Nucleic acid sequencing systems

Abstract

Fluorescence imaging systems and methods of are described herein that enable imaging of sequencing samples with a light source of a single color and a single image sensor. The optical systems herein provides higher signal efficiency, simpler optical filter design, and lower costs for DNA sequencing analysis and other imaging applications.

Description

NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCING SYSTEMS1. CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to, and benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 701,1 19, filed on September 30, 2024 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 761,097, filed on February 20, 2025, the contents of each of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein.2. REFERENCE TO AN ELECTRONIC SEQUENCE LISTING

[0002] The contents of the electronic sequence listing (ELEM 037 001 WO SeqList ST26.xml; Size 4,000 bytes; and Date of Creation: September 26, 2025) are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.3. BACKGROUND

[0003] In typical fluorescence-based genomic testing assays, e.g., genotyping or nucleic acid sequencing (using either real time, cyclic, or stepwise reaction schemes), dye molecules that are attached to nucleic acid molecules tethered on a substrate are excited using an excitation light source, a fluorescence photon signal is generated in one or more spatially-localized positions on the substrate, and the fluorescence is subsequently imaged through an optical system onto an image sensor. An analysis process is then used to analyze the images, find the positions of labeled molecules (or clonally amplified clusters of molecules) on the substrate, and quantify the fluorescence photon signal in terms of wavelength and spatial coordinates, which may then be correlated with the degree to which a specific chemical reaction, e.g, a hybridization event or base addition event, occurred in the specified locations on the substrate. Imaging-based methods provide large scale parallelism and multiplexing capabilities, which help to drive down the cost and accessibility of such technologies. However, detection errors that, arise from, for example, overly dense packing of labeled molecules (or clonally -amplified clusters of molecules) within a small region of the substrate surface, or due to low contrast-to- noise ratio (CNR.) in the image, may lead to errors in attributing the fluorescence signal to the correct molecules (or clonally amplified clusters of molecules).4. SUMMARY

[0004] Described herein are nucleic acid sequencing systems and methods of using thereof for analyzing biological analytes. In some embodiments, the biological analytes are nucleic acids. In some embodiments, the methods for use of the devices and systems comprise sequencingnucleic acids. Traditional color detection for DNA sequencing (2D or in situ) may use multiple color channels which requires simultaneous excitation of different fluorescent dyes, and collection of different emission signals, simultaneously, in different colors with corresponding different imaging sensors. The sequencing systems and methods described herein can advantageously utilize a single light source (e.g., a single laser that emits light in multiple colors) or a light source with a single color (e.g., a single-colored laser or laser assembly) to excite the biological analytes and generate emission light of different wavelengths for detection. The sequencing systems and methods herein may allow detection of such emission light of different wavelengths sequentially. Using traditional sequencing systems, sequential image collection would be time consuming with low sequencing efficiency. However, the sequencing systems and methods described herein can advantageously utilize a light source that illuminates the biological analytes across a wide field of view (FOV) simultaneously (e.g., greater than 10 mm2) with relatively homogeneous energy variance across the FOV (e.g., less than 10% variance). With a combination of sequential imaging and wade FOV with energy homogeneity, the sequencing systems herein advantageously allow sequencing of samples on the flow cell device in shorter time (e.g., 2x, 4x, 8x, or lOx shorter) than using traditional sequencing systems. In addition, comparing with existing sequencing system that can only function with multiple lasers or otherwise light source of multiple colors or wavelengths, the sequencing systems and methods herein utilize excitation light of single-colors, single wavelengths or wavelengths ranges (corresponding to single colors), thus the systems and methods herein are more compact in size, lower in cost, simpler in light source designs, filter designs (e.g. fewer or simpler filters in emission and / or excitation pathways), and more efficient in collecting emission signals. The systems herein also advantageously allow better separation of emission light according to their wavelength, thus reducing color cross-talk and improve photon collection efficiency which in turn can result in generating more accurate sequencing analysis results. Further, the systems and methods disclosed herein can enable simultaneous sequencing of morphological, RNA, and / or protein targets within traditional 2D samples or in situ samples. The systems and methods disclosed herein can enable imaging and sequencing of such targets simultaneously within the same sequencing ran or even within the same sequencing cycle(s) with significantly reduced hands-on time of a user. Furthermore, the optical systems and methods described herein are advantageously capable of imaging two, three, four, or even more surfaces of flow cell devices that are axially-displaced from each other, therefore advantageously achieving improved sequencing throughput within a set system ran time. As such, the optical systems and methods herein can increase effectiveness andefficiency of sequencing analysis. The devices, systems, and methods herein can enable imaging of three or more axially-displaced surfaces of the flow cell device without moving any optical compensator into, out of, or along the optical path, therefore providing simpler and more conveniently optical systems that are also less prone to errors due to vibrations. Further, the devices, systems, and methods herein can advantageously allow conveniently switching between imaging traditional flow cells, e.g., with one or dual surfaces, and the multiple surface flow cells herein with three or more axially-displaced surfaces. Such switching does not require adding or removing any optical elements in the system in and out of the optical path, e.g., an optical compensator. The devices, systems, and methods herein also enable imaging with a numerical aperture (NA) of less than 0.6 with sufficient image qualities for accurate sequencing analysis, allow imaging of the multiple axially-displaced surfaces independently, and allow adjustment of the objective lens to alter the NA to a desired value less than 0.6. The devices, systems, and methods herein can reduce reagent consumption needed for sequencing analysis of a same amount of samples than existing flow cell devices and optical systems.

[0005] An aspect of the present disclosure includes a method of sequencing a nucleic acid sample, comprising: providing a flow cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; exciting, using a first light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a first excitation light to generate a first emi ssion light from the one or more samples, detecting, using an image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples, exciting, using the first light source or a second light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with a second excitation light to generate a second emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the image sensor of the optical system, the second emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the first light source, the second light source, or a third light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with a third excitation light to generate a third emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the image sensor of the optical system, the third emission light from the one or more samples; and performing, using a processor, base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission lights from the one or more samples.

[0006] In some embodiments, the method comprises: generating, using the processor: a first, flow cell image based on the first emission light detected using the image sensor; a second flow cell image based on the second emission light detected using the image sensor; and a third flow cell image based on the third emission light detected using the image sensor.

[0007] In some embodiments, the method further comprises exciting, using the first light source, the second light source, or a third light source of the optical sy stem, the one or moresamples with a fourth excitation light to generate a fourth emission light from the one or more samples.

[0008] In some embodiments, performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third flow cell images.

[0009] In some embodiments, performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third flow cell images comprises: determining, for individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples in the first flow cell image, second flow cell image, and third flow cell image, a first binary code based on a first intensity on the first flow cell image, a second binary code based on a second intensity on the second flow cell image, and a third binary code based on a third intensity; and performing base calling of the individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third binary code.

[0010] In some embodiments, the first excitation light is within a first wavelength range, the second excitation light is within a second wavelength range, and the third excitation light is within a third wavelength range. In some embodiments, the first, second, and third wavelength ranges are within 350 nm to 1220 nm, inclusive of the endpoints. In some embodiments, each of the first, second, and third excitation light is blue, green, or red.

[0011] In some embodiments, the first, excitation light is blue, the second excitation light is green, and the third excitation light is red.

[0012] In some embodiments, the first emission light is within a fourth wavelength range, the second emission light is within a fifth wavelength range, and the third emission light is within a sixth wavelength range.

[0013] In some embodiments, the fourth, fifth, and sixth wavelength ranges are within 390 nm to 1260 nm, inclusive of the endpoints.

[0014] In some embodiments, the first excitation light comprises only a first color and the first emission light comprises the first color or a color different from the first color.

[0015] In some embodiments, the second excitation light comprises only a second color and the second emission light comprises the second color or a color different from the second color.

[0016] In some embodiments, the third excitation light comprises only a third color and the third emission light comprises the third color or a color different from the third color.

[0017] In some embodiments, the first emission light corresponds to a first type of nucleotide with a first type of label, wherein the second emission light corresponds to a second type of nucleotide with a second type of label, and wherein the third emission light corresponds to a third type of nucleotide with a third type of label.

[0018] In some embodiments, the second emission light further corresponds optionally to a fourth type of nucleotide with a fourth type of label, and wherein the third emission light further corresponds to the fourth type of nucleotide with the fourth type of label.

[0019] In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating, using a processor: a first flow cell image based on the first emission light detected using the image sensor; a second flow cell image based on the second emission light and optionally the fourth emission light; a third flow cell image based on the third emission light and optionally the fourth emission light, and correcting, using the processor, chromatic aberration of one or more of the first, second, and third flow cell images.

[0020] In some embodiments, performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first flow cell image, the second flow cell image, and the third flow' cell image after chromatic aberration correction.

[0021] In some embodiments, the first light source of the optical system comprises a singlecolored light source.

[0022] In some embodiments, the first light source of the optical system comprises a single laser.

[0023] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes a method of sequencing a nucleic acid sample, comprising: providing a flow cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; exciting, using a first light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with first excitation light to generate a first emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using an image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the first light source or a second light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with a second excitation light to generate a second emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the image sensor of the optical system, the second emission light from the one or more samples; and performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first and second emission light from the one or more samples.

[0024] In some embodiments, the method comprises: generating, using the processor: a first flow cell image based on the first emission light detected using the image sensor and a second flow cell image based on the second emission light detected using the image sensor.

[0025] In some embodiments, performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, and second emission lights from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first flow cell image and the second flow cell image.

[0026] In some embodiments, performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first and second flow cell images comprises: determining, for individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples in the first and second flow cell images, a first binary code based on a first intensity on the first flow cell image and a second binary' code based on a second intensity on the second flow cell image, and performing base calling of the individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples based on the first and second binary' code.

[0027] In some embodiments, the first excitation light is within a first wavelength range and the second excitation light is within a second wavelength range.

[0028] In some embodiments, the first and second wavelength ranges are within 350 nm to 1220 nm, inclusive of the endpoints.

[0029] In some embodiments, each of the first and second excitation light is blue, green, or red.

[0030] In some embodiments, the first emission light is green, and the second emission light is red. In some embodiments, the first excitation light is blue, and the second excitation light is green.

[0031] In some embodiments, the first emission light is within a fourth wavelength range and the second emission light is within a fifth wavelength range.

[0032] In some embodiments, the fourth and fifth wavelength ranges are within 390 nm to 1260 nm, inclusive of the endpoints.

[0033] In some embodiments, the first excitation light comprises only a first color and the first emission light comprises the first color or a color different from the first color.

[0034] In some embodiments, the second excitation light comprises only a second color and the second emission light comprises the second color or a color different from the second color.

[0035] In some embodiments, the first emission light corresponds to a first type of nucleotide with a first label (sometimes referred to as a “first type of label”) and a second type of nucleotide with a second label (sometimes referred to as a “second type of label”), and wherein the second emission light corresponds to the first type of nucleotide with the first label and a third type of nucleotide with a third label (sometimes referred to as a “third type of label”).

[0036] In some embodiments, the first emission light corresponds to a first type of nucleotide with a first label and a second type of nucleotide with a second label, and wherein the second emission light corresponds to the third type of nucleotide with the third label and a fourth type of nucleotide with a fourth label (sometimes referred to as a “fourth type of label”).

[0037] In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating, using a processor: a first flow cell image based on the first emission light detected using the image sensor; a secondflow cell image based on the second emission light; and correcting, using the processor, chromatic aberration of one or more of the first and second flow cell images.

[0038] In some embodiments, performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first and second emission light from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the fi rst flow cell image and the second corrected flow cell image after aberration correction.

[0039] In some embodiments, the light source of the optical system comprises a single-colored light source. In some embodiments, the light source of the optical system comprises a single laser.

[0040] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes a method of sequencing a nucleic acid sample, comprising: providing a flow cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; exciting, using a light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a first excitation light to generate a first emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using an image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate a second emission light from the one or more samples, detecting, using the image sensor of the optical system, the second emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate third emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the image sensor of the optical system, the third emission light from the one or more samples; and performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples.

[0041] In some embodiments, exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate the first emission light from the one or more samples comprises: exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light; filtering, using a first emission filter of the optical system, an emission light to generate the first emission light from the one or more samples.

[0042] In some embodiments, the method comprises exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate the second emission light from the one or more samples comprises: exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light; filtering, using a second emission filter of the optical system, the emission light to generate the second emission light from the one or more samples.

[0043] In some embodiments, the method comprises exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate the third emission light from the one or more samples comprises: exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light; filtering, using a third emission filter of the optical system, the emission light to generate the third emission light from the one or more samples.

[0044] In some embodiments, the method comprises: exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate a fourth emission light from the one or more samples; and detecting, using the image sensor of the optical system, the fourth emission light from the one or more samples.

[0045] In some embodiments, the method comprises: generating, using the processor, a first flow cell image based on the first emission light, a second flow ceil image based on the second emission light and a third flow cell image based on the third emission light detected using the image sensor, and generating, using the processor, a fourth flow cell image based on the fourth emission light detected using the image sensor.

[0046] In some embodiments, performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, third, and fourth flow cell images.

[0047] In some embodiments, the method comprises exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate the fourth emission light from the one or more samples comprises: exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light; filtering, using a fourth emission filter of the optical system, the emission light to generate the fourth emission light from the one or more samples.

[0048] In some embodiments, the method comprises generating, using a processor: a first flow cell image based on the first emission light detected using the image sensor; a second flow cell image based on the second emission light detected using the image sensor; and a third flow cell image based on the third emission light detected using the image sensor.

[0049] In some embodiments, the method comprises wherein performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third flow cell images.

[0050] In some embodiments, performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third flow cell images comprises: determining, for individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples, a first intensity on the first flow cell image, a second intensity on the second flow cell image, and a third intensity on the third flow cell image; and performing base calling of the individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third intensities.

[0051] In some embodiments, the method comprises moving a first emission filter into a single optical pathway of the optical system between the one or more samples and the single image sensor. In some embodiments, the method comprises moving the first, emission filter away from the single optical pathway between the one or more samples and the single image sensor and moving a second emission filter into the single optical pathway of the optical system. In some embodiments, that the first excitation light is within a first wavelength range.

[0052] In some embodiments, the first wavelength range is within 350 nm to 1220 nm, inclusive of the endpoints. In some embodiments, the first excitation light is blue, green, or red.

[0053] In some embodiments, the first emission light is within a fourth wavelength range, the second emission light is within a fifth wavelength range, and the third emission light is within a sixth wavelength range.

[0054] In some embodiments, the fourth, fifth, and sixth wavelength ranges are within 390 nm to 1260 nm, inclusive of the endpoints.

[0055] In some embodiments, the first excitation light comprises only a first color and the first emission light comprises the first color or a color different from the first color.

[0056] In some embodiments, the first excitation light comprises only the first color and the second emission light comprises the second color. In some embodiments, the first excitation light comprises only the first color and the third emission light comprises the third color.

[0057] Another aspect of the present disclosure is a method of sequencing a nucleic acid, comprising: providing a flow cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; exciting, using a light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a first, second and third excitation light to generate a first, second and third emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using a first image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using a second image sensor of the optical system, a second emission light from the one or more samples, detecting, using a third image sensor of the optical system, a third emission light from the one or more samples; and performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples.

[0058] In some embodiments, the method comprises exciting, using a light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a fourth excitation light to generate a fourth emission light from the one or more samples, and detecting, using a fourth image sensor of the optical system, a fourth emission light from the one or more samples.

[0059] In some embodiments, the method comprises performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, third, and fourth emission light from the one or more samples.

[0060] In some embodiments, the method comprises: generating, using a processor: a first flow cell image based on the first emission light detected using the first image sensor; a second flow cell image based on the second emission light detected using the second image sensor; a third flow cell image based on the third emission light detected using the third image sensor.

[0061] In some embodiments, the method comprises: exciting, using a light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a fourth excitation light to generate a fourth emission light from the one or more samples; generating, using the processor, a fourth flow cell image based on the fourth emission light detected using the fourth image sensor.

[0062] In some embodiments, the method comprises performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, third and fourth emission light from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third flow cell images.

[0063] In some embodiments, performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, third and fourth flow cell images comprises: determining, for individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples, a first intensity on the first flow cel l image, a second intensity on the second flow cell image, a third intensity on the third flow cell image, and a fourth intensity on the fourth flow cell image; and performing base calling for the individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples based on the first, second, third, and fourth intensities.

[0064] In some embodiments, performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third flow cell images comprises: determining, for individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples, a first intensity on the first flow cell image, a second intensity on the second flow cell image, and a third intensity on the third flow cell image; and performing base calling for the individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third intensities.

[0065] In some embodiments, the optical system comprises a first optical pathway between the one or more samples and the first image sensor, a second optical pathway between the one or more samples and the second image sensor, and a third optical pathway between the one or more samples and the third image sensor.

[0066] In some embodiments, the one or more samples are labeled with fluorescent dyes.

[0067] In some embodiments, the one or more samples are labeled with Fluorescence Resonance Energy transfer (FRET) dyes.

[0068] In some embodiments, individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples are labeled with only one type of fluorescent dye.

[0069] In some embodiments, individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples are labeled with two or three different types of fluorescent dyes.

[0070] In some embodiments, the one or more samples comprise cellular samples.

[0071] In some embodiments, the one or more samples comprise an in situ sample.

[0072] In some embodiments, the one or more samples comprises a plurality of concatemer molecules.

[0073] In some embodiments, the method comprises:

[0074] contacting the plurality of concatemer molecules with (i) a plurality of universal sequencing primers, (ii) a plurality of sequencing polymerases, and (iii) a plurality of nucleotide reagents, under a condition suitable for hybridizing the plurality of universal sequencing primers to their respective universal sequencing primer binding sites on the concatemer molecules, wherein the nucleotide reagents comprise a plurality of multivalent molecules, nucleotides, and / or nucleotide analogs.

[0075] In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleotide reagents comprise:

[0076] a plurality of multivalent molecules, individual multivalent molecules comprising a core attached to a plurality of nucleotide arms, wherein individual nucleotide arms are attached to nucleotide units.

[0077] In some embodiments, individual multivalent molecules are labeled with a detectably reporter moiety; optionally wherein the detectable reporter moiety' comprises a fluorophore.

[0078] In some embodiments, the core of the multivalent molecule is labeled with a fluorophore, and wherein the fluorophore corresponds to the nucleotide base of the nucleotide arm.

[0079] In some embodiments, at least one of the nucleotide arms of the multivalent molecule comprises a linker or a nucleotide base that is attached to a fluorophore, and wherein the fluorophore corresponds to the nucleotide base of the nucleotide arm.

[0080] In some embodiments, the one or more samples comprises biological analytes to be sequenced.

[0081] In some embodiments, the optical system is comprised in a sequencing system.

[0082] In some embodiments, the processor is comprised in the sequencing system.

[0083] In some embodiments, the optical system comprises a single image sensor.

[0084] In some embodiments, the optical system comprises a single optical pathway of the optical system between the one or more samples and the single image sensor.

[0085] In some embodiments, the optical system comprises an emission filter that is configured to block the first excitation light, second excitation light, third excitation light, or a combination thereof.

[0086] In some embodiments, the emission filter comprises a notch filter.

[0087] In some embodiments, the emission filter lacks a deletion band.

[0088] In some embodiments, the emission filter is configured to allow the first emission light, the second emission light, and the third emission light to pass through.

[0089] In some embodiments, exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate the first, emission light, from the one or more samples comprises: illuminating a field of view of the flow cell device with: at least 10 mm2, 20 mm2, 20 mm2, 30 mm2, 40 mm2, 50 mm2, 60 mm2, 70 mm2, 80 mm2, 90 mm2, or 100 mm2; and less than 15%, 10%, or 5% variance in energy variance.

[0090] In some embodiments, the one or more samples comprises in situ cells, tissue, or organoids.

[0091] In some embodiments, the exciting and detecting steps are performed within a single cycle of a sequencing run.

[0092] In some embodiments, the exciting and detecting steps are performed within individual cycles of a sequencing run.

[0093] In some embodiments, the first type of label, the second type of label, the third type of label, and the fourth type of label are configured to emit emission light, with 2 or 3 different colors under excitation by the optical system.

[0094] In some embodiments, one or more of the first emission light, the second emission light, the third emission light comprises 1, 2, or 3 different colors.

[0095] The method of any one of claims 1-96, wherein at least one of the first emission light, the second emission light, and the third emission light comprises more than one color.

[0096] In some embodiments, one or more of the first emission light, the second emission light, third emission light, and the fourth emission light comprises 1, 2, 3, or 4 different colors.

[0097] In some embodiments, at least one of the first emission light, the second emission light, the third emission light, and the fourth emission light comprises more than one color.

[0098] In some embodiments, the first emission light, the second emission light, or both comprise at least 2 different colors.

[0099] In some embodiments, the optical system lacks any excitation filter that, is in an excitation pathway from the light source to the one or more samples and blocks a portion of the first excitation light, second excitation light, or third excitation light.

[0100] In some embodiments, the first and second flow7cell images are of a field of view at a first z level of the one or more samples.

[0101] In some embodiments, further comprising repeating, after focusing the optical system on a different field of view of the one or more samples, the exciting and detecting steps of claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third emission lights are emitted from the different field of view at a second z level different from the first z level of the one or more samples.

[0102] In some embodiments, an imaging time of the exciting and detecting steps are within a range from 0.1 second to 60 seconds for the first flow7cell image, the second flow cell image, or the third flow cell image. In some embodiments, an imaging time of the exciting and detecting steps are within a range from 0.1 second to 60 seconds for the first flow cell image or the second flow cell image.

[0103] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes a system for sequencing a nucleic acid sample, comprising: a flow cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; an optical system comprising a light source and a single image sensor; and a processor; wherein the system is configured to perform one or more operations sequentially, the one or more operations comprising: exciting, using the light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with first excitation light to generate a first emission light from the one or more samples, detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the light source or a second light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with a second excitation light to generate a second emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the second emission light, from the one or more samples, exciting, using the light source or a third light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with a third excitation light to generate third emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the third emission light from the one or more samples; and performing, using the processor, base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light, from the one or more samples.

[0104] .Another aspect of the present disclosure includes a system for sequencing a nucleic acid sample, comprising: a flow cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; an optical system comprising a light source and a single image sensor; and a processor; wherein the system is configured to perform one or more operations sequentially, the one or more operations comprising: exciting, using a light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a first excitation light to generate a first emission light from the one or more samples, detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the light source or a second light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with a second excitation light to generate a second emission light from the one or more samples, detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the second emission light from the one or more samples; and performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first and second emission light from the one or more samples.

[0105] .Another aspect of the present disclosure includes a system for sequencing a nucleic acid sample, comprising: a flow7cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; an optical system comprising a light source and a single image sensor; and a processor; wherein the system is configured to perform one or more operations sequentially, the one or more operations comprising: exciting, using a light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a first excitation light to generate first emission light from the one or more samples, detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate a second emission light from the one or more samples, detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the second emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate a third emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the third emission light from the one or more samples; and performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission lights from the one or more samples.

[0106] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes a system for sequencing a nucleic acid sample, comprising: a flow cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; an optical system comprising a. light source and one or more image sensors; and a processor; wherein the system is configured to perform one or more operations simultaneously, the one or more operations comprising: exciting, using a first light source of an optical sy stem, the one ormore samples with a first excitation light to generate a first emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the first light source or a second light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate a second emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the first light source or a third light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate a third emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using a first image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using a second image sensor of the optical system, the second emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using a third image sensor of the optical system, the third emission light from the one or more samples; and performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples.

[0107] In some embodiments, the one or more operations further comprises any one of claims 1-103.

[0108] In some embodiments, the optical system lacks any excitation filter that is in an excitation pathway from the first light source, second light source, or third light source, to the one or more samples and blocks a portion of the first excitation light, second excitation light, or third excitation light.5. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS[0109| The novel features of the inventive concepts are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A beter understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

[0110] FIGS. 1A-1B schematically illustrate non-limiting examples of imaging multiple surface support structures for presenting sample sites for imaging by the imaging systems disclosed herein. FIG. 1A: illustration of imaging front and rear interior surfaces of a flow cell. FIG. IB: illustration of imaging front and rear exterior surfaces of a substrate.

[0111] FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate a non-limiting example of a multi-channel fluorescence imaging module comprising a dichroic beam splitter for transmitting an excitation light beam to a sample, and for receiving and redirecting by reflection the resultant fluorescence emission to four detection channels configured for detection of fluorescence emission at four different respective wavelengths or wavelength bands. FIG. 2A: top isometric view. FIG. 2B: bottomisometric view. FIGS. 2C-2D illustrate the optical paths within the multi-channel fluorescence imaging module of FIGS. 2A and 2B comprising a dichroic beam splitter for transmitting an excitation light beam to a sample, and for receiving and redirecting by reflection a resultant fluorescence emission to four detection channels for detection of fluorescence emission at four different respective wavelengths or wavelength bands. FIG. 2C: top view. FIG. 2D: side view7.

[0112] FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating a relationship between dichroic filter performance and beam angle of incidence.

[0113] FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating a relationship between beam footprint size and beam angle of incidence on a dichroic filter.

[0114] FIGS. 5A-5B schematically illustrate an example configuration of dichroic filters and detection channels of a multi-channel fluorescence imaging module wherein the dichroic filters have reflective surface tilted such that the angle between the incident beam (e.g., the central angle) and the reflective surface of the dichroic filter is less than 45. FIG. 5A: schematic illustration of a multichannel fluorescence imaging module comprising four detection channels. FIG. 5B: detail view illustrating the angle of incidence (AOI) of a light beam on a dichroic reflector.

[0115] FIG. 6 provides a graph illustrating improved dichroic filter performance corresponding to the imaging module configuration illustrated in FIGS. 5A and SB.

[0116] FIG. 7 provides a graph illustrating improved dichroic filter performance corresponding to the imaging module configuration illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B.

[0117] FIGS. 8A-8B provide graphs illustrating reduced surface deformation resulting from the imaging module configuration of FIGS 5A and 5B. FIG. 8A illustrates the effect of folding angle on image quality degradation induced by the addition of 1 wave of PV spherical power to the last mirror. FIG. SB illustrates the effect of folding angle on image quality degradation induced by the addition of 0.1 wave of PV spherical power to the last mirror.

[0118] FIGS. 9A-9B provide graphs illustrating improved excitation filter performance (e.g., sharper transitions between pass bands and surrounding stop bands) resulting from use of s- pol arization of the excitation beam. FIG. 9A: transmission spectra for an example bandpass dichroic filter at angles of incidence of 40 degrees and 45 degrees, where the incident beam is linearly polarized and is p-polarized with respect to the plane of the dichroic filter. FIG. 9B: changing the orientation of the light source with respect to the dichroic filter, such that the incident beam is s-polarized with respect to the plane of the dichroic filter, results in a substantially sharper edge between the passband and the stopband.

[0119] FIGS. 10A-10B illustrate the modulation transfer function (MTF) of an example multiple surface imaging system disclosed herein having a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.3. FIG. 10A: first surface. FIG. 10B: second surface.

[0120] FIGS. 11A-11B illustrate the MTF of an example multiple surface imaging system disclosed herein having an NA of 0.4. FIG. 11A: first surface. FIG. 11B: second surface,

[0121] FIGS. 12A-12B illustrate the MTF of an example multiple surface imaging system disclosed herein having an NA of 0.5. FIG. 12A: first surface, FIG. 12B: second surface.

[0122] FIGS. 13A-13B illustrate the MTF of an example multiple surface imaging system disclosed herein having an NA of 0.6. FIG. 13A: first surface. FIG. 13B: second surface,

[0123] FIGS. 14A-14B illustrate the MTF of an example multiple surface imaging system disclosed herein having an NA of 0.7. FIG. 14A: first surface. FIG. 14B: second surface.

[0124] FIGS. 15A-15B illustrate the MTF of an example multiple surface imaging system disclosed herein having an NA of 0.8. FIG. ISA: first surface. FIG. 15B: second surface.

[0125] FIGS. 16A-16B provide plots of the calculated Strehl ratio for imaging a second flow cell surface through a first flow cell surface. FIG. 16A: plot of the Strehl ratios for imaging a second flow cell surface through a first, flow cell surface as a function of the thickness of the intervening fluid layer (fluid channel height) for different objective lens and / or optical system numerical apertures. FIG. 16B: plot of the Strehl ratio as a function of numeri cal aperture for imaging a second flow cell surface through a first flow cell surface and an intervening layer of water having a thickness of 0. 1 mm.

[0126] FIG. 17 provides a schematic illustration of a dual -wavelength excitation / four channel emission fluorescence imaging system of the present disclosure.

[0127] FIG. 18 provides an optical ray tracing diagram for an objective lens design that has been designed for imaging a surface on the opposite side of a 0. 17 mm thick coverslip.

[0128] FIG. 19 provides a plot of the modulation transfer function for the objective lens illustrated in FIG. 18 as a function of spatial frequency when used to image a surface on the opposite side of a 0.17 mm thick coverslip,

[0129] FIG. 20 provides a plot of the modulation transfer function for the objective lens illustrated in FIG. 18 as a function of spatial frequency when used to image a surface on the opposite side of a 0.3 mm thick coverslip.

[0130] FIG. 21 provides a plot of the modulation transfer function for the objective lens illustrated in FIG. 18 as a function of spatial frequency when used to image a surface that is separated from that on the opposite side of a 0.3 mm thick coverslip by a 0.1 mm thick layer of aqueous fluid.

[0131] FIG, 22 provides a plot of the modulation transfer function for the objective lens illustrated in FIG. 18 as a function of spatial frequency when used to image a surface on the opposite side of a 1.0 mm thick coverslip.

[0132] FIG. 23 provides a plot of the modulation transfer function for the objective lens illustrated in FIG. 18 as a function of spatial frequency when used to image a surface that is separated from that on the opposite side of a 1.0 mm thick coverslip by a 0.1 mm thick layer of aqueous fluid.

[0133] FIG. 24 provides a ray tracing diagram for a tube lens design which, if used in conjunction with the objective lens illustrated in FIG. 18, provides for improved multiple-side imaging through a 1 mm thick coverslip.

[0134] FIG. 25 provides a plot of the modulation transfer function for the combination of objective lens and tube lens illustrated in FIG. 24 as a function of spatial frequency when used to image a surface on the opposite side of a 1.0 mm thick coverslip.

[0135] FIG. 26 provides a plot of the modulation transfer function for the combination of objective lens and tube lens illustrated in FIG. 24 as a function of spatial frequency when used to image a surface that, is separated from that on the opposite side of a 1 .0 mm thick coverslip by a 0.1 mm thick layer of aqueous fluid.

[0136] FIG. 27 provides ray tracing diagrams for tube lens design (left) of the present disclosure that has been optimized to provide high-quality, multiple-side imaging performance. Because the tube lens is no longer infinity-corrected, an appropriately designed null lens (right) may be used in combination with the tube lens to compensate for the non-infmity-corrected tube lens for manufacturing and testing purposes.

[0137] FIG. 28 illustrates one non-limiting example of a single capillary flow cell having 2 fluidic adaptors.

[0138] FIG. 29 illustrates one non-limiting example of a flow cell cartridge comprising a chassis, fluidic adapters, and optionally other components, which is designed to hold two capillaries.

[0139] FIG. 30 illustrates one non-limiting example of a system comprising a single capillary flow cell connected to various fluid flow control components, where the single capillary is compatible with mounting on a microscope stage or in a custom imaging instrument for use in various imaging applications.

[0140] FIG. 31 illustrates one non-limiting example of a system that comprises a capillary flow cell cartridge having integrated diaphragm valves to reduce or minimize dead volume and conserve certain key reagents.

[0141] FIG, 32 illustrates one non-limiting exampie of a system that comprises a capillary flow cell, a microscope setup, and a temperature control mechanism.

[0142] FIG. 33 illustrates one non-limiting example for temperature control of the capillary flow cells through the use of a metal plate that is placed in contact with the flow cell cartridge.

[0143] FIG, 34 illustrates one non-limiting approach for temperature control of the capillary flow cells that comprises a non-contact thermal control mechanism.

[0144] FIGS, 35A-35C illustrate non-limiting examples of flow cell device fabrication, FIG. 35A show's the preparation of a one-piece glass flow' cell. FIG. 35B shows the preparation of a two-pi ece glass flow cell. FIG. 35C shows the preparation of a three-pi ece glass flow cell.

[0145] FIGS. 36A-36C illustrate non-limiting exampies of glass flow cell designs. FIG. 36A show's a one-piece glass flow cell design. FIG. 36B shows a two-piece glass flow- cell design. FIG. 36C shows a three-piece glass flow cell design.

[0146] FIG. 37 illustrates visualization of cluster (e.g., polony) amplification in a capillary' lumen.

[0147] FIG. 38 provides a non-limiting example of a block diagram for a sequencing system as disclosed herein, where 3801 is the imaging module, 3802 is the flow cell / cartridge, 3803 is the translational stage, 3804 is the temperature control module, 3805 is the fluidics module, 3806 is the reagent cartridge, 3807 is the processor or computer, and 3808 is the light tight housing.

[0148] FIG. 39 provides a non-limiting example of a flow chart for a sequencing method as disclosed herein.

[0149] FIGS. 40A-40B provide non-limiting examples of a kit as disclosed herein. FIG. 40A show's a kit comprising a flow cell and a plurality of numbered reagent wells, according to some embodiments. FIG. 40B shows the ornamental appearance of a kit, according to some embodiments.

[0150] FIG. 41 provides a non-limiting example of a schematic for a structured illumination system as disclosed herein.

[0151] FIG. 42 provides a non-limiting example of a flow' chart for acquiring and processing structured illumination images of a flow cell surface as disclosed herein.

[0152] FIGS. 43A-43B provide non-limiting schematic illustrations of a multiplexed readhead as disclosed herein. FIG. 43 A: side view of a multiplexed read-head in which individual microfluorometers are configured to image a common surface, e.g., the interior surface of a flow cell. FIG. 43B: top view of a multiplexed read-head illustrating the imaging paths acquired by individual microfluorometers of the multiplexed read-head.

[0153] FIGS. 44A-44B provide non-limiting schematic illustrations of a multiplexed readhead as disclosed herein. FIG. 44A: side view of a multiplexed read-head in which a first subset of a plurality of individual microfluorometers 4401 is configured to image a first surface, e.g., a first interior surface of a flow cell, and a second subset of the plurality of individual microfluorometers is configured to image a second surface, e.g, a second interior surface of a flow cell. FIG. 44B: top view of the multiplexed read-head of FIG. 44A illustrating the imaging paths acquired by individual microfluorometers 4401 of the multiplexed read-head.

[0154] FIG. 45 illustrates a non-limiting example of an optical imaging system having multiple imaging sensors configured for transmission imaging a flow cell upon sequential illumination by multiple light sources, each light source emitting a different color, according to some embodiments herein. Liquid samples are introduced to the flow cell on a hydrophobic pad and flow through the flow' cell by a pulling force.

[0155] FIG. 46 provides a non-limiting schematic illustration of a method utilizing an optical system for imaging the surface of a flow7cell for nucleic acid sequencing, according to some embodiments herein.

[0156] FIGS. 47A-47B provides optical systems according to various embodiments described herein. FIG. 47A provides a non-limiting cut-away illustration of an optical system for imaging the surfaces of a flow' cell, according to some embodiments herein. FIG. 47B provides a comparison of the optical system of FIG. 47A with an exemplary imaging instrument core.

[0157] FIGS. 48A-48B provide non-limiting comparisons of flow cells and optical system imaging areas. FIG. 48A provides a non-limiting example of a flow7cell with 424 individual tiles, imaged by the exemplary' imaging instrument core shown in FIG. 47 B. FIG. 48B provides a non-limiting example of a flow cell with < 40 individual tiles, imaged by the optical system described herein (see FIGS. 45, 46, 47A-47B).

[0158] FIGS. 49A-49B provide a non-limiting cut-away illustration of an optical system configured for multiple side imaging of a multiple sided flow cell. The optical system as shown comprises a piezo driven wedge block for rapid focusing. FIG. 49A illustrates the optical system configured to focus on the back-interior surface of the flow cell. FIG. 49B illustrates the optical system configured to focus on the front-interior surface of the flow cell.

[0159] FIG. 50 provides a non-limiting cut-away illustration of an optical system configured for imaging a large area surface. The optical system comprises multiple optical subsystems, wherein the optimized FOV of each subsystem overlaps the FOV of each neighboring optical subsystem, thereby providing a large area FOV.

[0160] FIGS. 51A-51B provides a non-limiting cut-away illustration of a focusing lens assembly. The focusing lens assembly is configured to maintain a fixed position within the optical path (e.g., optical axis) and to allow for relative motion between at least a first lens and second lens contained within a lens housing of the focusing lens assembly. FIG. 51A shows a focusing lens assembly with a first, lens and a second lens. FIG. 51B shows the same focus lens assembly with the relative movement of the second lens as compared with FIG. 51A.

[0161] FIG. 52 provides a non-limiting cut-away illustration of an optical system configured for imaging a curved, large area surface. The optical system comprises multiple optical subsystems wherein each system is placed approximately orthogonal to the surface and wherein the FOV of each subsystem overlaps the FOV of each neighboring optical subsystem, thereby providing a system for imaging curved, large area surfaces.

[0162] FIGS. 53A-53B provides a non-limiting cut away illustration of an optical system configured to image a capillary flow cell. In this example, the optical system configured to image curved, large area surfaces are rotated about the x-axis and translated along the x-axis to obtain images of the entire interior surface of the capillary’ flow cell. FIG. 53A illustrates the optical axis of the center optical subsystem aligned with the z-axis. FIG. 53B illustrates the optical axis of the center optical subsystem rotated 90 degrees to align with the y-axis.

[0163] FIGS. 54A-54B provides a non-limiting cut away illustration of an optical system configured to image a capillary flow’ cell without the need for a stage to rotate the optical system about, the x-axis. The optical system as shown comprises a piezo driven wedge block for rapid focusing. FIG. 54A illustrates the optical system configured to focus on the interior surface of the capillary' flow cell closest to the light sources. FIG. 54B illustrates the optical system configured to focus on the interior surface of the capillary' flow cell further from the light sources.

[0164] FIG. 55 is a bar graph showing the results of a trapping assay conducted by reacting various fluorescently-labeled multivalent molecules with a corresponding correct DNA template.

[0165] FIG. 56 is a bar graph showing the results of a trapping assay in which increasing concentrations of various fluorescently-labeled multivalent molecules were reacted with corresponding correct DNA templates.

[0166] FIG. 57 presents four graphs showing the results of a trapping assay comparing the signal intensity of fluorescently-labeled multivalent molecules carrying nucleotide arms comprising either an N3-Linker, Linker-6, Linker-8 or propargyl Linker. The multivalent molecules were labeled with CF680 or CF532 fluorophores. Two different concentrations ofmultivalent molecules were tested (20 and 80 nM). The graphs show trap time in seconds (x- axis) and P90 signal intensity (y-axis).

[0167] FIG. 58 presents four graphs showing the results of a trapping assay comparing the signal intensity of fluorescently-labeled multivalent molecules carrying nucleotide anus comprising either an N3 -Linker, Linker-6, Linker-8 or propargyl Linker. The multivalent molecules were labeled with AF647 or CF570 fluorophores. Two different concentrations of multivalent molecules were tested (20 and 80 nM). The graphs show trap time in seconds (x- axis) and P90 signal intensity (y-axis).

[0168] FIG. 59 presents three graphs showing the results of real-time imaging trapping kinetics assays comparing signal intensity of fluorescently-labeled multivalent molecules carrying nucleotide arms comprising one of Linkers 6 or 10-16. Three different concentrations of the multivalent molecules were tested (15, 7.5 and 2.5 nM). The graphs show trap time in second (x-axis) and signal intensity (y-axis).

[0169] FIG. 60 is a graph showing the results of a binding kinetic study of fluorescently- labeled multivalent molecules carrying nucleotide arms comprising one of Linkers 6 or 10-16. The graph shows multivalent molecule concentration (x-axis, nM) and rate (y-axis). The legend shown in FIG. 60 is also applicable to FIG. 59.

[0170] FIG. 61 is a bar graph showing the binding constant (K) determined for fluorescently- labeled multivalent molecules cartying nucleotide arms comprising one of Linkers 6 or 10-16.

[0171] FIG. 62 shows an example of a sequencing system, according to some embodiments.

[0172] FIG. 63 shows a computer system that is programmed or otherwise configured to implement methods provided herein.

[0173] FIGS. 64A-64F show' exemplary embodiments of a multi pie- surface sample support structure or multiple-surface flow' cell device in which the multiple surfaces are axially displaced along a z-axis from each other, in accordance with certain embodiments herein.

[0174]

[0175] FIGS. 65A-65B shows exemplary diagrams of the filter set in the optical systems herein that are used to filter the excitation light and / or the emission light. The structural element of the filter set can be place along the excitation path and / or the emission path.

[0176] FIG. 65C show's an exemplary’ spectrum of 3 different excitation wavelength ranges that, can be used to excite the sample(s) using the optical systems disclosed herein or existing optical systems. The emission light from the sample in response to the excitation can include four different peak emission wavelengths that are different from each other.

[0177] FIG, 66 shows a non-limiting example of the illumination system of the optical assembly herein, which includes an illumination subsystem and a light beam delivery subsystem.

[0178] FIG. 67 shows a non-limiting example of the illumination subsystem herein.

[0179] FIGS. 68A-68C show uniformity in the illumination power density by the illumination system of FIG. 66 herein. FIG. 68A shows an example image of an illumination field and the associated illumination intensity. FIG. 68B shows a line trace of the illumination intensity along the long axis of FIG. 68A. FIG. 68C show's a line trace of the illumination intensity along the short axis of FIG. 68A,

[0180] FIG. 69 illustrates a non-limiting example of the illumination subsystem and the light beam delivery' system of the optical assembly.

[0181] FIG. 70 illustrates a non-limiting example of the illumination subsystem of the optical assembly.

[0182] FIG. 71 show's a despeckler and its relative position to a collimator of the light beam delivery' subsystem.

[0183] FIG. 72 shows a non-limiting example of the optical fiber and the light beam deliverysub system.

[0184] FIG. 73 shows a non-limiting example of the liquid light guide and the light beam delivery subsystem.

[0185] FIGS. 74A-74D show non-limiting examples of the despeckler, in this case, a mechanical vibration source that is loosely or fixedly attached to at least a portion of the optical fiber(s). FIG. 74A show's a wound portion of an optical fiber, according to some embodiments. FIG. 74B show's a portion of an optical fiber round around a vibration source, according to some embodiments. FIG. 74C shows a portion of an optical fiber round around a fan vibration source, according to some embodiments. FIG. 741) shows a portion of an optical fiber round around a fan vibration source, according to some embodiments.

[0186] FIG. 75 shows a table of different despeckler configurations in relation to the optical fiber and their corresponding speckle noise levels.

[0187] FIG. 76 illustrates a block diagram of a sequencing system for imaging DNA sample(s) during DNA sequencing reactions, according to some embodiments.

[0188] FIG. 77 is a schematic of various examples of configurations of multivalent molecules. Left (Class I): schematics of multivalent molecules having a “starburst” or “helter-skelter” configuration. Center (Class II): a schematic of a multivalent molecule having a dendrimer configuration. Right (Class III): a schematic of multiple multivalentmolecules formed by reacting streptavidin with 4-arm or 8-arm PEG-NHS with biotin and dNTPs. Nucleotide units are designated ‘N’, biotin is designated ‘B’, and streptavidin is designated ‘SA’,

[0189] FIG. 78 is a schematic of an example of a multivalent molecule comprising a generic core attached to a plurality of nucleotide-arms.

[0190] FIG. 79 is a schematic of an example of a multivalent molecule comprising a dendrimer core attached to a plurality of nucleotide-arms.

[0191] FIG. 80 shows a schematic of an example of a multivalent molecule comprising a core attached to a plurality of nucleotide-arms, where the nucleotide arms comprise biotin, a spacer, a linker and a nucleotide unit.

[0192] FIG. 81A is a schematic of an example of a nucleotide-arm comprising a core attachment moiety, a spacer, a linker and a nucleotide unit.

[0193] FIG. 81B is a schematic of an exemplary’ forked nucleotide arm comprising a core attachment moiety, spacer, linker, a nucleotide moiety and a plurality of detectable reporter moieties.

[0194] FIG. 81C is a schematic of an exemplary' branched nucleotide arm comprising a core attachment moiety, spacer, linker, a nucleotide moiety and a plurality of detectable reporter moieties.

[0195] FIG. 81D is a schematic of an exemplary branched nucleotide arm comprising a core attachment moiety, spacer, linker, a nucleotide moiety and a plurality of detectable reporter moieties.

[0196] FIG. 81E is a schematic of an exemplary’ multi-arm nucleotide arm comprising a core attachment moiety, spacer, linker, a nucleotide moiety and a plurality of detectable reporter moieties.

[0197] FIG. 82 shows the chemical structure of an example of a spacer (top), and the chemical structures of various examples of linkers, including an 11-atom linker, 16-atom linker, 23-atom linker and an N3 linker (bottom).

[0198] FIG. 83 shows the chemical structures of various examples of linkers, including linkers 1-9.

[0199] FIG. 84 shows the chemical structures of various examples of linkers joined / attached to nucleotide units.

[0200] FIG. 85 shows the chemical structures of various examples of linkers joined / attached to nucleotide units.

[0201] FIG, 86 shows the chemical structures of various examples of linkers joined / attached to nucleotide units.

[0202] FIG. 87 shows the chemical structures of various examples of linkers joined / attached to nucleotide units.

[0203] FIG, 88 shows the chemical structure of an example of a biotinylated nucleotide-arm. In this example, the nucleotide unit is connected to the linker via a propargyl amine attachment at the 5 position of a pyrimidine base or the 7 position of a purine base.

[0204] FIG. 89 shows a flow7chart of a method of analyzing a biological molecule, according to some embodiments.

[0205] FIG, 90 shows a flow chart of a method for analyzing a biological sample, according to some embodiments.

[0206] FIG, 91 illustrates a perspective view7of a non-limiting example of an imaging module or optical assembly.

[0207] FIG, 92 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the non-limiting example of an imaging module or optical assembly.

[0208] FIG. 93 shows a cross-sectional view of the non-limiting example of the single channel time-sequential color imaging module in FIGS. 91-92.

[0209] FIGS. 94 A - 94B show examples of an external actuator coupling, according to some embodiments. FIG. 94A shows a detailed view of an external actuator and optical assembly, according to some embodiments. FIG, 94B shows a far view of an external actuator and the optical assembly, according to some embodiments.

[0210] FIG. 95 shows an example of the optical elements of an optical assembly and the associated focus paths, according to some embodiments.

[0211] FIG. 96 shows an example of the optical elements of an optical assembly and the associated focus paths, according to some embodiments.

[0212] FIGS. 97A - 97B provide diffraction modulation transfer functions (MTFs) for optical systems, according to some embodiments. FIG. 97A shows an example MTF for an objective based optical system. FIG. 97B shows an example MTF for an optical system not comprising an objective.

[0213] FIGS, 98A - 98B show7wavefront analysis calculations for an optical system of the present disclosure, according to some embodiments. FIG. 98A shows an example wavefront, analysis calculation at position 1. FIG, 98B shows an exampie wavefront analysis calculation at position 2.

[0214] FIG, 99 shows a top surface optical performance curve, according to some embodiments.

[0215] FIG. 100 shows a. bottom surface optical performance curve, according to some embodiments.

[0216] FIG, 101 shows a plot of an MTF of an optical system, according to some embodiments.

[0217] FIG. 102 shows a plot of a cumulative probability of achieving a given wavefront error, according to some embodiments.

[0218] FIG, 103 is a schematical illustration of a rotatory stage for moving the sample(s) relative to the objective lens of the optical system for imaging sequencing reactions.

[0219] FIGS. 104A-104E show exemplary’ embodiments of the sequencing methods herein, in this case, the three-color excitation and detection using the sequencing system disclosed herein.

[0220] FIGS. 104F-104G show exemplary embodiments of the sequencing methods herein, in this case, the two-color excitation and detection using the sequencing system disclosed herein.

[0221] FIGS. 105A-105D show exemplary embodiments of the sequencing methods herein, in this case, the three-color excitation and detection using FRET dyes and the sequencing system disclosed herein.

[0222] FIGS. 105E-105H show exemplary embodiments of the sequencing methods herein, in this case, the two-color excitation and detection using the sequencing system disclosed herein.

[0223] FIGS. 106A-106D show' exemplary' embodiments of the sequencing methods herein, in this case, the one-color excitation and detection with FRET dyes using the sequencing system disclosed herein.

[0224] FIG. 107 shows exemplary' embodiments of the sequencing methods herein, in this case, unique binary codes for different types of nucleotides using the three-color excitation and detection with fluorescent dyes.6, DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0225] There is a need for increased throughput and flexibility in next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis systems. Disclosed herein are systems, kits, compositions, and methods that may provide any one or more of the following advantages: higher system throughput forfluorescence imaging-based genomics applications, compatibility with traditional flow cell devices and / or optical systems, flexibility in analysis or comparison of samples (e.g., larger sample volume and / or increased sample variety), improved optical resolution (including high performance optical resolution), and improved image quality. The disclosed optical illumination and imaging system designs may provide any one or more of the following advantages: improved dichroic filter performance, increased uniformity of dichroic filter frequency response, improved excitation beam filtering, larger fields-of- view, increased spatial resolution, improved modulation transfer, contrast-to-noise ratio, and image quality, higher spatial sampling frequency, faster transitions between image capture when repositioning the sample plane to capture a series of images (e.g., of different fields-of- view), improved imaging system duty cycle, and higher throughput image acquisition and analysis. The disclosed flow cells can provide enhanced throughput and sample processing speed while maintaining low background noise.6.1. Systems

[0226] Provided herein, in some embodiments, are systems useful for nucleic acid analysis. In some embodiments, the system comprises an imaging system. In some embodiments, the system comprises a fluidic control system. In some embodiments, the system comprises a flow cell device and an optical imaging system.

[0227] In some embodiments, the system comprises a multivalent molecule, or mixture of multivalent molecules. In some embodiments, the system comprises a solid phase for performing a nucleic acid analysis. In some embodiments, the solid phase is a flow cell device disclosed herein.

[0228] In some embodiments, the systems disclosed herein comprises one or more kits disclosed herein. In some aspects, the kits can be kits as described in International Patent Application No. PCT / US2021 / 057441, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.6.1.1. Imaging Systems

[0229] Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, are imaging systems useful for imaging one or more surfaces to perform nucleic acid analysis.

[0230] In some embodiments, the imaging systems disclosed herein are optical systems. In some embodiments, the optical system comprises alight source (e.g., one or more light sources) and an image sensor (e.g., one or more image sensors).

[0231] In some embodiments, the optical system of the present disclosure is provided in FIG. 45. In some embodiments, the optical system 4500 eliminates a need for dichroic, or corrective optics, such as a tube lens for multiple-side imaging of a flow cell. The multiple-side can be dual-side, three-side, quad-side, or even more sides. The optical system 4500 disclosed herein may be used as components of systems designed for a variety of chemical analysis, biochemical analysis, nucleic acid analysis, cell analysis, or tissue analysis applications. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 45, the optical system comprises multiple imaging sensors 4501-4504 that are configured for imaging a flow cell 4521. In some embodiments, an imaging sensor 4501-4504 may be a CCD imaging sensor. In some embodiments, the imaging sensor 4501-4504 may be a CMOS imaging sensor. In some embodiments, pixel shifters 4505-4508 are used to translate the object being imaged relative to a corresponding imaging sensor 4505- 4508.

[0232] In some embodiments, the optical system comprises a multi-band bandpass filter 4509. In some embodiments, the multi-band bandpass filter is a multi-band fluorescence bandpass filter. In some embodiments, the multi-band bandpass filter is a tri-band fluorescence bandpass filter. In some embodiments, the tri-band fluorescence bandpass filter is referred to as a tri- band notch filter. In some embodiments, a notch filter refers to a band stop filter. In some embodiments, a notch filter refers to a band stop filter. In some embodiments, the notch of a filter refers to a band stop or stopband. In some embodiments, the notch of a filter refers to a band pass or passband. In some embodiments, a multiband notch filter refers to a multiband bandpass filter. In some embodiments, a multiband notch filter refers to a multiband band stop filter.

[0233] In some embodiments, imaging optics 4510-4513 are positioned between the imaging sensors 4501-4504 and the flow cell 4521. In some embodiments, one imaging optic 4505- 4508, also referred to as an imaging optic assembly, focuses light emitted from the flow cell 4521 to one of the imaging sensors, for e.g., 4501, 4502, 4503, or 4504. In some embodiments, the optical system comprises an integrated field flattening assembly. In some embodiments, the optical system comprises aberration correction. In some embodiments, the optical system lacks bandpass filters. In some embodiments, the optical system lacks cutoff filters. In some embodiments, the optical system lacks dichroic mirrors. In some embodiments, a liquid handling system 4514 dispenses a sample 4515 to the flow cell 4521 , In some embodiments, the liquid handling system 4514 dispenses a liquid sample to a hydrophobic pad 4516 attached to the flow cell 4521. In some embodiments, the liquid handling system 4514 is a drop dispensing system. In some embodiments, the drop dispensing system 4514 delivers the sample4515 as a droplet to the hydrophobic pad 4516 of the flow cell 4521. In some embodiments, the liquid sample 4515 is drawn into the interior 4517 of the flow cell 4521 by a pulling force. In some embodiments, the pulling force is initiated by a vacuum pump 4518. In some embodiments, the flow cell 4521 comprises an interior channel 4517 enclosed by a bottom plate 4519 and a top plate 4520. In some embodiments, the top plate 4520 and bottom plate 4519 are transparent. In some embodiments, the top plate comprises a front interior surface 4528. In some embodiments the bottom plate comprises a back interior surface 4529, In some embodiments, the sample, present in the interior channel 4517 of the flow cell 4521 is illuminated by a plurality of light sources 4522, 4523 or 4524 of FIGs, 45-46, In some embodiments, each of the individual ligh t sources 4522, 4523 and 4524 emi t a different color or spectrum of light, 4525, 4526 and 4527 respectively. In some embodiments, the optical system 4500 comprises a heater.

[0234] In some embodiments, the imaging system comprises an adjustable numerical aperture. In some cases, the imaging system does not comprise a compensatory'. In some cases, the imaging system comprises a compensator. Imaging systems with a wide field of view can provide for enhanced throughput and decreased sample imaging times.

[0235] Although the flow cell 4521 is shown with tw?o interior surfaces in FIG. 45, in other embodiments, the flow cell 4521 can include two or more axially displaced channels and three or more axially displaced interior surfaces. As used herein, “axially displaced” can be used to refer to the relative positioning of surfaces. In some cases, two surfaces may be axially displaced, when a normal vector extending from one surface intersects with the other surface. In some cases, two surfaces may be axially displaced, when a normal vector extending from one surface is colinear with a normal vector of the other surface. In some cases, two surfaces may be axially displaced, when the two surfaces are displaced along an axis of an optical path of an optical system comprising the two surfaces.

[0236] In some embodiments, an imaging optic 4510 of the optical system 4500 comprises a reduction of lx. In some embodiments, the optical system has a field-of-view (FOV) of greater than 1 mm2, greater than 2 mm2, greater than 4 mm2, greater than 10 mm2, greater than 20 mm2, greater than 36 mm2, greater than 40 mm2, greater than 60 mm2, greater than 80 mm2, or greater than 100 mm2. In some embodiments, the optical system has a field-of-view7(FOV) of less than 2 mm2, less than 4 mm2, less than 10 mm2, less than 20 mm2, less than 36 mm2, less than 40 mm2, less than 60 mm2, less than 80 mm2, or less than 100 mm2. In some embodiments, the optical system has a numerical aperture (NA) of less than 0.6. In some embodiments, the NA is between about 0.1 to about 0.50, about 0.20 to about 0.40, or about 0.30. In someembodiments, the NA is 0.25. In some embodiments, the NA is about 0.1, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, or 0.60. In some embodiments, the NA is greater than 0.1. In some embodiments, the plurality of imaging sensors is configured to capture the FOV. In some embodiments, a plurality of light sources comprises: a first light source 4522 configured to emit a first wavelength range 4525; a second light source 4523 configured to emit a second wavelength range 4526; and a third light source 4524 configured to emit a third wavelength range 4527. In some embodiments, a first fluorophore is excited by the first wavelength range 4525 of the first light source 4522. In some embodiments, a second fluorophore is excited by the second wavelength range 4526 of the second light source 4523. In some embodiments, a third fluorophore is excited by the third wavelength range 4527 of the third light source 4524. In some embodiments, a sample comprises a plurality of biological polymers. In some embodiments, the optical system 4500 does not comprise a dichroic filter. In some embodiments, the optical system 4500 does not comprise a tube lens.

[0237] Described herein are various methods for a variety of chemical analysis, biochemical analysis, nucleic acid analysis, cell analysis, or tissue analysis application. FIG. 46 provides a schematic illustration of an imaging method 4601 utilizing the optical system 4500 shown in FIG. 45 for imaging a sample 4515 contained within the flow cell 4521, according to some embodiments herein. In some embodiments, the imaging method may be configured for nucleic acid sequencing. In some embodiments, the sample 4515 is contained within, or flows through, the interior channel 4517 of a flow cell 4521, as shown in FIG. 45. In some embodiments, the sample comprises a biological polymer. In some embodiments, the biological polymer comprises units. In some embodiments, a fluorophore is complementary to a unit of the biological polymer. In some embodiments, the fluorophore is attached to a nucleotide that is complementary to a unit of the biological polymer. In some embodiments, two or more detectably distinct fluorophores are attached to a nucleotide that is complementary to a unit of the biological polymer. In some embodiments, the biological polymer is a nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the unit is a nucleotide complementary to the fluorophore labeled nucleotide. In some embodiments, the multiple light sources emit light, transmitting through the sample.

[0238] Described herein are various methods for sequencing a biological polymer (e.g., nucleic acid molecule). A non-limiting schematic illustration of the sequencing method and instrumentation 4601 and the base calling method 4602 is shown in FIG. 46. In some embodiments, the method comprises: illuminating a sample 4515 using an optical system 4500 comprising a first light source 4522 of a plurality of light sources, wherein the first light source4522 emits a first wavelength range 4525 exciting a first fluorophore of the sample 4515 and acquiring a first image of the sample 4515, wherein the optical system 4500 comprises a plurality of imaging sensors 4501-4504, further wherein the sample 4515 is disposed in an optical path between the plurality of light sources 4522-4524 and the plurality of imaging sensors 4501-4504; illuminating the sample 4515 using a second light source 4523 of the plurality, wherein the second light source 4523 emits a second wavelength range 4526 exciting a second fluorophore of the sample 4515 and acquiring a second image the sample 4515; illuminating the sample 4515 using a third light source 4524 of the plurality, wherein the third light source 4524 emits a third wavelength range 4527 exciting a third fluorophore of the sample and acquiring a third image of the sample 4515; combining the first image, the second image, and the third image into a composite image; identifying the presence of a first nucleotide via a first signal emitted by the first fluorophore, wherein the first signal is extracted from a first region of interest (ROI) of the composite image; identifying the presence of a second nucleotide via a second signal emitted by the second fluorophore, wherein the second signal is extracted from a second ROI of the composite image; identifying the presence of a third nucleotide via a third signal emitted by the third fluorophore, wherein the third signal is extracted from a third ROI of the composite image; and identifying the presence of a fourth nucleotide via the first and third signals emitted by the first and third fluorophores, respectively, wherein the first and third signals are extracted from a fourth ROI of the composite image. In some embodiments, the optical system 4500 further comprises a flow cell 4521, wherein the flow cell 4521 is disposed in the optical path between the plurality of imaging sensors 4501- 4504 and the plurality of light sources 4522-4524. In some embodiments, the optical system 4500 further comprises at least one pixel shifter 4505-4508. In some embodiments, the optical system 4500 further comprises a multi-band bandpass filter 4509 disposed in the optical path between the plurality of imaging sensors 4501-4504 and the flow cell 4521. In some embodiments, the method further comprises imaging optics 4510-4513 disposed in the optical path between the multi-band bandpass filter 4509 and the flow cell 4521. In some embodiments, the optical system 4500 has a reduction of lx. In some embodiments, the optical system 4500 has a magnification of lx, I .5x, 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x, or lOx, In some embodiments, the optical system has a field-of- view (FOV) of greater than or equal to about 1 mm2, greater than or equal to about 2 mm2, greater than or equal to about 4 mm2, greater than or equal to about 10 mm2, greater than or equal to about 20 mm2, greater than or equal to about 36 mm2, greater than or equal to about 40 mm2, greater than or equal to about 60 mm2, greater than or equal to about 80 mm2, or greater than or equal to about 100 mm2. In someembodiments, the optical system has a numerical aperture (NA) of less than 0.6. In some embodiments, the optical system has a numerical aperture (NA) of about 0.6. In some embodiments, the optical system has a numerical aperture (NA) that is greater than 0.6. In some embodiments, the NA is 0.25. In some embodiments, the NA is about 0.25. In some embodiments, the NA is greater than or equal to about 0,25. In some embodiments, the NA is less than or equal to about 0.25. In some embodiments, the NA is 0.4 to 0.5. In some embodiments, the NA is about 0.4 to 0.5. In some embodiments, the NA is greater than or equal to about 0.4. In some embodiments, the NA is less than or equal to about 0.5. In some embodiments, the FOV is captured by the plurality of image sensors 4501-4504.

[0239] Described herein are optical systems 4700 for imaging samples in a flow cell where no focusing step is included.

[0240] Described herein are optical systems 4700 for imaging samples in a flow cell for analysis of biological polymers (e.g., nucleic acid sequencing). In some embodiments, such systems 4700 as shown in FIGS. 47A-47B are more compact and have higher throughput than previous optical systems. Table 1 and FIGS. 48A-48B provide a non-limiting example comparing sequencing cycle times for a standard flow cell and optical system versus the optical system as described herein. Table 1 provides cycle and run times and the respective calculations for a standard flow cell with 424 individual tiles (e.g., active area (e.g., the area undergoing active illumination), region of interest (e.g., the region undergoing active detection), etc.) as shown in FIG. 48A, compared with a flow cell with < 40 individual tiles optimized for imaging on the optical system described herein is shown in FIG. 48B. In some embodiments, one image is equivalent to one tile in area. In some embodiments, when the flow cell 4521, also shown in FIG. 48B, is imaged by the optical system, each tile is exposed to three sequential pulses of light from three separate LED light sources, where each LED light source emits a different wavelength. In some embodiments, each different wavelength is matched to the excitation spectra of a different fluorophore as described herein. In some embodiments, the imaging sensors of the optical system 4500 are synced with each excitation pulse to generate an image, wherein one image the entire area of one tile, and further wherein the pixels of the image each represent, the amount of fluorescence emitted by the fluorophore. In some embodiments, 2 separate surfaces are imaged in one tile by the optical system 4500. In some embodiments, 8 total images having a total exposure time of 0.3 seconds are acquired by the optical system 4500, 4700 comprising 8 imaging modules (e.g., optical subsystems). In Table 1, the row titled “current” and highlighted in blue represent the total time, over 322 cycles, to be 36.17 hours for the standard flow cell shown in FIG. 48 A when imaged with the optical system shown inFIG. 47B. In comparison, the rows titled “Sleq” show total times between 13.63 and 14.28 hours for the Sleq Cell (see FIG. 48B) when imaged with the optical system 4700 as shown in FIGS. 47A-47B. The bottom row of Table 1 displays a total time of 1 .1 1 hours when only 25 cycles are performed. The decreased sequencing times demonstrate the advantage of a larger FOV allowed by the optical system 4700 as described herein.T ABLE 1. Cycle and run times for the previous system versus the system according to some embodiments.

[0241] FIG. 48 A provides an illustration of an imaging area of a flow cell described herein with 424 individual tiles. FIG. 48B provides an illustration of an imaging area of a flow cell described herein with less than 40 tiles.

[0242] FIG. 47A provides a non-limiting cut-away illustration of an optical system for imaging the surfaces of a flow cell 4521 , In some embodiments, the optical system comprises an LED bank heat sink 4701, light pipe illuminators 4702, a flow cell 4521, sections of imaging optics 4703, one or more pixel shifters 4704, and a plurality of imaging sensors 4705. As shown in FIG. 47B, the optical system 4700 is smaller than a comparable instalment, such as the exemplary imaging instrument core (e.g., IDEX instrument core). Advantages of a smaller optical instrument include, but are not limited to reduced cabling requirements, reduction in the number of available failure modes, reduced heat exchange requirements, as well as a reduced benchtop footprint.

[0243] Described herein, in some embodiments, is an optical system 4900, as shown in the non-limiting schematic of FIGS. 49A-49B, confi gured for multiple side imaging of a flow cell 4905. The multiple-side can be dual-side, three-side, quad-side, or even more sides. The optical system 4900 disclosed herein may be used in systems designed for a variety of chemicalanalysis, biochemical analysis, nucleic acid analysis, cell analysis, or tissue analysis applications.

[0244] As shown in FIGS. 49A-49B, the optical system comprises an imaging sensor 4912 that may be configured for imaging a flow cell 4905. In some embodiments, the sample flow is coincident with the x-axis as shown in FIGS. 49A-49B. In some embodiments, there may be a plurality of imaging sensors 4912. The imaging sensor 4912 may be a CCD imaging sensor. In some embodiments, the imaging sensor 4912 may be a CMOS imaging sensor. In some embodiments, the optical system 4900 comprises a pixel shifter 4911. The pixel shifter 4911 may be configured to improve image resolution. In some embodiments, the pixel shifter 491 1 translates the object being imaged relative to the imaging sensor 4912. In some embodiments the optical system comprises a filter 4910. In some embodiments, the filter 4910 is a multiband filter. In some embodiments, the filter 4910 is a multi-band stopband filter. In some embodiments, the filter 4910 is a tri -band fluorescence stopband filter. In some embodiments, the tri-band fluorescence stopband filter is referred to as a tri-band notch filter. In some embodiments, the system comprises imaging optics 4909. In some embodiments, the imaging optics 4909 comprise an objective lens.

[0245] In some embodiments, the filter 4910 is positioned between the imaging sensor 4912 and the flow cell 4905. In some embodiments, the imaging optics 4909, also referred to as an imaging optic assembly, focuses light emitted from the flow7cell 4909 to the imaging sensor 4912. In some embodiments, the optical system 4900 comprises an integrated field flattening assembly. In some embodiments, the optical system comprises an aberration correction module. In some embodiments, the optical system comprises a wedge block 4916, configured for adjusting the pathlength of the optical system. In some embodiments, the wedge block 4916 comprises a first wedge piece 4907, a second wedge piece 4906, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the system comprises a piezo drive 4908 configured to move the position of the first wedge piece 4907 and the second wedge piece 4906 relative to each other, therefore adjusting the optical path length of the optical system. In some embodiments, the first wedge piece 4907 may be actuated to move in a range from 0.1 um to 1000 um relative to the second wedge piece 4906. In some embodiments, the first wedge piece 4907 may be actuated to move in a range from 100 um to 800 um relative to the second wedge piece 4906. In some embodiments, the first wedge piece 4907 may be actuated to move in a range from 300 um to 700 um relative to the second wedge piece 4906. The relative movement of the wedge pieces 4907, 4906 may be achieved by moving the first wedge piece 4907 and / or the second wedge piece 4906 relative to the sample or sample stage that stays still during imaging of one or moreimages. In some embodiments, the movement of the wedge pieces 4907, 4906 may be at least in the X-Y plane. In some embodiments, the movement of the wedge pieces 4907, 4906 may be only in the X-Y plane. In some embodiments the flow cell 4905 is configured for multiple sided imaging (DSI). In some embodiments, the flow cell 4905 comprises a front interior surface 4904, a back-interior surface 4905, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments the front interior surface 4904 and / or the back-interior surface 4903 comprise sample sites 4902. In some embodiments, the optical system comprises an optical axis 4913. In some embodiments, the optical system comprises an optimal imaging volume 4915. In certain aspects, the optimal imaging volume 4915 comprises the field-of-view (FOV), the area of illumination, the area of acquisition, the focal plane, the focal depth, the region and / or volume where sample sites 4902 emit a brightness at or above an acceptable level, or a combination thereof Typically, in the art of microscopy, the brightness of objects in the center of the FOV may be maximum at the center and decrease toward the corners and / or edges.

[0246] In some embodiments, the optical system lacks bandpass filters. In some embodiments, the optical system lacks cutoff filters. In some embodiments, the optical system lacks dichroic mirrors or dichroic filters.6.1,1.1. Wedge-block Assembly

[0247] Described herein are various embodiments of an optical system comprising a focusing element assembly.

[0248] In some embodiments, the focusing element assembly is an autofocus element. As an example, FIGS. 51A-51B provides a non-limiting cut-away illustration of a focusing lens assembly. The focusing lens assembly is configured to maintain a fixed position within the optical pathway (e.g., optical axis) and to allow for relative motion between at least a first lens and second lens contained within a lens housing of the focusing lens assembly.

[0249] In some embodiments, the focusing element assembly comprises a focal shifting assembly. The focal shifting assembly may comprise at least one movable lens. For example, a lens can be movable with respect to the reset of the system to adjust a focal field of the system. In this example, the movement of the lens can redirect the light moving through the lens to translate the focal field. The lens may be movable along the optical (e.g., z) axis 4913. The lens may be movable out of the optical axis (e.g., in an xy plane). The lens may be movable in three dimensions. The lens may be disposed within a lens barrel 5101. For example, the lens 5102 and 5103 can be placed in a lens barrel such as that of FIGS. 51A-51B.

[0250] In some embodiments, the autofocus element is configured for initial focus. In some embodiments, the autofocus element is contained within a lens barrel. In some embodiments, the autofocus element is built into and / or integrated with the lens barrel. In some embodiments, the autofocus element is contained within the lens barrel of the lens assembly. In some embodiments, the autofocus element is configured to improve reliability, reduces mechanical footprint of the optical system. In some embodiments the autofocus element comprises the wedge block assembly, the piezo drive, the wedge block-piezo drive assembly, or a combination thereof.

[0251] In some embodiments, the focusing element assembly comprises a first, focusing element, and a second focusing element. In some embodiments, the first and second focusing elements are housed in a housing comprising the first and second focusing assembly. In some embodiments, the first focusing element is configured to move relative to the second focusing element to focus between a first surface of a flow cell and second surface of the flow cell, respectively. In some embodiments, the first and / or second focusing elements is a lens. In some embodiments, the first and / or second focusing elements is a prism. In some embodiments, the focusing element assembly is a wedge block assembly, wherein the first and second focusing elements are wedge blocks that are configured to move relative to the other. In some embodiments, the optical system comprises a wedge block assembly 4916 as shown in FIGS. 49A-49B. In certain aspects, the wedge block assembly 4916 comprises a first wedge piece 4907 and a second wedge piece 4906 as illustrated in FIGS. 49A-49B. In some embodiments, the wedge block assembly 4916 comprises an adjustable optical path length. In some embodiments, the first wedge piece 4907 is configured to move relative to the second wedge piece 4906. In some embodiments, the relative movement of the first wedge piece 4907 to the second wedge piece 4906 causes the optical path length of the wedge block assembly 4916 to change due to the change in the phy sical thickness wedge block assembly 4916 as shown in FIGS. 49A to 49B. In some embodiments, the wedge block assembly 4916 comprises a gap separating the first wedge piece 4907 from the second wedge piece 4906. In some embodiments, the gap maintains a constant distance, regardless of the relative position of the first wedge piece 4907 and the second wedge piece 4906. In some embodiments, the first wedge piece 4907 and the second wedge piece 4906 are comprised of fused silica. In some embodiments, the first wedge piece 4907 and the second wedge piece 4906 are comprised of fused silica having a refractive index of 1.5. In some embodiments, the first wedge piece 4907 is coupled to a piezo drive 4908. In some embodiments, the optical system comprises a housing. In some embodiments, the wedge block assembly 4916 and piezo drive 4908 are containedwithin the housing. In some embodiments, the wedge block assembly 4916 and piezo drive 4908 comprise a wedge block-piezo drive assembly. In some embodiments, the second wedge piece 4906 of the wedge block assembly 4916 contacts the housing. In some embodiments, the second wedge piece 4906 of the wedge block assembly 4916 contacts the flow cell 4905.

[0252] In some embodiments, the position of the first wedge piece 4907 relative to the second wedge piece 4906 determines the position of the focal plane along the optical axis 4913 (e.g., z axis) as illustrated in FIG. 49A. In some embodiments, the top wedge piece 4907 is aligned with the bottom wedge piece 4906, as illustrated in FIG. 49A. In such an embodiment, the physical distance of the wedge block assembly 4916 results in the focal plane aligning with the back-interior surface. In this case, the sample sites 4902 of the back-interior surface are in focus. In some embodiments, the piezo drive 4908 moves the top wedge piece 4907 to a position relative to the bottom wedge piece 4906, as illustrated in FIG. 49B, such that the physical thickness of the wedge block 4916 within the optical path is greater than in the aligned state illustrated in FIG. 49A. In such an embodiment, the focal plane is shifted to align with the front-interior surface. In this case, the sample sites 4902 of the front-interior surface are in focus.6.1,1.2. Stage

[0253] Described here are various embodiments of an optical system comprising a stage. The stage may be a tilt stage. The stage may be a tip-tilt stage. The stage may allow for rotation. The stage may be configured to translate in three different axes, simultaneously, wherein all axes are perpendicular to each other. The stage may be configured to translate in three different, axes, simultaneously, wherein all axes are perpendicular to each other. The stage may be configured to translate in, and rotate about, three different axes, simultaneously, wherein all axes are perpendicular to each other. The stage may translate the plurality of optical subsystems 5001 relative to the flow cell 4905 as shown in FIG. 50. The stage may translate the flow cell 4905 relative to the plurality of optical subsy stems 5001 as shown in FIG. 50. The stage may translate a single optical subsystem 4914 as shown in FIGS. 53A-53B. The stage may rotate the plurality of optical subsystems 5001 about the x-axis of the capillary flow cell 5201 as shown in FIG. 53 A-53B. The stage may translate the plurality of optical subsystems 5001 along the x-axis, coincident to the long axis of the capillary flow cell 5201 as shown in FIG. 52A- 53B.6.1.1.3. Pixel Shifter

[0254] Described herein are various embodiments of an optical system comprising a pixel shifter 4911 , In some embodiments, the pixel shifter 4911 enables sub-pixel resolution imaging. In certain aspects, the resolution of the optical system may be increased by use of the pixel shifter 4911 without increasing the actual optical system resolution. In some embodiments, the pixel shifter 4911, effectively multiplies the resolution of the imaging sensor 4912. In some embodiments, a piezoelectric actuator is configured for defined lateral pixel shifts coincident to the image plane (e.g., in the x-y plane). In some embodiments, a piezoelectric actuator is configured for pixel shifting in the optical axis 4913 (e.g., z-axis or z- axis containing planes). In some embodiments, tilt stage is configured for pixel shifts in X-Z or Y-Z or X-Y-Z. In some cases, the tilt stage is configured for pixel shifts in two dimensions. In some embodiments, the optical system comprising the pixel shifter i s configured for imaging the 3D sample objects. In some cases, the optical system comprising the pixel shifter is configured for imaging a 2D sample object.

[0255] In some embodiments, the 3D objects may comprise sample sites 4902. In some embodiments, sample sites 4902 are amplified nucleic acids. In some embodiments, a sample site may comprise a polony or multiple polonies.

[0256] In some embodiments, the pixel-shifter 4911 may utilize polarization.6.1.1.4. Multiple imaging systems

[0257] In some embodiments, the optical system as seen in FIG. 50 comprises a plurality of optical subsystems 4914. In some embodiments, each optical subsystem 4914 of the plurality 5001 comprises an imaging sensor 4912, a pixel shifter 4911, a filter 4910, imaging optics 4909, a piezo driven - wedge block assembly, a light source 4901, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the imaging sensor 4912 is a cellphone-style camera. In some embodiments, the plurality of optical subsystems 5001 comprises an array of optical subsystems. In some embodiments, the array of optical subsystems may be configured for multiple focal depths, multiple wavelengths, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, each optical subsystem 4914 of the plurality 5001 is configured for a focal depth, wherein the focal depths of at least two optical subsystems of the plurality are different. In some embodiments, each optical subsystem of the plurality is configured to detect a wavelength, wherein the wavelengths detected by at least two optical subsystems of the plurality are different. In some embodiments, an image sensor 4912 of each optical subsystem 4914 of the plurality 5001 comprise an array of image sensors 4912. In some embodiments, high resolutionlow-cost cameras are configured to provide imaging, with aberrations compensated by software. In some embodiments, the optical system comprises one optical subsystem 4914, wherein the optical subsystem 4914 comprises one optimal imaging volume as shown in FIGS. 49A-49B. In FIGS. 49A-49B the extent of the optimal imaging volume 4915 along the x axis is limited. Certain factors may affect the width of the optimal imaging volume in the xy plane (e.g., the focal plane). The xy plane, or focal plane, comprises a cross section of the optimal imaging volume and may comprise referred to as the area of illumination, area of acquisition, or a combination thereof. Surfaces comprising sample sites 4902 that extend beyond the optimal FOV are not optimally illuminated by the light source, not optimally captured by the imaging sensor, not optimally resolved by the optics, or a combination thereof. Such non- optimal regions of the surface exhibit non-uniform brightness and non-uniform resolution as may be observed in the edges and / or corners of the image in FIG. 37. In FIG. 37 the sample sites become dimmer and less resolved from the center to the edges and / or corners of the image. FIG. 50 illustrates an embodiment where the sample site 4902 covered surface extends beyond the optimal imaging volume 4915 of one optical subsystem 4916 and where overlapping optimal imaging volumes 4915 overlap to provide a composite optimal imaging volume.

[0258] In some embodiments, the optical system has an optimized FOV of 6 mm x 6 mm. In some embodiments, the system has an optimized FOV of about 0.5 mm to about 9 mm . In some embodiments, the system has an optimized FOV of about 0.5 mm to about I mm, about 0.5 mm to about. 3 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 6 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 9 mm, about 1 mm to about 3 mm, about I mm to about 6 mm, about 1 mm to about 9 mm, about 3 mm to about 6 mm, about 3 mm to about 9 mm, or about 6 mm to about 9 mm. In some embodiments, the system has an optimized FOV of about 0.5 mm, about I mm, about 3 mm, about 6 mm, or about 9 mm. In some embodiments, the system has an optimized FOV of at least about 0.5 mm, about I mm, about 3 mm, or about 6 mm. In some embodiments, the system has an optimized FOV of at most about 1 mm, about 3 mm, about 6 mm, or about 9 mm.

[0259] In some embodiments, the optical system has an optimized area of illumination, of 6 mm x 6 mm. In some embodiments, the system has an optimized area of illumination, of about 0.5 mm to about 9 mm. In some embodiments, the system has an optimized area of illumination, of about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 6 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 9 mm, about I mm to about 3 mm, about 1 mm to about 6 mm, about 1 mm to about 9 mm, about 3 mm to about 6 mm, about 3 mm to about 9 mm, or about 6 mm to about 9 mm. In some embodiments, the system has an optimized area of illumination, of about 0.5 mm, about 1 mm, about 3 mm, about 6 mm, or about 9 mm. In some embodiments, thesystem has an optimized area of illumination, of at least about 0.5 mm, about 1 mm, about 3 mm, or about 6 mm. In some embodiments, the system has an optimized area of illumination, of at most about 1 mm, about 3 mm, about 6 mm, or about 9 mm.

[0260] In some embodiments, the optical system is configured for rapid imaging of the surface. In some embodiments, the optical system is configured for rapid imaging of the surface of the flow cell. In some embodiments, the optical system is configured for rapid imaging of a first surface and a second surface of the flow cell. In some embodiments, the entire active area (e.g., region of interest, ROI) of the surface 4903 or 4904 of the flow cell 4905 is imaged in 5 imaging steps. In some embodiments, the active area (e.g., region of interest) of the surface 4903 or 4904 is imaged in about 1 imaging step to about 10 imaging steps. In some embodiments, the active area (e.g., region of interest) of the surface is imaged in about 1 imaging step to about 2 imaging steps, about 1 imaging step to about 3 imaging steps, about 1 imaging step to about 4 imaging steps, about 1 imaging step to about 5 imaging steps, about 1 imaging step to about 6 imaging steps, about 1 imaging step to about 10 imaging steps, about 2 imaging steps to about 3 imaging steps, about 2 imaging steps to about 4 imaging steps, about 2 imaging steps to about 5 imaging steps, about 2 imaging steps to about 6 imaging steps, about 2 imaging steps to about 10 imaging steps, about 3 imaging steps to about 4 imaging steps, about 3 imaging steps to about 5 imaging steps, about 3 imaging steps to about 6 imaging steps, about 3 imaging steps to about 10 imaging steps, about 4 imaging steps to about 5 imaging steps, about 4 imaging steps to about 6 imaging steps, about 4 imaging steps to about 10 imaging steps, about 5 imaging steps to about 6 imaging steps, about 5 imaging steps to about 10 imaging steps, or about 6 imaging steps to about 10 imaging steps. In some embodiments, the active area (e.g., region of interest) of the surface is imaged in about 1 imaging step, about 2 imaging steps, about 3 imaging steps, about 4 imaging steps, about 5 imaging steps, about 6 imaging steps, or about 10 imaging steps. In some embodiments, the active area (e.g., region of interest) of the surface is imaged in at least about 1 imaging step, about 2 imaging steps, about 3 imaging steps, about 4 imaging steps, about 5 imaging steps, or about 6 imaging steps. In some embodiments, the active area (e.g., region of interest) of the surface is imaged in at most about 2 imaging steps, about. 3 imaging steps, about 4 imaging steps, about 5 imaging steps, about 6 imaging steps, or about 10 imaging steps.

[0261] In some embodiments, each imaging step includes imaging at least a portion of the entire active area or ROI. In some embodiments, each imaging step includes imaging at least an overlapping portion of the ROI, and the overlapping portion in the ROI can also be imagedin a different imaging step. In some embodiments, the complete ROI can be imaged, a portion at a time in an imaging step (with or without some overlapping area), in multiple imaging steps.

[0262] In some embodiments, the image acquired using the optical systems herein is a flow cell image. The flow cell image can include a FOV that covers at least a portion of the entire active area or ROI on a surface of a flow cell or otherwise a different sample support structure. The flow cell images can be aligned with each other to cover the entire ROI of a surface of the flow cell.6.1.1.5. Light delivery component.

[0263] In some embodiments, the optical system comprises a light deliver}' component. In some embodiments, the light delivery component is a waveguide. In some embodiments, the light delivery component is a light pipe 4702 as shown in FIG. 47. In some embodiments, the light delivery' component is a fiber optic. In some embodiments, the light source delivers light to the flow cell by the light deliver}'’ component. In some embodiments, the light source delivers light to the flow cell by a light pipe. In some embodiments, the light delivery' component is positioned between the light source 4901 and the flow cell 4905. In some embodiments, a second light delivery component is positioned between the flow cell and the image sensor.6.1.1.6. Imaging channels

[0264] The optical system as described herein may be configured for imaging one or more fluorophores. In some embodiments, the optical system is configured to distinctly image two, three, or more different fluorophores. In certain aspects, the optical system comprises one or more imaging channels. In some embodiments, a first imaging channel of the one or more imaging channels is configured to image a first fluorophore of the one or more fluorophores. In some embodiments, a second imaging channel of the one or more imaging channels is configured to image a second fluorophore of the one or more fluorophores. In some embodiments, a third imaging channel of the one or more imaging channels is configured to image a third fluorophore of the one or more fluorophores. In some embodiments, an imaging channel comprises at least one of a light source 4901, a filter 4910, an imaging sensor 4912, or a combination thereof.

[0265] Exemplary sequencing is described in U.S. Patent No. 10,768,173 filed on September 23, 2019, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the first fluorophore is associated with a first nucleotide conjugate. In some embodiments, the nucleotide conjugate is a polymer-nucleotide conjugate. In some embodiments, the multivalentmolecule disclosed elsewhere herein is or comprises a nucleotide conjugate or polymer nucleotide conjugate disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the second fluorophore is associated with a second nucleotide conjugate. In some embodiments, the third fluorophore is associated with a nucleotide conjugate. In some embodiments, the first fluorophore and the third fluorophore are associated with a fourth nucleotide conjugate. In some embodiments, the nucleotide conjugate may comprise a polymer-nucleotide conjugate. In some embodiments, the nucleotide conjugate may comprise a particle-nucleotide conjugate.

[0266] In some embodiments, fluorophores which may serve as a first fluorophore, a second fluorophore, and / or a third fluorophore include, but are not limited to fluorescein and fluorescein derivatives such as carboxyfluorescein, tetrachlorofluorescein, hexachlorofluorescein, cafboxynapthofluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, NHS- fluorescein, iodoacetamidofluorescein, fluorescein maleimide, SAMSA-fluorescein, fluorescein thiosemicarbazide, carbohydrazinomethylthioacetyl-amino fluorescein, rhodamine and rhodamine derivatives such as TRITC, TMR, lissamine rhodamine, Texas Red, rhodamine B, rhodamine 6G, rhodamine 10, NHS-rhodamine, TMR-iodoacetamide, lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride, lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl hydrazine, Texas Red sulfonyl chloride, Texas Red hydrazide, coumarin and coumarin derivatives such as AMCA, AMCA-NHS, AMCA-sulfo-NHS, AMCA-HPDP, DCIA, AMCE-hydrazide, BODIPY® and derivatives such as BODIPY FL C3-SE, BODIPY 530 / 550 C3, BODIPY 530 / 550 C3-SE, BODIPY 530 / 550 C3 hydrazide, BODIPY 493 / 503 C3 hydrazide, BODIPY FL C3 hydrazide, BODIPY FL IA, BODIPY 530 / 551 IA, Br-BODIPY 493 / 503, Cascade Blue and derivatives such as Cascade Blue acetyd azide, Cascade Blue cadaverine, Cascade Blue ethylenediamine, Cascade Blue hydrazide, Lucifer Yellow and derivatives such as Lucifer Yellow iodoacetamide, Lucifer Yellow CH, cyanine and derivatives such as indolium based cyanine dyes, benzo-indolium based cyanine dyes, pyridium based cy anine dyes, thiozolium based cy anine dyes, quinolinium based cyanine dyes, imidazolium based cyanine dyes, Cy 3, Cy5, lanthanide chelates and derivatives such as BCPDA, TBP, TMT, BHHCT, BCOT, Europium chelates, Terbium chelates, Alexa Fluor® dyes, DyLight® dyes, Atto™ dyes, LightCycler® Red dyes, CAL Flour dyes, JOE and derivatives thereof Oregon Green1Mdyes, WellRED dyes, IRD dyes, phycoerythrin and phycobilin dyes, Malachite green, stilbene, DEG dyes, NR dyes, nearinfrared dyes and others known in the art such as those described in Haugland, Molecular Probes Handbook, (Eugene, Oreg.) 6th Edition; Lakowicz, Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 2nd Ed., Plenum Press New York (1999), or Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques, 2nd Edition, or derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof Cyanine dyesmay exist in either sulfonated or non-sulfonated forms, and comprise two indolenin, benzo- indolium, pyridium, thiozolium, and / or quinolinium groups separated by a polymethine bridge between two nitrogen atoms. Commercially available cyanine fluorophores include, for example, Cy3, (which may comprise l-[6-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yloxy)-6-oxohexyl]-2-(3-{ l- [6~(2,5~dioxopyrrolidin-l-yloxy)~6-oxohexyl]-3,3-dimethyl-l ,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2~ ylidene}prop-l-en-l-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-3H-indolium or l-[6-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yloxy)-6- oxohexyl]-2-(3-{ l-[6-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yloxy)-6-oxohexyl]-3,3-dimethyl-5-sulfo-l,3- dihydro-2H-indol-2-ylidene}prop-l-en-l-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-3H-indolium-5-sulfonate), Cy5 (which may comprise l-(6-((2,5-dioxopyrro1idin-l-yl)oxy)-6-oxohexyl)-2-((l E,3E)-5-((E)-l - (6-((2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy)-6-oxohexyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5-indolin-2-ylidene)penta-l,3- dien-l-yl)-3,3-dimethyi-3H-indol-l-ium or l-(6-((2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l”yl)oxy)-6-oxohexyl)- 2-((lE,3E)-5-((E)-l-(6-((2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy)-6-oxohexyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5- sulfoindolin-2-ylidene)penta-l,3-dien-l-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-3H-indol-l-ium-5-sulfonate), and Cy7 (which may comprise l-(5-carboxypentyl)-2-[(lE,3E,5E,7Z)-7-(l-ethyl-l ,3-dihydro-2H- indol-2-ylidene)hepta- 1 ,3 , 5 -tri en- 1 -yl]-3 H-indolium or 1 -(5-carboxypentyl)-2-[(lE,3E,5E,7Z)-7-(l-ethyl-5-sulfo-l,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-ylidene)hepta-l,3,5-trien-l-yl]- 3H-indolium-5-sulfonate), where “Cy” stands for ’cyanine', and the first digit identifies the number of carbon atoms between two indolenine groups. Cy2 which is an oxazole derivative rather than indolenin, and the benzo-derivatized Cy3.5, Cy5.5 and Cy7.5 are exceptions to this rule. In some embodiments, the reporter moiety can be a FRET pair, such that multiple classifications can be performed under a single excitation and imaging step. As used herein, FRET may comprise excitation exchange (Forster) transfers, or electron-exchange (Dexter) transfers.6.1.1.7. Heater

[0267] Described herein, in some embodiments are systems and devices comprising a heater. In some instances, the flow cell 4905 further comprises a heater. In some embodiments, the heater is integrated with the flow cell. In some embodiments, the heater is integrated with a multiple surface imaging flow cell 4905. In some embodiments, the heater is integrated with the capillary flow cell 5201. In some embodiments, the integrated heater is a transparent heater block integrated heater. In some embodiments, the heater is an infrared (IR) heater. In some embodiments, the transparent heater conforms to the surface of the flow cell. In some embodiments, a transparent heater conforms to and fully surrounds a flow cell with a nonrectan gul ar cross section. In some embodiments, a transparent heater conforms to and fullysurrounds a flow cell with a round cross section. In some embodiments, a transparent heater conf onus to and fully surrounds a capillary flow cell 5201. In some embodiments, the transparent heater is transparent in all image channels of the one or more image channels of the optical system.6.1.1.8. Aberration correction

[0268] In some embodiments, aberration correction methods may be applied to allow for imaging through air bubbles that may appear within the flow cell. In some embodiments, nonflat flow cell surfaces enable right angle or off-axis illumination. In some embodiments, the optical system described herein may comprise magnetic positioning of various elements. In some embodiments, the optical system may be configured to image flow cells with round edges. Information regarding imaging rounded edges or curved surfaces may be found in International Patent Application No. PCT / US2022 / 037831, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0269] In some embodiments, aberration herein comprises chromatic aberration. In some embodiments, chromatic aberration may cause variations in shifting of the signal spots (e.g., polonies or clusters in flow cell images) that may be dependent on the wavelength or color of the signal spots. In other words, when two signal spots (e.g., polonies or clusters) in a same flow cell image are of two different wavelengths, wavelength ranges or colors, they may be shifted with a different distance relative to a same reference position in the flow cell image, thereby causing errors in base calling and registering the base call to the correct polony or cluster. In some embodiments, chromatic aberration may be minimized by using emission filter(s) so that the emission light of a single flow cell image of a single colored signal e.g., from a single-colored laser or laser assembly. In some embodiments, separating the signals with different colors, wavelengths, or wavelength ranges reduces or eliminate the chromatic aberration problem in the flow cell images with the trade-off of using additional emission filters, possible loss of some signals due to the additional emission filtering, and / or acquiring more flow cell images for the same base calling purposes.

[0270] In some embodiments, where the flow cell image comprises signals of two different colors or wavelengths (or wavelength ranges), various algorithms may be used to correct chromatic aberration, alone or in combination with optical design changes. In some embodiments, one or more structural elements may be modified, added, or removed in the optical system herein to improve or reduce chromatic aberration. In some embodiments, the chromatic aberration in the flow cell images herein (optionally after aberration correction) areless than 1 pixel, 0.8 pixels, 0.6 pixels, 0.5 pixels, 0.4 pixels, 0.3 pixels, 0.25 pixels, 0.2 pixels, 0.1 pixels or less. In some embodiments, the chromatic aberration in the flow cell images herein (optionally after aberration correction) may cause base calling error that is less than 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, or 5% of the base calls.6.1.1.9. Integrated Field Flatener

[0271] The area of illumination and / or FOV of an existing fluorescence microscope imaging system can be limited to the size of the single lens system and / or single imaging sensor present. The ability of a system to systematically capture brightness across the FOV may be referred to as field uniformity' of the system. Non-uniformity of brightness and resolution across the FOV is, in some cases, observed from the center to the edge of the FOV. In some instances, illumination non-uniformity is caused by non-uniform field curvature effects of a lens the system, usually these are single lens systems. Systems, devices and methods designed to improve field uniformity are sometimes referred to as field flatteners or field flattening, respectively. The optical system described herein can comprise a field flattener. In some instances, the field flattener comprises a plurality of optical subsystems 5001 designed to provide overlapping coverage of the ‘active area of the flow cell surface. Where one image of an individual optical subsystem system 4914 of the plurality 5001 begins to become non- uniform (e.g., increased blurring, loss of intensity at corners and edges) the optimal imaging volume 4915 of a second optical subsystem 4914 may overlap. In some instances, the optimal imaging volume 4915 of a first optical subsystem overlaps with a second optical subsystem and a third optical subsystem.

[0272] In some embodiments, the surface 5101 of the flow cell comprising sample sites 4902 is not flat as shown in FIG. 52. In certain aspects, each optical subsystem 4914 is positioned to match the contour of the active area of the flow cell as shown in FIG. 52. In some embodiments, each optical subsystem 4914 share similar structural elements as those disclosed in relation to embodiments in FIGS. 49A-49B.6.1.1.10. Light source

[0273] In some embodiments, the light source comprises a solid-state laser, a dye laser, a diode laser, an arc lamps, or a tungsten-halogen lamp. Any of a variety of light sources may be used to provide the imaging or excitation light, including but not limited to, tungsten lamps, tungsten-halogen lamps, arc lamps, lasers, light emitting diodes (LEDs), or laser diodes. In some instances, a combination of one or more light sources, and additional optical components,e.g., lenses, filters, apertures, diaphragms, mirrors, and the like, may be configured as an illumination system (or sub-system). In some embodiments, the light source 4901 as shown in FIGS. 49A-53B is a solid-state light source. In some embodiments, the solid-state light source is a light emitting diode (LED). In some embodiments, the light source 4901 is configured to emit a plurality of wavelengths. In some embodiments, the light source comprises a plurality of light sources. In some embodiments, each light source of the plurality is configured to emit a different wavelength of light. In some embodiments, the light source 4901 is configured to emit: a first wavelength of light at a first time; a second wavelength of light at a second time and a third wavelength of light at a third time. In some embodiments, the first, wavelength of light at a first time, the second wavelength of light at the second time and the third wavelength of light at the third time are emitted in a sequence. In some embodiments, the plurality of light sources is configured to be delivered for timed pulse sequences in sequential colors. In some embodiments, the plurality of optical subsystems 5001 are configured to increase speed of detection. In some embodiments, the solid-state light source is not a laser. For some applications, the light source comprises a filter to narrow the spectrum of the light emitted by the light source. In some embodiments, the light source is referred to as the excitation source. In some embodiments, the light emitted by the light source is referred to as excitation light. In some cases, a light source that generates light in the wavelength ranges of the present disclosure may be used.6.1.1.11. Fluorescence imaging viewed as an information pipeline

[0274] A useful abstraction of the role that fluorescence imaging systems plays in typical genomic assay techniques (including nucleic acid sequencing applications) is as an information pipeline, where the photon signal enters at one end of the pipeline, e.g., the objective lens used for imaging, and location specific information regarding the fluorescence signal emerges at the other end of the pipeline, e.g, at the position of the image sensor. When more information is pumped through this pipeline, some content, inevitably, will be lost during this transfer process and never recovered. An example of this case is when too many labeled molecules (or clonally- amplified clusters of molecules) are present within a small region of a substrate surface to be clearly resolved in the image; at the position of the image sensor, it becomes difficult to differentiate photon signals arising from adjacent clusters of molecules, thus increasing the probability of attributing the signal to the wrong cluster and leading to detection errors. In some cases, the clusters are polonies.6.1.1.12. Design of optical imaging modules[0275| The goal of designing an optical imaging module is thus to maximize the flow of information content through this detection pipeline and to minimize detection errors. The inventors of the present disclosure considered several design elements, including:1) Matching the physical feature density on the substrate surface to be imaged with the overall image quality of the optical imaging system and the pixel sampling frequency of the image sensor used. A mismatch of these parameters may result in loss of information or sometimes even the generation of false information, e.g, spatial aliasing may arise when pixel sampling frequency is lower than twice the optical resolution limit.2) Matching the size of the area to be imaged with the overall image quality of the optical imaging system and focus quality across the entire field-of-view.3) Matching the optical collection efficiency, modulation transfer function, and image sensor performance characteristics of the optical system design with the fluorescence photon flux expected for the input excitation photon flux, dye efficiency (related to dye extinction coefficient and fluorescence quantum yield), while accounting for background signal and system noise characteristics.4) Maximizing the separation of spectral content to reduce cross talk between fluorescence imaging channels.5) Effective synchronization of image acquisition steps with repositioning of the sample or optics between image capture of different fields-of-view to minimize the down time (or maximize the duty cycle) of the imaging system and thus maximize the overall throughput of the image capture process.

[0276] This disclosure describes a systematic way to address each of the design elements outlined above and to create component level specifications for the imaging system.6.1.1.13. Improved optical resolution and image quality to improve or maximize information transfer and throughput

[0277] One non-limiting design practice may be to start with the optical resolution required to distinguish two adjacent features as specified in terms of a number, A, of line pairs per mm (Ip / rnm) and translate it to a corresponding numerical aperture (NA) requirement. The numerical aperture requirement can then be used to assess the resulting impact on modulation transfer function and image contrast.

[0278] The standard modulation transfer function (MTF) describes the spatial frequency response for image contrast (modulation) transferred through an optical system; image contrast decreases as a function of spatial frequency and increases with increasing NA. This function limits the contrast / modulation that can be achieved for a given NA. Furthermore, wave front error can negatively impact the MTF, thus making it desirable to improve or optimize the optical system design using the taie system MTF instead of that predicted by diffraction-limited optics. Note that, as used herein, MTF will refer to the total system MTF (including the complete optical path from coverslip to image sensor) although design practice may primarily consider the MTF of the objective lens.

[0279] In genomic testing applications, where the target to be imaged is an array of high density “spots” on a surface (either randomly distributed or patterned), one can determine the minimum modulation transfer value required by downstream analysis to resolve two adjacent spots and discriminate between four possible states (e.g., ON-OFF, ON-ON, OFF-ON and OFF-OFF). For example, assume that the spots are small enough to be approximated as point sources of light. Assuming that the detection task is to determine if the two adjacent spots separated by a distance, d, are ON or OFF (in other words, bright or dark), and that the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for the fluorescence signals arising from the spots at the sample plane (or object plane) is Csampie, then under ideal conditions the CNR of the readout signal for the two adjacent spots at the image sensor plane, Cimage, can be closely approximated as Cimage Csampie * MTF(l / d), where MTF(l / d) is the MTF value at spatial frequency = (1 / d).

[0280] In a typical design, the value of Cimage may be at least 4 so that a simple threshold method can be used to avoid misclassification of fluorescence signals. Assuming a Gaussian distribution of fluorescence signal intensities around a mean value, at Cimage > 4, the expected error in correctly classifying fluorescence signals (e.g., as being ON or OFF) is <0.035%. The use of high CNR sequencing and surface chemishy is described in U.S. Patent Nos. 10,876, 148, 10,704,094, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the high CNR sequencing and surface chemistry allows one to achieve sample plane CNR (Csampie) values for clusters of clonally-amplified, labeled oligonucleotide molecules tethered to a substrate surface of greater than 12 (or even much higher) when measured for a sparse field (e.g., at a low surface density of clusters or spots) where the MTF has a value of close to 100%. Assuming a sample plane CNR value of Csampie > 12 and targeting a classification error rate of <0.1% (thus, Cimage > 4), in some implementations the minimum value for M(l / d) can be determined as M(l / d) = 4 / 12 - 33%. Thus, a modulation transfer function threshold of at least 33% may be used to retain the information content of the transferred image.

[0281] Design practice can relate the minimum separation distance of two features or spots, d, to the optical resolution requirement (specified as noted above in terms of X (Ip / mm)) as d = (1mm ) / X, e.g., is the minimum separation distance between two features or spots which can be fully resolved by the optical system. In some designs disclosed herein, where the objective of the design analysis is to increase or maximize relevant information transfer, this design criterion can be relaxed to d = (Imm)ZXM, where 2 > A > 1. For the same optical resolution of X Ip / mm, the value of d, the minimum resolvable spot separation distance at the sample plane, is reduced, thereby enabling the use of higher feature densities.

[0282] Design practice determines the minimum spatial sampling frequency at the sample plane using the Nyquist criteria, where spatial sampling frequency N> 2*X(and where X is the optical resolution of the imaging system specified in terms of Xlp / mm as noted above). When the system spatial sampling frequency is close to the Nyquist criteria, as is often the case, imaging system resolution of greater than 5 results in aliasing as the higher frequency information resolved by the optical system cannot be sufficiently sampled by the image sensor.

[0283] In the some of the designs disclosed herein, an oversampling scheme based on the relationship S’::::(where B > 2 and Y is the true optical system MTF limit) may be used to further improve the information transfer capacity of the imaging system. As indicated above, X (Ip / mm) corresponds to a practical, non-zero (>33%) minimum modulation transfer value, whereas F (Ip / mm) is the limit of optical resolution so modulation at Y(lp / mm) is 0. Thus, in the disclosed designs, Y (Ip / mm) may advantageously be significantly greater than .V. For values of B > 2, the disclosed designs are oversampling for the sample object frequency X, e.g., S> B*Y> 2*X.

[0284] The above relationship can be used to determine the system magnification and may provide an upper bound for image sensor pixel size. The choice of image sensor pixel size is matched to the system optical quality as well to the spatial sampling frequency required to reduce aliasing. The lower bound of image sensor pixel size can be determined based on photon throughput, as relative noise contributions increase with smaller pixels.

[0285] Other design approaches are, however, also possible. For example, reducing the NA to less than 0.6 (e.g., 0.5 or less) may provide increased depth of field. Such increased depth of field may enable multiple surface imagining wherein two surfaces at different depths can be imaged at the same time with or without refocusing. As discussed above, reducing NA may reduce optical resolution. In some implementations, use of higher excitation beam power, e.g., 1 Watt or higher, may be employed to produce strong signal. An inherently high contrast sample (e.g, comprising a sample surface that exhibits strong foreground signal anddramatically reduced background signal, may also be used to facilitate acquisition of high contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) images, e.g., having CNR values of > 20, that provide for improved signal discrimination for base-calling in nucleic acid sequencing applications, etc. In some optical system designs disclosed herein, sample support structures such as flow cells having hydrophilic surfaces are used to reduce background noise.102861 In various implementations, a large field-of-view (FOV) is provided by the disclosed optical systems. For example, a FOV of greater than 2 or 3 mm may be provided with some optical imaging systems comprising, e.g., an objective lens and a tube lens. In some cases, the optical imaging system provides a reduced magnification, for example, a magnification of less than lOx. Such reduced magnification may in some implementations facilitate large FOV designs. Despite a reduced magnification, the optical resolution of such systems can still be sufficient as detector arrays having small pixel size or pitch may be used. In some implementations, image sensors comprising a pixel size that is smaller than twice the optical resolution provided by the optical imaging system (e.g., objective and tube lens) may be used to satisfy the Nyquist theorem.

[0287] Still other designs are also possible. In some optical designs configured to provide for multiple surface imaging where two surfaces at different depths can be imaged at the same time, the optical imaging system (e.g, the objective lens and / or tube lens) is configured to reduce optical aberration for imaging said two surfaces (e.g., two planes) at those two respective depths more than at other locations (e.g., other planes) at other depths. Additionally, the optical imaging system may be configured to reduce aberration for imaging said two surfaces (e.g., two planes) at those two respective depths through a transmissive layer on said sample support structure (such as a layer of glass (e.g., a cover slip) and through a solution (e.g., an aqueous solution) comprising the sample or in contact with a sample on at least one of said two surfaces.6.1.1.14. Multichannel fluorescence imaging modules and systems

[0288] In some instances, the imaging modules or optical systems disclosed herein may comprise fluorescence imaging modules or systems. In some instances, the fluorescence imaging systems disclosed herein may comprise a single fluorescence excitation light source (for providing excitation light at a single wavelength or within a single excitation wavelength range) and an optical path configured to deliver the excitation light to a sample (e.g., fluorescently-tagged nucleic acid molecules or clusters thereof disposed on a substrate surface). In some instances, the fluorescence imaging systems disclosed herein may comprise a singlefluorescence emission imaging and detection channel, e.g., an optical path configured to collect fluorescence emitted by the sample and deliver an image of the sample (e.g.. an image of a substrate surface on which fluorescently-tagged nucleic acid molecules or clusters thereof are disposed) to an image sensor or other photodetection device. In some instances, the fluorescence imaging systems may comprise two, three, four, or more than four fluorescence excitation light sources and / or optical paths configured to deliver excitation light at two, three, four, or more than four excitation wavelengths (or within two, three, four, or more than four excitation wavelength ranges). In some instances, the fluorescence imaging systems disclosed herein may comprise two, three, four, or more than four fluorescence emission imaging and detection channels configured to collect fluorescence emitted by the sample at two, three, four, or more than four emission wavelengths (or within two, three, four, or more than four emission wavelength ranges and deliver an image of the sample (e.g., an image of a substrate surface on which fluorescently-tagged nucleic acid molecules or clusters thereof are disposed) to two, three, four, or more than four image sensors or other photodetection devices.6.1.1.15. Multiple surface imaging

[0289] In some instances, the imaging systems disclosed herein, including fluorescence imaging systems, may be configured to acquire high-resolution images of a single sample support, structure or substrate surface. In some instances, the imaging systems disclosed herein, including fluorescence imaging systems, may be configured to acquire high-resolution images of two or more sample support structures or substrate surfaces, e.g., two, three, four, or more surfaces of a flow cell. The multiple surfaces of a sample support structure or a flow cell device can be axially displaced from each other, along the axial or z direction. The multiple surfaces of a sample support structure or a flow cell device can be interior surfaces facing fluidic channel(s) disclosed herein. The fluidic channels or capillaries of the sample support structure or flow7cell can be axially displaced from each other, along the axial or z direction. In an example, the two or more surfaces can be a top and bottom of a first channel and a top and bottom of a second channel axially displaced from the first channel. In this example, there may be an interposer between the first and second channels. The multiple surfaces of a sample support structure or a flow cell can be surfaces of a curved surface (e.g., as described elsewhere herein). For example, the curved surface can be a round surface. A portion of a flow7cell (e.g., a top surface, an interposer layer, a bottom surface, etc.) may have a thickness of at least about 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, or more millimeters. A portion of a flow cell (e.g., a top surface, an interposer layer, a bottomsurface, etc.) may have a thickness of at most about 2, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, or fewer millimeters.

[0290] In some instances, the high-resolution images provided by the disclosed imaging systems may be used to monitor reactions occurring on the two or more surfaces of the flow cell (e.g., nucleic acid hybridization, amplification, and / or sequencing reactions) as various reagents flow through the flow cell or around a flow cell substrate. FIG. 1 A and FIG. I B provide schematic illustrations of a multiple surface support structures. FIGS. 64A-64F provide schematic illustrations of a quad surface support structure as a flow cell.

[0291] FIG. 1 A shows a multiple surface support structure such as a flow7cell that includes an internal flow channel through which an analyte or reagent can be flowed. The flow channel may be formed between first and second, top and bottom, and / or front and back layers such as first and second, top and bottom, and / or front and back plates as shown. One or more of the plates may include a glass plate, such as a coverslip, or the like. In some implementations, the layer comprises borosilicate glass, quartz, or plastic. Interior surfaces of these top and bottom layers provide walls of the flow channel that assist in confining the flow of analyte or reagent through the flow7channel of the flow cell. In some designs, these interior surfaces are planar. Similarly, the top and bottom layers may be planar. In some designs, at least one additional layer (not shown) is disposed between the top and bottom layers. This additional layer may have one or more pathways cut therein that assist in defining one or more flow channels and controlling the flow7of the analyte or reagent within the flow7channel. Additional discussion of sample support structures, e.g, flow7cells, can be found below.

[0292] FIG . 1 A schematically illustrates a plurality of fluorescing sample sites on the first and second, top and bottom, and / or front and back interior surfaces of the flow cell. In some implementations, reactions may occur at these sites to bind sample such that fluorescence is emitted from these sites (note that FIG. 1 A is schematic and not drawn to scale; for example, the size and spacing of the fluorescing sample sites may be smaller than shown).

[0293] FIG. IB shows another multiple surface support structure having tw7o surfaces containing fluorescing sample sites to be imaged. The sample support structure comprises a substrate having first and second, top and bottom, and / or front and back exterior surfaces. In some designs, these exterior surfaces are planar. In various implementations, the analyte or reagent is flowed across these first and second exterior surfaces. FIG. IB schematically illustrates a plurality of fluorescing sample sites on the first and second, top and bottom, and / or front and back exterior surfaces of the sample support structure. In some implementations.reactions may occur at these sites to bind sample such that fluorescence is emitted from these sites (note that FIG. IB is schematic and not drawn to scale; for example, the size and spacing of the fluorescing sample sites may be smaller than shown). Support, structures with one or more surfaces, e.g., in FIGS. 64A-64E, can have similar sample site distributions as shown in FIGS. 1 A or IB on each of the surfaces.

[0294] In some instances, the fluorescence imaging modules and systems described herein may be configured to image such fluorescing sample sites on each of the multiple surfaces at different distances from the objective lens. In some designs, only one of the multiple surfaces is in focus at a time. Accordingly, in such designs, one of the surfaces is imaged at a first time, and the other surface is imaged at a second time. The focus of the fluorescence imaging module may be changed after imaging one of the surfaces in order to image a next surface with comparable optical resolution, as the images of the multiple surfaces are not simultaneously in focus. In some designs, an optical compensation element may be introduced into the optical path between the sample support structure and the image sensor in order to image one of the surfaces. The depth of field in such fluorescence imaging configurations may not be sufficiently large to include two or more surfaces of the multiple surfaces. In some implementations of the fluorescence imaging modules described herein, two or more surfaces may be imaged at the same time, e.g., simultaneously. For example, the fluorescence imaging module may have a depth of field that is sufficiently large to include two or more surfaces. In some instances, this increased depth of field may be provided by, for example, reducing the numerical aperture of the objective lens (or microscope objective) as will be discussed in more detail below.

[0295] As shown in FIGS. 1A and IB, the imaging optics {e.g. , an objective lens) may be positioned at a suitable distance (e.g, a distance corresponding to the working distance) from the surfaces to form in-focus images of the surfaces on an image sensor of a detection channel. As illustrated in FIG. 1A, the imaging optics of the optical system includes a flow cell comprising a sample site on front interior surface 105, a sample site on the back interior surface 108, a channel 109, a back interior layer 106, a front layer 104, and a back layer 107, which the optical axis shown as 101. Th imaging optics also includes an objective lens 102. As illustrated in FIG. IB, the imaging optics of the optical system includes a flow cell comprising a sample site on the front exterior surface 1012 of the flow' cell, the front exterior surface 1010 of the flow cell, the back exterior surface 103 of the flow cell, a sample site on the back of the exterior surface 1014, and a substrate 1011. The imaging optics also include an objective lens 102. The first surface, e.g., 6418 in FIG. 64C may be between the objective lens and the secondsurface, e.g., 6419. For example, as illustrated in FIGS. 1A and IB, the objective lens 102 is disposed above the multiple surfaces. The first surface is disposed above the second surface. As illustrated in FIG. 64C, the second surface 6419 is above the third surface 6420, and the third surface is above the fourth surface 6421. The multiple surfaces can be at different depths. The surfaces are at different distances from any one or more of the fluorescence imaging module, the illumination and imaging module, imaging optics, or the objective lens. The multiple surfaces are separated from each other along the z. direction. The surfaces can be planar surfaces and are separated from each other along a direction normal to the planar surfaces. In some embodiments, the objective lens has an optical axis and the surfaces are separated from each other along the direction of the optical axis. Similarly, the separation between the surfaces may correspond to the axial distance such as along the optical path of the excitation beam and / or along an optical axis through the fluorescence imaging module and / or the objective lens. Accordingly, these surfaces may be separated by a distance from each other in the axial (Z) direction, which may be along the direction of the central axis of the excitation beam and / or the optical axis of the objective lens and / or the fluorescence imaging module. This separation may correspond, for example, to a flow channel within a flow cell in some implementations between the first and second surfaces or between the third and fourth surfaces. This separation may correspond, for example, to an interposer substrate, within a flow cell in some implementations between the second and third surface.

[0296] In various designs, the objective lens (possibly in combination with another optical component, e.g., a tube lens) have a depth of field and / or depth of focus that is at least as large as the axial separation (in the Z direction) between two adjacent surfaces of the multiple surfaces. In some embodiments, the depth of filed and / or depth of focus that is at least as large as the axial separation (in the z direction) between the first and the last (e.g., the fourth) surfaces along the optical path from the objective lens. The objective lens, alone or in combination with the additional optical component, may thus simultaneously form in-focus images of at least two adjacent surfaces on an image sensor of one or more detection channels where these images have comparable optical resolution. In some implementations, the imaging module may or may not need to be re-focused to capture images of at least two adjacent surfaces with comparable optical resolution. In some implementations, compensation optics need not be moved into or out of an optical path of the imaging module to form in-focus images of the surfaces. Similarly, in some implementations, one or more optical elements (e.g., lens elements) in the imaging module (e.g. , the obj ective lens and / or a tube lens) need not be moved, for example, in the axial direction along the first and / or second optical paths (e.g., along theoptical axis of the imaging optics) to form in-focus images of one of the surfaces, e.g., the first surface, in comparison to the location of said one or more optical element when used to form in-focus images of another one of the surfaces, e.g., the second, third, or fourth surface. In some implementations, however, the imaging module includes an autofocus system configured to provide at least two adjacent surfaces in focus at the same time. In various implementations, the sample is in focus to sufficiently resolve the sample sites, which are closely spaced together in lateral directions (e.g., the X and Y directions). Accordingly, in various implementations, no optical element enters an optical path between the sample support structure (e.g., between a translation stage that supports the sample support structure) and an image sensor (or photodetector array) in the at least one detection channel in order to form in-focus images of fluorescing sample sites on one surface of the sample support structure and on two other surfaces of the sample support structure. In various implementations, no optical compensation is used to form an in-focus image of fluorescing sample sites on one surface, e.g., the first surface, of the sample support structure on the image sensor or photodetector array that is not identical to optical compensation used to form an in-focus image of fluorescing sample sites on another surface, e.g., the second, third, or fourth surface, of the sample support structure on the image sensor or photodetector array. Additionally, in certain implementations, no optical element in an optical path between the sample support structure (e.g., between a translation stage that supports the sample support structure) and an image sensor in the at least one detection channel is adjusted differently to form an in-focus image of fluorescing sample sites on one surface, e.g., the first surface of the sample support structure than to form an in-focus image of fluorescing sample sites on another surface, e.g., the second, third, or fourth surface of the sample support structure. Similarly, in some various implementations, no optical element in an optical path between the sample support structure (e.g., between a translation stage that supports the sample support structure) and an image sensor in the at least one detection channel is moved a different amount or a different direction to form an in-focus image of fluorescing sample sites on one surface, e.g., the first surface, of the sample support structure on the image sensor than to form an in-focus image of fluorescing sample sites on another surface, e.g., the second, third, fourth surface of the sample support structure on the image sensor. Any combination of the features herein can be possible. For example, in some implementations, in-focus images of the first, interior surface and the second interior surface of the flow cell can be obtained without moving an optical compensator into or out of an optical path between the flow cell and the at least one image sensor and without moving one or more optical elements of the imaging system (e.g., the objective and / or tube lens) along the opticalpath (e.g, optical axis) therebetween. For example, in-focus images of the first interior surface and the second, third interior surfaces of the flow cell can be obtained without moving one or more optical elements of the tube lens into or out of the optical path, or without moving one or more optical elements of the tube lens along the optical path (e.g., optical axis) therebetween.

[0297] Any one or more of the fluorescence imaging module, the illumination optical path, the imaging optical path, the objective lens, or the tube lens may be designed to reduce or minimize optical aberration at multiple locations such as the planes corresponding to the multiple surfaces on a flow cell or other sample support structure, for example, where fluorescing sample sites are located. Any one or more of the fluorescence imaging module, the illumination optical path, the imaging optical path, the objective lens, or the tube lens may be designed to reduce or minimize optical aberration at the selected locations or planes relative to other locations or planes, such as the surfaces containing fluorescing sample sites on a flow' cell. For example, any one or more of the fluorescence imaging module, the illumination optical path, the imaging optical path, the objective lens, or the tube lens may be designed to reduce or minimize optical aberration at two depths or planes located at different distances from the objective lens as compared to the aberrations associated with other depths or planes at other distances from the objective lens. For example, optical aberration may be less for imaging the surfaces than elsewhere in a region ranging from about 1 to about 10 mm from the objective lens. Additionally, any one or more of the fluorescence imaging module, the illumination optical path, the imaging optical path, the objective lens, or the tube lens may, in some instances, be configured to compensate for optical aberration induced by transmission of emission light through one or more portions of the sample support structure such as a layer that includes one of the surfaces on which sample adheres as well as possibly a solution that is in contact with the sample. This layer (e.g, a coverslip or the wall of a flow cell) may comprise, e.g, glass, quartz, plastic, or other transparent material having a refractive index and that introduces optical aberration.

[0298] Accordingly, the imaging performance may be substantially the same when imaging the multiple surfaces, e.g., three or four surfaces. For example, the optical transfer functions (OTF) and / or modulation transfer functions (MTF) may be substantially the same for imaging of the multiple surfaces. Either or both of these transfer functions may, for example, be within 20%, within 15%, within 10%, within 5%, within 2.5%, or within 1% of each other, or within any range formed by any of these values at one or more specified spatial frequencies or when averaged over a range of spatial frequencies. Accordingly, an imaging performance metric may be substantially the same for imaging each surface of the multiple surfaces of the flow cellwithout moving an optical compensator into or out of an optical path between the flow cell and the at least one image sensor, and without moving one or more optical elements of the imaging system (e.g, the objective and / or tube lens) along the optical path (e.g, optical axis) therebetween. For example, an imaging performance metric may be substantially the same for imaging the first, second, third, and fourth surfaces of the flow cell without moving one or more optical elements of the tube lens into or out of the optical path or without moving one or more optical elements of the tube lens along the optical path therebetween. In some embodiments, the optical path is an optical axis. Additional discussion of MTF is included below and in U.S. Provisional Application No, 62 / 962,723 filed January 17, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety .

[0299] It will be understood by those of skill in the art that the disclosed imaging modules or systems may, in some instances, be stand-alone optical systems designed for imaging a sample or substrate surface. In some instances, they may comprise one or more processors or computers. In some instances, they may comprise one or more software packages that provide instrument control functionality and / or image processing functionality. In some instances, in addition to optical components such as light sources (e.g, solid-state lasers, dye lasers, diode lasers, arc lamps, tungsten-halogen lamps, etc.), lenses, prisms, mirrors, dichroic reflectors, beam splitters, optical filters, optical bandpass filters, light guides, optical fibers, apertures, and image sensors (e.g, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors and cameras, charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors and cameras, etc.), they may also include mechanical and / or optomechanical components, such as X-Y translation stages, X-Y- Z translation stages, piezoelectic focusing mechanisms, electro-optical phase plates, and the like. In some instances, they may function as modules, components, sub-assemblies, or subsystems of larger systems designed for, e.g., genomics applications (e.g, genetic testing and / or nucleic acid sequencing applications). For example, in some instances, they may function as modules, components, sub-assemblies, or sub-systems of larger systems that further comprise light-tight and / or other environmental control housings, temperature control modules, flow cells and cartridges, fluidics control modules, fluid dispensing robotics, cartridge- and / or microplate-handling (pick -and -pl ace) robotics, one or more processors or computers, one or more local and / or cloud-based software packages (e.g, instrument / system control software packages, image processing software packages, data analysis software packages), data storage modules, data communication modules (e.g, Bluetooth, WiFi, intranet, or internet communication hardware and associated software), display modules, etc., or any combinationthereof. These additional components of larger systems, e.g., systems designed for genomics applications, will be discussed in more detail below.

[0300] FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate a non-limiting example of an illumination and imaging module 200 for multi-channel fluorescence imaging. The illumination and imaging module 200 includes an objective lens 210, an illumination source 215, a plurality of detection channels 220, and a first dichroic filter 230, which may comprise a dichroic reflector or beam splitter. An autofocus system, which may include an autofocus laser 202, for example, which projects a spot the size of which is monitored to determine when the imaging system is in-focus may be included in some designs. Some or all components of the illumination and imaging module 200 may be coupled to a baseplate 205.

[0301] As illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2B, the illumination or light source 215 may include any suitable light source configured to produce light of at least a desired excitation wavelength (discussed in more detail below). The light source may be a broadband source that emits light within one or more excitation wavelength ranges (or bands). The light source may be a narrowband source that emits light within one or more narrower wavelength ranges. In some instances, the light source may produce a single isolated wavelength (or line) corresponding to the desired excitation wavelength, or multiple isolated wavelengths (or lines). In some instances, the lines may have some very' narrow bandwidth. Example light sources that may be suitable for use in the illumination source 215 include, but are not limited to, an incandescent filament, xenon arc lamp, mercury? -vapor lamp, a light-emitting diode, a laser source such as a laser diode or a solid-state laser, or other types of light sources. As discussed below, in some designs, the light source may comprise a polarized light source such as a linearly polarized light source. In some implementations, the orientation of the light source is such that s- polarized light is incident on one or more surfaces of one or more optical components such as the dichroic reflective surface of one or more dichroic filters.

[0302] As illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2B, the illumination source 215 may further include one or more additional optical components such as lenses, filters, optical fibers, or any other suitable transmissive or reflective optics as appropriate to output an excitation light beam having suitable characteristics toward a first dichroic filter 230. For example, beam shaping optics may be included, for example, to receive light from a light emitter in the light source and produce a beam and / or provide a desired beam characteristic. Such optics may, for example, comprise a collimating lens configured to reduce the divergence of light and / or increase collimation and / or to collimate the light.

[0303] In some implementations, multiple light sources are included in the illumination and imaging module 200, as illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2B. In some such implementations, different light sources may produce light having different spectral characteristics, for example, to excite different fluorescence dyes. In some implementations, light produced by the different light sources may be directed to coincide and form an aggregate excitation light beam. This composite excitation light beam may be composed of excitation light beams from each of the light sources. The composite excitation light beam will have more optical power than the individual beams that overlap to form the composite beam. For example, in some implementations that include two light sources that produce two excitation light beams, the composite excitation light beam formed from the two individual excitation light beams may have optical power that is the sum of the optical power of the individual beams. Similarly, in some implementations, three, four, five or more light sources may be included, and these light sources may each output excitation light beams that together form a composite beam that has an optical power that is the sum of the optical power of the individual beams.

[0304] In some implementations, as illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2B, the light source 215 outputs a sufficiently large amount of light to produce sufficiently strong fluorescence emission. Stronger fluorescence emission can increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the contrast- to-noise ratio (CNR) of images acquired by the fluorescence imaging module. In some implementations, the output of the light source and / or an excitation light beam derived therefrom (including a composite excitation light beam) may range in power from about 0.5 watts (W) to about 5.0 W, or more (as will be discussed in more detail below).

[0305] Referring again to FIGS. 2A and 2B, the first dichroic filter 230 is disposed with respect to the light source to receive light therefrom. The first dichroic filter may comprise a dichroic mirror, dichroic reflector, dichroic beam splitter, or dichroic beam combiner configured to transmit light in a first spectral region (or wavelength range) and reflect light having a second spectral region (or wavelength range). The first spectral region may include one or more spectral bands, e.g., one or more spectral bands in the ultraviolet and blue wavelength ranges. Similarly, a second spectral region may include one or more spectral bands, e.g., one or more spectral bands extending from the green to red and infrared wavelengths. Other spectral regions or wavelength ranges are also possible.

[0306] In some implementations, the first dichroic filter may be configured to transmit light from the light source to a sample support structure such as to a microscope slide, a capillary, a flow cell, a microfluidic chip, or other substrate or support structure. The sample support structure supports and positions the sample, e.g., a composition comprising a fluorescent! y-labeled nucleic acid molecule or complement thereof, with respect to the illumination and imaging module 200 as illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2B. Accordingly, a first optical path extends from the light source to the sample via the first dichroic filter. In various implementations, the sample support structure includes at least one surface on which the sample is disposed or to which the sample binds. In some instances, the sample may be disposed within or bound to different localized regions or sites on the at least one surface of the sample support structure.

[0307] In some instances, the support structure may include two, three, four, or even more surfaces located at different distances from objective lens 210 (e.g., at different positions or depths along the optical axis of objective lens 210 or an axial direction) on which the sample is disposed. As discussed below7, for example, the flow cell may comprise a fluid channel formed at least in part by first and second (e.g., upper and lower) interior surfaces, and the sample may be disposed at localized sites on the first interior surface, the second interior surface, or both interior surfaces. The first and second surface may be separated by the region corresponding to the fluid channel through which a solution flows, and thus be at different distances or depth with respect to objective lens 210 of the illumination and imaging module 200. The flow cell may comprise a second fluid channel, axially displaced from a first channel, which is formed at least in part by the third and fourth {e.g., upper and low'er) interior surfaces, and the sample may be disposed at locali zed sites on the third interior surface, the fourth interior surface, or both. The third and fourth surface may be separated by the region corresponding to the second fluid channel through which a solution flow's, and thus be at different distances or depth with respect to objective lens 210 of the illumination and imaging module 100. The first and the second fluidic channel may be separated axially by an interposer substrate disposed in between.

[0308] The objective lens 210 may be included in the first optical path between the first dichroic filter and the sample. This objective lens may be configured, for example, to have a focal length, working distance, and / or be positioned to focus light from the light source(s) onto the sample, e.g., onto a surface of the microscope slide, capillary, flow cell, microfluidic chip, or other substrate or support structure. Similarly, the objective lens 210 may be configured to have suitable focal length, working distance, and / or be positioned to collect light reflected, scattered, or emitted from the sample (e.g., fluorescence emission) and to form an image of the sample (e.g, a fluorescence image).

[0309] In some implementations, objective lens 210 may comprise a microscope objective such as an off-the-shelf objective. In some implementations, objective lens 210 may comprise a. custom objective. An example of a custom objective lens and / or custom objective - tube lenscombination is described below and in U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 999,023, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The objective lens 210 may be designed to reduce or minimize optical aberration at two, three, four, or more locations. For example, such locations can include planes corresponding to the multiple surfaces of a flow cell. The objective lens 210 may be designed to reduce the optical aberration at the selected locations or planes, e.g., the first and second surfaces of a multiple surface flow cell, or the first, second, third, and fourth surfaces of a quad surface flow cell, relative to other locations or planes in the optical path. For example, the objective lens 210 may be designed to reduce the optical aberration at two, three, or four depths or planes located at different distances from the objective lens as compared to the optical aberrations associated with other depths or planes at other distances from the objective. For example, in some instances, optical aberration may be less for imaging the surfaces of a flow cell than that exhibited elsewhere in a region spanning from 1 to 10 mm from the front surface of the objective lens. Additionally, a custom objective lens 210 may in some instances be configured to compensate for optical aberration induced by transmission of fluorescence emission light through one or more portions of the sample support structure, such as a layer that includes one or more of the flow cell surfaces on which a sample is disposed, or a layer comprising a solution filling the fluid channel of a flow cell. These layers may comprise, e.g., glass, quartz, plastic, or other transparent material having a refractive index, and which may introduce optical aberration.

[0310] In some implementations, objective lens 210 may have a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.6 or more (as discussed in more detail below7). Such a numerical aperture may provide for reduced depth of focus and / or depth of field, improved background discrimination, and increased imaging resolution.

[0311] In some implementations, objective lens 210 may have a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.6 or less (as discussed in more detail below). Such a numerical aperture may provide for increased depth of focus and / or depth of field. Such increased depth of focus and / or depth of field may increase the ability to image planes separated by a distance such as the first and second surfaces, the second and third surface, or the third and fourth surfaces. In some implementations, objective lens 210 may have a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.5 or less, e.g., 0.4. Such a numerical aperture may provide for lower optical aberration that needs to be compensated by the optical system than higher NA values. Such a numerical aperture may provide for the capability of focusing and imaging additional image planes, e.g., the planes of the third or fourth surfaces of the flow cell, with minimal changes to the optical system design (e.g., with no requirement for adding or removing a compensator from the optical path fromthe objective lens to the flow cell being imaged) that is configured to image one or multiple surfaces of the flow cell.

[0312] As discussed above, a flow cell may comprise, for example, first and second layers comprising first and second interior surfaces respectively that are separated by a fluid channel through which an analyte or reagent can flow. The flow cell may also include third and fourth layers comprising third and fourth interior surfaces respectively that are separated by a second fluid channel through which an analyte or reagent can flow. In some implementations, the objective lens 210 and / or illumination and imaging module 100 may be configured to provide a depth of field and / or depth of focus sufficiently large to image at least two adjacent surfaces of the flow cell, either sequentially by re-focusing the imaging module between imaging the at least two surfaces, or simultaneously by ensuring a sufficiently large depth of field and / or depth of focus, with comparable optical resolution. In some instances, the depth of field and / or depth of focus may be at least as large or larger than the distance separating the two adjacent surfaces of the flow cell to be imaged. In some instances, the two adjacent surfaces, e.g, the first and second interior surfaces of a dual surface flow cell or the third and fourth surfaces of a quad surface flow cell, may be separated, for example, by a distance ranging from about 10 pm to about 700 pm, or more (as wall be discussed in more detail below). In some instances, the depth of field and / or depth of focus may thus range from about 10 pm to about 700 pm, or more (as will be discussed in more detail below7).

[0313] In some designs, compensation optics (e.g., an “optical compensator” or “compensator”) may be moved into or out of an optical path in the imaging module, for example, an optical path by which light collected by the objective lens 210 is delivered to an image sensor, to enable the imaging module to image the surfaces of the flow cell. The imaging module may be configured, for example, to image one surface, e.g., the first surface, when a first compensation optics is included in the optical path between the objective lens and an image sensor or photodetector array configured to capture an image of the first surface. The imaging module may be configured, for example, to image another surface, e.g., the second surface when a second compensation optics is included in the optical path between the objective lens and an image sensor or photodetector array configured to capture an image of the second surface. In such a design, the imaging module may be configured to image yet another surface, e.g., the third surface, when the first and the second compensation optics is removed from or not included in the optical path between the objective lens 210 and the image sensor or photodetector array configured to capture an image of the third surface. The need for an optical compensator may be more pronounced when using an objective lens 210 with a high numericalaperture (NA) value, e.g., for numerical aperture values of at least 0.6, least 0.65, at least 0.7, at least 0.75, at least 0.8, at least 0.85, at least 0.9, at least 0.95, at least 1.0, or higher. In some implementations, the optical compensation optics (e.g., an optical compensator or compensator) comprises a refractive optical element such as a lens, a plate of optically- transparent material such as glass, a plate of optically-transparent material such as glass, or in the case of polarized light beams, a quarter-wave plate or half-wave plate, etc. Other configurations may be employed to enable the surfaces to be imaged at. different times. For example, one or more lenses or optical elements may be configured to be translated in and out of, or along, an optical path between the objective lens 210 and the image sensor.

[0314] In certain designs, the objective lens 210 is configured to be adjusted to change the NA of the optical system. In some embodiments, the objective lens 210 can be adjusted so that the NA of the optical system can be adjusted within the range of 0.25 to 0.6. In some embodiments, the objective lens 210 can be adjusted so that the NA of the optical system can be adjusted within the range of 0.35 to 0.55. In some embodiments, the objective lens 210 can be adjusted so that the NA of the optical system can be adjusted within the range of 0.4 to 0.5. In some embodiments, the NA of the optical system can be adjusted by changing the objective lens 210. In some embodiments, the NA of the optical system can be adjusted by only changing the objective lens 210 without moving any optical compensator in, out. of, or along the optical path from the objective lens to the sample. In some embodiments, the NA of the optical system can be adjusted by changing an optical element within the objective lens 210, without removing an existing objective lens and adding a new objective lens.

[0315] In some embodiments, the objective lens 210 can include an aperture stop, and adjustment of the aperture stop’s size can result in change of the NA of the optical system. In some embodiments, changing the aperture stop’s size does not involve translating the objective lens or any other optical elements in, out of, or along an optical path between the objective lens and the image sensor. As a non-limiting example, changing the aperture stop’s size comprises rotating an optical element or part of the objective lens about, an axial axis or a longitudinal axis of the objective lens. As another non-limiting example, changing the aperture stop’s size comprises moving an optical element or part, of the objective lens orthogonal to an axial axis or a longitudinal axis of the objective lens.

[0316] In some embodiments, the NA of the optical system can be adjusted without changing the aperture’s stop’s size. Instead, the objective lens and / or the tube lens can be redesigned from an optical system with a first NA, e.g., NA of 0.5, to make the NA of the optical system to a predetermined different value, e.g., 0.4. The redesign can involve changing one or morecharacteristics of the objective lens and / or the tube lens including but is not limited to: a diameter, a size, a magnification, a length, a cover thickness, a working distance, and a lens design that functions to correct aberration.

[0317] In some embodiments, the NA of the optical system can be adjusted, from the NA used in imaging traditional one or dual surface flow cells (e.g., N A of 0.5 to NA of 0.4), to image multiple surface flow cell with three or more axially-displaced surfaces with predetermined image quality. In some embodiments, the NA of the optical system can remain unaltered from the NA used in imaging traditional one or dual surface flow cells (e.g., NA of 0.4), to image multiple surface flow cell with three or more axially-displaced surface with predetermined image quality.

[0318] The optical systems herein can allow the adjustment of the objective lens to change the NA (e.g., between 0.5 and 0.4 or in the range from 0.4 to 0.5). The optical system also can allow usage of the same NA, e.g., NA= 0.4 to image flow cell devices with a total thickness that is within a matching range of the NA, e.g., a range from about 220 um to about 360 um. As such, the optical systems herein can provide flexibility and compatibility to image both (1) traditional flow cells with one or dual surfaces and (2) the multiple surface flow cells herein (e.g., with three, four, or even more axially displaced surfaces) with sufficient image quality, e.g., a CNR. of at least 5, 10, 15, or 20.

[0319] In certain designs, however, the objective lens 210 is configured to provide sufficiently large depth of focus and / or depth of field to enable the surfaces to be imaged with comparable optical resolution without such compensation optics moving into and / or out of an optical path in the imaging module, such as an optical path between the objective lens and the image sensor or photodetector array. In various designs, the objective lens 210 is configured to provide sufficiently large depth of focus and / or depth of field to enable the surfaces to be imaged with comparable optical resolution without optics being moved, such as one or more lenses or other optical components being translated along an optical path in the imaging module, such as an optical path between the objective lens and the image sensor or photodetector array. Examples of such objective lenses will be described in more detail below.

[0320] In some implementations, the objective lens (or microscope objective) 210 may be configured to have reduced magnification. The objective lens 210 may be configured, for example, such that the fluorescence imaging module has a magnification of from less than 2x to less than 1 Ox (as will be discussed in more detail below). Such reduced magnification may alter design constraints such that other design parameters can be achieved. For example, the objective lens 210 may also be configured such that the fluorescence imaging module has alarge field-of-view (FOV) ranging, for example, from about 1.0 mm to about 5.0 mm (e.g., in diameter, width, length, or longest dimension) as will be discussed in more detail below'.

[0321] In some implementations, the objective lens 210 may be configured to provide the fluorescence imaging module with a field-of-view as indicated above such that the FOV has diffraction-limited performance, e.g., less than 0.15 waves of aberration over at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the field, as will be discussed in more detail below.

[0322] In some implementations, the objective lens 210 may be configured to provide the fluorescence imaging module with a field-of-view as indicated above such that the FOV has diffraction-limited performance, e.g., a Strehl ratio of greater than 0.8 over at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the field, as will be discussed in more detail below7.

[0323] Referring again to FIGS. 2A and 2B, the first dichroic beam splitter or beam combiner is disposed in the first optical path between the light source and the sample so as to illuminate the sample with one or more excitation beams. This first dichroic beam splitter or combiner is also in one or more second optical path(s) from the sample to the different optical channels used to detect the fluorescence emission. Accordingly, the first dichroic filter 230 couples the first optical path of the excitation beam emitted by the illumination source 215 and second optical path of the emission light emitted by a sample specimen to the various optical channels where the light is directed to respective image sensors or photodetector arrays for capturing images of the sample.

[0324] In various implementations, the first dichroic filter 230, e.g., first dichroic reflector or beam splitter or beam combiner, has a passband selected to transmit light from the illumination source 215 only within a specified wavelength band or possibly a plurality of wavelength bands that include the desired excitation wavelength or wavelengths. For example, the first dichroic beam splitter 230 includes a reflective surface comprising a dichroic reflector that has spectral transmissivity response that is, e.g:, configured to transmit light having at least some of the wavelengths output by the light source that form part of the excitation beam. The spectral transmissivity response may be configured not to transmit (e.g., instead to reflect) light of one or more other wavelengths, for example, of one or more other fluorescence emission wavelengths. In some implementations, the spectral transmissivity response may also be configured not to transmit (e.g., instead to reflect) fight of one or more other wavelengths output by the light source. Accordingly, the first dichroic filter 230 may be utilized to select which wavelength or wavelengths of light output by the light source reach the sample. Conversely, the dichroic reflector in the first dichroic beam splitter 230 has a spectral reflectivity response that reflects light having one or more wavelengths corresponding to the desired fluorescenceemission from the sample and possible reflects light having one or more wavelengths output from the light source that is not intended to reach the sample. Accordingly, in some implementations, the dichroic reflector has a spectral transmissivity that includes one or more pass bands to transmit the light to be incident on the sample and one or more stop bands that reflects light outside the pass bands, for example, light at one or more emission wavelengths and possibly one or more wavelengths output by the light source that are not intended to reach the sample. Likewise, in some implementations the dichroic reflector has a spectral reflectivity that includes one or more spectral regions configured to reflect one or more emission wavelengths and possible one or more wavelengths output by the light source that are not intended to reach the sample and includes one or more regions that transmit light outside these reflection regions. The dichroic reflector included in the first dichroic filter 230 may comprise a reflective filter such as an interference filter (e.g., a quarter- wave stack) configured to provide the appropriate spectral transmission and reflection distributions. FIGS. 2A and 2B also show a dichroic filter 205, which may comprise for example a dichroic beam splitter or beam combiner, which may be used to direct the autofocus laser 202 though the objective and to the sample support structure.

[0325] In some embodiments, the dichroic filter 105, 230, 530 can include one or more spectral passband(s) that increase intensity thus SNR of the light signal(s) being passed by the filter. As such, the dichroic filter(s) herein can provide increased uniformity of frequency response than traditional dichroic filter(s) with narrower spectral passbands.

[0326] Although the imaging module 200 shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B and discussed above is configured such that the excitation beam is transmitted by the first dichroic filter 230 to the objective lens 210, in some designs the illumination source 215 may be disposed with respect to the first dichroic filter 230 and / or the first dichroic filter is configured (e.g, oriented) such that the excitation beam is reflected by the first dichroic filter 230 to the objective lens 210. Similarly, in some such designs, the first dichroic filter 230 is configured to transmit fluorescence emission from the sample and possibly transmit light having one or more wavelengths output from the light source that is not intended to reach the sample. As will be discussed below, a design where the fluorescence emission is transmitted instead of reflected may potentially reduce wavefront error in the detected emission and / or possibly have other advantages. In either case, in various implementations the first dichroic reflector 230 is disposed in the second optical path so as to receive fluorescence emission from the sample, at least some of which continues on to the detection channels 220.

[0327] FIGS. 2C and 2D illustrate the optical paths within the multi-channel fluorescence imaging module of FIGS. 2A and 2B. In the example shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2C, the detection channels 220 are disposed to receive fluorescence emission from a sample specimen that is transmitted by the objective lens 210 and reflected by the first dichroic filter 230. As referred to above and described more below, in some designs the detection channels 220 may be disposed to receive the portion of the emission light that is transmitted, rather than reflected, by the first, dichroic filter. In either case, the detection channels 220 may include optics for receiving at least a portion of the emission light. For example, the detection channels 220 may include one or more lenses, such as tube lenses, and may include one or more image sensors or detectors such as photodetector arrays (e.g., CCD or CMOS sensor arrays) for imaging or otherwise producing a signal based on the received light. The tube lenses may, for example, comprise one or more lens elements configured to form an image of the sample onto the sensor or photodetector array to capture an image thereof Additional discussion of detection channels is included below and in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 962,723, filed January 17, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some instances, improved optical resolution may be achieved using an image sensor having relatively high sensitivity, small pixels, and high pixel count, in conjunction with a suitable sampling scheme, which may include oversampling or undersampling.

[0328] FIGS. 2C and 2D are ray tracing diagrams illustrating optical paths of the illumination and imaging module 200 of FIGS. 2A and 2B. FIG. 2C corresponds to a top view of the illumination and imaging module 200. FIG. 2D corresponds to a side view of the illumination and imaging module 200. The illumination and imaging module 200 illustrated in these figures includes four detection channels 220. However, it will be understood that the disclosed illumination and imaging modules may equally be implemented in systems including more or fewer than four detection channels 220. For example, the multi-channel systems disclosed herein may be implemented with as few as one detection channel 220, or as many as two detection channels 220, three detection channels 220, four detection channels 220, five detection channels 220, six detection channels 220, seven detection channels 220, eight detection channels 220, or more than eight detection channels 220, without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure.

[0329] The non-limiting example of imaging module 100 illustrated in FIGS. 2C and 2D includes four detection channels 220, a first dichroic filter 230 that reflects a beam 250 of emission light, a second dichroic filter (e.g., a dichroic beam splitter) 235 that splits the beam 250 into a transmitted portion and a reflected portion, and two channel-specific dichroic filters(e.g., dichroic beam splitters) 240 that further split the transmitted and reflected portions of the beam 250 among individual detection channels 220. The dichroic reflecting surface in the dichroic beam splitters 235 and 240 for splitting the beam 250 among detection channels are shown disposed at 45 degrees relative to a central beam axis of the beam 250 or an optical axis of the imaging module. However, as discussed below, an angle smaller than 45 degrees may be employed and may offer advantages such as sharper transitions from pass band to stop band.

[0330] The different detection channels 220 includes imaging devices 224, which may include an image sensor or photodetector array (e.g, a CCD or CMOS detector array). The different detection channels 220 further include optics 226 such as lenses (e.g., one or more tube lenses each comprising one or more lens elements) disposed to focus the portion of the emission light entering the detection channel 220 at a focal plane coincident with a plane of the photodetector array 224. The optics 226 (e.g, a tube lens) combined with the objective lens 210 are configured to form an image of the sample onto the photodetector array 124 to capture an image of the sample, for example, an image of a surface on the flow cell or other sample support structure after the sample has bound to that surface. Accordingly, such an image of the sample may comprise a plurality of fluorescent emitting spots or regions across a spatial extent of the sample support structure where the sample is emitting fluorescence light. The objective lens 210 together with the optics 226 (e.g, tube lens) may provide a field-of-view (FOV) that includes a portion of the sample or the entire sample. Similarly, the photodetector array 224 of the different detection channels 220 may be configured to capture images of a full field-of- view (FOV) provided by the objective lens and the tube lens, or a portion thereof. In some implementations, the photodetector array 224 of some or all detection channels 220 can detect the emission light emitted by a sample disposed on the sample support structure, e.g., a surface of the flow cell, or a portion thereof and record electronic data representing an image thereof. In some implementations, the photodetector array 224 of some or all detection channels 220 can detect features in the emission light emitted by a specimen without capturing and / or storing an image of the sample disposed on the flow cell surface and / or of the full field-of-view (FOV) provided by the objective lens and optics 226 and / or 222 (e.g., elements of a tube lens). In some implementations, the FOV of the disclosed imaging modules (e.g., that provided by the combination of objective lens 210 and optics 226 and / or 222) may range, for example, between about 1 mm and 5 mm (e.g, in diameter, width, length, or longest dimension) as will be discussed below. The FOV may be selected, for example, to provide a balance between magnification and resolution of the imaging module and / or based on one or more characteristics of the image sensors and / or objective lenses. For example, a relatively smallerFOV may be provided in conjunction with a smaller and faster imaging sensor to achieve high throughput.

[0331] Referring again to FIGS. 2C and 2D, in some implementations, the optics 226 in the detection channel (e.g., the tube lens) may be configured to reduce optical aberration in images acquired using optics 226 in combination with objective lens 210. In some implementations comprising multiple detection channels for imaging at different emission wavelengths, the optics 226 (e.g, the tube lens) for different detection channels have different designs to reduce aberration for the respective emission wavelengths at which that particular channel is configured to image. In some implementations, the optics 226 (e.g., the tube lens) may be configured to reduce aberrations when imaging a specific surface (e.g., a plane, object plane, etc.) on the sample support structure comprising fluorescing sample sites disposed thereon as compared to other locations (e.g, other planes in object space). In some implementations, the optics 226 (e.g, the tube lens) may be configured to reduce aberrations when imaging the multiple surfaces (e.g, first and second planes, first and second object planes, etc.) on a sample support structure (e.g, a dual or quad surface flow cell) having fluorescing sample sites disposed thereon as compared to other locations (e.g, other planes in object space). For example, the optics 226 in the detection channel (e.g., tube lens) may be designed to reduce the aberration at two, three, or more depths or planes located at different distances from the objective lens as compared to the aberrations associated with other depths or planes at other distances from the objective. For example, optical aberration may be less for imaging the multiple surfaces than elsewhere in a region from about 1 to about 10 mm from the objective lens. Additionally, custom optic 226 in the detection channel (e.g, a tube lens) may in some embodiments be configured to compensate for aberration induced by transmission of emission light through one or more portions of the sample support structure such as a layer that includes one of the surfaces on which the sample is disposed as well as possibly a solution adjacent to and in contact with the surface on which the sample is disposed. The layer comprising one of the surfaces on which the sample is disposed may comprise, e.g, glass, quartz, plastic, or other transparent material having a refractive index, and which introduces optical aberration. Custom optic 226 in the detection channel (e.g., the tube lens), for example, may in some implementations be configured to compensate for optical aberration induced by a sample support structure, e.g., a coverslip or flow cell wall, or other sample support structure components, as well as possibly a solution adjacent to and in contact with the surface on which the sample is disposed.

[0332] In some implementations, the optics 226 in the detection channel (e.g., a tube lens) are configured to have reduced magnification. The optics 226 in the detection channel (e.g., a tube lens) may be configured, for example, such that the fluorescence imaging module has a magnification of less than, for example, lOx, as will be discussed further below. Such reduced magnification may alter design constraints such that other design parameters can be achieved. For example, the optics 226 (e.g. , a tube lens) may also be configured such that the fluorescence imaging module has a large field-of-view (FOV), for example, of at least 1.0 mm or larger (e.g., in diameter, width, length, or longest dimension), as will be discussed further below.

[0333] In some implementations, the optics 226 (e.g. , a tube lens) may be configured to provide the fluorescence imaging module with a field-of-view as indicated above such that the FOV has less than 0.15 waves of aberration over at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the field, as will be discussed further below.

[0334] Referring again to FIGS. 2C and 2D, in various implementations, a sample is located at or near a focal position 212 of the objective lens 210. As described above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, a light source such as a laser source provides an excitation beam to the sample to induce fluorescence. At least a portion of fluorescence emission is collected by the obj ective 1 ens 210 as emi ssion light. The obj ective lens 210 transmits the emi ssion light toward the first dichroic filter 230, which reflects some or all of the emission light as the beam 250 incident upon the second dichroic filter 235 and to the different detection channels, each comprising optics 226 that form an image of the sample (e.g., a plurality of fluorescing sample sites on a surface of a sample support structure) onto a photodetector array 224.

[0335] As discussed above, in some implementations, the sample support structure comprises a flow cell such as a flow cell having multiple surfaces (e.g., two or more interior surfaces) containing sample sites that emit fluorescent emission. These surfaces may be separated by a distance from each other in the longitudinal (Z) direction along the direction of the central axis of the excitation beam and / or the optical axis of the objective lens. This separation may correspond, for example, to one or more flow channels within the flow cell. Analytes or reagents may be flowed through the flow channel(s) and contact the surfaces of the flow cell, which may thereby be contacted with a binding composition such that fluorescence emission is radiated from a plurality of sites on the surfaces. The imaging optics (e.g., objective lens 210) may be positioned at a suitable distance (e.g., a distance corresponding to the working distance) from the sample to form in-focus images of the sample on one or more detector arrays 224. As discussed above, in various designs, the objective lens 210 (possibly in combination with the optics 226) may have a depth of field and / or depth of focus that is at least as large asthe longitudinal separation between two adjacent surfaces or any two surfaces of the multiple surfaces. The objective lens 210 and the optics 226 (of each detection channel) can thus simultaneously form images of multiple surfaces on the photodetector array 224, and these images of the surfaces are in focus and have comparable optical resolution (or may be brought into focus with only minor refocusing of the objects to acquire images that have comparable optical resolution). In various implementations, compensation optics need not be moved into or out of an optical path of the imaging module (e.g., into or out of the first and / or second optical paths) to form in-focus images of the surfaces that are of comparable optical resolution. Similarly, in various implementations, one or more optical elements (e.g., lens elements) in the imaging module (e.g., the objective lens 210 or optics 226) need not be moved, for example, in the longitudinal direction along the first and / or second optical paths to form in-focus images of the first surface in comparison to the location of said one or more optical elements when used to form in-focus images of the second surface. In some implementations, the imaging module includes an autofocus system configured to quickly and sequentially refocus the imaging module on one or more of the multiple surfaces such that the images have comparable optical resolution. In some implementations, objective lens 210 and / or optics 226 are configured such that at least two of the multiple surfaces, e.g., two adjacent surfaces, are in focus simultaneously with comparable optical resolution without moving an optical compensator into or out of the first and / or second optical path, and without moving one or more lens elements (e.g., objective lens 210 and / or optics 226 (such as a tube lens) longitudinally along the first and / or second optics path. In some implementations, images of the surfaces, acquired either sequentially (e.g, with refocusing between surfaces) or simultaneously (e.g., without refocusing between surfaces) using the novel objective lens and / or tube lens designs disclosed herein, may be further processed using a suitable image processing algorithm to enhance the effective optical resolution of the images such that the images have comparable optical resolution. In various implementations, the sample plane is sufficiently in focus to resolve sample sites on the flow cell surfaces, the sample sites being closely spaced in lateral directions (e.g, in the X and Y directions).

[0336] As discussed above, the dichroic filters may comprise interference filters that selectively transmit and reflect light of different wavelengths based on the principle of thin- filrn interference, using layers of optical coatings having different refractive indices and particular thickness. Accordingly, the spectral response (e.g., transmission and / or reflection spectra) of the dichroic filters implemented within multi-channel fluorescence imaging modules may be at least partially dependent upon the angle of incidence, or range of angles ofincidence, at which the light of the excitation and / or emission beams are incident upon the dichroic filters. Such effects may be especially significant with respect to the dichroic filters of the detection optical path (e.g., the dichroic filters 235 and 240 of FIGS. 2C and 2D).

[0337] FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating a relationship between dichroic filter performance and beam angle of incidence (AOI). Specifically, the graph of FIG. 3 illustrates the effect of angle of incidence on the transition width or spectral span of a dichroic filter, which corresponds to the range of wavelengths where the spectral response (e.g., transmission spectrum and / or reflection spectrum) transitions between the passband and stopband regions of a dichroic filter. Thus, a transmission edge (or reflection edge) having a relatively small spectral span (e.g., a small delta A value in the graph of FIG. 3) corresponds to a sharper transition between passband and stopband regions or the transmission and reflection regions (or conversely between reflection and transmission regions), while a transmission edge (or reflection edge) having a relatively large spectral span (e.g., a large delta X value in the graph of FIG. 3) corresponds to a less sharp transition between passband and stopband regions. In various implementations, sharper transitions between passband and stopband regions are generally desirable. Moreover, it may also be desirable to have increased consistency or a relatively consistent transition width across all or most of the field-of-view and / or beam area.

[0338] Fluorescence imaging m odul es, in which the di chroi c mirrors are di sposed at 45 degrees relative to a central beam axis of the emission light or the optical axis of the optical paths (e.g, of the objective lens and / or tube lens), accordingly can have a transition width of roughly 50 nm for an example dichroic filter, as shown in FIG. 3. Because the emission light beam is not collimated and has some degree of divergence, fluorescence imaging modules may have a range of angles of incidence of approximately 5 degrees between opposing sides of the beam. Thus, as shown in FIG. 3, different portions of the beam of emission light may be incident upon a channel splitting dichroic filter at various angles of incidence between 40 degrees and 50 degrees. This range of relatively large angles of incidence corresponds to a range of transition widths between about 40 nm and about 62 nm. This range of relatively large angles of incidence thereby leads to an increase in transition width of the dichroic filter in the imaging module. Performance of multi-channel fluorescence imaging modules may thus be improved by providing smaller angles of incidence across the full beam, thereby making the transmission edge sharper and allowing better discrimination between different fluorescence emission bands.

[0339] FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating a relationship between beam footprint size (DBS) and beam angle of incidence (DBS angle) on a dichroic filter. In some instances, a smaller beamfootprint may be desirable. For example, a small beam footprint allows smaller dichroic filters to be used to split a beam into different wavelength ranges. The use of smaller dichroic filters in turn reduces manufacturing costs and improves the ease of manufacturing suitably flat dichroic filters. As shown in FIG. 4, any angle of incidence greater than 0 degrees (e.g. perpendicular to the surface of the dichroic filter) results in an elliptical beam footprint having an area larger than the cross-sectional area of the beam. An angle of incidence of 45 degrees results in a large beam footprint on the dichroic reflector that is greater than 1 .4 times the cross- sectional area of the beam when incident at zero degrees.

[0340] FIGS, 5A and 5B schematically illustrate a non-limiting example configuration of dichroic filters and detection channels in a multi-channel fluorescence imaging module where the dichroic mirrors are disposed at an angle of less than 45 degrees relative to a central beam axis of the emission light or the optical axis of the optical paths {e.g. , of the objective lens and / or tube lens). FIG. 5A depicts an imaging module 500 including a plurality’ of detection channels 520a, 520b, 520c, 520d. FIG. 5B is a detailed view of the portion of the imaging module 500 within the circle 5B as shown in FIG. 5A. As will be described in greater detail, the configuration illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B includes a number of aspects that may result in significant improvements over conventional multi-channel fluorescence imaging module designs. In some instances, fluorescence imaging modules and systems of the present disclosure may, however, may be implemented with one or a subset of the features described with respect to FIGS. 5A and 5B without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure.

[0341] The imaging module 500 depicted in FIG. 5 A includes an objective lens 510 and four detection channels 520a, 520b, 520c, and 520d disposed to receive and / or image emission light transmitted by the objective lens 510. A first dichroic filter 530 is provided to couple the excitation and detection optical paths. In contrast to the design shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, as well as in FIGS. 2C and 2D, the first dichroic filter 530 (e.g., a dichroic beam splitter or combiner) is configured to reflect light from the light source to the objective lens 510 and sample, and transmit fluorescence emission from the sample to the detection channels 520a, 520b, 520c, and 520d. A second dichroic filter 535 splits a beam of emission light among at least two detection channels 520a, 520b by transmitting a first portion 550a and reflecting a second portion 550b. Additional dichroic filters 540a, 540b are provided to further split the emission light. Dichroic filter 540a transmits at least a portion of the first portion 550a of the emission light and reflects a portion 550c to a third detection channel 520c. Dichroic filter 540b transmits at least a portion of the second portion 550b of the emission light and reflects aportion 550d to a fourth detection channel 520d. Although the imaging module 500 is depicted with four detection channels, in various embodiments the imaging module 500 mav include more or fewer detection channels, with a correspondingly larger or smaller number of dichroic filters as appropriate to provide a portion of the emission light to each detection channel. For example, in some embodiments, the features of the imaging module 500 may be implemented with similar advantageous effects in an imaging module including only two detection channels 520a, 520b, and omitting additional dichroic filters 540a, 540b. In some implementations, only- one detection channel may- be included. Alternatively, three or more detection channels may be employed.

[0342] The detection channels 520a, 520b, 520c, 520d illustrated in FIG. 5A may include some or all of the same or similar components to those of the detection channels 120 illustrated in FIGS. 2A - 3B. For example, different detection channel 520a, 520b, 520c, 520d may include one or more image sensors or photodetectors arrays, and may include transmissive and / or reflective optics such as one or more lenses (e.g, tube lenses) that focus the light received by the detection channel onto its respective image sensor or photodetector array.

[0343] The objective lens 510 is disposed to receive emission light emitted by fluorescence from a specimen. In particular, the first dichroic filter 530 is disposed to receive the emission light collected and transmitted by the objective lens 510. As discussed above and shown in FIG. 5 A, in some designs, an illumination source (e.g., the illumination source 1 15 of FIGS. 2A and 2B) such as a laser source or the like is disposed to provide an excitation beam which is incident on the first dichroic filter 530 such that the first dichroic filter 530 reflects the excitation beam into the same objective lens 510 that transmits the emission light, for example, in an epi fluorescence configuration. In some other designs, the illumination source may be directed to the specimen by other optical components along a different optical path that does not include the same objective lens 510. In such configurations, the first dichroic filter 530 may be omitted.

[0344] Similarly, as discussed above and shown in FIG. 5A, the detection optics (e.g, including the detection channels 520a, 520b, 520c, 520d and any optical components such as dichroic filters 535, 540a, 540b along the optical path between the objective lens 510 and the detection channels 520a, 520b, 520c, 520d) may be disposed on the transmission path of the first dichroic filter 530, rather than on the reflected path of the first dichroic filter 530. In one example implementations, the objective lens 510 and detection optics are disposed such that the objective lens 510 transmits the beam 550 of emission light directly toward the second dichroic filter 535. The wavefront quality of the emission light may be degraded somewhat bythe presence of the first dichroic filter 530 along the path of the beam 550 of emission light (e.g., by imparting some wavefront error to the beam 550). However, the wavefront error introduced by a beam transmitted through a dichroic reflector of a dichroic beam splitter is generally significantly smaller than the wavefront error of a beam reflected from the dichroic reflecting surface of a dichroic beam splitter (e.g., an order of magnitude smaller). Thus, the wavefront quality and subsequent imaging quality of the emission light in a multi-channel fluorescence imaging module may be improved by placing the detection optics along the transmitted beam path of the first dichroic filter 530 rather than along the reflected beam path.

[0345] Still referring to FIG. 5A, within the detection optics of the imaging module 500, dichroic filters 535, 540a, and 540b are provided to split the beam 550 of emission light among the detection channels 520a, 520b, 520c, 520d. For example, the dichroic filters 535, 540a, and 540b split the beam 550 on the basis of wavelength, such that a first wavelength or wavelength band of the emission light can be received by the first detection channel 520a, a second wavelength or wavelength band of the emission light can be received by the second detection channel 520b, a third wavelength or wavelength band of the emission light can be received by the third detection channel 520c, and a fourth wavelength or wavelength band of the emission light can be received by the fourth detection channel 520d. In some implementations, multiple separated wavelengths or wavelength bands can be received by the detection channel.

[0346] In contrast to the multi-channel fluorescence imaging module design shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, as well as FIGS. 2C and 2D, the imaging module 500 has dichroic filters 535, 540a, and 540b disposed at angles of incidence of less than 45 degrees with respect to the central beam axis of the incident beams. As shown in FIG. 5B, the different beams 550, 550a, 550b have respective central beam axes 552, 552a, 552b. In various implementations, the central beam axes 552, 552a, 552b is at the center of a cross-section of the beam orthogonal to the propagation direction of the beam. These central beam axes 552, 552a, 552b may correspond to the optical axis of the objective lens and / or the optics within the separate channels, for example, the optical axes of the respective tube lenses. Additional rays 554, 554a, 554b of each beam 550, 550a, 550b are illustrated in FIG. 5B to indicate the diameter of each beam 550, 550a, 550b. Beam diameter may be defined, for example, as a full width at half maximum diameter, a D4o (e.g., 4 times o, where o is the standard deviation of the horizontal or vertical marginal distribution of the beam respectively) or second-moment width, or any other suitable definition of beam diameter.

[0347] The central beam axis 552 of the beam 550 of emission light may serve as a reference point for defining the angle of incidence of the beam 550 on the second dichroic filter 535. Accordingly, the “angle of incidence” (AOI) of a beam 550 may be the angle between the central beam axis 552 of the incident beam 550 and a line N normal to the surface the beam is incident on, for example, the dichroic reflective surface. When the beam 550 of emission light is incident upon the dichroic reflective surface of the second dichroic filter 535 at an angle of incidence AOI, the second dichroic filter 535 transmits a first portion 550a of the emission light (e.g., the portion having wavelengths within the passband region of the second dichroic filter 535) and reflects a second portion 550b of the emission light (e.g., the portion having wavelengths within the stopband region of the second dichroic filter 535). The first portion 550a and the second portion 550b may each be similarly described in terms of a central beam axis 552a, 552b. As referred to above, the optical axis may alternatively or additionally be used.

[0348] In the example configuration of FIGS. 5A and 5B, the second dichroic filter 535 is disposed such that the central beam axis 552 of the beam 550 is incident at an angle of incidence of 30 degrees. Similarly, the additional dichroic filters 540a, 540b are disposed such that the central beam axes 552a, 552b of the first and second portions 550a, 550b of the beam 550 are also incident at angles of incidence of 30 degrees. However, in various implementations these angles of incidence may be other angles smaller than 45 degrees. In some instances, for example, the angles of incidence may range between about 20 degrees and about 45 degrees, as will be discussed further below. Moreover, the angles of incidence on each of the dichroic filters 535, 540a, 540b need not necessarily be the same. In some embodiments, some or all of the dichroic filters 535, 540a, 540b may be disposed such that their incident beams 550, 550a, 550b have different angles of incidence. As described above, the angle of incidence may be with respect to the optical axis of the optics within the imaging module, for example, the objective lens and / or the optics in the detection channels (e.g., the tube lenses) and the dichroic reflective surface in the respective dichroic beam splitter. The same ranges and values for the angle of incidence apply to the case when the optical axis is used to specify the AOI.

[0349] The beams 550, 550a, 550b of emission light in a fluorescence imaging module system are typically diverging beams. As noted above, the beams of emission light can have a beam divergence large enough that regions of the beam within the beam diameter are incident upon the dichroic filters at angles of incidence that differ by up to 5 degrees or more relative to the angle of incidence of the central beam axis and / or optical axis of the optics. In some designs, the objective lens 510 may be configured, for example, to have an f-number or numericalaperture selected to produce a smaller beam diameter for a given field-of-view of the microscope. In one example, the f-number or numerical aperture of the objective lens 510 maybe selected such that the full diameter of the beams 550, 550a, 550b are incident upon dichroic filters 535, 540a, 540b at angles of incidence within, for example, 1 degree, 1.5 degrees, 2 degrees, 2.5 degrees, 3 degrees, 3.5 degrees, 4 degrees, 4.5 degrees, or 5 degrees of the angle of incidence of the central beam axes 552, 552a, 552b.

[0350] In some implementations, the focal length of the objective lens that is suitable for producing such a narrow beam diameter may be longer than those typically employed in fluorescence microscopes or imaging systems. For example, in some implementations, the focal length of the objective lens may range between 20 mm and 40 mm, as will be discussed further below. In one example, an objective lens 510 having a focal length of 36 mm mayproduce a beam 550 characterized by a divergence small enough that light across the full diameter of the beam 550 is incident upon the second dichroic filter 535 at angles within 2.5 degrees of the angle of incidence of the central beam axis.

[0351] FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 provide graphs illustrating improved dichroic filter performance due to aspects of the imaging module configuration of FIGS. 5 A and 5B (or any of the imaging module configurations disclosed herein). The graph in FIG. 6 is similar to that of FIG. 3 and illustrates the effect of angle of incidence on the transition width (e.g., the spectral span of the transmission edge) of a dichroic filter. FIG. 6 shows an example where the orientation of a dichroic filter (e.g., dichroic filters 535, 540a, and 540b) and the dichroic reflective surface therein is such that its incident beam has an angle of incidence of 30 degrees, rather than 45 degrees. FIG. 6 shows how this reduced angle of incidence significantly improves the sharpness and the uniformity of the transition width across the full beam diameter. For example, while an angle of incidence of 45 degrees at the central beam axis results in a range of transition widths between about 40 nm and about 62 nm, an angle of incidence of 30 degrees at the central beam axis results in a range of transition widths between about 16 nm and about 30 nm. In this example, the average transition width is reduced from about 51 nm to about 23 nm, indicating a sharper transition between passband and stopband. Moreover, the variation in transition widths across the beam diameter is reduced by nearly 40% from a 22 nm range to a 14 nm range, indicating a more uniform sharpness of the transition over the area of the beam.

[0352] FIG. 7 illustrates additional advantages that may be realized by selecting the appropriate f-number or numerical aperture for the objective lens to reduce beam divergence in any of the imaging module configurations disclosed herein. In some implementations, a longer focal length is used. In the example of FIG. 7, the objective lens 510 has a focal length of 36 mm,which with the appropriate numerical aperture (e.g., less than 5), reduces the range of angles of incidence within the beam 550 from 30 degrees ± 5 degrees to 30 degrees ± 2.5 degrees. With this design, the range of transition widths may be reduced to between about 19 nm and about 26 nm. When compared to the improved system of FIG. 6, although the average transition width is the same or substantially the same (e.g., a spectral span of roughly 23 nm), the variation in transition widths across the beam diameter is further reduced to a 7 nm range, representing a reduction of nearly 70% relative to the range of transition widths illustrated in FIG. 3.

[0353] Referring again to FIG. 4, the reduction in angle of incidence from 45 degrees to 30 degrees at the central beam axis is further advantageous because it reduces the beam spot size on the dichroic filter. As shown in FIG. 4, an angle of incidence of 45 degrees results in a beam footprint on the dichroic filter having an area greater than 1 .4 times the cross-sectional area of the beam. However, an angle of incidence of 30 degrees results in a beam footprint on the dichroic filter having an area only about 1.15 times the cross-sectional area of the beam. Thus, reducing the angle of incidence at the dichroic filters 535, 540a, 540b from 45 degrees to 30 degrees results in a reduction of about 18% in the area of the beam footprint on the dichroic filters 535, 540a, 540b. This reduction in beam footprint area allows smaller dichroic filters to be used.

[0354] Referring now7jointly to FIGS. 8A-B, the reduction in angle of incidence from 45 degrees to 30 degrees may also provide improved performance with regard to surface deformation caused by the dichroic filters in any of the imaging module configurations disclosed herein, as indicated by improvements in the modulation transfer function. In general, the amount of surface deformation increases with larger area optical elements. If a larger area on the dichroic filter is employed, a larger amount of surface deformation is encountered, thereby introducing more wavefront error into the beam. FIG. 8 A illustrates the effect of folding angle on image quality degradation induced by the addition of 1 wave of peak-to-valley (PV) spherical power to the last mirror. FIG. 8B illustrates the effect of folding angle on image quality degradation induced by the addition of 0.1 rvave of PV spherical power to the last mirror. As shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, the reduction in angle of incidence to 30 degrees significantly reduces the effect of surface deformation to achieve close to diffraction-limited performance of the detection optics.

[0355] In some implementations of the disclosed imaging modules, the polarization state of the excitation beam may be utilized to further improve the performance of the multi-channel fluorescence imaging modules disclosed herein. Referring back to FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 5A, forexample, some implementations of the multi-channel fluorescence imaging modules disclosed herein have an epifluorescence configuration in which a first dichroic filter 130 or 530 merges the optical paths of the excitation beam and the beam of emission light such that both the excitation and emission light are transmitted through the objective lens 210, 510. As discussed above, the illumination source 115 may include a light source such as a laser or other source which provides the light that forms the excitation beam. In some designs, the light source comprises a linearly polarized light source and the excitation beam may be linearly polarized. In some designs, polarization optics are included to polarize the light and / or rotate the polarization of the light. For example, a polarizer such as a linear polarizer may be included in an optical path of the excitation beam to polarize the excitation beam. Retarders such as half wave retarders or a plurality of quarter wave retarders or retarders having other amounts of retardance may be included to rotate the linear polarization in some designs.

[0356] The linearly polarized excitation beam, when it is incident upon any dichroic filter or other planar interface, may be p-polarized (e.g., having an electric field component parallel to the plane of incidence), s-polarized (e.g, having an electric field component normal to the plane of incidence), or may have a combination of p-polarization and s-polarization states within the beam. The p- or s-polarization state of the excitation beam may be selected and / or changed by selecting the orientation of the illumination source 115 and / or one or more components thereof with respect to the first dichroic filter 130, 530 and / or with respect to any other surfaces with which the excitation beam will interact. In some implementations where the light source outputs linearly polarized light, the light source can be configured to provide s-polarized light. For example, the light source may comprise an emitter such as a solid-state laser or a laser diode that may be rotated about its optical axis or the central axis of the beam to orient the linearly polarized light output therefrom. Alternatively, or in addition, retarders may be employed to rotate the linear polarization about the optical axis or the central axis of the beam. As discussed above, in some implementations, for example when the light source does not output polarized light, a polarizer disposed in the optical path of the excitation beam can polarize the excitation beam. In some designs, for example, a linear polarizer is disposed in the optical path of the excitation beam. This polarizer may be rotated to provide the proper orientation of the linear polarization to provide s-polarized light.

[0357] In some designs, the linear polarization is rotated about the optical axis or the central axis of the beam such that s-polarization is incident on the dichroic reflector of the dichroic beam splitter. When s-polarized light is incident on the dichroic reflector of the dichroic beamsplitter the transition between the pass band and the stop band is sharper as opposed to when p-polarized light is incident on the dichroic reflector of the dichroic beam splitter.

[0358] As shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, use of the p- or s-pol arization state of the excitation beam may significantly affect the narrowband performance of any excitation filters such as the first dichroic filter 130, 530. FIG. 9A illustrates a transmission spectrum between 610 nm and 670 nm for an example bandpass dichroic filter at angles of incidence of 40 degrees and 45 degrees, where the incident beam is linearly polarized and is p-polarized with respect to the plane of the dichroic filter. As shown in FIG. 9B, changing the orientation of the light source with respect to the dichroic filter, such that the incident beam is s-polarized with respect to the plane of the dichroic filter, results in a sharper edge between the passband and the stopband of the dichroic filter. Thus, the illumination and imaging modules 100, 500 disclosed herein may advantageously have an illumination source 115 oriented relative to the first dichroic filter 130, 530 such that the excitation beam is s-polarized with respect to the plane of the first dichroic filter 130, 530. As discussed above, in some implementations, a polarizer such as a linear polarizer may be used to polarize the excitation beam. This polarizer may be rotated to provide an orientation of the linearly polarized light corresponding to s-polarized light. Also as discussed above, in some implementations, other approaches to rotating the linearly polarized light may be used. For example, optical retarders such as half wave retarders or multiple quarter wave retarders may be used to rotate the polarization direction. Other arrangements are also possible.

[0359] As discussed elsewhere herein, reducing the numerical aperture (NA) of the fluorescence imaging module and / or of the objective lens may increase the depth of field to enable the comparable imaging of multiple surfaces, e.g., 3, 4, or more surfaces. FIGS. 10A- 15B, show how the MTF is more similar at first and second surfaces separated by 1 mm of glass for lower numerical apertures than for larger numerical apertures.

[0360] FIGS. 10A and 10B show the MTF at first (FIG. 10 A) and second (FIG. 10B) surfaces for an NA of 0.3.

[0361] FIGS. HA and 1 IB show7the MTF at first (FIG. 11 A) and second (FIG. 1 IB) surfaces for an NA of 0.4.

[0362] FIGS. 12A and 12B show the MTF at first (FIG. 12 A) and second (FIG. 12B) surfaces for an NA of 0.5.

[0363] FIGS. 13 A and 13B show the MTF at first (FIG. 13 A) and second (FIG. 13B) surfaces for an NA of 0.6.

[0364] FIGS. 14A and 14B show the MTF at first (FIG. 14A) and second (FIG. 14B) surfaces for an NA of 0.7.

[0365] FIGS. 15 A and 15B show the MTF at first (FIG. 15 A) and second (FIG. 15B) surfaces for an NA of 0.8. The first and second surfaces in each of these figures correspond to, e.g., the top and bottom surfaces of a flow cell.

[0366] FIGS. 16A-B provide plots of the calculated Strehl ratio (e.g., the ratio of peak light intensity focused or collected by the optical system versus that focused or collected by an ideal optical system and point light source) for imaging a second flow7cell surface through a first flow cell surface. FIG. 16A shows a plot of the Strehl ratios for imaging a second flow cell surface through a first flow cell surface as a function of the thickness of the intervening fluid layer (fluid channel height) for different objective lens and / or optical system numerical apertures. In some embodiments, the Strehl ratio decreases with increasing separation between two adjacent surfaces, e.g., the first and second surfaces. One of the surfaces can thus have deteriorated image quality with increasing separation between the two surfaces. The decrease in surface imaging performance with increased separation distance between the two adjacent surfaces is reduced for imaging systems having smaller numerical apertures, e.g., NA of 0.5 or 0.4 as compared to those having larger numerical apertures. FIG. 16B shows a plot of the Strehl ratio as a function of numerical aperture for imaging a second flow cell surface through a first flow cell surface and an intervening layer of water having a thickness of 0. 1 mm. The loss of imaging performance at higher numerical apertures may be attributed to the increased optical aberration induced by the fluid for the second surface imaging. With increasing NA, the increased optical aberration introduced by the fluid for the second, third, or fourth surface imaging can degrade the image quality significantly. In general, however, reducing the numerical aperture of the optical system reduces the achievable resolution. This loss of image quality can be at least partially offset by providing an increased sample plane (or object plane) contrast-to-noise ratio, for example, by using chemistries for nucleic acid sequencing applications that enhance the fluorescence emission for labeled nucleic acid clusters and / or that reduce background fluorescence emission. In some instances, for example, sample support structures comprising hydrophilic substrate materials and / or hydrophilic coatings may be employed. In some cases, such hydrophilic substrates and / or hydrophilic coatings may reduce background noise. Additional discussion of sample support structures, hydrophilic surfaces and coatings, and methods for enhancing contrast-to-noise ratios, e.g., for nucleic acid sequencing applications, can be found below.

[0367] In some implementations, any one or more of the fluorescence imaging system, the illumination and imaging module 100, the imaging optics (e.g, optics 126), the objective lens, and / or the tube lens is configured to have reduced magnification, such as a magnification of less than lOx, as will be discussed further below. Such reduced magnification may adjust design constraints such that, other design parameters can be achieved. For example, any one or more of the fluorescence microscope, illumination and imaging module 100, the imaging optics (e.g., optics 126), the objective lens or the tube lens may also be configured such that the fluorescence imaging module has a large field-of-view (FOV), for example, a field-of-view of at least 3.0 mm or larger (e.g., in diameter, width, height, or longest dimension), as will be discussed further below. Any one or more of the fluorescence imaging system, the illumination and imaging module 100, the imaging optics (e.g., optics 126), the objective lens and / or the tube lens may be configured to provide the fluorescence microscope with such a field-of-view such that the FOV has less than, e.g., 0.1 waves of aberration over at least 80% of field. Similarly, anv one or more of the fluorescence imaging system, illumination and imaging module 100, the imaging optics (e.g., optics 126), the objective lens and / or the tube lens may be configured such that, the fluorescence imaging module has such a FOV and is diffraction limited or is diffraction limited over such an FOV.

[0368] As discussed above, in various implementations, a large field-of-view (FOV) is provided by the disclosed optical systems. In some implementations, obtaining an increased FOV is facilitated in part by the use of larger image sensors or photodetector arrays. The photodetector array, for example, may have an active area with a diagonal of at least 15 mm or larger, as will be discussed further below. As discussed above, in some implementations the disclosed optical imaging systems provide a reduced magnification, for example, of less than lOx which may facilitate large FOV designs. Despite the reduced magnification, the optical resolution of the imaging module may still be sufficient as detector arrays having small pixel size or pitch may be used. The pixel size and / or pitch may, for example, be about 5 um or less, as will be discussed in more detail below. In some implementations, the pixel size is smaller than twice the optical resolution provided by the optical imaging system (e.g., objective and tube lens) to satisfy the Nyquist theorem. Accordingly, the pixel dimension and / or pitch for the image sensor(s) may be such that a spatial sampling frequency for the imaging module is at least twice an optical resolution of the imaging module. For example, the spatial sampling frequency for the photodetector array may be is at least 2 times, at least 2.5 times, at least 3 times, at least 4 times, or at least 5 times the optical resolution of the fluorescence imaging module (e.g., the illumination and imaging module, the objective and tube lens, the object lensand optics 126 in the detection channel, the imaging optics between the sample support structure or stage configured to support the sample support stage and the photodetector array) or any spatial sampling frequency in a range between any of these values.

[0369] Although a wide range of features are discussed herein with respect to fluorescence imaging modules, any of the features and designs described herein may be applied to other types of optical imaging systems including without limitation bright-field and dark-field imaging, and may apply to luminescence or phosphorescence imaging.6.1.1.16. Dual wavelength excitation / four channel imaging system

[0370] FIG. 17 illustrates a. dual excitation wavelength / four channel imaging system for dualside or quad-side imaging applications that includes an objective and tube lens combination that, is scanned in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis to provide for large area imaging, e.g., by tiling several images to create a composite image having a total field-of-view (FOV) that is much larger than that for each individual image. The system comprises two excitation light sources, e.g., lasers or laser diodes (1704 and 1705), operating at different wavelengths and an autofocus laser. The two excitation light beams 1704 and 1705, and autofocus laser beam 1706 are combined using a series of mirrors and / or dichroic reflectors and delivered to the surfaces of the flow cell through the objective. The imaging system includes tube lens 1703, objective 1702, autofocus sensor 171 1, four imaging sensors (1707, 1708, 1709, 1710), and a flow cell 1701. Fluorescence that is emitted by labeled oligonucleotides (or other biomolecules) tethered to one of the flow cell surfaces is collected by the objective, transmitted through the tube lens, and directed to one of four imaging sensors according to the wavelength of the emitted light by a series of intermediate dichroic reflectors. Autofocus laser light that, has been reflected from the flow cell surface is collected by the objective, transmitted through the tube lens, and directed to an autofocus sensor by a series of intermediate dichroic reflectors. The system allows accurate focus to be maintained (e.g., by adjusting the relative distance between the flow cell surface and the objective using a precision linear actuator, translation stage, or microscope turret-mounted focus adjustment mechanism, to reduce or minimize the reflected light spot size on the autofocus image sensor) while the objective / tube lens combination is scanned in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis of the objective. Dual wavelength excitation used in combination with four channel (e.g, four wavelength) imaging capability provides for high-throughput imaging of the multiple surfaces of the flow cell.6.1.1.17. Optical systems with super-resolution

[0371] For imaging very small sample site features present in high surface densities, such as nucleic acid polonies or clusters (e.g., spots comprising amplified target nucleic acids) super resolution imaging techniques as described herein may be used. In some embodiments, stochastic photo-switching techniques as described herein may be used to improve image resolution. Alternatively, structured illumination techniques as described herein may be used to improve image resolution in the optical system. In some cases, the super resolution imaging technique can comprise structured illumination.

[0372] In some instances, improvements in imaging performance, e.g., for multiple-side (flow cell) imaging applications comprising the use of thick flow cell walls (e.g., wall (or coverslip) thickness > 700 pm) and fluid channels (e.g., fluid channel height or thickness of 50 - 200 pm) may be achieved using novel objective lens designs that correct for optical aberration introduced by imaging surfaces on the opposite side of thick coverslips and / or fluid channels from the objective.

[0373] In some instances, improvements in imaging performance, e.g., for multiple-side (flow cell) imaging applications comprising the use of thick flow cell walls (e.g, wall (or coverslip) thickness > 700 pm) and fluid channels (e.g., fluid channel height or thickness of 50 - 200 gm) may be achieved even when using commercially-available, off-the-shelf objectives by using a novel tube lens design that, unlike the tube lens in a conventional microscope that simply forms an image at the intermediate image plane, corrects for the optical aberrations induced by the thick flow cell walls and / or intervening fluid layer in combination with the objective.

[0374] In some instances, improvements in imaging performance, e.g., for multichannel (e.g., two-color or four-color) imaging applications, may be achieved by using multiple tube lenses, one for each imaging channel, where each tube lens design has been optimized for the specific wavelength range used in that imaging channel.

[0375] In some instances, improvements in imaging performance, e.g., for multiple-side (flow cell) imaging applications, may be achieved by using an electro-optical phase plate in combination with an objective lens to compensate for the optical aberrations induced by the layer of fluid separating the upper (near) and lower (far) interior surfaces of a flow7cell. In some instances, this design approach may also compensate for vibrations introduced by, e.g., a motion-actuated compensator that is moved in or out of the optical path depending on which surface of the flow cell is being imaged.

[0376] Various multichannel fluorescence imaging module designs are disclosed that may include illumination and imaging optical paths comprising folded optical paths (e.g., comprising one or more beam splitters or beam combiners, such as dichroic beam splitters orcombiners) that direct an excitation light beam to an objective iens, and direct emission light transmitted through the objective lens to a plurality of detection channels. Some particularly advantageous features of the fluorescence imaging modules described herein include specification of dichroic filter incidence angles that result in sharper and / or more uniform transitions between passband and stopband wavelength regions of the dichroic filters. Such filters may be included within the folded optics and may comprise dichroic beam splitters or combiners. Further ad vantageous features of the disclosed imaging optics designs may include the position and orientation of one or more excitation light sources and one or more detection optical paths with respect to the objective lens and to a dichroic filter that receives the excitation beam. The excitation beam may also be linearly-polarized and the orientation of the linear polarization may be such that s-polarized light is incident on the dichroic reflective surface of the dichroic filter. Such features may potentially improve excitation beam filtering and / or reduce wavefront error introduced into the emission light beam due to surface deformation of dichroic filters. The fluorescence imaging modules described herein may or may not include any of these features and may or may not include any of these advantages.

[0377] Also described herein are devices and systems configured to analyze large numbers of different nucleic acid sequences by imaging, e.g., arrays of immobilized nucleic acid molecules or amplified nucleic acid clusters formed on flow cell surfaces. The devices and systems described herein can also be useful in, e.g., performing sequencing for comparative genomics, tracking gene expression, performing micro RNA sequence analysis, epigenomics, aptamer and phage display library characterization, and for performing other sequencing applications. The devices and systems disclosed herein comprise various combinations of optical, mechanical, fluidic, thermal, electrical, and computing devices / aspects. The advantages conferred by the disclosed flow cell devices, cartridges, and systems include, but are not limited to: (i) reduced device and system manufacturing complexity and cost, (ii) significantly lower consumable costs (e.g., as compared to those for currently available nucleic acid sequencing systems), (iii) compatibility with typical flow cell surface functionalization methods, (iv) flexible flow control when combined with microfluidic components, e.g., syringe pumps and diaphragm valves, etc., and (v) flexible system throughput.

[0378] Disclosed herein are capillary flow-cell devices and capillary' flow7cell cartridges that are constructed from off-the-shelf disposable, single lumen (e.g., single fluid flow channel) or multi-lumen capillaries that may also comprise fluidic adaptors, cartridge chassis, one or more integrated fluid flow control components, or any combination thereof. Also disclosed herein are capillary flow cell-based systems that may comprise one or more capillary flow cell devices(or microfluidic chips), one or more capillary flow cell cartridges (or microfluidic cartridges), fluid flow controller modules, temperature control modules, imaging modules, or any combination thereof.

[0379] The design features of some disclosed capillary flow cell devices, cartridges, and systems include, but are not limited to, (i) unitary flow channel construction, (ii) sealed, reliable, and repetitive switching between reagent flow's that can be implemented with a simple load / unload mechanism such that fluidic interfaces between the system and capillaries are reliably sealed, thereby facilitating capillary replacement and system reuse, and enabling precise control of reaction conditions such as reagent concentration, pH, and temperature, (iii) replaceable single fluid flow channel devices or capillary' flow7cell cartridges comprising multiple flow channels that can be used interchangeably to provide flexible system throughput, and (iv) compatibility with a wide variety of detection methods such as fluorescence imaging.

[0380] Although the disclosed capillary' flow7cell devices and systems, capillary flow cell cartridges, capillary' flow cell-based systems, microfluidic devices and cartridges, and microfluidic chip-based systems, are described primarily in the context of their use for nucleic acid sequencing applications, various aspects of the disclosed devices and systems may be applied not only to nucleic acid sequencing but also to any other type of chemical analysis, biochemical analysis, nucleic acid analysis, cell analysis, or tissue analysis application. It shall be understood that different aspects of the disclosed methods, devices, and systems can be appreciated individually, collectively, or in combination with each other. Although discussed herein primarily7in the context of fluorescence imaging (including, e.g., fluorescence microscopy imaging, fluorescence confocal imaging, two-photon fluorescence, and the like), it will be understood by those of skill in the art that many of the disclosed optical design approaches and features are applicable to other imaging modes, e.g., b right-field imaging, darkfield imaging, phase contrast imaging, and the like.6.1.1.18. Multiplexed optical read-heads

[0381] In some instances, miniaturized versions of any7of the imaging modules described herein may be assembled to create a multiplexed read-head that may be translated in one or more directions horizontally relative to a sample surface, e.g., an interior surface of a flow7cell, to image several sections of the surface simultaneously. A non-limiting example of a multiplexed read-head has recently been described in U.S. Patent Application No. 16 / 735,001, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0382] In some instances, for example, a miniaturized imaging module may comprise a “microfluorometer” comprising an illumination or excitation light source such as an LED or laser diode (or the tip of an optical fiber connected to an external light source), one or more lenses for collimating or focusing the illumination or excitation light, one or more dichroic reflectors, one or more optical filters, one or more mirrors, beam-splitters, prisms, apertures, etc., one or more objectives, one or more custom tube lenses for enabling multiple surface imaging with minimal focus adjustment as described elsewhere herein, one or more image sensors, or any combination thereof, as described elsewhere herein. In some instances, a miniaturized imaging module (e.g., a “microfluorometer”) may further comprise an autofocus mechanism, a microprocessor, power and data transfer connectors, a light-tight housing, etc. The resulting miniaturized imaging module may thus comprise an integrated imaging package or unit having a small form factor. In some instances, the shortest dimension (e.g., width or diameter) of the miniaturized imaging module may be less than 5 cm, less than 4.5 cm, less than 4 cm, less than 3.5 cm, less than 3 cm, less than 2.5 cm, less than 2 cm, less than 1.8 cm, less than 1.6 cm, less than 1.4 cm, less than 1.2 cm, less than 1 cm, less than 0.8 cm, or less than 0.6 cm. In some instances, the longest dimension (e.g., height or length) of the miniaturized imaging module may be less than 16 cm, less than 14 cm, less than 12 cm, less than 10 cm, less than 9 cm, less than 8 cm, less than 7 cm, less than 5 cm, less than 5 cm, less than 4.5 cm, less than 4 cm, less than 3.5 cm, less than 3 cm, less than 2.5 cm, less than 2 cm, less than 1.8 cm, less than 1.6 cm, less than 1.4 cm, less than 1.2 cm, or less than 1 cm. In some instances, one or more individual miniaturized imaging modules within the multiplexed read-head may comprise an autofocus mechanism.

[0383] In some instances, multiplexed read-heads as described herein may comprise an assembly of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or more than 12 miniaturized imaging modules or microfluorometers held in fixed position relative to each other. In some instances, the optical design specifications and performance properties of the individual miniaturized imaging modules or microfluorometers, e.g., for numerical aperture, field-of-view, depth-of-field, image resolution, etc., may be the same as described elsewhere herein for other versions of the disclosed imaging modules. In some instances, the plurality of individual miniaturized imaging modules may be arranged in a linear arrangement comprising one, two, three, four, or more than four rows and / or columns. In some instances, the plurality of individual miniaturized imaging modules may be arranged in, e.g., a hexagonal close pack arrangement. In some instances, the plurality of individual miniaturized imaging modules may be arranged in acircular or spiral arrangement, a randomly distributed arrangement, or in any other arrangement known to those of skill in the art.

[0384] FIGS. 43A-B provide non-limiting schematic illustrations of a multiplexed read-head as disclosed herein. FIG. 43 A shows a side view of a multiplexed read-head in which two rows of individual microfluorometers (seen from the end on) having common optical design specifications, e.g., numerical aperture, field-of-view, working distance, etc., are configured to image a common surface, e.g., a first interior surface of a flow cell. FIG , 43B shows a top view of the same multiplexed read-head illustrating the overlapping imaging paths acquired by individual microfluorometers of the multiplexed read-head as the read-head is translated relative to the flow cell (or vice versa). In some instances, the individual fields-of-view for the individual microfluorometers may overlap, as indicated in FIG. 43B. In some instances, they may not overlap. In some instances, the multiplexed-read head may be designed such that it aligns with and images predetermined features, e.g., individual fluid channels, within a flow cell.

[0385] FIGS. 44A-B provide non-limiting schematic illustrations of a multiplexed read-head where a first subset of the plurality of individual miniaturized imaging modules is configured to image a first sample plane, e.g., a first interior surface of a flow cell, and a second subset of the plurality is configured to simultaneously or sequentially image a second sample plane, e.g, a second interior surface of a flow cell. FIG. 44A shows a side view of the multiplexed readhead in which the first subset of individual microfluorometers is configured to image, e.g., the first or upper interior surface of a flow cell, and the second subset is configured to image a second surface, e.g., the second or lower interior surface of a flow' cell. FIG. 44B shows a top view of the multiplexed read-head of FIG. 44A illustrating the imaging paths acquired by individual microfluorometers of the multiplexed read-head. Again, in some instances, the individual fields-of-view for the individual microfluorometers in a given subset may overlap. In some instances, they may not overlap. In some instances, the multiplexed-read head may be designed such that the individual miniaturized imaging modules of the first and second subsets align with and image predetermined features, e.g., individual fluid channels, within a flow cell.

[0386] In some embodiments, the multiplexed read-head can further include a third subset of the plurality of individual miniaturized imaging modules is configured to image a third sample plane, e.g:, a third interior surface of a flow cell, and a fourth subset of the plurality is configured to simultaneously or sequentially image a fourth sample plane, e.g., a fourth interior surface of a flow cell.6.1.1.19. Improved or optimized objective and / or tube lens for use with thicker coverslips

[0387] Existing design practice includes the design of objective lenses and / or use of commonly available off-the-shelf microscope objectives to optimize image quality when images are acquired through thin (e.g., < 200 pm thick) microscope coverslips. When used to image on both sides of a fluidic channel or flow cell, the extra height of the gap between the two surfaces (e.g., the height of the fluid channel; typically, about 50 pm to 200 pm) introduces optical aberration in images captured for the non-optimal side of the fluidic channel, thereby causing reduction in optical resolution. This is primarily because the additional gap height is significant compared to the optimal coverstip thickness (typical fluid channel or gap heights of 50 - 200 pm vs. coverslip thicknesses of < 200 pm). Another common design practice is to utilize an additional “compensator” lens in the optical path when imaging is to be performed on the non- optimal side of the fluid channel or flow cell. This “compensator” lens and the mechanism required to move it in or out of the optical path so that all the surfaces of the flow cell may be imaged. The compensator can further increase system complexity and imaging system down time, and potentially degrades image quality due to vibration, or motion etc.

[0388] In the present disclosure, the imaging system is designed for compatibility with flow cell consumables that comprise a thicker coverslip or flow cell wall (thickness > 700 pm). The objective lens design may be improved or optimized for a coverslip that is equal to the true cover slip thickness plus half of the effective gap thickness (e.g, 700 pm + ty * fluid channel (gap) height). This design can significantly reduce the effect of gap height on image quality for the multiple surfaces of the fluid channel and balances the optical quality for images of the surfaces, as the gap height is small relative to the total coverslip thickness and thus its impact on optical quality is reduced.

[0389] Additional advantages of using a thicker coverslip include improved control of thickness tolerance error during manufacturing, and a reduced likelihood that the coverslip undergoes deformation due to thermal and mounting-induced stress. Coverslip thickness error and deformation can adversely impact imaging quality for all surfaces of a flow cell.

[0390] To further improve the imaging quality for sequencing applications, our optical system design places a strong emphasis on improving or optimizing MTF (e.g, through improving or optimizing the objective lens and / or tube lens design) in the mid- to high-spatial frequency range that is most suitable for imaging and resolving small spots or clusters.6.1.1.20. Improved or optimized tube lens design for use in combination with commercially available, off-the-shelf objectives

[0391] For low-cost sequencer design, the use of a commercially available, off-the-shelf objective lens may be preferred due to its relatively low price. However, as noted above, low- cost, off-the-shelf objectives are mostly optimized for use with thin coverslips of about 170 pm in thickness. In some instances, the disclosed optical systems may utilize a tube lens design that compensates for a thicker flow cell coverslip while enabling high image quality for the surfaces of a flow' cell in multiple-surface imaging applications. In some instances, the tube lens designs disclosed herein enable high quality imaging for the multiple surfaces of a flow cell without moving an optical compensator into or out of the optical path between the flow' cell and an image sensor, without moving one or more optical elements or components of the tube lens in and out. of the optical path the optical path, and without moving one or more optical elements or components of the tube lens into and / or out of the optical path.

[0392] FIG. 18 provides an optical ray tracing diagram for a low light objective lens design that has been improved or optimized for imaging a surface on the opposite side of a 0.17 mm thick coverslip. The plot of modulation transfer function for this objective, shown in FIG. 19, indicates near-diffraction limited imaging performance when used with the designed-for 0.17 mm thick coverslip.

[0393] FIG. 20 provides a plot of the modulation transfer function for the same objective lens illustrated in FIG. 18 as a function of spatial frequency when used to image a surface on the opposite side of a 0.3 mm thick coverslip. The relatively minor deviations of MTF value over the spatial frequency range of about 100 to about 800 lines / mm (or cycles / mm) indicates that the image quality obtained even when using a 0.3 mm thick coverslip is still reasonable.

[0394] FIG. 21 provides a plot of the modulation transfer function for the same objective lens illustrated in FIG. 18 as a function of spatial frequency when used to image a surface that, is separated from that on the opposite side of a 0.3 mm thick coverslip by a 0.1 mm thick layer of aqueous fluid (e.g, under the kind of conditions encountered for multiple-side imaging of a flow cell when imaging the far surface). As can be seen in the plot of FIG. 21, imaging performance is degraded, as indicated by the deviations of the MTF curves from those for an ideal, diffraction-limited case over the spatial frequency range of about 50 Ip / mm to about 900 Ip / mm.

[0395] FIG. 22 and FIG. 23 provide plots of the modulation transfer function as a function of spatial frequency for the upper (or near) interior surface (FIG. 22) and lower (or far) interiorsurface (FIG. 23) of a flow ceil when imaged using the objective lens illustrated in FIG. 18 through a 1.0 mm thick coverslip, and when the upper and lower interior surfaces are separated by a 0.1 mm thick layer of aqueous fluid. As can be seen, imaging performance is significantly degraded for both surfaces.

[0396] FIG. 24 provides a ray tracing diagram for a tube lens design which, if used in conjunction with the objective lens illustrated in FIG. 18, provides for improved multiple-side imaging through a 1 mm thick coverslip.

[0397] In some embodiments, the optical imaging system herein comprises a compound objective having multiple lens elements and a tube lens. In some embodiments, the optical imaging systems herein are improved or optimized for use with flow cell devices comprising a thick coverslip (or wall), e.g., greater than 700 uni thick, and a fluid channel thickness of at least 50 pm, and transfers the image of an interior surface from the flow cell to the image sensor with improved optical image quality and higher CNR than traditional imaging systems.

[0398] In some instances, the tube lens (or tube lens assembly) may comprise at least two optical lens elements, at least three optical lens elements, at least four optical lens elements, at least five optical lens elements, at least six optical lens elements, at least seven optical lens elements, at least eight optical lens elements, at least nine optical lens elements, at least ten optical lens elements, or more, where the number of optical lens elements, the surface geometry of each element, and the order in which they are placed in the assembly is improved or optimized to correct for optical aberrations induced by the thick wall of the flow cell, and in some instances, allows one to use a commercially-available, off-the-shelf objective while still maintaining high-quality, multiple-side imaging capability.

[0399] In some instances, as illustrated in FIG. 24, the tube lens assembly may comprise, in order, a first asymmetric convex-convex lens 711, a second convex-piano lens 712, a third asymmetric concave-concave lens 713, and a fourth asymmetric convex-concave lens 714.

[0400] FIG. 25 and FIG. 26 provide plots of the modulation transfer function as a function of spatial frequency for the upper (or near) interior surface (FIG. 25) and lower (or far) interior surface (FIG. 26) of a flow cell when imaged using the objective lens (corrected for a 0.17 mm coverslip) and tube lens combination illustrated in FIG. 24 through a 1 .0 mm thick coverslip, and when the upper and lower interior surfaces are separated by a 0.1 mm thick layer of aqueous fluid. As can be seen, the imaging performance achieved is nearly that expected for a diffraction-limited optical design.

[0401] FIG. 27 provides ray tracing diagrams for tube lens design (left) of the present disclosure that has been improved or optimized to provide high-quality, multiple-side imagingperformance. Because the tube lens is no longer infinity-corrected, an appropriately designed null lens (right) may be used in combination with the tube lens to compensate for the noninfinity -corrected tube lens for manufacturing and testing purposes.6.1.1.21. Imaging channel-specific tube lens adaptation or optimization

[0402] In imaging system design, it is possible to improve or optimize both the objective lens and the tube lens in the same wavelength region for all imaging channels. Typically, the same objective lens is shared by all imaging channels (see, for example, FIG. 17), and each imaging channel either uses the same tube lens or has a tube lens that shares the same design.

[0403] In some instances, the imaging systems disclosed herein may further comprise a tube lens for each imaging channel where the tube lens has been independently improved or optimized for the specific imaging channel to improve image quality, e.g., to reduce or minimize distortion and field curvature, and improve depth-of-field (DOF) performance for each channel. Because the wavelength range (or bandpass) for each specific imaging channel is much narrower than the combined wavelength range for all channels, the wavelength- or channel-specific adaptation or optimization of the tube lens used in the disclosed systems results in significant improvements in imaging quality and performance. This channel-specific adaptation or optimization results in improved image quality for the multiple surfaces of the flow cell in multiple-side imaging applications.6.1.1.22. Structured illumination systems

[0404] In some instances, the disclosed imaging modules and systems may comprise a structured illumination optical design to increase the effective spatial resolution of the imaging system and thus enable the use of higher surface densities of clonally-amplified target nucleic acid sequences (clusters) on flow cell surfaces for improved sequencing throughput. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) utilizes spatially structured (e.g., periodic) patterns of light for illumination of the sample plane and relies on the generation of interference patterns known as Moire fringes. Several images are acquired under slightly different illumination conditions, e.g., by shifting and / or rotating the pattern of the structured illumination, to create the Moire fringes. Mathematical deconvolution of the resulting interference signal allows reconstruction of a super-resolution image having up to about a two-fold improvement in spatial resolution over that achieved using diffraction-limited imaging optics [Lutz (2011), “Biological Imaging by Superresolution Light Microscopy”, Comprehensive Biotechnology (Second Ed.), vol. 1, pages 579-589, Elsevier; Feiner-Gracia, et al. (2018), “15 - Advanced Optical MicroscopyTechniques for the Investigation of Cell-Nanoparticle Interactions”, Smart Nanoparticles for Biomedicine: Micro and Nano Technologies, pages 219-236, Elsevier; Nylk, et al. (2019), “Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy With Structured Light”, Neurophotonics and Biomedical Spectroscopy, pages 477-501, Elsevier], An example of structured illumination microscopy imaging systems has recently been described in Hong, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020 / 0218052.

[0405] FIG, 41 provides a non-limiting schematic illustration of an imaging system 4100 comprising a branched structured illumination optical design as disclosed herein. The first branch (or arm) of the illumination optical path of system 4100 comprises, e.g., a light source (light emitter) 4110A, an optical collimator 4120A to collimate light emitted by light source 4110A, a diffraction grating 4130A in a first orientation with respect to the optical axis, a rotating window 4140A, and a lens 4150A. The second branch of the illumination optical path of system 4100 comprises, e.g., a light source 4110B, an optical collimator 4120B to collimate light emitted by light source 4110B, a diffraction grating 4130B in a second orientation with respect to the optical axis, a rotating window 4140B, and a lens 4150B. The diffraction gratings 4130A and 4130B enable projection of patterns of light fringes on the sample plane.

[0406] In some instances, the light sources 4110A and 4110B may be incoherent light sources (e.g., comprising one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs)) or coherent light sources (e.g., comprising one or more lasers or laser diodes). In some instances, the light sources 4110A and 4110B may comprise an optical fiber coupled to, e.g., an LED, laser, or laser diode that outputs a light beam that is then collimated by the respective collimator lenses 4120A and 4120B. In some instances, light sources 4110A and 4110B may output light of the same wavelength. In some instances, light sources 4110A and 4110B may output light of different wavelengths. Either of light sources 4110A and 4110B may be configured to output light of any wavelength and / or wavelength range described elsewhere herein. During imaging, light sources 41 10A and 4110B may be switched on or off using, for example, a high-speed shutter (not shown) positioned in the optical path or by pulsing the light sources at a predetermined frequency.

[0407] In the example shown in FIG. 41, the first illumination arm of system 4100 includes a fixed vertical grating 4130A used to project a grating pattern (e.g., a vertical light fringe pattern) in a first orientation onto the sample plane, e.g., a first interior surface 4188 of a flow cell 4187, and the second illumination arm includes a fixed horizontal grating 4130B to project a grating pattern (e.g, a horizontal light fringe pattern) in a second orientation onto the sample plane 4188. Advantageously, the diffraction gratings of imaging system 4100 do not need to be mechanically rotated or translated during imaging in this non-limiting example, which mayprovide improved imaging speed, system reliability, and system repeatability. In some instances, diffraction gratings 4 BOA and / or 4 BOB may be rotatable about their respective optical axes such that the angle between the light fringe patterns projected on the sample plane is adjustable.

[0408] As illustrated in FIG. 41, in some instances, diffraction gratings 4 BOA and 4130B may be transmissive diffraction gratings that comprise a plurality of diffracting elements (e.g, parallel slits or grooves) formed in a glass substrate or other suitable surface. In some instances, the gratings may be implemented as phase gratings that provide a periodic variation of the refractive index of the grating material. In some instances, the groove or feature spacing may be chosen to diffract light at suitable angles and / or be tuned to the minimum resolvable feature size of the imaged samples for operation of imaging system 4100. In other instances, the diffraction gratings may be reflective diffraction gratings.

[0409] In the example illustrated in FIG. 41, the orientations of the vertical and horizontal light fringe patterns are offset by about 90 degrees. In other instances, other orientations of the diffraction gratings may be used to create an offset of about 90 degrees. For example, the diffraction gratings may be oriented such that they project, light fringe patterns that are offset ±45 degrees from the x or y axes of sample plane (e.g, first interior flow cell surface) 4188. The configuration of imaging system 4100 illustrated in FIG. 41 may be particularly advantageous in the case of a sample support surface (e.g., an interior surface 4188 of a flow cell 4187) comprising regularly patterned features laid out on a rectangular grid, as enhancement of image resolution using the structured illumination approach can be achieved using only two perpendicular grating orientations (e.g, the vertical grating orientation and horizontal grating orientation). The flow cell 4187 is not limited to having only two interior surfaces as shown in FIG. 41. In some embodiments, the flow cell 4187 can have one or more surfaces as shown in FIGS. 64A-64F.

[0410] Diffraction gratings 4130A and 4130B, in the example of system 4100, may be configured to diffract the input illumination light beams into a series of intensity maxima due to constructive interference according to the relationship: m = order number = d sin(0) / X where d::::the distance between slits or grooves in the diffraction grating, 0::::the angle of incidence of the illumination light relative to a normal to the surface of the diffraction grating, X = the wavelength of the illumination light, and m = an integer value corresponding to an intensity maxima, of the diffracted light, e.g, m =;:0, ±1, ±2, etc. In some instances, a specificorder of the diffracted illumination light, e.g., the first order (m =;:±1) light may be projected on the sample plane, e.g., interior flow cell surface 4188. In some instances, for example, vertical grating 4130A may diffract a collimated light beam into first order diffracted beams (± 1 orders) which are focused onto the sample plane in a first orientation, and horizontal grating 4130B may diffract a collimated light beam into first order diffracted beams which are focused onto the sample plane in a second orientation. In some instances, the zeroth order beam and / or all other higher order beams (e.g., m::::±2 or higher) may be blocked, e.g., filtered out of the illumination pattern projected onto the sample plane 4188, using, for example, a beam blocking element (not shown) such as an order filter that may be inserted into the optical paths following the diffraction gratings.

[0411] Each branch of the structured illumination system in the example of 4100 includes an optical phase modulator or phase shifter 4140 A and 4140B to phase shift the diffracted light transmitted or reflected by each of the diffraction gratings 4130A and 4130B. During structured imaging, the optical phase of each diffracted beam may be shifted by some fraction (e.g.,! / 2, A, %, etc.) of the pitch (X) of each fringe of the structured pattern. In the example of FIG. 41, phase modulators 4140A and 4140B may be implemented, e.g., as rotating optical phase plates actuated by rotatory7actuators or other actuator mechanisms to rotate and modulate the optical path-length of each diffracted beam. For example, optical phase plate 4I40A may be rotated about the vertical axis to shift the image projected by vertical grating 4130A on sample plane 4188 left or right, and optical phase plate 4140B may rotate about, the horizontal axis to shift the image projected by horizontal grating 4130B on sample plane 4188 in the perpendicular direction.

[0412] In other implementations, other types of phase modulators that change the optical path length of the diffracted light (e.g., optical wedges mounted on linear translation stages, etc.) may be used. Additionally, although optical phase modulators 4140 A and 4140B are illustrated as being placed after diffraction gratings 4130A and 4130B, in other implementations they may be placed at other positions in the illumination optical path. In some instances, a single optical phase modulator may be operated in two different directions to produce different light fringe patterns, or the position of a single optical phase modulator may be adjusted using a single motion to simultaneously adjust the path lengths of both arms of the illumination optical path.

[0413] In the example illustrated in FIG, 41, optical component 4160 may be used to combine light from the two illumination optical paths. Optical component 4160 may comprise, for example, a partially-silvered mirror, a dichroic mirror (depending on the wavelengths of light output by light sources 41 10A and 4110B), a mirror comprising a pattern of holes or a patternedreflective coating such that light from the two arms of the illumination system are combined in a lossless or nearly lossless manner (e.g, without significant loss of optical power other than a small amount of absorption by the reflective coating), a polarizing beam splitter (in the case that light sources 4110A and 4110B are configured to produce polarized light), and the like. Optical component 4160 may be located such that the desired diffracted orders of light reflected or transmitted by each of the diffraction gratings are spatially resolved, and the unwanted orders of light are blocked. In some instances, optical component 4160 may pass the first order light output by the first illumination light path and reflect the first order light output by the second illumination light path. In some instances, the structured illumination pattern on the sample surface 4188 may be switched from a vertical orientation (e.g., using diffraction grating 4130A) to a horizontal orientation (e.g., using diffraction grating 4130B) by turning each light source on or off, or by opening and closing an optical shutter in the optical path for the light source. In other instances, the structured illumination pattern may be switched by using an optical switch to change the illumination optical path used to illuminate the sample plane.

[0414] Referring again to FIG. 41, a lens 4170, a semi-reflective mirror or dichroic mirror 4180, and an objective 4185 may be used to focus the structured illumination light onto sample surface 4188 (e.g., the first interior surface of a flow7cell 4187). Light that is emitted by, reflected by, or scattered by the sample surface 4188 is then collected by objective 4185, transmitted through mirror 4180, and imaged by image sensor or camera 4195. As noted, mirror 4180 may be a dichroic mirror to reflect structured illumination light received from each branch of the illumination optical path into objective 4185 for projection onto sample plane 4188, and to pass through light emitted by the sample plane 4188 (e.g., fluorescent light, which is emitted at different wavelengths than the excitation light) for imaging onto image sensor 4195.

[0415] In some instances, system 4100 may optionally comprise a custom tube lens 4190 as described elsewhere herein such that the focus of the imaging system may be shifted from the first interior surface 4188 to the second interior surface 4189 of the flow cell 4187, or to a third interior surface or a fourth interior surface (not shown), with minimal adjustment. In some instances, lens 4170 may comprise a custom tube lens as described elsewhere herein such that the focus of the illumination optical path may be shifted from the first interior surface 4188 to the second interior surface 4189 of the flow cell 4187, to a third surface or a fourth surface, with minimal adjustment. In some instances, lens 4170 may be implemented to articulate along the optical axis to adjust the focus of the structured illumination pattern on the sample plane. In some instances, system 4100 may comprise an autofocus mechanism (not shown) to adjustfocus of the illumination light and / or the focus of the image at the plane of image sensor 4195. In some instances, the system 4100 illustrated in FIG. 41 may provide a high optical efficiency due to the absence of a polarizer in the optical path. The use of unpolarized light may or may not have a significant impact on illumination pattern contrast depending on the numerical aperture of objective 4185.[0416 j For the sake of simplicity, some optical components of imaging system 4100 may have been omitted from FIG. 41 and the foregoing discussion. Although system 4100 is illustrated in this non-limiting example as a single channel detection system, in other instances, it may be implemented as a multi-channel detection system (e.g., using two different image sensors and appropriate optics as well as light sources that emit at two different wavelengths). Furthermore, although the illumination optical path of system 4100 is illustrated in this non-limiting example as comprising two branches, in some instances it may be implemented as comprising, e.g., three branches, four branches, or more than four branches, each of which comprises a diffraction grating at a fixed or adjustable relative orientation to each other.

[0417] In some instances, alternative illumination path optical designs may be used to create structured illumination. For example, in some instances, a single large, rotating optical phase modulator may be positioned after optical component 4160 and used in place of optical phase modulators 4140A and 4140B to modulate the phases of both diffracted beams output by the vertical and horizontal diffraction gratings 4130A and 4130B. In some instances, instead of being parallel with respect to the optical axis of one of the diffraction gratings, the axis of rotation for the single rotating optical compensator may be offset by 45 degrees (or another angular offset) from the optical axis of each of the vertical and horizontal diffraction gratings to allow for phase shifting along both illumination directions. In some instances, the single rotating optical phase modulator may be replaced by, e.g., a wedged optical component rotating about the nominal beam axis.

[0418] In another alternative illumination optical path design, diffraction gratings 4130A and 4130B may be mounted on respective linear motion stages so that they may be translated to change the optical path length (and thus the phase) of light reflected or transmitted by diffraction gratings 4130A and 4130B. The axis of motion of the linear motion stages may be perpendicular or otherwise offset from the orientation of their respective diffraction grating to provide translation of the diffraction grating's fringe pattern along sample plane 4188. Suitable translation stages may comprise, e.g, crossed roller bearing stages, a linear motor, a high- accuracy linear encoder, and / or other linear actuator technologies to provide precise linear translation of the diffraction gratings.

[0419] FIG. 42 provides a non-limiting example of a workflow for acquiring and processing images using structured illumination to enhance the spatial resolution of the imaging system. In some instances, the workflow illustrated in FIG. 42 may be performed to image an entire sample plane (e.g., an interior surface of a flow cell by image tiling) or to image a single area of a larger sample plane. The vertical 41.30A and horizontal 4130B diffraction gratings of the system 4100 illustrated in FIG. 41 may be used to project illumination light fringe patterns onto the sample plane that have different known orientations and / or different known phase shifts. For example, the imaging system 4100 may use vertical grating 4130A and horizontal grating 4130B to generate the horizontal and vertical illumination patterns respectively, while optical phase modulators 4140A and 4140B may be set to three different positions to produce the three phase shifts shown for each orientation.

[0420] During operation, a first illumination condition (e.g., a specific orientation of the diffraction grating and phase shift setting) may be used to project a grating light fringe pattern on the sample plane, e.g., flow cell surface. Following capture of an image using the first illumination condition, one or more additional images acquired using one or more phase shifted illumination patterns (e.g., I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more than 6 additional images acquired using 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more than 6 phase shifted illumination patterns) may be acquired. If the imaging system comprises a second branch of the illumination optical path, the image acquisition process may be repeated using a second illumination condition as a starting point (e.g. , a second specific orientation of the diffraction grating and phase shift setting), and the image acquisition process may be repeated. In some instances, images may be acquired for at least three different orientations of the diffraction grating (e.g., spaced apart by 60 degrees relative to each other) using at least 5 different phase shifted light fringe patterns. If no more images are to be acquired using different orientations of the diffraction grating or phase shifted illumination light fringe patterns, an image reconstruction algorithm may be used to process the acquired images and produce a reconstructed super-resolution image. In some instances, images may be acquired for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more than 6 different orientations of the diffraction grating using at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more than 6 different phase-shifted light fringe patterns at each orientation.

[0421] A potential disadvantage of acquiring multiple images for use in reconstructing single, super- resolution images is the time required to adj ust. the orientati on and / or relative phase shift of the projected light fringe patterns and the exposure time required for acquiring each image, as well as the downstream image processing. Therefore, optical designs that minimize the time required to change diffraction grating orientation and relative phase, along with highly efficientimage reconstruction algorithms, are to be preferred. In some instances, fewer images may be required to reconstruct super-resolution images of, e.g., flow cell surfaces comprising discrete, fluorescently labeled clusters of amplified target nucleic acid sequences tethered to the low- nonspecific binding surfaces described elsewhere herein than may ordinarily be required for reconstructing higher resolution images of conventional samples, e.g., stained tissue samples.104221 Referring again to FIG. 42, the afore-mentioned cycle may be repeated for different areas of a given flow cell surface, e.g. , in the case that the images will be tiled to create a higher resolution image of the entire flow cell surface. In some instances, the afore-mentioned cycle may be repeated after adjusting the focus of the imaging system if, e.g, a second, third, or fourth flow cell surface is to be imaged.6.1.1.23. Other super-resolution imaging techniques[0423^ In some instances, the disclosed imaging systems may comprise the use of an alternative super-resolution imaging technique, e.g., photoactivation localization microscopy (PALM), fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy (FPALM), and / or stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) (see, for example, Lutz, el al. (201 1), “Biological Imaging by Superresolution Light Microscopy”, Comprehensive Biotechnology (Second Ed.), vol. 1, pages 579-589, Elsevier), which are based on statistical curve fitting of the intensity distribution observed in images of a single molecule’s point spread function (PSF) to a Gaussian distribution function. The Gaussian distribution function is then used to define location of the molecule in the sample plane with much higher precision than allowed by the classical resolution limit. The same approach may be used to image, e.g., small, dispersed subsets of fluorescently labeled molecules such as clonally amplified clusters of target nucleic acid sequences tethered to a low non-specific binding surface on a sample support or the interior surface of a flow cell.[0424| The spatial accuracy or resolution achieved using these methods depends upon the number of photons collected from the molecule before it is photobleached and upon the background noise level [Lutz, el al. (201 1), ibid]. In the case that background noise is negligible and collection of at least 10,000 photons per molecule is possible, position accuracies of 1-2 nm have been demonstrated. In some instances, e.g, using the sequencing- by-avidity approach described elsewhere herein, nucleotide conjugates comprising a plurality of fluorescent labels (e.g, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 labels per conjugate) to ensure a high photon count, optionally used in combination with the low non-specific binding surfaces disclosed elsewhere herein to ensure very low background signals, may facilitate theuse of these super-resolution imaging techniques for genetic testing and sequencing applications. Spatial accuracy or resolution decreases with decreasing numbers of photons collected, however, even in the case that only moderate numbers of photons are collected, position location accuracy or resolution of 20 nm is possible. In some cases, an improvement of 10-fold or better in lateral spatial resolution may be achieved. In some cases, an image resolution ofbetter than 500 nm, 400 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, 175 nm, 150 nm, 125 nm, 100 nm, 75 nm, 50 nm, 25 nm, or 10 nm may be achieved,

[0425] The second principle fundamental to this class of imaging is that small numbers of spatially separated fluorescent molecules within the sample are imaged at any given time.

[0426] In some instances, the ability to control fluorescence emission of small, dispersed subsets of fluorescent molecules in the sample plane is key to facilitating super-resolution imaging. In the case of fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy (FPALM) and photoactivation localization microscopy (PALM), for example, the use of photoactivatable green fluorescent proteins (P / k-GFP) as a label has allowed for controlled induction of fluorescent subsets in a sample using short pulses of 405 nm light to photo convert the PA-GFP from a dark, nonfluorescent state to a 488 nm excitable fluorescent state, thereby resulting in spatially separated subsets of fluorescent molecules that can be imaged [Lutz, et al. (2011), ibid]. In the case of stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), the photoswitching properties of, for example, the cyanine dye pairs Cy5-Cy3 may be used in a similar fashion to enable the stochastic induction of Cy5 fluorescence from a small subset of the molecules in the sample at any given time, e.g, small subsets of molecules that are spatially separated by at least several resolution units. In some instances, e.g., when combined with the sequencing-by-avidity approach described elsewhere herein, multivalent molecules may comprise a photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (PA-GFP) or a subdomain or portion thereof In some instances, the multivalent molecules may comprise a mixture of conjugates in which a first portion is labeled with, e.g, Cy3 labels, and a second portion is labeled with, e.g., Cy5 labels. In some instances, the multivalent molecules may comprise a mixture of, e.g., Cy3 and Cy5 labels within the same conjugate.

[0427] The super-resolved image is reconstructed from the sum of the Gaussian fits from all molecules or features (e.g., labeled nucleic acid clusters) imaged in a time stack of acquired images [Lutz, el al. (2011), ibid], where the intensity corresponds to the positional uncertainty of the iocation of each molecule or subset of molecules. Unique to this kind of data set is the ability to render the image with different localization precisions or resolutions. In some instances, an imaging module comprising a total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF)optical imaging design may be advantageous in implementing the use of these super-resolution imaging techniques as the evanescent wave used for excitation of fluorescence is restricted in the axial dimension to less than 200 nm from the sample support or flow cell surface and thus suppresses background fluorescence signal. In some instances, the imaging system may comprise a higher numerical aperture objective than utilized in other imaging module designs disclosed herein. The use of higher numerical aperture objectives may facilitate implementation of evanescent wave excitation and highly efficient capture of photons from the fluorescent probes. In some instances, wide-field imaging using single-photon-sensitive EM- CCD cameras or other types of image sensors may enable simultaneous imaging of many molecules or subsets of molecules (e.g., nucleic acid sequence clusters) per frame, thereby improving the throughput of image acquisition.

[0428] In some instances, the data acquisition time required to acquire enough images for adequate feature definition and resolution may be shortened by improvements in the sensitivity and speed of the imaging sy stem, through the use of the sequencing-by-avidity reagents and low non-specific binding surfaced disclosed herein to increase signal while reducing or eliminating background, and the use of improved image reconstruction al gorithms.6.1,1.24. Spectroscopy or imaging modules

[0429] As indicated above, in some implementations the disclosed analysis systems will include optical imaging capabilities and may also include other spectroscopic measurement capabilities. For example, the disclosed imaging modules may be configured to operate in any of a variety of imaging modes known to those of skill in the art including, but not limited to, bright-field, dark-field, fluorescence, luminescence, or phosphorescence imaging. In some instances, the one or more capillary flow cells or microfluidic devices of a fluidics sub-system comprise a window that, allows at least a section of one or more capillaries or one or more fluid channels in each flow7cell or microfluidic device to be illuminated and imaged.

[0430] In some embodiments, single wavelength excitation and emission fluorescence imaging may be performed. In some embodiments, dual wavelength excitation and emission (or multiwavelength excitation or emission) fluorescence imaging may be performed. In some instances, the imaging module is configured to acquire video images. The choice of imaging mode may impact the design of the flow- cells devices or cartridges in that all or a portion of the capillaries or cartridge can be optically transparent over the spectral range of interest. In some instances, a plurality of capillaries within a capillary7flow cell cartridge may be imaged in their entirety within a single image. In some instances, only a single capillary or a subset ofcapillaries within a capillar)'’ flow cell cartridge, or portions thereof, may be imaged within a single image. In some instances, a series of images may be “tiled” to create a single high- resolution image of one, two, several, or the entire plurality of capillaries within a cartridge. In some instances, a plurality of fluid channels within a microfluidic chip may be imaged in their entirety within a single image. In some instances, only a single fluid channel or a subset of fluid channels within a microfluidic chip, or portions thereof, may be imaged within a single image. In some instances, a series of images may be “tiled” to create a single high-resolution image of one, two, several, or the entire plurality of fluid channels within a cartridge.

[0431] A spectroscopy or imaging module may comprise, e.g, a microscope equipped with a CMOS of CCD camera. In some instances, the spectroscopy or imaging module may comprise, e.g., a custom instrument such as one of the imaging modules described herein that is configured to perform a specific spectroscopic or imaging technique of interest. In general, the hardware associated with the spectroscopy or imaging module may include light sources, detectors, and other optical components, as well as processors or computers.6.1.1.25. Detectors

[0432] ,Any of a variety of image sensors may be used for imaging purposes, including but not limited to, photodiode arrays, charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras, or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors. As used herein, “imaging sensors” may be one-dimensional (linear) or two-dimensional array sensors. In many instances, a combination of one or more image sensors, and additional optical components, e.g., lenses, filters, apertures, diaphragms, mirrors, and the like, may be configured as an imaging system (or sub-system). In some instances, e.g., where spectroscopic measurements are performed by the system rather than imaging, suitable detectors may include, but are not limited to, photodiodes, avalanche photodiodes, and photomultipliers.6.1.1.26. Other optical components

[0433] The hardware components of the spectroscopic measurement or imaging module may also include a variety of optical components for steering, shaping, filtering, or focusing light beams through the system. Examples of suitable optical components include, but are not limited to, lenses, mirrors, prisms, apertures, diffraction gratings, colored glass filters, long- pass filters, short-pass filters, bandpass filters, narrowband interference filters, broadband interference filters, dichroic reflectors, optical fibers, optical waveguides, and the like. In some instances, as noted above, the spectroscopic measurement or imaging module may furthercomprise one or more translation stages or other motion control mechanisms for the purpose of moving capillary' flow cell devices and cartridges relative to the illumination and / or detection / imaging sub-systems, or vice versa. In some cases, the systems of the present disclosure may not require the use of a dichroic filter (e.g., the system has sufficient stray light rejection to reduce stray light below a threshold level, the use of low-signal substrates reduces noise levels, etc.). In some cases, the systems of the present disclosure may use a dichroic filter.6.1.1.27. Total internal reflection

[0434] In some instances, the optical module or sub-system may be designed to use all or a portion of an optically transparent wall of the capillaries or microfluidic channels in flow cell devices and cartridges as a waveguide for delivering excitation light to the capillary or channel lumen(s) via total internal reflection. When incident excitation light strikes the surface of the capillary or channel lumen at an angle with respect to a normal to the surface that is larger than the critical angle (determined by the relative refractive indices of the capillary or channel wall material and the aqueous buffer within the capillary or channel), total internal reflection occurs at the surface and the light propagates through the capillary or channel wall along the length of the capillary or channel. Total internal reflection generates an evanescent wave at the lumen surface which penetrates the lumen interior for extremely short distances, and which may be used to selectively excite fluorophores at the surface, e.g., labeled nucleotides that have been incorporated by a polymerase into a growing oligonucleotide through a solid-phase primer extension reaction.6.1.1.28. Imaging Module Specifications6.1.1.28.1. Excitation light wavelength(s)

[0435] In any of the disclosed optical imaging module designs, the light source(s) of the disclosed imaging modules may produce visible light, such as green light and / or red light. In some instances, the light source(s), alone or in combination with one or more optical components, e.g., excitation optical filters and / or dichroic beam splitters, may produce excitation light at about 350 nm, 375 nm, 400 nm, 425 nm, 450 nm, 475 nm, 500 nm, 525 nm, 550 m, 575 nm, 600 nm, 625 nm, 650 nm, 675 nm, 700 nm, 725 nm, 750 nm, 775 nm, 800 nm, 825 nm, 850 nm, 875 nm, or 900 nm. Those of skill in the art will recognize that, the excitation wavelength may have any value within this range, e.g., about 620 nm.6.1.1.28.2. Excitation light bandwidths

[0436] In any of the disclosed optical imaging module designs, the light source(s), alone or in combination with one or more optical components, e.g, excitation optical filters and / or dichroic beam splitters, may produce light at the specified excitation wavelength within a bandwidth of ± 2 nm, ± 5 nm, ± 10 nm, ± 20 nm, ± 40 nm, ± 80 nm, or greater. Those of skill in the art will recognize that the excitation bandwidths may have any value within this range, e.g., about ± 18 nm.6.1.1.28.3. Light source power output

[0437] In any of the disclosed optical imaging module designs, the output of the light source(s) and / or an excitation light beam derived therefrom (including a composite excitation light beam) may range in power from about 0.5 Watts to about 5.0 Watts, or more (as will be discussed in more detail below). In some instances, the output of the light source and / or the power of an excitation light beam derived therefrom may be at least 0.5 Watts, at least 0.6 Watts, at least 0.7 Watts, at least 0.8 Watts, at least 1 Watts, at least 1.1 Watts, at least 1.2 Watts, at least 1.3Watts, at least 1.4 Watts, at least 1.5 Watts, at least 1.6 Watts, at least 1.8 Watts, at least 2.0Watts, at least 2.2 Watts, at least 2.4 Watts, at least 2.6 Watts, at least 2.8 Watts, at least 3.0W7atts, at least 3.5 W7atts, at least 4.0 W7atts, at least 4.5 W7atts, or at least 5.0 W7atts. In some implementations, the output of the light source and / or the power of an excitation light beam derived therefrom (including a composite excitation light beam) may be at most 5.0 W7atts, at most 4.5 Watts, at most 4.0 Watts, at most 3.5 Watts, at most 3.0 Watts, at most 2.8 Watts, at most 2.6 Watts, at most 2.4 W7atts, at most 2.2 Watts, at most 2.0 Watts, at most 1.8 Watts, at most 1 .6 Watts, at most 1.5 Watts, at most 1.4 Watts, at most 1 .3 Watts, at most 1.2 Watts, at most 1.1 Watts, at most 1 Watts, at most 0.8 W7atts, at most 0.7 Watts, at most 0.6 Watts, or at most 0.5 Watts. Any of the lower and upper values described in this paragraph may be combined to form a range included within the present disclosure, for example, in some instances the output of the light source and / or the power of an excitation light beam derived therefrom (including a composite excitation light beam) may range from about 0.8 Watts to about 2.4 Watts. Those of skill in the art will recognize that the output of the light source and / or the power of an excitation light beam derived therefrom (including a composite excitation light beam) may have any value within this range, e.g., about 1.28 Watts.

[0438] In some embodiments, the power of the existing light beam delivery subsystem is greater than 5, 8, 10, 12, or 14 W7atts for one or more wavelengths or wavelength ranges. Insome embodiments, a power at a sample plane is greater than 5, 8, 10, 12, or 14 Watts for one or more wavelengths or wavelength ranges. In some embodiments, a power of the existing light beam delivery subsystem is greater than 5, 8, 10, 12, or 14 Watts for one or more colors. In some embodiments, a power at a sample plane is greater than 5, 8, 10, 12, or 14 Watts for one or more colors.6.1.1.28.4 Light source output power and CNR

[0439] In some implementations of the disclosed optical imaging module designs, the output power of the light source(s) and / or the power of excitation light beam(s) derived therefrom (including a composite excitation light beam) is sufficient, in combination with an appropriate sample, to provide for a contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in images acquired by the illumination and imaging module of at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, or at least 50 or more, or any CNR within any range formed by any of these values.

[0440] In some embodiment, the light source herein can include an illumination system that can illuminate a wide FOV, e.g., 60 mm2, with uniformity in its illumination power, e.g., less than 10% variance or difference across the illuminated area. Exemplary' illumination systems and corresponding illumination uniformity are disclosed in PCT Application PCT / US24 / 12802 and are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety .

[0441] In some embodiments, the light source herein can include an illumination system that can illuminate an extra wide FOV, e.g., 60 mm2, with u...

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is chimed is:

1. A method of sequencing a nucleic acid sample, comprising: providing a flow cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; exciting, using a first light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a first, excitation light to generate a first emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using an image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the first light source or a second light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with a second excitation light to generate a second emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the image sensor of the optical system, the second emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the first light source, the second light source, or a third light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with a third excitation light to generate a third emission light from the one or more samples, detecting, using the image sensor of the optical system, the third emission light from the one or more samples; and performing, using a processor, base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission lights from the one or more samples.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises: generating, using the processor: a first flow cell image based on the first emission light detected using the image sensor; a second flow cell image based on the second emission light detected using the image sensor; and a third flow cell image based on the third emission light detected using the image sensor.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the method further comprises exciting, using the first light source, the second light source, or a third light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with a fourth excitation light to generate a fourth emission light from the one or more samples.

4. The method of claim I or 1, wherein performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third flow cell images,5. The method of claim 4, wherein performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third flow cell images comprises: determining, for individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples in the first flow cell image, second flow' cell image, and third flow cell image, a first binary code based on a first intensity on the first flow' cell image, a second binary code based on a second intensity on the second flow cell image, and a third binary code based on a third intensity; and performing base calling of the individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third binary code.

6. The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the first excitation light is within a first wavelength range, the second excitation light is within a second wavelength range, and the third excitation light is within a third wavelength range.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the first, second, and third wavelength ranges are within 350 nm to 1220 nm, inclusive of the endpoints.

8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein each of the first, second, and third excitation light is blue, green, or red.

9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the first excitation light is blue, the second excitation light is green, and the third excitation light is red.

10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the first emission light is within a fourth wavelength range, the second emission light is within a fifth wavelength range, and the third emission light is within a sixth wavelength range.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the fourth, fifth, and sixth wavelength ranges are within 390 nm to 1260 nm, inclusive of the endpoints.

12. The method of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the first excitation light comprises only a first color and the first emission light comprises the first color or a color different from the first color.

13. The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the second excitation light comprises only a second color and the second emission light comprises the second color or a color different from the second color.14, The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the third excitation light comprises only a third color and the third emission light comprises the third color or a color different from the third color.

15. The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the first emission light corresponds to a first type of nucleotide with a first label, wherein the second emission light corresponds to a second type of nucleotide with a second label, and wherein the third emission light corresponds to a third type of nucleotide with a third label.

16. The method of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the second emission light further corresponds optionally to a fourth type of nucleoti de with a fourth label, and wherein the third emission light further corresponds to the fourth type of nucleotide with the fourth label.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: generating, using a processor: a first flow- cell image based on the first emission light detected using the image sensor; a second flow cell image based on the second emission light and optionally the fourth emission light; a third flow cell image based on the third emission light and optionally a fourth emission light; and correcting, using the processor, chromatic aberration of one or more of the first, second, and third flow cell images.18, The method of claim 17, wherein performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first flow cell image, the second flow cell image, and the third flow cell image after chromatic ab errati on correct! on .19, The method of any one of claims 1- 18, wherein the first light source of the optical system comprises a single-colored light source.

20. The method of any one of claims 1 - 19, wherein the first light source of the optical system comprises a single laser.21 . A method of sequencing a nucleic acid sample, comprising: providing a flow cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; exciting, using a first light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with first excitation light to generate a first emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using an image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples, exciting, using the first light source or a. second light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with a second excitation light to generate a second emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the image sensor of the optical system, the second emission light from the one or more samples; and performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first and second emission light from the one or more samples.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the method comprises: generating, using the processor: a first flow cell image based on the first emission light detected using the image sensor and a second flow cell image based on the second emission light detected using the image sensor.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first and second emission lights from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first flow- cell image and the second flow' cell image.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first and second flow cell images comprises: determining, for individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples in the first and second flow cell images, a first binary / code based on a first intensity on the first flow' cell image and a second binary code based on a second intensity on the second flow' cell image; and performing base calling of the individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples based on the first and second binary / code.

25. The method of any one of claims 21-24, wherein the first excitation light is within a first wavelength range and the second excitation light is within a second wavelength range.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the first and second wavelength ranges are within 350 run to 1220 nm, inclusive of the endpoints.

27. The method of claim 19 or 20, wherein each of the first and second excitation light is blue, green, or red.

28. The method of any one of claims 21-27, wherein the first emission light is green, and the second emission light is red,29. The method of any one of claims 25-26, wherein the first excitation light is blue, and the second excitation light is green.

30. The method of any one of claims 21-29, wherein the first emission light is within a fourth wavelength range and the second emission light is within a fifth wavelength range.

31. The method of claim 30. wherein the fourth and fifth wavelength ranges are within 390 nm to 1260 nm, inclusive of the endpoints.

32. The method of claim 25 or 26, wherein the first excitation light comprises only a first color and the first emission light comprises the first color or a color different from the first color.

33. The method of claim 25 or 26, wherein the second excitation light comprises only a second color and the second emission light comprises the second color or a color different from the second color.

34. The method of any one of claims 21-33, wherein the first emission light corresponds to a first type of nucleotide with a first type of label and a second type of nucleotide with a second type of label, and wherein the second emission light corresponds to the first type of nucleotide with the first type of label and a third type of nucleotide with a third type of label.

35. The method of any one of claims 21-34, wherein the first emission light corresponds to a first type of nucleotide with a first type of label and a second type of nucleotide with a second type of label, and wherein the second emission light corresponds to the third type of nucleotide with the third type of label and a fourth type of nucleotide with a fourth type of label.

36. The method of any one of claims 21-35, further comprising: generating, using a processor:a first flow cell image based on the first emission light detected using the image sensor; a second flow cell image based on the second emission light, and correcting, using the processor, chromatic aberration of one or more of the first and second flow cell images.

37. The method of any one of claims 21-36, wherein performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first and second emission light from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first flow cell image and the second corrected flow cell image after aberration correction.

38. The method of any one of claims 21-37, wherein the light source of the optical system comprises a single-colored light source.

39. The method of any one of claims 21-38, wherein the light source of the optical system comprises a single laser.

40. A method of sequencing a nucleic acid sample, comprising: providing a flow cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; exciting, using a light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a first excitation light to generate a first emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using an image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples, exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate a second emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the image sensor of the optical system, the second emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate third emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the image sensor of the optical system, the third emission light from the one or more samples; andperforming base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples.41 . The method of any one of claim 40, wherein exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate the first emission light from the one or more samples comprises: exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light, filtering, using a first emission filter of the optical system, an emission light to generate the first emission light from the one or more samples.

42. The method of any one of claims 40-41, wherein exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate the second emission light from the one or more samples comprises: exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light; filtering, using a second emission filter of the optical system, the emission light to generate the second emission light from the one or more samples,43. The method of any one of claims 40-42, wherein exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate the third emission light from the one or more samples comprises: exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light; filtering, using a third emission filter of the optical system, the emission light to generate the third emission light from the one or more samples.

44. The method of claim 40, wherein the method comprises: exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate a fourth emission light from the one or more samples; and detecting, using the image sensor of the optical system, the fourth emission light from the one or more samples.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein the method comprises: generating, using the processor, a first flow cell image based on the first emission light, a second flow cell image based on the second emission light and a third flow cell image based on the third emission light detected using the image sensor; andgenerating, using the processor, a fourth flow cell image based on the fourth emission light detected using the image sensor.

46. The method of claim 40, wherein performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, third, and fourth flow cell images.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate the fourth emission light from the one or more samples comprises: exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light; filtering, using a fourth emission filter of the optical system, the emission light to generate the fourth emission light from the one or more samples.

48. The method of any one of claims 40-47, wherein the method comprises: generating, using a processor: a first flow cell image based on the first emission light detected using the image sensor; a second flow7cell image based on the second emission light detected using the image sensor, and a third flow7cell image based on the third emission light detected using the image sensor.

49. The method of any one of claims 40-48, wherein performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third flow cell images.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third flow cell images comprises: determining, for individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples, a first intensity on the first flow cell image, a second intensity on the second flow7cell image, and a third intensity on the third flow cell image; and performing base calling of the individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third intensities.

51. The method of any one of claims 40-50, wherein the method comprises moving a first emission filter into a single optical pathway of the optical system between the one or more samples and the single image sensor.

52. The method of any one of claims 40-50, wherein the method comprises moving the first emission filter away from the single optical pathway between the one or more samples and the single image sensor and moving a second emission filter into the single optical pathway of the optical system.

53. The method of any one of claims 40-52, wherein the first excitation light is within a first wavelength range.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the first wavelength range is within 350 nm to 1220 nm, inclusive of the endpoints.

55. The method of any one of claims 40-54, wherein the first excitation light is blue, green, or red.

56. The method of any one of claims 40-55, wherein the first emission light is within a fourth wavelength range, the second emission light is within a fifth wavelength range, and the third emission light is within a sixth wavelength range.

57. The method of any one of claim 56, wherein the fourth, fifth, and sixth wavelength ranges are within 390 nm to 1260 nm, inclusive of the endpoints.

58. The method of any one of claims 40-57, wherein the first excitation light comprises only a first color and the first emission light comprises the first color or a color different from the first color.

59. The method of any one of claims 40-58, wherein the first excitation light comprises only the first color and the second emission light comprises the second color.

60. The method of any one of claims 40-58, wherein the first excitation light comprises only the first color and the third emission light comprises the third color.

61. A method of sequencing a nucleic acid, comprising: providing a flow cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; exciting, using a light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a first, second and third excitation light to generate a first, second and third emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using a first image sensor of the optical system, the first, emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using a second image sensor of the optical system, a second emission light from the one or more samples,detecting, using a third image sensor of the optical system, a third emission light from the one or more samples; and performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first second, and third emission light from the one or more samples.

62. The method of claim 61, wherein the method comprises: exciting, using a light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a fourth excitation light to generate a fourth emission light from the one or more samples, and detecting, using a fourth image sensor of the optical system, a fourth emission light from the one or more samples.

63. The method of claim 61 or 62, wherein performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, third, and fourth emission light from the one or more samples.

64. The method of any one of claims 61-63, wherein the method comprises: generating, using a processor: a first flow cell image based on the first emission light detected using the first image sensor; a second flow cell image based on the second emission light detected using the second image sensor; a third flow cell image based on the third emission light detected using the third image sensor.

65. The method of claim 64, wherein the method comprises: exciting, using a light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a fourth excitation light to generate a fourth emission light from the one or more samples, generating, using the processor, a fourth flow cell image based on the fourth emission light detected using the fourth image sensor.

66. The method of claim 65, wherein the method comprises performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, third and fourth emission light from the one or more samples comprises: performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third flow cell images.

67. The method of claim 66, wherein performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, third and fourth flow cell images comprises: determining, for individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples, a first intensity on the first flow cell image, a second intensity on the second flow cell image, a third intensity on the third flow cell image, and a fourth intensity on the fourth flow cell image; and performing base calling for the individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples based on the first, second, third, and fourth intensities.

68. The method of claim 66, wherein performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third flow cell images comprises: determining, for individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples, a first intensity on the first flow' cell image, a second intensity on the second flow cell image, and a third intensity on the third flow cell image; and performing base calling for the individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third intensities.

69. The method of any one of claims 1-68, wherein the optical system comprises a first optical pathway between the one or more samples and the first image sensor, a second optical pathway between the one or more samples and the second image sensor, and a third optical pathway between the one or more samples and the third image sensor.

70. The method of any one of claims 1-69, wherein the one or more samples are labeled with fluorescent dyes.

71. The method of any one of claims 1-70, wherein the one or more samples are labeled with Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) dyes.

72. The method of any one of claims 1-71, wherein individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples are labeled with only one type of fluorescent dye.

73. The method of any one of claims 1-72, wherein individual polonies or clusters of the one or more samples are labeled with two or three different types of fluorescent dyes.

74. The method of any one of 1-73, wherein the one or more samples comprise cellular samples.

75. The method of any one of 1-74, wherein the one or more samples comprise an in situ sample.

76. The method of any one of 1-75, wherein the one or more samples comprises a plurality of concatemer molecules.

77. The method of claim 76, wherein the method comprises:contacting the plurality of concatemer molecules with (i) a plurality of universal sequencing primers, (ii) a plurality of sequencing polymerases, and (iii) a plurality of nucleotide reagents, under a condition suitable for hybridizing the plurality of universal sequencing primers to their respective universal sequencing primer binding sites on the concatemer molecules, wherein the nucleotide reagents comprise a plurality of multivalent molecules, nucleotides, and / or nucleotide analogs,78. The method of claim 77, wherein the plurality of nucleotide reagents comprises: a plurality of multivalent molecules, individual multivalent molecules comprising a core attached to a plurality of nucleotide arms, wherein individual nucleotide anus are attached to nucleotide units.

79. The method of claim 78, wherein individual multivalent molecules are labeled with a detectably reporter moiety, optionally wherein the detectable reporter moiety comprises a fluorophore.

80. The method of claim 77 or 78, wherein the core of the multivalent molecule is labeled with a fluorophore, and wherein the fluorophore corresponds to the nucleotide base of the nucleotide arm.

81. The method of any one of claims 77-78, wherein at least one of the nucleotide arms of the multivalent molecule comprises a linker or a nucleotide base that is attached to a fluorophore, and wherein the fluorophore corresponds to the nucleotide base of the nucleotide arm.

82. The method of any one of claims 1-81, wherein the one or more samples comprises biological analytes to be sequenced.

83. The method of any one of claims 1-82, wherein the optical system is comprised in a sequencing system.

84. The method of any one of claims 1-83, wherein the processor is comprised in the sequencing system.

85. The method of any one of claims 1-84, wherein the optical system comprises a single image sensor.

86. The method of any one of claims 1-85, wherein the optical system comprises a single optical pathway of the optical system between the one or more samples and the single image sensor.

87. The method of any one of claims 1-86, wherein the optical system comprises an emission filter that is configured to block the first excitation light, second excitation light, third excitation light, or a combination thereof.

88. The method of claim 87, wherein the emission filter comprises a notch filter.

89. The method of claim 86 or 87, wherein the emission filter lacks a deletion band.

90. The method of any one of claims 87-89, wherein the emission filter is configured to allow the first emission light, the second emission light, and the third emission light to pass through.

91. The method of any one of claims 1-90, wherein exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate the first emission light from the one or more samples comprises: illuminating a field of view of the flow cell device with: at least 10 mm2, 20 mm2, 20 mm2, 30 mm2, 40 mm2, 50 mm2, 60 mm2, 70 mm2, 80 mm2, 90 mm2, or 100 mm2; and less than 15%, 10%, or 5% variance in energy variance.

92. The method of any one of claims 1-91, wherein the one or more samples comprises in situ cells, tissue, or organoids.

93. The method of any one of claims 1-92, wherein the exciting and detecting steps are performed within a single cycle of a sequencing ran.

94. The method of any one of claims 1-92, wherein the exciting and detecting steps are performed within individual cycles of a sequencing ran.

95. The method of any one of claims 1-94, wherein the first type of label, the second type of label, the third type of label, and the fourth type of label are configured to emit emission light with 2 or 3 different colors under excitation by the optical system.

96. The method of any one of claims 1-95, wherein one or more of the first emission light, the second emission light, the third emission light comprises 1, 2, or 3 different colors.

97. The method of any one of claims 1-96, wherein at least one of the first emission light, the second emission light, and the third emission light comprises more than one color,98. The method of any one of claims 3, 17, 44, 45, 47, 62, 63, and 65-66, wherein one or more of the first emission light, the second emission light, third emission light, and the fourth emission light comprises 1, 2, 3, or 4 different colors.

99. The method of any one of claims 3, 17, 44, 45, 47, 62, 63, and 65-66, wherein at least one of the first emission light, the second emission light, the third emission light, and the fourth emission light comprises more than one color.

100. The method of any one of claims 1-99, wherein the first emission light, the second emission light, or both comprise at least 2 different colors.

101. The method of any one of claims 1-100, wherein the optical system lacks any excitation filter that is in an excitation pathway from the light source to the one or more samples and blocks a portion of the first excitation light, second excitation light, or third excitation light.

102. The method of any one of claims 1-101, wherein the first and second flow cell images are of a field of view at a first z level of the one or more samples.

103. The method of claim 102, further comprising repeating, after focusing the optical system on a different field of view of the one or more samples, the exciting and detecting steps of claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third emission lights are emitted from the different field of view at a second z level different from the first z level of the one or more samples.

104. The method of any one of claims 1-103, wherein an imaging time of the exciting and detecting steps are within a range from 0.1 second to 60 seconds for the first, flow cell image, the second flow cell image, or the third flow cell image.

105. The method of claim 104, wherein an imaging time of the exciting and detecting steps are within a range from 0.1 second to 60 seconds for the first flow cell image or the second flow cell image.

106. system for sequencing a nucleic acid sample, comprising: a flow cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; an optical system comprising a light source and a single image sensor; and a processor; wherein the system is configured to perform one or more operations sequentially, the one or more operations comprising: exciting, using the light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with first excitation light to generate a first emission light from the one or more samples, detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples;exciting, using the light source or a second light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with a second excitation light to generate a second emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the second emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the light source or a third light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with a third excitation light to generate third emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the third emission light from the one or more samples; and performing, using the processor, base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples.

107. A system for sequencing a nucleic acid sample, comprising: a flow cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; an optical system comprising a light source and a single image sensor; and a processor, wherein the system is configured to perform one or more operations sequentially, the one or more operations comprising: exciting, using a light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a first excitation light to generate a first emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the light source or a second light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with a second excitation light to generate a second emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the second emission light from the one or more samples; and performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first and second emission light from the one or more samples.

108. A system for sequencing a nucleic acid sample, comprising: a flow cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; an optical system comprising a light source and a single image sensor; and a processor;wherein the system is configured to perform one or more operations sequentially, the one or more operations comprising: exciting, using a light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a first excitation light to generate first emission light from the one or more samples, detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate a second emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the second emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the light source of the optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate a third emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using the single image sensor of the optical system, the third emission light from the one or more samples; and performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission lights from the one or more samples.

109. A system for sequencing a nucleic acid sample, comprising: a flow7cell device comprising one or more samples immobilized thereon; an optical system comprising a light source and one or more image sensors; and a processor; wherein the system is configured to perform one or more operations simultaneously, the one or more operations comprising: exciting, using a first light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with a first excitation light to generate a first, emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the first light source or a second light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate a second emission light from the one or more samples; exciting, using the first light source or a third light source of an optical system, the one or more samples with the first excitation light to generate a third emission light from the one or more samples,detecting, using a first image sensor of the optical system, the first emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using a second image sensor of the optical system, the second emission light from the one or more samples; detecting, using a third image sensor of the optical system, the third emission light from the one or more samples; and performing base calling of the one or more samples based on the first, second, and third emission light from the one or more samples.

110. The system of any one of claims 106-109, wherein the one or more operations further comprises any one of claims 1-103.

111. The system of any one of claims 106-110, wherein the optical system lacks any excitation filter that is in an excitation pathway from the first light source, second light source, or third light source, to the one or more samples and blocks a portion of the first excitation light, second excitation light, or third excitation light.

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