allows for comprehensive data management and enables remote monitoring of the subject's health. The measurement of impedance can be used to detect specific biomarkers indicative of health conditions in the subject. By analyzing the impedance data, the system can identify signs of dehydration, tissue health, and other critical health indicators. This capability enhances the device's utility in providing detailed and actionable health information.

[0154] The method may further comprise providing the health data to authorized users via an interface. This interface can be part of a mobile application or a secure web interface, allowing users such as veterinarians, owners, and medical professionals to access the health data. The interface can present the data in an intuitive format, making it easier for users to understand the subject's health status and take appropriate actions based on the information provided.

[0155] In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to an animal monitoring system for tracking and managing the health and identity of companion animals and production animals. The system may include multiple battery-less implantable wireless devices as disclosed herein, each configured to measure physiological conditions in a subject, such as temperature, impedance, and other vital signs. These implantable devices may wirelessly communicate with at least one external device, which may be responsible for both powering the implantable devices and receiving the measured data. The external device may ensure continuous operation of the battery-less devices by transferring RF energy and retrieving the physiological data collected by the sensor system of each implantable device.

[0156] The animal monitoring system may further comprise a server that stores and manages multiple records of subject-specific data. Each record may be uniquely linked to a corresponding implantable wireless device, which may be associated with a pet or production animals and contain a persistent, evolving digital identity that can be updated throughout the animal's life. The subject-specific data may include information such as the subject's identifier, health data, vaccination records, breeder information, veterinarian records, ownership details (past and present), medical professional details, and past and present measurements of physiological parameters. This comprehensive dataset may allow for accurate health tracking and management of the animal’s lifecycle, including health monitoring, ownership verification, breeding history, and other relevant events or milestones.

[0157] The system may provide encrypted and tiered access to the subject-specific data through a secure web interface or mobile application. This access can allow authorized users, such as breeders, veterinarians, and current owners, to view and update relevant information based on their roles. For instance, breeders may be authorized to create and link new digital profiles for newborn animals, while a certified ID-marker may be authorized associating the profile with a unique implantable device and initial health data (e.g. basic animal data), such as species, breed, color and weight. Veterinarians may view, update, and manage health records, including vaccination and diagnostic data, ensuring that the animal’s medical history is up to date. Owners may access the subject-specific data to view the animal’s health status and update ownership information when necessary.

[0158] In some embodiments, the system may also support the issuance and verification of credentials such as health certificates, laboratory results, death certificates, and ownership records, ensuring that all stakeholders have access to authenticated information. The system may maintain an immutable record of the animal’s provenance, ownership history, and achievements, ensuring the integrity and authenticity of the data. The system may utilize cryptographic techniques to protect data integrity and ensure secure interactions between authorized users and the data records.

[0159] The animal monitoring system may offer integration capabilities with external systems, including national or international databases, through APIs or other secure protocols. The system may be configured to securely exchange data with approved third-party platforms, ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements and enabling seamless data transfer for health monitoring, breeding, and ownership verification. Additionally, the system may support integration with loT (Internet of Things) devices, such as automated health sensors or environmental monitors, which may automatically collect and transmit real-time data related to the animal’s health or living conditions. This integration may further enhance the system’s ability to monitor the animal’s well-being continuously and accurately.

[0160] The system may also feature advanced data analysis components. These analytical tools may process the collected and verified data to provide insights into the health, behavior, and needs of the animal. For example, the system may offer predictive health analytics based on historical, real-time, and future data to anticipate health risks and recommend preventive measures. The system may also provide personalized care recommendations tailored to each animal based on its species, breed, age, and environment, with continuously updated insights. For larger populations of animals, the system may generate population-level analytics to identify trends in health, behavior, and potential risks across species or breeds.

[0161] The system may further support dynamic travel compliance, providing up-to-date health and regulatory guidance for the movement of animals, ensuring that they meet the necessary health and vaccination requirements for travel or sale. The system may also deliver behavioral insights, using activity tracking and pattern recognition to detect changes in the animal’s behavior or well-being.

[0162] In terms of ownership, the system may manage and represent various forms of ownership, including full ownership by a single individual or entity, fractional ownership with defined stakes for multiple parties, or temporary custody arrangements (e.g., for fostering, traveling, or medical care). The system may also manage and transfer digital rights associated with the animal, such as breeding rights, competition eligibility, or intellectual property rights (e.g., genetic material). Additionally, the system may provide methods for linking physical assets derived from the animal, such as offspring, DNA test results, and achievement records, to the animal’s digital identity.

[0163] This proactive system may not only help manage chronic health conditions but also aid in the early detection of illnesses, ensuring timely medical interventions. Additionally, the secure storage and management of data on the server may ensure that all subjectspecific records are maintained in a tamper-proof manner, improving overall animal care and enabling efficient management of large-scale farming, pet ownership, and animal-related industries. Detailed description of Drawings

[0164] FIG. 1 illustrates the schematic representation of the presently disclosed battery-less implantable wireless device (1 ) for measuring physiological parameters in a subject. The device comprises a sensor system (2), which includes a temperature sensor (3) and an electrical impedance spectroscopy unit (4). The temperature sensor allows for precise monitoring of the subject's body temperature, which can be important for identifying fever or hypothermia. The electrical impedance spectroscopy unit measures the impedance of the tissue, providing valuable information about the hydration state and other physiological conditions of the subject.

[0165] An antenna (5) is provided for communication with an external device (14). The antenna can be optimized for both data transfer and RF energy harvesting, ensuring efficient communication and power management. This feature allows the device to operate without an internal power source, relying instead on RF energy harvested from an external device, which is stored in the reservoir capacitor unit (6). This design eliminates the need for battery replacement, reducing maintenance and ensuring longterm reliability.

[0166] The device further includes a logic controller (7) configured to manage the charging of the reservoir capacitor unit (6), use the RF energy stored in the reservoir capacitor unit to measure the physiological parameters, and transmit a return signal indicative of the measured physiological parameters. The logic controller can be a microcontroller, which may be a low-power microcontroller to ensure energy-efficient operation. The inclusion of a memory (8) allows the device to store data, such as measurements of physiological parameters and / or a data record related to the subject. This memory can be a non-transient memory, providing reliable data storage.

[0167] Measurement electrodes (9) and excitation electrodes (10) are part of the sensor system. The device can be configured as a four-terminal system with a first pair of electrodes for injecting current into the tissue and a second pair of electrodes for measuring the voltage across the tissue. This configuration enhances the accuracy of impedance measurements. The device may also comprise at least two excitation electrodes in addition to the measurement and excitation electrodes, allowing for flexible and efficient electrode configurations. The entire device is mounted on a flexible carrier (11 ) and coated with a biocompatible coating (12) to ensure safe implantation and long-term operation within the body. The flexible carrier can be made of biocompatible polymer materials, and the biocompatible coating can be selected from the group consisting of Parylene, silicone, and polyurethane. These materials ensure that the device is safe for long-term implantation, minimizing the risk of adverse reactions.

[0168] FIG. 2 illustrates a battery-less implantable wireless device (1 ) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The device comprises a sensor system with a temperature sensor and an electrical impedance spectroscopy unit. The antenna (5) facilitates communication with an external device, while the reservoir capacitor unit (6) stores RF energy harvested from the external device. The logic controller (7) manages device operations, while the memory (8) stores data. Measurement electrodes (9) and excitation electrodes (10) form part of the sensor system. The entire device is mounted on a flexible carrier (11 ) and coated with a biocompatible coating (12).

[0169] FIG. 3 illustrates the network-based system (13) incorporating the presently disclosed battery-less implantable wireless device (1 ). The system includes an external device (14) that communicates with the implantable device through a wireless connection (15). The wireless connection enables the transfer of RF energy to the implantable device and the transmission of measured data from the implantable device to the external device.

[0170] The external device is connected to a server (16) where data is stored (17). The server can store subject-specific data, including health data, vaccination records, breeder information, past and present owners, veterinarian records, and past and present measurements of physiological parameters. This data can be encrypted and tiered based on user roles, such as breeders, owners, veterinarians, and medical professionals, ensuring secure and controlled access.

[0171] The connection (18) between the external device and the server facilitates data management and access. The server can generate alerts based on predefined physiological thresholds detected by the implantable device, enhancing animal management and health monitoring. The system can also compare the measurement data with subject-specific data, providing comprehensive health insights. FIG. 4 shows the network-based system (13) incorporating the battery-less implantable wireless device (1 ). The system includes an external device (14) that communicates with the implantable device via a wireless connection (15). The external device is connected to a server (16), where data is stored (17). The connection (18) between the external device and the server facilitates data management and access.

[0172] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the integrated circuit (19) within the battery-less implantable wireless device (1 ), highlighting its various components and their interconnections. Although the shown device comprises multiple components, they are not necessarily essential to the invention. The integrated circuit includes an ADC (20), which can be used to convert the analog signals from the sensors, such as temperature and impedance data, into digital signals that can be processed by the logic controller (7). This conversion can allow for accurate data analysis and transmission.

[0173] An optional ECG Module (21) is designed to measure the electrical activity of the heart, providing valuable cardiovascular data. This module is connected to the electrodes (9, 10) in a four-terminal setup, which can ensure precise and reliable measurements of the heart's electrical signals. If ECG monitoring is not required, this module can be omitted, and the device can still function effectively with just the impedance and temperature sensors.

[0174] The Rx / Tx (22) module handles wireless communication between the implantable device and the external device (14). It facilitates the transmission of measured physiological data to the external device and the reception of control signals or RF energy from the external device. The Rx / Tx module is connected to the antenna (5), which can be optimized for both data transfer and RF energy harvesting, ensuring efficient communication and power management. Alternatively, different wireless communication protocols such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) or Wi-Fi can be used, depending on the specific application requirements.

[0175] The LDO and Reference (23) module provide stable voltage regulation and reference signals for the integrated circuit. This module can ensure that all components within the circuit receive a consistent and reliable power supply, which can be important for the device's overall stability and performance.

[0176] The energy harvesting module (24) captures RF energy from the external device through the antenna (5). This harvested energy is then stored in the reservoir capacitor unit (6). The energy harvesting module can be crucial for powering the battery-less implantable device, enabling it to operate without an internal power source. The connection between the energy harvesting module and the reservoir capacitor unit can ensure efficient energy storage and management.

[0177] The reservoir capacitor unit (6) stores the RF energy harvested by the energy harvesting module. It provides a stable power source for the device, ensuring that all components, including the sensors and communication modules, can function reliably. The capacitor is also connected to the LDO and reference module to maintain consistent voltage levels.

[0178] The impedance measurement device and the ECG Module can both be connected to the electrodes (9, 10) in a four-terminal setup. This configuration involves two electrodes for injecting current into the tissue and two separate electrodes for measuring the voltage across the tissue. This arrangement can minimize the effects of electrode impedance and can improve measurements accuracy of tissue impedance and ECG signals.

[0179] FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment of the battery-less implantable wireless device (1 ), highlighting an alternative antenna configuration. Although the shown device comprises multiple components, they are not necessarily essential to the invention. In this configuration, the antenna is combined with the electrodes, offering a more integrated and compact design. The integrated circuit (19) within the device includes similar components to those shown in FIG. 5, such as the ADC (20), ECG module (21), Rx / Tx (22), LDO and reference (23), and energy harvesting (24).

[0180] In the shown embodiment, the electrodes on one side of the device are each connected to an antenna, and each respective antenna is connected to the Rx / Tx module, the energy harvesting module, and the impedance and ECG modules. This combined configuration can potentially improve the efficiency of both energy harvesting and signal transmission, as the same structure serves multiple functions. The other two electrodes on the opposite side of the device are connected to the impedance and ECG modules, forming part of the four-terminal setup for accurate measurements. The two antennas are connected by a controllable switch (25), which can be controlled by the logic controller (7). The switch may be activated to optimize energy harvesting when receiving an RF signal and deactivated during data transmission to maintain signal integrity. This feature is optional and can provide flexibility in managing power and data transmission. If a simpler design is preferred, the switch and additional antenna can be omitted.

[0181] The Rx / Tx (22) module handles wireless communication, facilitating the transmission of measured physiological data to the external device (14) and the reception of control signals or RF energy from the external device. The antenna integrated with the electrodes can be optimized for both data transfer and RF energy harvesting, ensuring efficient communication and power management. Alternatively, different wireless communication protocols such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) or Wi-Fi can be used depending on the specific application requirements.

[0182] The energy harvesting module (24) captures RF energy from the external device via the combined antenna and electrodes. This harvested energy is stored in the reservoir capacitor unit (6), providing a stable power source for the device. The connection between the energy harvesting module and the reservoir capacitor unit ensures efficient energy storage and management.

[0183] The impedance measurement device and the ECG module (21) are both connected to the electrodes in a four-terminal setup, similar to the configuration in FIG. 5. This setup involves two electrodes for injecting current into the tissue and two separate electrodes for measuring the voltage across the tissue, minimizing the effects of electrode impedance and improving accuracy.

[0184] The LDO and reference (23) module provides stable voltage regulation and reference signals for the integrated circuit, ensuring consistent power supply to all components. The memory (8) stores measurement data and other relevant information, allowing for data retention and access when needed.

[0185] FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating the method (301 ) for monitoring physiological parameters in a subject using the presently disclosed battery-less implantable wireless device. The method involves implanting (302) the battery-less implantable wireless device in a subject. The implantation process is designed to be minimally invasive, ensuring minimal discomfort to the subject. After implantation, RF energy is transferred (303) from an external device to the implantable device using a wireless protocol selected from the group consisting of near-field communication (NFC), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, and Zigbee. Wireless protocols ensure flexible and efficient energy transfer, enabling the device to operate continuously without the need for an internal battery. The device then measures the physiological parameters (304) using the sensor system. These measurements can include temperature and impedance, providing valuable insights into the subject's health. The measured data and a unique identifier are then transmitted (305) to the external device. This method enables continuous health monitoring and data transmission, facilitating early detection and timely intervention for health issues.

[0186] Reference numbering

[0187] 1 . Battery-less implantable wireless device;

[0188] 2. Sensor system

[0189] 3. Temperature sensor

[0190] 4. Electrical impedance spectroscopy unit

[0191] 5. Antenna

[0192] 6. Reservoir capacitor unit

[0193] 7. Logic controller

[0194] 8. Memory (e.g. for data record)

[0195] 9. Measurement electrodes

[0196] 10. Excitation electrodes

[0197] 11 . Carrier

[0198] 12. Coating

[0199] 13. Network-based system

[0200] 14. External device

[0201] 15. Wireless connection

[0202] 16. Server

[0203] 17. Stored data

[0204] 18. Connection

[0205] 19. Integrated circuit

[0206] 20. ADC

[0207] 21. ECG

[0208] 22. Rx / Tx

[0209] 23. LDO and reference

[0210] 24. Energy harvest

[0211] 25. Controllable switch

[0212] 301 . A method for monitoring physiological parameters in a subject

[0213] 302. Implanting 303. Transferring

[0214] 304. Measuring

[0215] 305. transmitting

[0216] Objects

[0217] 1 . A battery-less implantable wireless device for measuring physiological parameters in a subject, the device comprising:

[0218] - a sensor system configured to measure the physiological parameters, the sensor system comprising a temperature sensor and an electrical impedance spectroscopy unit comprising a plurality of electrodes;

[0219] - an antenna for communication with an external device;

[0220] - a reservoir capacitor unit for storing energy transferred from the external device;

[0221] - a logic controller configured to:

[0222] ■ manage the charging of the reservoir capacitor unit;

[0223] ■ use the stored energy of the reservoir capacitor unit to measure the physiological parameters; and

[0224] ■ transmit a return signal indicative of the measured physiological parameters.

[0225] 2. The device according to object 1 , wherein the device comprises a memory storing a data record comprising subject-specific information, and wherein the data record comprises:

[0226] - past and / or present measurements of physiological parameters;

[0227] - an identifier for identifying the subject in which the device is implanted; and

[0228] - one or more of: health data, vaccination records, breeder information, past and / or present owners, veterinarian records, and / or medical professional details; wherein the return signal is representative of the data record.

[0229] 3. The device according to any one of the preceding objects, wherein the device is configured as a four-terminal system with:

[0230] - a first pair of electrodes for injecting current into the tissue, and

[0231] - a second pair of electrodes for measuring the voltage across the tissue. 4. The device according to any one of the preceding objects, wherein the device comprises a flexible carrier, and wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes is flexible and extends away from the flexible carrier by at least 30 mm.

[0232] 5. The device according to any one of the preceding objects, wherein operation of the device is configured to be triggered by an external reader, such as by an interrogation signal transmitted by the external reader.

[0233] 6. The device according to any one of the preceding objects, wherein the device is an active RF communication device configured for bidirectional communication, enabling duplex data exchange with the external device.

[0234] 7. The device according to any one of the preceding objects, wherein the device uses the same frequency for charging and communications.

[0235] 8. The device according to any one of the preceding objects, wherein the device has amplitude modulation and active load modulation.

[0236] 9. The device according to any one of the preceding objects, wherein the sensor system further comprises an electrocardiography unit.

[0237] 10. The device according to any one of the preceding objects, wherein the antenna is optimized for both data transfer and RF energy harvesting from the external device.

[0238] 11 . The device according to any one of the preceding objects, wherein the device operates at a frequency within the range of from 10 MHz to 2.4 GHz, such as within the range of from 10 MHz to 1 GHz.

[0239] 12. The device according to any one of the preceding objects, wherein the antenna is tuned to an optimal frequency band and has a physical structure designed to enhance performance in both data transfer and RF energy harvesting. 13. The device according to any one of the preceding objects, wherein the device uses the stored energy for transmitting the return signal.

[0240] 14. The device according to any one of the preceding objects, wherein each dimension of the implantable device is less than 15 mm x 5 mm x 3 mm to facilitate implantation and minimize discomfort to the subject.

[0241] 15. An animal monitoring system comprising:

[0242] • multiple battery-less implantable wireless devices according to any one of objects 1 to 14 for measuring physiological conditions, thereby obtaining measurement data;

[0243] • at least one external device configured to communicate with the implantable wireless devices for powering the implantable wireless devices and receiving the measurement data; and

[0244] • a server comprising multiple records of subject-specific data, wherein each record is uniquely linked to an implantable wireless device implanted in a pet, and wherein the subject-specific data comprises an identifier for identifying the pet in which the device is implanted, health data, vaccination records, breeder information, ownership information including past and / or present owners, veterinarian records, medical professional details, and past and / or present measurements of physiological parameters; wherein the system is configured to:

[0245] • provide encrypted and tiered access through a secure web interface or mobile application to the subject-specific data, including real-time measurement data obtained from the implantable wireless device, thereby ensuring that only authorized users can access or update the subjectspecific data;

[0246] • allow breeders and / or owners to create and link new records comprising subject-specific data to a new pet at birth;

[0247] • allow certified animal health care workers and / or veterinarians to view, update, and add new health data and vaccination records of the pet, including diagnostic and treatment information; and

[0248] • allow current owners to view the subject-specific data and update ownership information, ensuring proper transfer and tracking of ownership history.

[0249] Items 1 . A battery-less implantable wireless device for measuring physiological parameters in a subject, the device comprising: o a sensor system configured to measure the physiological parameters; o an antenna for communication with an external device; o a reservoir capacitor unit for storing RF energy transferred from the external device; o a logic controller.

[0250] 2. The device according to item 1 , wherein the subject is a human.

[0251] 3. The device according to item 1 , wherein the subject is an animal selected from the group consisting of production animals, companion animals, and wild animals.

[0252] 4. The device according to item 3, wherein the animal is a production animal selected from the group consisting of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses.

[0253] 5. The device according to item 3, wherein the animal is a companion animals selected from the group consisting of horses, ferrets, dogs, cats, and rabbits.

[0254] 6. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the sensor system comprises a temperature sensor, an electrical impedance spectroscopy unit, and / or an ECG module.

[0255] 7. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the logic controller is configured to:

[0256] • manage the charging of the reservoir capacitor unit;

[0257] • use the RF energy stored in the reservoir capacitor unit to measure the physiological parameters; and

[0258] • transmit a return signal indicative of the measured physiological parameters.

[0259] 8. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device comprises a data record for storing information related to the subject.

[0260] 9. The device according to item 8, wherein the data record comprises: an identifier for identifying the subject in which the device is implanted, health data, vaccination records, breeder information, past and / or present owners, veterinarian records, medical professional details, and / or past and / or present measurements of physiological parameters, or a combination thereof.

[0261] 10. The device according to any one of items 8-9, wherein the return signal represents or provides information related to the data record.

[0262] 11 . The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the physiological parameters comprise temperature and / or impedance measurements, such as a hydration state.

[0263] 12. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device comprises two measurement electrodes.

[0264] 13. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device comprises two excitation electrodes.

[0265] 14. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device comprises at least two measurement electrodes and at least two excitation electrodes.

[0266] 15. The device according to item 14, wherein the excitation electrodes are different electrodes, or the same, as the measurement electrodes.

[0267] 16. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device is configured as a four-terminal system with:

[0268] - a first pair of electrodes for injecting current into the tissue, and

[0269] - a second pair of electrodes for measuring the voltage across the tissue.

[0270] 17. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device comprises a housing, and wherein at least one of the electrodes extend away from the housing, at least 10 mm, such as at least 20 mm, such as at least 30 mm, such as at least 40 mm, such as at least 50 mm, such as at least 100 mm.

[0271] 18. The device according to item 17, wherein at least one of the electrodes is arranged as a tail with a length of at least 10 mm, such as at least 20 mm, such as at least 30 mm, such as at least 40 mm, such as at least 50 mm, such as at least 100 mm. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein operation of the device is triggered by an external reader, such as by an interrogation signal transmitted by the external reader. The device according to any one of the preceding items, capable of periodic and / or continuous measurements, subject to available stored energy, without being triggered by the external reader. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device is configured to provide an alert, such as to the external device, when a measurement of the physiological parameters is outside a predetermined interval. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the sensor system is capable of continuously monitoring the physiological parameters and periodically transmitting the data. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the sensor system is configured to operate within a temperature range suitable for the intended subject. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device is configured as an active device with internal signal processing capabilities. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device is configured for bidirectional communication, enabling duplex data exchange with the external device. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device supports wireless communication using a protocol selected from the group consisting of near-field communication (NFC), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), WiFi, and Zigbee. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device comprises a memory, such as a non-transient memory, for storing data, such as measurement of physiological parameters and / or the data record. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device uses the same frequency for charging and communications. 29. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device has amplitude modulation.

[0272] 30. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device has active load modulation.

[0273] 31 . The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device uses the RF energy for transmitting the return signal.

[0274] 32. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device is arranged on a flexible carrier.

[0275] 33. The device according to any one of the preceding items, further comprising a bio-compatible coating to ensure safe implantation and operation within the body.

[0276] 34. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the flexible carrier is made of biocompatible polymer materials.

[0277] 35. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the biocompatible coating is selected from the group consisting of Parylene, silicone, and polyurethane.

[0278] 36. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the implantable device dimensions are less than 15 mm x 5 mm to facilitate implantation and minimize discomfort to the subject.

[0279] 37. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the antenna is optimized for both data transfer and RF energy harvesting from the external device.

[0280] 38. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the device operates at a frequency within the range of from 10 MHz to 2.4 GHz, such as within the range of from 10 MHz to 1 Ghz.

[0281] 39. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the antenna is tuned to an optimal frequency band and has a physical structure designed to enhance performance in both data transfer and RF energy harvesting. 40. The device according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the logic controller is a microcontroller.

[0282] 41 . The device according to item 40, wherein the microcontroller is a low-power microcontroller.

[0283] 42. A network-based system comprising:

[0284] - at least one battery-less implantable wireless device according to any one of items 1 to 41 for measuring physiological conditions of a subject, thereby obtaining measurement data;

[0285] - an external device configured to communicate with:

[0286] ■ the implantable wireless device, for powering the implantable wireless device and to receive the measurement data; and

[0287] ■ a server comprising subject-specific data.

[0288] 43. The system according to item 42, wherein the system is arranged to compare the measurement data with the subject-specific data.

[0289] 44. The system according to any one of items 42-43, wherein the server is arranged to be accessible by a plurality of user groups, wherein said plurality of user groups have different access levels.

[0290] 45. The system according to any one of items 42-44, wherein the external device is configured to communicate with the implantable wireless device by a wireless protocol, such as near-field communication (NFC), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, and / or Zigbee.

[0291] 46. The system according to any one of items 42-45, wherein the subject-specific data and / or the measurement data comprises one or more of: an identifier for identifying the subject in which the device is implanted, health data, vaccination records, breeder information, past and / or present owners, veterinarian records, medical professional details, and past and / or present measurements of physiological parameters.

[0292] 47. The system according to any one of items 42-46, wherein access to the stored data is encrypted and tiered based on user roles, including breeders, owners, veterinarians, and medical professionals. 48. The system according to any one of items 42-47, wherein the external device is configured to provide power to the implantable device through the wireless protocol.

[0293] 49. The system according to any one of items 42-48, wherein the external device comprises a mobile application for displaying, analyzing, and / or managing the health data received from the implantable device.

[0294] 50. The system according to any one of items 42-49, wherein the server is configured to generate alerts based on predefined physiological thresholds detected by the implantable device.

[0295] 51 . The system according to any one of items 42-50, wherein the data stored on the server can be accessed remotely via a secure web interface.

[0296] 52. The system according to any one of items 42-51 , wherein the data transmission between the implantable device and the external device, and between the external device and the server, is encrypted using secure protocols.

[0297] 53. A method for monitoring physiological parameters in a subject, comprising:

[0298] - implanting the device according to any one of items 1 to 41 into a subject;

[0299] - transferring RF energy from an external device to the implantable device using a wireless protocol selected from the group consisting of near-field communication (NFC), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, and Zigbee;

[0300] - measuring physiological parameters using the sensor system;

[0301] - transmitting the measured data and unique identifier to the external device.

[0302] 54. The method according to item 53, further comprising storing and / or managing the measured data on a network-based system according to any one of items 42-52.

[0303] 55. The method according to any one of items 53-54, wherein the measurement of impedance is used to detect specific biomarkers indicative of health conditions in the subject. The method according to any one of items 53-55, further comprising the step of providing the health data to authorized users via an interface. An animal monitoring system comprising:

[0304] • multiple battery-less implantable wireless devices according to any one of items 1 to 41 for measuring physiological conditions, thereby obtaining measurement data;

[0305] • at least one external device configured to communicate with the implantable wireless devices for powering the implantable wireless devices and receiving the measurement data; and

[0306] • a server comprising multiple records of subject-specific data, wherein each record is uniquely linked to an implantable wireless device implanted in a pet, and wherein the subject-specific data comprises an identifier for identifying the pet in which the device is implanted, health data, vaccination records, breeder information, ownership information including past and / or present owners, veterinarian records, medical professional details, and past and / or present measurements of physiological parameters; wherein the system is configured to:

[0307] • provide encrypted and tiered access through a secure web interface or mobile application to the subject-specific data, including real-time measurement data obtained from the implantable wireless device, thereby ensuring that only authorized users can access or update the subjectspecific data;

[0308] • allow breeders and owners to create and link new records comprising subject-specific data to a new pet at birth;

[0309] • allow certified animal health care workers or veterinarians to view, update, and add new health data and vaccination records of the pet, including diagnostic and treatment information; and

[0310] • allow current owners to view the subject-specific data and update ownership information, ensuring proper transfer and tracking of ownership history.

Claims

54Claims1 . A battery-less implantable wireless device for measuring physiological parameters in a subject, the device comprising: o a sensor system configured to measure the physiological parameters, the sensor system comprising an electrical impedance spectroscopy unit comprising a plurality of electrodes; o an antenna for communication with an external device; o a battery-free reservoir capacitor unit for storing RF energy wirelessly transferred from the external device; o a logic controller.

2. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the subject is a human.

3. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the subject is an animal selected from the group consisting of production animals, companion animals, and wild animals.

4. The device according to claim 3, wherein the animal is a production animal selected from the group consisting of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses.

5. The device according to claim 3, wherein the animal is a companion animals selected from the group consisting of horses, ferrets, dogs, cats, and rabbits.

6. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the sensor system further comprises a temperature sensor and / or an ECG module.

7. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the logic controller is configured to:• manage the charging of the reservoir capacitor unit;• use the RF energy stored in the reservoir capacitor unit to measure the physiological parameters; and• transmit a return signal indicative of the measured physiological parameters.

8. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device comprises a memory storing data record for storing information related to the subject.

559. The device according to claim 8, wherein the data record comprises: an identifier for identifying the subject in which the device is implanted, one or more of: health data, vaccination records, breeder information, past and / or present owners, veterinarian records, medical professional details, and / or past and / or present measurements of physiological parameters, or a combination thereof.

10. The device according to any one of claims 8-9, wherein the return signal represents or provides information related to the data record.11 . The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the physiological parameters comprise temperature and / or impedance measurements, such as a hydration state.

12. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device comprises two measurement electrodes.

13. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device comprises two excitation electrodes.

14. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device comprises at least two measurement electrodes and at least two excitation electrodes.

15. The device according to claim 14, wherein the excitation electrodes are different electrodes, or the same, as the measurement electrodes.

16. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical impedance spectroscopy unit comprises a four-terminal electrode arrangement comprising:- a first pair of electrodes for injecting current into the tissue, and- a second pair of electrodes for measuring the voltage across the tissue.

17. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device comprises a housing, and wherein at least one of the electrodes extend away from the housing, at least 10 mm, such as at least 20 mm, such as at least 30 mm, such as at least 40 mm, such as at least 50 mm, such as at least 100 mm.5618. The device according to claim 17, wherein at least one of the electrodes is arranged as a tail with a length of at least 10 mm, such as at least 20 mm, such as at least 30 mm, such as at least 40 mm, such as at least 50 mm, such as at least 100 mm.

19. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein operation of the device is triggered by an external reader, such as by an RF-based interrogation signal transmitted by the external reader.

20. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device is capable of periodically and / or continuously measuring the physiological parameters, without being triggered by the external reader.21 . The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device is configured to provide an alert, such as to the external device, when a measurement of the physiological parameters is outside a predetermined interval.

22. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the sensor system is capable of continuously monitoring the physiological parameters and periodically transmitting the data.

23. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the sensor system is configured to operate within a temperature range suitable for the intended subject.

24. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device is configured as an active device with internal signal processing capabilities.

25. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device is configured for bidirectional communication, enabling duplex data exchange with the external device.

26. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device supports wireless communication using a protocol selected from the group consisting of near-field communication (NFC), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), WiFi, and Zigbee.5727. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device comprises a memory, such as a non-transient memory, for storing data, such as measurement of physiological parameters and / or the data record.

28. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device uses the same frequency for charging and communications.

29. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device has amplitude modulation.

30. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device has active load modulation.31 . The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device uses the stored RF energy for transmitting the return signal.

32. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device is arranged on a flexible carrier and wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes is flexible .

33. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a bio-compatible coating to ensure safe implantation and operation within the body.

34. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the flexible carrier is made of biocompatible polymer materials.

35. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the biocompatible coating is selected from the group consisting of Parylene, silicone, and polyurethane.

36. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the implantable device dimensions are less than 15 mm x 5 mm x 3 mm to facilitate implantation and minimize discomfort to the subject.

37. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the antenna is configured for simultaneous optimization of wireless data transfer and RF energy harvesting, based on matching impedance and antenna geometry suitable for near-field wireless communication.

38. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device operates at a frequency within the range of from 10 MHz to 2.4 GHz, such as within the range of from 10 MHz to 1 Ghz.

39. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the antenna is configured with a tuned matching network and a physical structure selected to improve performance in both data transfer and RF energy harvesting, such as a planar coil or loop antenna.

40. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the logic controller is a microcontroller.41 . The device according to claim 40, wherein the microcontroller is a low-power microcontroller.

42. A network-based system comprising:- at least one battery-less implantable wireless device according to any one of claim 1 to 41 for measuring physiological conditions of a subject, thereby obtaining measurement data;- an external device configured to communicate with:■ the implantable wireless device, for powering the implantable wireless device and to receive the measurement data; and■ a server comprising subject-specific data.

43. The system according to claim 42, wherein the system is arranged to compare the measurement data with the subject-specific data.

44. The system according to any one of claims 42-43, wherein the server is arranged to be accessible by a plurality of user groups, wherein said plurality of user groups have different access levels.

45. The system according to any one of claims 42-44, wherein the external device is configured to communicate with the implantable wireless device by a wireless protocol, such as near-field communication (NFC), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, and / or Zigbee.

46. The system according to any one of claims 42-45, wherein the subject-specific data and / or the measurement data comprises one or more of: an identifier for identifying the subject in which the device is implanted, health data, vaccinationrecords, breeder information, past and / or present owners, veterinarian records, medical professional details, and past and / or present measurements of physiological parameters.

47. The system according to any one of claims 42-46, wherein access to the stored data is encrypted and tiered based on user roles, including breeders, owners, veterinarians, and medical professionals.

48. The system according to any one of claims 42-47, wherein the external device is configured to provide power to the implantable device through the wireless protocol.

49. The system according to any one of claims 42-48, wherein the external device comprises a mobile application for displaying, analyzing, and / or managing the health data received from the implantable device.

50. The system according to any one of claims 42-49, wherein the server is configured to generate alerts based on predefined physiological thresholds detected by the implantable device.51 . The system according to any one of claims 42-50, wherein the data stored on the server can be accessed remotely via a secure web interface.

52. The system according to any one of claims 42-51 , wherein the data transmission between the implantable device and the external device, and between the external device and the server, is encrypted using secure protocols.

53. A method for monitoring physiological parameters in a subject, comprising:- implanting the device according to any one of claims 1 to 41 into a subject;- transferring RF energy from an external device to the implantable device using a wireless protocol selected from the group consisting of near-field communication (NFC), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, and Zigbee;- measuring physiological parameters using the sensor system;- transmitting the measured data and unique identifier to the external device.

54. The method according to claim 53, further comprising storing and / or managing the measured data on a network-based system according to any one of items 42-52.

55. The method according to any one of claims 53-54, wherein the measurement of impedance is used to detect specific biomarkers indicative of health conditions in the subject.

56. The method according to any one of claims 53-55, further comprising the step of providing the health data to authorized users via an interface.

57. An animal monitoring system comprising:• multiple battery-less implantable wireless devices according to any one of claims 1 to 41 for measuring physiological parameters, thereby obtaining measurement data;• at least one external device configured to communicate with the implantable wireless devices for powering the implantable wireless devices and receiving the measurement data; and• a server comprising multiple records of subject-specific data, wherein each record is uniquely linked to an implantable wireless device implanted in a pet, and wherein the subject-specific data comprises an identifier for identifying the pet in which the device is implanted, health data, vaccination records, breeder information, ownership information including past and / or present owners, veterinarian records, medical professional details, and past and / or present measurements of physiological parameters; wherein the system is configured to:• provide encrypted and tiered access through a secure web interface or mobile application to the subject-specific data, including real-time measurement data obtained from the implantable wireless device, thereby ensuring that only authorized users can access or update the subjectspecific data;• allow breeders and owners to create and link new records comprising subject-specific data to a new pet at birth;• allow certified animal health care workers or veterinarians to view, update, and add new health data and vaccination records of the pet, including diagnostic and treatment information; and / or• allow current owners to view the subject-specific data and update ownership information, ensuring proper transfer and tracking of ownership history.

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