Hybrid air engine with a combined cycle

Abstract

The invention relates to a hybrid air engine with a combined cycle comprising an in-line or V-type multi-cylinder block, wherein several cylinders operate in a two-stroke compression cycle requiring one 360º revolution of the crankshaft to be completed, and several cylinders operate in a four-stroke internal combustion cycle requiring two 720º revolutions of the crankshaft to be completed.

Description

[0001]"HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE". 001 This patent application refers to a "HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE" that provides a multi-cylinder in-line or V-engine block where several cylinders operate on air compression in a two-stroke cycle, requiring one 360º rotation of the crankshaft to complete, and several cylinders operate in a four-stroke internal combustion cycle, requiring two 720º rotations of the crankshaft to complete. 002 With a speed of 8 m per second at a pressure of one bar, increasing this speed based on Dalton's law (the law of turbulence),which is created by nature and using the idea of ​​developing a cylinder with an angled piston (figure #6) producing the same effect as a cyclone, increasing the pressure inside the high-temperature pressure chamber, equivalent to the value of combustion, which is powered by a turbine that is driven by the engine's own exhaust and controlled by the opening of the cylinder's own valve, admitting this high pressure to the bottom dead center and compressing it into the upper chamber with high pressure and temperature, equivalent to a value higher than internal combustion. This was created a century later and put into practice, testing with 5 balloons with equal volume of different gases. Subsequently, they increased the temperature of each balloon to 350K (equal to 80º) and found that all of them had increased their volume by the same altitude. 003 With a speed of 8m per second and a pressure of one bar, increasing this speed based on Dalton's law (the law of turbulence),This is created by nature and uses the idea of ​​developing a cylinder with an angled piston (figure #6), producing the same effect as a cyclone, increasing the pressure inside the high-temperature combustion chamber, equivalent to the value of combustion. This is powered by a turbine that is driven by the engine's own exhaust and controlled by the opening of the cylinder's own valve, admitting this high pressure to the bottom dead center and compressing it into the upper chamber with high pressure and temperature, equivalent to a value higher than the internal combustion of the fuel cylinder. Two-stage cylinders, using only air, receive high pressure and multiply it dozens of times in the combustion chamber with the piston relieving the weight to compress at the TDC (Top Dead Center), returning force superior to compression. This concept of a hybrid air engine with a combined compressed air cycle in several stages, with the two-stage version working only with compressed air without pollution,Using air velocity plus the temperature provided by the combustion temperature of the 4-stroke cylinder is a four-stroke explosion cycle that corresponds to four distinct phases: A – one and a half rotations, one stroke of the piston, intake, filling the cylinder with explosive mixture; B – two and a half rotations, one stroke of the piston, with mixture pressure to facilitate the explosion and make the mixture more homogeneous, increases the temperature favoring ignition, increases the initial pressure which depends on the explosion pressure; C – three and a half rotations, one stroke of the piston, engine stroke comprising two explosive actions.Expansion during which the gas pressure progressively decreases. D – four and a half rotations, one stroke of the piston, evacuation, and finally expulsion of the burnt gases from the cylinder. 005 The 4-stroke cycle is generally the most widely used, although the operation of the engines it performs is irregular due to the existence of only one engine stroke for two complete rotations per 4 strokes of the piston; however, its theoretical efficiency is much higher, obtaining easier variations in speed and a greater number of rotations. State of the Art 006 All reciprocating internal combustion engines are derived from the invention of Nicolaus Otto, who in 1889 made the first presentation of a 4-stroke engine using gasoline as fuel. Currently,Engine manufacturers are developing increasingly smaller engines with lower displacement and fewer cylinders. These engines can deliver power and torque at low and medium RPMs with lower fuel consumption and pollutant emissions into the atmosphere. This is only possible thanks to advances in technology applied to their operation, such as electronics, new electronic processors, the use of nanotechnology, state-of-the-art sensors and actuators, variable intake and exhaust manifolds, low-inertia compressors, pre- and post-catalyst lambda sensors, direct fuel injection, catalytic converters, etc. All this technology aims to deliver and enhance torque at low and medium RPMs. However, this technology is limited by the detonation factor, which causes high ignition before the electrical spark is fired during the compression phase of the air-fuel mixture, resulting in power loss.This increases fuel consumption and emissions of polluting gases into the atmosphere. Detonation due to high compression ratio is associated with high temperature inside the combustion cylinder, carbon buildup, poor quality fuel, and an out-of-sync ignition system. The two main causes of detonation are temperature inside the combustion chamber and high compression ratio and engine operating temperature. Flex-fuel cars (gasoline and ethanol) have an intermediate compression ratio because gasoline is more sensitive to detonation, requiring a lower compression ratio, while ethanol is less sensitive and therefore supports a higher compression ratio. These factors compromise performance in both. When the air-fuel mixture burns,The formation of hot gases that expand rapidly pushes the lower part of the engine, causing it to move. This movement can rotate propellers or operate machinery. The power of an internal combustion engine, the work it can produce, is usually expressed in horsepower or Watts. Internal combustion engines are compact and lightweight compared to their power, which makes them more commonly used in vehicles, automobiles, lawnmowers, motorcycles, buses, airplanes, and small boats. Internal combustion engines can also function as portable power plants – for example, to provide power to operate pumps and other machinery on farms. There are two main types of internal combustion engines: reciprocating engines and rotary engines. Reciprocating engines have pistons that move up and down or back and forth. A part called the crankshaft transforms this reciprocating motion into circular, rotary motion.that drives wheels. A rotary engine, also known as a Wenkel engine, uses rotors instead of pistons. The rotors directly produce the rotary motion. Currently, the automotive industry, through the use of various types of engines, has created smaller engines that develop power close to or even greater than engines with larger displacement. These engines are the most modern available on the market and are capable of providing significant fuel economy and results in urban use or in competitions. For example, the engine of the Up! TSI, a Volkswagen car that uses a turbocharger system to provide better results in a 1.0-liter car, can be cited. Many people, in the search for a more economical and powerful car, install turbochargers in their private vehicles. When using a turbocharger, one must know the engine displacement....as well as the desired power output. The reality of sizing this equipment involves several parameters, which can transform its use from rewarding to a major torment. A smaller turbocharger may not provide any extra power, while a very large one could cause excesses capable of damaging the vehicle. The demand for vehicles in today's society increasingly seeks smaller engines that can achieve maximum efficiency while emitting fewer pollutants. When combined with fuel economy, a large market for turbochargers can be found. Using this component, it is possible to make smaller engines achieve higher power outputs, potentially reducing the size of cars. It is also possible to reduce fuel consumption and, consequently, the amount of pollutants released into the environment. The efficiency of Otto cycle internal combustion engines is relatively low.Therefore, a turbocharger becomes a great ally in the pursuit of better results. This equipment redirects exhaust gases, initially unused, to the blades of a turbine, responsible for rotating a compressor, which compresses the air entering the engine cylinders, ensuring higher pressure and thus a more efficient engine. Internal combustion engines function to transform energy from a chemical reaction into mechanical energy through a thermodynamic cycle involving the compression and expansion of gases. Most of these engines operate in four-stroke cycles. Each piston requires four strokes and two complete revolutions to complete one cycle (PULKRABEK, W. et al., 2002). 1. The first stroke, or intake, admits the air mixture into the cylinder through the opening of the intake valve, which, to ensure greater mass intake, opens a few moments before the start of the piston's movement.and closes a few moments after the end of the movement. The piston is connected to the atmospheric air intake arm to transform natural energy into mechanical energy, which in turn is connected to the crankshaft, responsible for driving the rotational movement. 2. Next, with both valves closed and the cylinder full of the air-fuel mixture, compression occurs, the second phase of the cycle, in which the piston rises towards the cylinder head, compressing the mixture. At this moment, with the mixture compressed between the cylinder head and the upper face of the piston, the spark is ignited in spark-ignition engines. 3. Expansion is the next phase of the engine, in which the high-temperature and high-pressure gases push the piston, causing the crankshaft to rotate and thus producing the force necessary for the engine shaft. 4. Finally, with the chamber full of now-burned gases, the exhaust valve opens and the piston rises to its upper point.This process exhausts the gases and completes cycle 017. At the end, the cylinder-piston assembly is prepared for the start of a new cycle. 018 The main objective of this application is to provide a hybrid air engine with a multi-stage combined cycle that operates in the same block, with the cylinders divided into equal numbers.The two-stage system works only with compressed atmospheric air inside a chamber driven by a turbine that is powered by the exhaust outlet, using the exhaust pressure to admit atmospheric air and compress this air to medium pressure. This pressure is controlled by a valve assembly and commanded by an upper shaft, feeding and creating high pressure controlled by a piston and an intake arm. Atmospheric air pressure is used to transform natural energy into mechanical energy. A creative graphic design is employed: decreasing the radius to move upwards, compressing the air without using the energy of the crankshaft, and increasing the radius to descend, increasing the force within an upper chamber with high pressure due to the increased temperature of the gases. This moves the piston clockwise or counterclockwise, producing force for the crankshaft and replacing internal combustion engines. The objective of this application is...To provide an engine that, at the end of the air expansion phase in the air cylinders by compression and explosion and gas expansion in the internal combustion cylinders, delivers power and torque with low fuel consumption and reduced emissions of gases (CO2, NO, SO and HC) into the atmosphere. 020 The objective of this application is an engine that operates on air by compression and internal combustion. 021 The objective of this application is an engine that operates with two air compression cylinders and two internal combustion cylinders, providing that its temperature is reduced, combined with the use of an atmospheric air intake arm that adds a substantial increase in the compression ratio without detonation occurring, thus achieving greater thermal efficiency of the engine, lower fuel consumption and lower emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. 022 The objective of this application is a permanent hybrid engine,The engine utilizes a 2-stroke cycle for air-compression cylinders and a 4-stroke cycle for internal combustion cylinders, as well as the Miller cycle, which keeps the intake valve open longer during the compression phase of air in compression cylinders and air-fuel cylinders in internal combustion cylinders, aiming to reduce the opposing force to the engine's movement during the compression phase. The objective of this application is to provide an engine with a multi-cylinder block in line or in a V configuration, composed of a turbocharger, a cylinder head with camshaft, pistons, an air intake arm, a crankshaft, a flywheel, a throttle body, and an intake manifold for air supply.Fuel for the internal combustion cylinders, assisted by an engine control unit in supplying air-fuel and the exact moment of spark ignition for the explosion of the air-fuel mixture during the compression phase. 024 The objective of this application is to provide an engine equipped with sensors and actuators such as: throttle position sensor, water and air temperature sensor, air flow meter, intake manifold absolute pressure sensor, knock sensor, rotation sensor, camshaft phase sensor, speed sensor, lambda probe, so that this information allows the ECU (Engine Control Unit) to supply the correct amount of air-fuel in the various power and engine speed phases. 025 The objective of this application is to provide an engine whose compressed air cylinders do not require electronic management control to function.These engines are controlled by the operation of the internal combustion cylinders and are powered by a turbocharger, following the controlled rotation of the internal combustion cylinders. Air is supplied under low pressure and injected into the expansion chamber, following the engine's rotation according to the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves. The supply of pure air is done directly through the atmospheric air intake arm, eliminating the need for a controller; all control is done in the internal combustion cylinders. The objective of this application is to provide an engine that can operate with multiple cylinders using air in-line or V-compression and multiple cylinders using in-line internal combustion, where heat exchange occurs between the walls resulting in a lower operating temperature. With the use of the air intake arm, the compression ratio is raised to levels never before achieved in engines known in the prior art.Without detonation occurring, thermodynamically, the higher the compression ratio, the greater the energy extracted during the explosion and expansion of gases, generating greater power and torque delivery to the crankshaft, which, together with its mass and the mass of the engine flywheel, performs the required mechanical work, resulting in lower fuel consumption, lower pollutant emissions, and higher engine thermal efficiency. The objective of this application is to provide an engine that operates at low temperature, with low fuel consumption and lower pollutant emissions into the atmosphere; it is considered an environmentally friendly engine when using ethanol as fuel. The objective of this application is a hybrid air engine with all the necessary equipment that can be used in all vehicles with a combined cycle, with various stages for any engine, generating force and power with the pressure of compressed air under pressure.with high sustainability using atmospheric air without needing fuel to compress the air in the two-stage cylinder, using the force of the air and harnessing the energy that is lost in the four-stage cylinder, called a multi-stage conjugate cycle. 029 The objective of the present application is a hybrid air engine with a compressed air conjugate cycle, which in two stages works only with compressed air without pollution.Using air velocity plus the temperature provided by the combustion temperature of the 4-stroke cylinder is a combustion cycle that corresponds to 4 distinct phases: A – 1 half-rotation, one stroke of the piston, intake, filling the cylinder with the explosive mixture. B – 2 half-rotation, one stroke of the piston, with pressure from the mixture to facilitate the explosion and make the mixture more homogeneous, increasing the temperature, favoring ignition, increasing the initial pressure which depends on the explosion pressure. C – 3 half-rotation, one stroke of the piston, power stroke comprising two explosive actions, expansion during which the gas pressure progressively decreases. D – 4 half-rotation, one stroke of the piston, evacuation and finally expelling the burnt gases from the cylinder. 030 The objective of this application is,A hybrid air-cooled engine with a multi-stage, four-stroke cycle that delivers 360º of force on the eccentric shaft in just one rotation. The objective of this application is to ensure that the entire engine fuel system is managed by electronic injection, which works interconnected with the engine's air intake and exhaust ports. A single piston generates two driving forces in the same rotation, effectively transforming a single-cylinder engine into a two-cylinder engine by multiplying the number of cylinders: - The compressed air hybrid engine corresponds to 2 stages with only one piston rotation. - 1st stroke (atmospheric air intake,(More air compression from the bottom dead center to the top dead center) - 2nd stroke (expansion in the upper chamber and exhaust at bottom dead center); - the 1st stroke (pressure) occurs when the piston reaches top dead center at the turn of the atmospheric air intake arm hub to transform natural energy into mechanical energy. - the 2nd stroke (expansion) occurs when the piston is descending to bottom dead center before reaching the lower section. 032 The objective of this application is a new generation of engine that can be built in a smaller size with high power using compressed atmospheric air as energy and all energies already existing on the market. 033 In order to obtain a perfect understanding of what has been developed, illustrative drawings are appended to which numerical references are made together with a detailed description that follows,where a: Figure 1 shows a piston and cylinder assembly with upper valves and lower ports. Figure 2 shows a diagram of the operation with the crankshaft relieving weight to rise and increasing force to descend. Figure 3 shows a view of the oval chamber producing pressure at high temperature. Figure 4 shows a view of the four-stroke combustion chamber with several spark plugs. Figure 5 shows a view of the pressurized atmospheric oxygen cylinder. Figure 6 shows the two-stroke piston in the lower dead pin admitting and discharging air. Figure 7 shows the two-stroke piston beginning to compress atmospheric air into the upper chamber. Figure 8 shows a view of the air and fuel manifold. Figure 9 shows a view of the 3rd and 4th stage rotating shaft. Figure 10 shows a view alluding to the mechanical turbine (TM).Hot air outlet pressure chamber (SQ) and cold air inlet window (EF). Figure 11 shows a view alluding to the air compression chamber (CCA) with the 2nd stroke piston (P2) and air intake chamber (CAA) with the 4th stroke piston (P4). Operation of the "AIR COMPRESSION" cylinder in the two-stroke cycle applied to the "HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH CONJUGATED CYCLE" 034 The two-stroke cycle and the Miller cycle used for the operation of the air compression cylinders of the conjugated cycle engine require one revolution (30º rotation) of the crankshaft to be completed. The first stroke, the exhaust, air injection, compression, begins with the piston near bottom dead center (BDC) at a predetermined degree, before the bottom dead center (BDC) the exhaust valve opens for a rapid discharge of the air that was in the expansion phase, then at a predetermined degree,Before the bottom dead center (BDC), the intake valve opens to allow cold air under low pressure supplied by a turbocharger to enter. During the piston's trajectory change from bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC) at a predetermined angle, after bottom dead center (BDC), the exhaust valve closes. During this period between the opening and closing of the exhaust valve, heat exchange occurs, with cold air still entering through the exhaust valve. Immediately after the exhaust valve closes at a predetermined angle after bottom dead center (BDC), the intake valve closes. This interval between the closing of the exhaust valve and the closing of the intake valve is the application of the "Miller Cycle," which functions to reduce the opposing force to the engine's movement during the air compression phase.With the intake and exhaust valves closed, the air compression phase begins at a high compression ratio, resulting in very high pressure in the combustion chamber at the end of the piston stroke, completing the first stroke cycle. 035 When the piston changes trajectory, from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC), the second stroke cycle begins (expansion, exhaust, and air injection). As the piston changes its trajectory to bottom dead center (BDC) under very high pressure accumulated in the piston head during the compression phase (potential energy), and the product of the pressure x the piston area, results in a force on the piston, propelling it towards bottom dead center (BDC). 036 This piston force is transmitted to the crankshaft through the intake of atmospheric air and carries a rotational torque on the crankshaft.which, together with its mass and that of the engine flywheel, produces mechanical work that is required and demanded during the piston's stroke from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC) at a predetermined rotation. Before bottom dead center (BDC), the exhaust valve opens to effect a rapid discharge of the air that was in the expansion phase. Immediately afterwards, at a predetermined degree before bottom dead center (BDC),The intake valve opens, completing the two-stroke cycle. Operation of the "HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE" Four-Cylinder In-Line 037 The 4-stroke cycle for the air cylinder by compression and for the internal combustion cylinders requires two revolutions (270º rotation) of the crankshaft to be completed. 1st stroke air by compression = low-pressure air injection combustion = intake of air-fuel mixture; 2nd stroke air by compression = high-compression air compression combustion = compression of the air-fuel mixture; 3rd stroke air by compression = high-pressure air expansion combustion = explosion of gases; 4th stroke air by compression = cold air discharge combustion = exhaust of gases. 038 Since for every two revolutions of the crankshaft, the air cylinders expand by compression and the combustion cylinders explode with two expansion explosions,totaling four energy sources for the engine. 039 In the 4-stroke Otto cycle for internal combustion cylinders and the 2-stroke cycle for the air-compression cylinder, two revolutions (720º rotation) of the crankshaft are necessary to complete the four-stroke cycle and one revolution (360º rotation) of the crankshaft to complete the two-stroke cycle, as follows: 1st stroke combustion = intake of air fuel air compression = exhaust – injection of compressed air 2nd stroke combustion = compression of the air-fuel mixture air compression = expansion – exhaust – injection of air 3rd stroke combustion = explosion and expansion of gases air compression = exhaust – injection of compressed air. 4th stroke combustion = exhaust of gases air compression = expansion – exhaust of air injection. 040 In this operation, for two revolutions of the crankshaft, two explosions and expansions occur in the combustion cylinders, and four expansions in the air-compression cylinders.totaling six energy sources for the engine. 041 Six-stroke cycle for single-cylinder combustion and two-stroke cycle for air-compression cylinders; three revolutions (1080º rotation) of the crankshaft are required to complete the cycle.arranged as follows: 1st stage combustion = intake of fuel air, air by compression = exhaust – injection of compressed air; 2nd stage combustion = compression of the fuel-air mixture, air by compression = expansion – exhaust – air injection; 3rd stage combustion = explosion and expansion of gases, air by compression = exhaust – injection of compressed air; 4th stage combustion = compression of burned gases, air by compression = expansion – exhaust – air injection; 5th stage combustion = expansion of burned gases, air by compression = exhaust – air injection – compression; 6th stage combustion = exhaust of burned gases, air by compression = expansion – exhaust – air injection. Based on the description and illustrations, it is clear that the "HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE" solves several problems of the prior art by operating cooler, which allows for an increase in the compression ratio without detonation, guaranteeing greater thermal efficiency.Lower fuel consumption and lower emissions in Flex engines. LEGEND 1 – Top dead center 2 – Bottom dead center 3 – Exhaust valve opening 4 – Intake valve opening 5 – Exhaust valve closing 6 – Intake valve closing 7 – Compression phase 8 – Expansion phase 9 – Exhaust valve 10 – Intake valve 11 – Pressure chamber 12 – Piston stroke 13 – Piston 14 – Crankshaft 15 – Crankshaft journal radius 16 – Lateral displacement of atmospheric air intake arm 17 – Journal radius + displacement (Greater engine torque) 18 – Journal radius – displacement (Less opposing force to engine movement in the compression phase) 043 In this way, it is clear that the “AIR HYBRID ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE” brings great advantages to users and especially to the environment.In a compressed air hybrid engine, the entire volume of air compressed within the pressure chamber is transformed into thermal energy, which improves the engine's efficiency. This is achieved through the intake arm and atmospheric air pressure, transforming natural energy into mechanical energy with double force. This double force is linked to the eccentric shaft of the two-stage compressed air hybrid engine, allowing the use of one or more cylinders in the same block. A single-cylinder hybrid engine has the same force as a conventional two-cylinder engine. The entire pressure system is utilized in this hybrid engine because there is no loss in piston lift from bottom to top, using the intake arm and atmospheric pressure to transform natural energy into mechanical energy. These engines can be used for all work purposes that depend on motive force: stationary hybrid engines for power generation, etc.For agriculture and the automotive industry. Generating the necessary power for each market demand. 046 Its operation is quite simple: it only requires admitting atmospheric air into a cylinder-piston assembly, thus generating a pressure difference that causes the piston to move to a point of maximum displacement. From this position, the compressed air inside the cylinder-piston assembly is removed by opening valves, causing the piston to retract through an atmospheric air intake arm, completing a cycle. 047 Because it is innovative and not previously understood in engines known in the prior art, the COMBINED CYLINDER ENGINE perfectly fits within the criteria that define the patent.

Claims

CLAIM 1 - "AIR HYBRID ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE." an engine (M) that operates on air by compression and internal combustion. 2- “HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE” an engine (M) that operates on air by compression and internal combustion, characterized by the two-stroke cycle and the Miller cycle, using air cylinders by compression in its operation, which require one revolution (30º rotation) on the crankshaft, wherein in the first stroke the exhaust, air injection and compression begins with the piston near bottom dead center (2) at a predetermined degree, before the bottom dead center (2) the exhaust valve (3) opens for a rapid discharge of the air that was in the expansion phase, then at a predetermined degree, before point (2) the intake valve (4) opens to enter cold air under low pressure supplied by a turbo compressor, in the change of trajectory of the piston from bottom dead center (2) to top dead center (1) there is a predetermined degree,After bottom dead center (2), the exhaust valve (3) closes. During this period between the opening and closing of the exhaust valve (5), there is a heat exchange, with cold air still entering through the exhaust valve. Immediately after the closing of the exhaust valve (5), at a predetermined degree after bottom dead center (2), the intake valve (6) closes. This interval between the closing of the exhaust valve and the closing of the intake valve (6) is the application of the "Miller Cycle," which has the function of reducing the opposing force to the engine's movement during the air compression phase (7). With the intake (10) and exhaust (9) valves closed, the air compression phase (7) begins at a high compression ratio, resulting in very high pressure in the combustion chamber (11) at the end of the piston stroke (12), completing the first stage of the cycle. 2 / 83- “HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH CONJUGATED CYCLE” characterized by the change in trajectory of the piston (13) from the upper dead center (1) to the lower dead center (2), the second stage cycle begins (expansion, discharge and air injection), the piston when changing its trajectory to the bottom dead center (2) occurs under very high pressure, accumulated in the piston head in the compression phase (7) (potential energy) and the product of the pressure X of the piston area, resulting in a force on the piston (13), propelling it to the lower dead center (2).4- “AIR HYBRID ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE” characterized by the force of the piston (13) being transmitted to the crankshaft (14) through the intake of the atmospheric air arm (16) and carrying a rotational torque on the crankshaft (14), which together with its mass and that of the flywheel produces a mechanical work to be required and requested in the stroke of the piston (12) from top dead center (1) to bottom dead center (1) at a predetermined rotation, before bottom dead center (1) the exhaust valve (9) opens to effect a rapid discharge of the air that was in the expansion phase (8), then, at a predetermined degree before bottom dead center (1), the intake valve opens, ending the two-stroke cycle.5- “HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE” characterized by a 4-stroke cycle for the air cylinder by compression and for the internal combustion cylinders, two revolutions (270º rotation) of the crankshaft are required to complete the cycle, where every two revolutions of the crankshaft (14) result in the expansion of the air cylinders by compression and two expansion explosions in the combustion cylinders, totaling four energy sources for the engine:. 3 / 81st stage: air compression = low-pressure air injection, combustion = air-fuel intake; 2nd stage: air compression = high-compression air compression, combustion = air-fuel mixture compression; 3rd stage: air compression = high-pressure air expansion, combustion = gas explosion; 4th stage: air compression = cold air exhaust, combustion = gas exhaust; 6- “HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE” characterized by the fact that in the 4-stroke Otto cycle for the internal combustion cylinders and the 2-stroke cycle for the air compression cylinder, two revolutions (720º rotation) of the crankshaft are necessary to complete the four-stroke cycle and one revolution (360º rotation) of the crankshaft to complete the two-stroke cycle, where for two revolutions of the crankshaft, two explosions and expansions occur in the combustion cylinders, and four expansions in the air compression cylinders.totaling six energy sources for the engine: 1st stroke combustion = air intake fuel air by compression = exhaust – injection of compressed air 2nd stroke combustion = compression of the air-fuel mixture air by compression = expansion – exhaust – injection of air 3rd stroke combustion = explosion and expansion of gases air by compression = exhaust – injection of compressed air. 4th stroke combustion = exhaust of gases air by compression = expansion – exhaust of air injection. 7- “HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE” characterized by a 6-stroke cycle for 1 cylinder combustion and a 2-stroke cycle for the... 4 / 8Compression-controlled air cylinders require three revolutions (1080º rotation) of the crankshaft to be completed, arranged as follows: 1st stroke: combustion = intake of fuel air; compression = exhaust – injection of compressed air; 2nd stroke: combustion = compression of the fuel-air mixture; compression = expansion – exhaust – injection of air; 3rd stroke: combustion = explosion and expansion of gases; compression = exhaust – injection of compressed air; 4th stroke: combustion = compression of burnt gases; compression = expansion – exhaust – injection of air; 5th stroke: combustion = expansion of burnt gases; compression = exhaust – injection of air – compression; 6th stroke: combustion = exhaust of burnt gases; compression = expansion – exhaust – injection of air.8- “HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE” characterized by the engine that at the end of the expansion phase (8) of the air in the air cylinders by compression and explosion and expansion of the gases in the internal combustion cylinders, provides power and torque with low fuel consumption and lower emissions of gases (CO2, NO, SO and Hc) to the atmosphere. 9- “HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE” characterized by the engine being provided with two air cylinders by compression and two internal combustion cylinders, providing that its temperature is reduced, combined with the use of the atmospheric air intake arm (16) which increases the compression ratio without detonation occurring, resulting in greater thermal efficiency of the engine, lower fuel consumption and lower emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere. 10- “HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE” characterized by a. 5 / 8Permanent hybrid engine, where the 2-stroke cycle is used for air-compression cylinders and the 4-stroke cycle for internal combustion cylinders, and the Miller cycle, where the intake valve remains open longer during the air-compression phase in air-compression cylinders and air-fuel in internal combustion cylinders, reducing the opposing force to the engine's movement during the compression phase.11- “HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE” characterized by an engine that has a 4-cylinder in-line block composed of a turbo compressor, a cylinder head with camshaft, pistons, atmospheric air intake arm (16), crankshaft, flywheel, a throttle body intake manifold for supplying air, fuel to the internal combustion cylinders which is assisted by an engine control unit in supplying air fuel that at the exact moment of firing the spark plug to cause the explosion of the air and fuel mixture in the compression phase.12- “HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE” characterized by an engine equipped with sensors and actuators such as: throttle position sensor, water and air temperature sensor, air flow meter, intake manifold absolute pressure sensor, knock sensor, rotation sensor, camshaft phase sensor, speed sensor, lambda probe, so that this information causes the ECU (Engine Control Unit) to supply the amount of air-fuel mixture in the various power and engine speed phases. 13- “HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE” characterized by an engine whose compressed air cylinders do not require electronic management control to function, they are controlled by... 6 / 8The operation of the internal combustion cylinders is controlled by a turbocharger, following the controlled rotation of the internal combustion cylinders. Air is supplied under low pressure and injected into the expansion chamber, following the engine's rotation according to the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves. The supply of pure air is done directly through the atmospheric air intake arm, not requiring a controller, as the control is done in the internal combustion cylinders.14- “HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE” characterized by an engine with two air-compression cylinders and two internal combustion cylinders, where heat exchange occurs between the walls resulting in a lower operating temperature and with the use of the air intake arm, increasing the compression ratio without detonation occurring, thus the higher the compression ratio, the greater the energy extracted in the explosion and expansion phase (8) of the gases generating greater power and delivering greater torque to the crankshaft, which together with its mass and the mass of the engine flywheel performs the required mechanical work, with lower fuel consumption, lower pollutant emissions and greater thermal efficiency of the engine.15- “HYBRID AIR ENGINE WITH COMBINED CYCLE” characterized by the two-stroke cycle, the air cylinders by compression of the combined cycle engine, requires one revolution (30º rotation) of the crankshaft to be completed, the first stroke, the exhaust, air injection, compression begins with the piston near bottom dead center (BDC) at a pre-determined degree, before the bottom dead center (BDC) opens the exhaust valve for a quick discharge of the air that was in the expansion phase, and then at a pre-determined degree, before the bottom dead center (BDC) opens the... 7 / 8The intake valve allows cold air under low pressure, supplied by a turbocharger, to enter. During the piston's trajectory change from bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC) at a predetermined angle, after which the exhaust valve closes. During this period between the opening and closing of the exhaust valve, heat exchange occurs, allowing cold air to enter through the exhaust valve. Immediately after the exhaust valve closes at a predetermined angle after bottom dead center (BDC), the intake valve closes. This interval between the closing of the exhaust valve and the closing of the intake valve is the application of the "Miller Cycle," which functions to reduce the opposing force to the engine's movement during the air compression phase.With the intake and exhaust valves closed, the air compression phase begins at a high compression ratio, resulting in very high pressure in the combustion chamber at the end of the piston stroke, completing the first stage cycle. 16- "AIR HYBRID ENGINE WITH ENGINE COUPLED CYCLE" characterized by the change in piston trajectory, from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC), the second stage cycle begins (expansion, exhaust and air injection), the piston, when changing its trajectory to bottom dead center (BDC) under very high pressure, accumulated in the piston head during the compression phase (potential energy) and the product of the pressure X the piston area, results in a force on the piston, propelling it to the bottom dead center (BDC). 17- "AIR HYBRID ENGINE WITH ENGINE COUPLED CYCLE" characterized by the piston force being transmitted to the crankshaft through the intake of atmospheric air and carrying a rotational torque on the crankshaft,which together with its mass and that of the flywheel produces, 8 / 8 A mechanical task is required and demanded during the piston's stroke from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC) at a predetermined rotation. Before bottom dead center (BDC), the exhaust valve opens to perform a rapid discharge of the air that was in the expansion phase. Immediately afterwards, at a predetermined degree before bottom dead center (BDC), the intake valve opens, completing the two-stroke cycle.

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