Oxygen ion battery

Abstract

The invention relates to an oxygen ion battery, comprising a solid-state electrolyte (6) which is suitable for conducting oxygen ions, a first electrode (4,4') which is configured as a positive electrode and is in contact with a part of the surface of the solid-state electrolyte (6), a second electrode (5,5') which is configured as a negative electrode and is in contact with a part of the surface of the solid-state electrolyte (6), wherein the positive and negative electrode have a distance from each other such that an electron-conducting or physical contact between the positive and negative electrode is avoided, an insulation layer which partially surrounds the positive electrode and negative electrode and preferably insulates same from the gas atmosphere, characterised in that the insulation layer preferably consists of a cover layer (1) and a metal substrate (12, 12') and that the oxygen ion battery has at least a third electrode, which is configured as a measuring or control electrode (10, 11) and is in contact with a part of the surface of the solid-state electrolyte (6).

Description

[0001] OXYGEN BATTERY

[0002] The present invention relates to an oxygen ion battery comprising (i) a solid electrolyte suitable for conducting oxygen ions, (ii) a first electrode configured as a positrode and in ion-conducting contact with a portion of the surface of the solid electrolyte, (iii) a second electrode configured as a negatrode and in ion-conducting contact with a portion of the surface of the solid electrolyte, wherein the positrode and negatrode are spaced apart from each other to avoid electron-conducting and physical contact between the positrode and negatrode, and (iv) an insulating layer partially surrounding the positrode and negatrode.

[0003] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Conventional methods for generating energy from fossil fuels have numerous disadvantages, including high levels of pollution, low efficiency, and a lack of renewable resources. Because of this, and especially with regard to achieving the IEA's (International Energy Agency) international goals for reducing CO2 emissions and air pollution, as well as limiting global temperature rise, sustainable energy generation is of paramount importance. Consequently, the use of rechargeable batteries, or secondary batteries, is also increasing. Secondary batteries are being used more and more in (large-scale) stationary energy storage systems, miniaturized energy storage systems, and automotive applications, among other things to reduce energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from the mobility sector.

[0005] A variety of widely used secondary batteries are known, such as lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries. However, such batteries have significant disadvantages for use as stationary and / or miniaturized energy storage systems lasting several hours.

[0006] Potential secondary battery systems that avoid these disadvantages and offer advantages over lithium-ion batteries, such as increased safety, the avoidance of rare elements, and a longer lifespan, include oxygen-ion batteries (OIBs). The increased safety is achieved by the fact that OIBs are made of non-flammable and non-toxic materials, while the longer lifespan results from the fact that the storage capacity of OIBs is regenerable or that degradation processes can be reversed. Such an OIB is disclosed in WO 2023 / 213905 Al. The oxygen-ion battery comprises a solid electrolyte, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an insulating layer applied to both electrodes to prevent oxygen leakage. Furthermore, the two electrodes consist of a mixed ionic and electronic structure for conducting oxygen ions and electrons.

[0007] A third electrode, configured as a reference or auxiliary electrode, is described in the publication "Rechargeable Oxide Ion Batteries Based on Mixed Conducting Oxide Electrodes" by Schmid, Krammer, and Fleig (Advanced Energy Materials, 2023; 13(11) 2203789). This reference or auxiliary electrode enables an initial conditioning step. In this step, a first electrode is reduced to a significant number of oxygen vacancies, while a second electrode is essentially completely filled with oxygen. However, such a reference or auxiliary electrode does not allow for monitoring the battery cell's health.

[0008] Furthermore, metal-air batteries are known, among other places, from WO 2013 / 093044 Al. The disclosed metal-air battery combines the technologies of conventional metal-air batteries with those of solid-state oxide fuel cells and comprises a metal electrode, an air electrode with a mixed electron and oxygen ion conductor, and a solid electrolyte. However, in this case, the metal electrode does not form the basis for the manufacturing process.

[0009] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0010] Against this background, the invention aims to avoid the aforementioned disadvantages and to provide a metal-supported oxygen ion battery that offers the advantages of metal-supported cells and can monitor the health of the battery cell.

[0011] This problem is solved by an oxygen-ion battery comprising (i) a solid electrolyte suitable for conducting oxygen ions, (ii) a first electrode configured as a positrode and in contact with part of the surface of the solid electrolyte, (iii) a second electrode configured as a negatrode and in contact with part of the surface of the solid electrolyte, wherein the positrode and negatrode are spaced apart to avoid electron-conducting and physical contact between them, and (iv) an insulating layer partially surrounding the positrode and negatrode and preferably insulating them from the gas atmosphere, characterized in that the insulating layer preferably consists of a cover layer and a metal substrate, and that the oxygen-ion battery has at least one third electrode.which is configured as a measuring or control electrode and preferably in contact with a portion of the surface of the solid electrolyte. Firstly, this measuring or control electrode allows for monitoring the health of the oxygen-ion battery. Secondly, both the insulating layer and the metal substrate insulate the positrode and negatrode from the gas atmosphere.

[0012] In contrast to the disclosure in WO 2023 / 213905 Al, the oxygen-ion battery according to the invention discloses a third electrode and a metal substrate. The metal substrate provides improved mechanical stability and strength, lower material costs, ease of machining, and good electrical and thermal conductivity.

[0013] The reversal of degradation processes can be enabled by the measuring or control electrode. Since oxygen can be pumped out of or into the oxygen ion battery (OIB) via the measuring or control electrode, it can ensure the optimal amount of oxygen in the OIB.

[0014] An oxygen-ion battery (OIB) is an electrochemical solid-state energy storage device consisting of an oxygen ion (O₂) charge. 2The OIB consists of a conductive electrolyte and two mixed-conducting electrodes that are both oxygen-ion and electron-conducting. These two mixed-conducting electrodes, also known as storage electrodes, are in physical and ionically conductive contact with the electrolyte and exhibit a wide range of oxygen stoichiometry. The principle of electrochemical storage is based on the incorporation of oxygen into and removal from these electrodes. Oxygen ions are transported from a first electrode through the electrolyte to a second electrode, while electrons simultaneously flow through an external circuit. Oxygen storage takes place within the electrodes themselves, without any gas-phase reaction occurring at either storage electrode. During charging of the OIB, O 2'-Ions from the negative electrode (negatrode) enter the electrolyte directly via the negatrode / electrolyte interface, are transported through the electrolyte, and subsequently reach the positive electrode (positrode) via the electrolyte / positrode interface. Electrons leave the positrode directly via its positrode / current collector interface, flow through an external circuit, and reach the negatrode via the current collector / negatrode interface. The discharge process proceeds in the opposite direction. In the two storage electrodes, the charge carriers are stored as so-called point defects at crystallographically clearly distinguishable sites within the respective crystal lattice: The O 2'-ions occupy sites of the oxygen sublattice, the electrons are often located as localized polarons on cation sites (depending on the electronic band structure of the electrode material, the electrons may also be delocalized to some extent).

[0015] The contact between the positrode and the solid electrolyte or between the negatrode and the solid electrolyte is preferably physically and ionically conductive.

[0016] The solid electrolyte can consist of Ca- or Y-doped ZrCF or doped CeCF, which may subsequently be in the form of a single crystal, a polycrystalline thin film or a pellet.

[0017] In another embodiment, the solid electrolyte has a thickness of 10 nm to 1 mm and thus corresponds to a thin-film electrolyte. The thin-film electrolyte can be in the form of a powder-based thin-film electrolyte or produced using physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods such as sputtering or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods.

[0018] Furthermore, in one embodiment, the positrode and negatrode each correspond to a powder-based electrode, which can have a thickness in the range of 100 nm to 1 mm, preferably 1 pm to 100 pm. The use of powder-based electrodes allows for cost savings, as scalable, industrial manufacturing methods can be employed for the production of oxygen-ion batteries. Such industrial manufacturing methods include, for example, screen printing, robocasting, inkjet printing, rotational coating, and film casting. In addition, other PVD methods such as sputtering can also be used.

[0019] To produce powder-based electrolytes or electrodes, techniques such as screen printing, film casting, inkjet printing, microdosing, and other ceramic thin-film methods are used, as partially described previously. Furthermore, these techniques can be combined with thin-film deposition techniques such as sputtering.

[0020] Subsequently, the positrode and negatrode can each consist of a mixed ionic and electronic structure, thus enabling the conduction of oxygen ions and electrons. Such a structure can be provided, among other things, by a polycrystalline redox-active material. Potential redox-active materials for electrodes include, for example, CaTiCE-s, SrTiCE-s, Lai-xSrxFeCE-s, Cai-xSrxFeCE-s, Cai-xSrxFei-yMnyCE-s, Cai-xSrxFei-yTiyCh- s, CaMni-xTixCE-s, Lai-xSrxTii-yMnyCE-s, Cai-xSrxTii-yMnyCE-s and Lai-xSrxMni-yCryCE-s, as well as composite materials made from the above-mentioned mixed materials together with partially or completely insulating materials that can change the oxygen content, such as oxide-oxide (e.g., CuO-Cu2O), oxide-metal (FeO-Fe), or materials with oxide-containing anions (e.g., borate-boride, sulfate-sulfite-sulfide, etc.). Here, 5 corresponds to the variability of the oxygen content and accordingly, 5 can take on a value from 0 to 1.The variables x and y can each also take on a value in the range of 0 to 1.

[0021] Furthermore, the materials (Lai-u-vAuBv^DwEyGzCU-t and Lai+xBa2-xCu3O7-<) can be used for the electrodes, where the placeholders A and B represent the elements Sr, Ca, or Ba, while the placeholders D, E, and G represent the elements Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, or Cr. The variables u, v, w, y, and z are positive numbers, with the sum of u and v yielding a value between 0 and 1, and the sum of w, y, and z yielding 1. The variable x can take a value between 0 and 1, while the variable cp takes a value between -1 and 1.

[0022] Isolating the positrode and negatrode from the gas atmosphere prevents solid-gas reactions and oxygen exchange reactions between the electrodes and the surrounding atmosphere. This ensures a stable battery capacity and prevents self-discharge. Therefore, suitable materials for the coating include glass, glass-like seals, undopted ZrCb, metallic seals, doped ZrCb, and other ceramic seals.

[0023] The metal substrate can consist of alloys such as ferritic stainless steels, e.g., FeCr-based steels, Ni, FeNi, and NiCrAlY. Additionally, the metal substrate can serve as a current collector.

[0024] The measuring or control electrode can have a thickness of 10 nm to 1 mm. The area of ​​the measuring or control electrode can be 0.1 cm². 2 up to 100 cm 2 be.

[0025] The measuring or control electrode can be in contact with the solid electrolyte to regulate the oxygen stoichiometry of the positrode and negatrode, with the measuring or control electrode being ionically connected to the positrode and / or negatrode. The measuring or control electrode can also be connected to the positrode and / or negatrode via an oxygen ion conductor.

[0026] In a special design variant, the measuring or control electrode is in contact with the solid electrolyte via an intermediate layer.

[0027] A contact layer, preferably for electronic contact, can be arranged between the metal substrate and the positrode or between the metal substrate and the negatrode. Such a contact layer can also be arranged between the cover layer and the positrode or between the cover layer and the negatrode.

[0028] In addition to the third electrode, which is configured as a measuring or control electrode, the oxygen ion battery can include further electrodes, these further electrodes preferably also being configured as measuring or control electrodes.

[0029] A measuring or control electrode can have a defined oxygen potential, which is determined by contact with the ambient air or by a mixture of two solids, such as a metal and a metal oxide. The oxygen potential is defined by the contact between the ambient air and the measuring or control electrode. In combination with the electrons conducted through an external circuit, oxygen ions act as charge carriers in an oxygen-ion battery according to the invention. During the charging process of an oxygen-ion battery, oxygen can be pumped from the more reductive electrode, which is in contact with the solid electrolyte, through the solid electrolyte and into the more reductive electrode. This process changes the oxygen stoichiometry of the two electrodes, creating an electrochemical potential difference.Due to this potential difference, the oxygen ions can move in the opposite direction to the charging process during discharge. As mentioned previously, the electrons can move through an external circuit, thus making electrical energy usable. During or between these charging and discharging phases, the voltage between a measuring or control electrode and the positrode and / or negatrode can be measured, either continuously or intermittently.

[0030] In one embodiment, a measuring or control electrode is in electrically conductive contact with the positrode and negatrode via an external circuit. On the one hand, a voltage can be applied between the measuring or control electrode and the positrode and negatrode when oxygen is being pumped into or out of the OIB. On the other hand, the electrically conductive contact between the measuring or control electrode and the positrode and negatrode can be interrupted by a voltmeter during voltage measurements, with the interruption taking place outside the OIB.

[0031] In another embodiment, a measuring or control electrode is in electrically conductive contact with the positrode or negatrode via an external circuit. If oxygen is to be pumped into or out of the OIB, a voltage can be applied between the measuring or control electrode and the positrode or negatrode. When measuring the voltage between the measuring or control electrode and the positrode or negatrode, the electrically conductive contact can be interrupted by a voltmeter.

[0032] In a further embodiment, a first measuring or control electrode is in electrically conductive contact with the positrode via an external circuit, while a second measuring or control electrode is in electrically conductive contact with the negatrode via an external circuit. A voltage can be applied between the measuring or control electrode and the positrode or negatrode when oxygen is to be pumped into or out of the OIB, while the electrically conductive contact between the first measuring or control electrode and the positrode, as well as between the second measuring or control electrode and the negatrode, can be separated by a voltmeter during voltage measurements.

[0033] The electrical contacting of the measuring or control electrode, positrode and / or negatrode can be achieved via an electron-conducting contact layer, which preferably has a thickness of 10 nm to 10 mm, electrical wiring or through the metal substrate.

[0034] By measuring the voltage between the positrode or negatrode and a measuring or control electrode under open-circuit conditions, the chemical oxygen potential can be monitored for each positrode and negatrode, independent of the cell voltage and the nominal state of charge. The term "open-circuit conditions" refers to the state an oxygen-ion battery has after charging or discharging. Monitoring the chemical oxygen potentials makes it possible to identify battery states or situations in which the chemical oxygen potential of the positrode or negatrode, or both, is outside the desired operating range. This includes, among other things, changes that can lead to effective oxygen pressures well above 1 bar in the positrode and thus cause mechanical battery failure.Furthermore, changes that alter the total oxygen content of the system are also included. Examples include gas leaks, oxygen being drawn from the atmosphere into an electrode, resistances, and voltage drops that fall outside defined limits. Moreover, such identification of battery states is possible without changing the overall cell voltage.

[0035] The measuring or control electrode can be configured so that a voltmeter can be used to measure the voltage between the electrode and the positrode and / or negatrode, even during charging or discharging. This measurement allows monitoring of the cell's internal resistance. Based on the internal resistance, the contributions of individual cell components, such as electrodes or solid electrolyte, can be determined, thus enabling the identification of the source of a cell's reduced performance or the detection of any performance degradation. This serves as an indicator of the device's condition and can also act as an early warning sign of impending device failure.

[0036] The measuring or control electrodes can be operated in the following modes: a) Static monitoring mode, which monitors the functional state of the oxygen-ion battery via voltage measurements at no load; b) Dynamic monitoring mode, which monitors the functional state of the oxygen-ion battery via voltage measurements of the electrode being monitored under load, i.e., during the charging or discharging process; c) Potentiostatic recovery mode, which pumps oxygen into or out of the positrode or negatrode via a measuring or control electrode until a desired value is reached for the measured potential between the positrode or negatrode and either a second measuring or control electrode or between the positrode and negatrode; or d) Galvanostatic recovery mode, which pumps oxygen into the positrode or negatrode via a measuring or control electrode.where the amount of oxygen pumped can be controlled via time and pump current.

[0037] One embodiment incorporates an interdiffusion barrier layer, which can have a width of 1 nm to 10 pm, and is positioned between the solid electrolyte and the positrode, as well as between the solid electrolyte and the negatrode. This optional interdiffusion barrier layer can consist of gadolinium-doped cerium oxide and prevents the formation of insulating layers such as SrZrOs or La₂Zr₂O₆.

[0038] In a particular embodiment, two first electrodes are configured as positrodes and two second electrodes as negatrodes, wherein the positrode and negatrode are alternately stacked on top of each other and are in ionic contact, with the solid electrolyte physically separating the positrodes and negatrodes from one another. In this embodiment, the two positrodes can be in electron-conducting contact with a first metal substrate, while the two negatrodes can be in electron-conducting contact with a second metal substrate.

[0039] The invention further relates to a method for manufacturing a metal-based oxygen-ion battery, comprising the steps: a) providing a metal substrate, which is preferably gas-tight, as the basis of the manufacturing process, wherein the further layered structure of the oxygen-ion battery is built up on the metal substrate, b) applying a first electrode, c) applying a solid electrolyte, d) applying a second electrode, e) applying a third electrode, which is configured as a measuring or control electrode, f) electrically contacting the electrodes and g) sealing the battery cell.

[0040] Such a layered composite, as described above, can enable scalable and industrial manufacturing processes and thin-film electrolytes, with the thinnest possible solid-state electrolytes offering the advantage of significantly reducing the operating temperature of the oxygen-ion battery. Furthermore, the metal substrate can provide mechanical stability, gas sealing, and electrical contact.

[0041] Steps a) to d) can be carried out, for example, using screen printing, rotary coating, sputtering, robocasting, or inkjet printing. If a method other than sputtering is used, a sintering step can take place between steps e) and f).

[0042] In addition, a sintering step can optionally be carried out after each of steps a), b), c) and d).

[0043] In one embodiment, after steps a) and c), the intermediate step of applying an interdiffusion barrier layer can be carried out, wherein these intermediate steps can be carried out, for example, by methods such as screen printing, rotary coating, sputtem, robocasting or inkjet printing.

[0044] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0045] Further details and advantages of the invention are explained with reference to the enclosed figures and the following figure description.

[0046] Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of an oxygen ion battery according to the invention, comprising an insulating layer and two measuring or control electrodes.

[0047] Figs. 2a, 2b, 2c show further schematic representations of an embodiment of an oxygen ion battery according to the invention with an insulating layer and a measuring or control electrode.

[0048] Figs. 3a and 3b each show a schematic representation of a further embodiment of an oxygen ion battery according to the invention, comprising an insulating layer consisting of a cover layer and a metal substrate, and a measuring or control electrode.

[0049] Fig. 4 shows a schematic representation of another embodiment of an oxygen ion battery according to the invention with an insulating layer, two measuring or control electrodes, two first electrodes and two second electrodes.

[0050] Fig. 5 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of an oxygen ion battery according to the invention with an insulating layer consisting of a cover layer and a first and second metal substrate, two measuring or control electrodes, two first and two second electrodes.

[0051] Fig. 6 shows a schematic representation of a further embodiment of an oxygen battery according to the invention.

[0052] Fig. 7 shows another schematic representation of a different embodiment of an oxygen ion battery according to the invention.

[0053] Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of an oxygen ion battery according to the invention with an insulating layer and two measuring or control electrodes 10, 11. The components shown in Fig.The oxygen-ion battery shown in Figure 1 comprises an insulating layer consisting of the cover layer 1, the first current collector 2, which is partially surrounded by the cover layer 1 and serves as a contact layer, the second current collector 3, which is partially surrounded by the cover layer 1 and serves as a contact layer, the first electrode 4, which is configured as a positrode and is partially surrounded by the first current collector 2, the second electrode 5, which is configured as a negatrode and is partially surrounded by the second current collector 3, the solid electrolyte 6, which is in ionic contact with the positrode and the negatrode, the first interdiffusion barrier layer 7, which is arranged between the positrode and the solid electrolyte 6, and the second interdiffusion barrier layer 8, which is arranged between the negatrode and the solid electrolyte 6. The oxygen-ion battery in Figure 1 further comprises...1. The first measuring or control electrode 10, which is arranged on a portion of the surface of the solid electrolyte 6 and is ionically conductively connected to the positrode and negatrode; the second measuring or control electrode 11, which is arranged on another portion of the surface of the solid electrolyte 6 and is ionically conductively connected to the positrode, negatrode, and the first measuring or control electrode 10. The electrical wiring 9 can connect the respective measuring or control electrode 10, 11 to the first or second current collector 2, 3 in an electron-conductive manner. In this embodiment, the measuring or control electrodes 10, 11 are arranged on that surface of the solid electrolyte 6 which can be in contact with the atmosphere.

[0054] Figures 2a, 2b, and 2c show further schematic representations of an embodiment of an oxygen-ion battery according to the invention with an insulating layer and the measuring or control electrode 10. The oxygen-ion batteries shown in Figures 2a, 2b, and 2c differ from the one shown in Figure 1 in that only one measuring or control electrode 10 can be arranged on a portion of the surface of the solid electrolyte 6. Furthermore, the measuring or control electrode 10 can be electrically connected to the first and second current collectors 2 and 3 via the electrical wiring 9. Figures 2a, 2b, and 2c also differ in that the measuring or control electrode 10 has different sizes, is arranged in different areas of the surface of the solid electrolyte 6, and covers more or less of the surface of the solid electrolyte 6 depending on its size.

[0055] An oxygen-ion battery according to the invention, comprising a measuring or control electrode 10 and an insulating layer consisting of a cover layer 1 and a metal substrate 12, is also shown in Figures 3a and 3b. In contrast to Figure 3b, the oxygen-ion battery in Figure 3a comprises a thicker solid electrolyte 6, thicker interdiffusion barrier layers 7, 8, a smaller measuring or control electrode 10, and a thicker metal substrate 12, which, however, does not extend over the entire width of the cover layer 1. In this embodiment, the metal substrate 12 can function as a current collector, and thus the second current collector 3 in Figures 3a and 3b is omitted.

[0056] Fig. 4 shows a schematic representation of another embodiment of an oxygen-ion battery according to the invention, comprising an insulating layer, two measuring or control electrodes 10, 11, two first electrodes 4, 4', and two second electrodes 5, 5'. In this embodiment, part of the cover layer 1 surrounds an upper first electrode 4 and the first current collector 2, while another part of the cover layer 1 surrounds a lower second electrode 5' and the second current collector 3. Furthermore, the first electrodes 4, 4' and the second electrodes 5, 5' alternate. The upper first electrode 4 and the lower first electrode 4' are arranged on the first current collector 2, while the upper second electrode 5 and the lower second electrode 5' are arranged on the second current collector 3.In this embodiment, it also applies that the respective measuring or control electrode 10, 11 can be in electron-conducting contact with the respective first or second current collector 2, 3.

[0057] In contrast to Fig. 4, Fig. 5 shows an embodiment of an oxygen-ion battery according to the invention with an insulating layer consisting of the cover layer 1 and a first and second metal substrate 12, 12'. In this embodiment, the first metal substrate 12 also functions as the first current collector 2 and the second metal substrate 12' as the second current collector 3.

[0058] Furthermore, Figures 6 and 7 show different embodiments of an oxygen-ion battery according to the invention with a solid electrolyte 6, which functions as a covering layer 1 or partially as a covering layer 1. In Figure 6, the solid electrolyte 6 surrounds two first electrodes 4, 4' and two second electrodes 5, 5'. Together with a first and second metal substrate 12, 12', the solid electrolyte 6 forms the insulating layer. Figure 6 also shows two measuring or control electrodes 10, 11, which are arranged at a corner of the oxygen-ion battery. The electrical wiring 9 is arranged at the two measuring or control electrodes 10, 11.

[0059] Figure 7 shows an oxygen-ion battery according to the invention, which has an insulating layer. The insulating layer is formed by a cover layer 1, a solid electrolyte 6, and a metal substrate 12. The cover layer 1 partially surrounds a first electrode 4, a first current collector 2, and a first interdiffusion barrier layer 7. The solid electrolyte 6 is arranged between the cover layer 1 and the metal substrate 12 and partially surrounds a second electrode 5 as well as the first and second interdiffusion barrier layers 7 and 8. The second electrode 5 is also partially surrounded by the metal substrate 12. A measuring or control electrode 10 is arranged laterally to the solid electrolyte 6 and can be electrically connected to the first current collector 2 and / or the metal substrate 12 via an electrical connection 9.

Claims

REQUIREMENTS 1. Oxygen ion battery, comprising (i) a solid electrolyte (6) suitable for conducting oxygen ions, (ii) a first electrode (4, 4') configured as a positrode and in contact with part of the surface of the solid electrolyte (6), (iii) a second electrode (5, 5') configured as a negatrode and in contact with part of the surface of the solid electrolyte (6), wherein the positrode and negatrode are spaced apart such that electron-conducting or physical contact between the positrode and negatrode is avoided, and (iv) an insulating layer which partially surrounds the positrode and negatrode and preferably insulates from the gas atmosphere, characterized in that the insulating layer preferably consists of a cover layer (1) and a metal substrate (12, 12') and that the oxygen ion battery has at least a third electrode which is configured as a measuring or control electrode (10, 11) and is in contact with part of the surface of the solid electrolyte (6).

2. Oxygen ion battery according to claim 1, characterized in that a contacting layer is arranged between the metal substrate (12, 12') and the positrode or negatrode, which preferably serves for electronic contacting.

3. Oxygen ion battery according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that further electrodes are provided, wherein these further electrodes are preferably configured as measuring or control electrodes (10, 11).

4. Oxygen ion battery according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that a measuring or control electrode (10, 11) is in electron-conducting contact with the positrode and / or negatrode via an external circuit.

5. Oxygen ion battery according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that a first measuring or control electrode (10) is in electron-conducting contact with the positrode via an external circuit, while a second measuring or The control electrode (11) is in electron-conducting contact with the negatrode via an external circuit.

6. Oxygen ion battery according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the measuring or control electrode (10, 11) is configured such that a voltage measurement, preferably via a voltmeter, is possible between the measuring or control electrode (10, 11) and the positrode and / or negatrode.

7. Oxygen ion battery according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the electrical contacting of the measuring or control electrode (10), positrode and / or negatrode can be produced via an electron-conducting contact layer, electrical wiring (9) or the metal substrate (12, 12').

8. Oxygen-ion battery according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the measuring or control electrode (10, 11) can be operated in one of the following modes: a) Static monitoring mode, which monitors the functional state of the oxygen-ion battery via voltage measurements at no load, b) Dynamic monitoring mode, which monitors the functional state of the oxygen-ion battery via voltage measurements of the electrode to be monitored under load, i.e., during the charging or discharging process, c) Potentiostatic recovery mode, which pumps oxygen into or out of the positrode or negatrode via a measuring or control electrode (10, 11) until a desired value for the measured potential between the positrode or negatrode and either a second measuring or control electrode (10, 11) or between the positrode and negatrode is reached, or d) Galvanostatic recovery mode, which pumps oxygen into or out of the positrode or negatrode via a measuring or control electrode (10, 11) until a desired value for the measured potential between the positrode or negatrode and either a second measuring or control electrode (10, 11) or between the positrode and negatrode is reached, or11) Pumps oxygen into the positrode or negatrode, the amount of oxygen pumped being controllable via time and pump current.

9. Oxygen ion battery according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the oxygen ion battery comprises an interdiffusion barrier layer (7, 8) which is arranged on the one hand between solid electrolyte (6) and positrode and on the other hand between solid electrolyte (6) and negatrode.

10. Oxygen ion battery according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that two first electrodes (4, 4') are configured as positrodes and are electron-conductingly connected to a first metal substrate (12), while two second electrodes (5, 5') are configured as negatrodes and are electron-conductingly connected to a second metal substrate (12'), wherein the positrode and negatrode are alternately stacked on top of each other and are in ionic contact, wherein the positrodes and negatrodes are physically separated from each other by a solid electrolyte (6).

11. Method for operating an oxygen ion battery according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that at least a third electrode is configured as a measuring or control electrode (10, 11) and enables the verification of the health status of the oxygen ion battery.

12. Method according to claim 11, characterized in that the voltage between a measuring or control electrode (10, 11) and the positrode and negatrode can be measured via an external circuit.

13. Method according to claim 11, characterized in that the voltage between a measuring or control electrode (10, 11) and the positrode or negatrode can be measured via an external circuit.

14. Method according to one of claims 11 to 13, characterized in that a first measuring or control electrode (10) is in electron-conducting contact with the positrode via an external circuit, while a second measuring or control electrode (11) is in electron-conducting contact with the negatrode via an external circuit, so that a voltage can be measured simultaneously between the first measuring or control electrode (10) and positrode and between the second measuring or control electrode (11) and negatrode.

15. Method for manufacturing a metal-supported oxygen-ion battery according to any one of claims 1 to 10, comprising the steps: a) providing a metal substrate (12, 12'), which is preferably gas-tight, as a basis for the manufacturing process, wherein the further layered structure of the oxygen-ion battery is built up on the metal substrate, b) Applying a first electrode (4, 4'), c) Applying a solid electrolyte (6), d) Applying a second electrode (5, 5'), e) Applying a third electrode configured as a measuring or control electrode (10, 11), f) Electrically contacting the electrodes (4, 4', 5, 5', 10, 11) and g) Sealing the battery cell.

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