Lipid nanoparticles and methods thereof
A lipid nanoparticle with a compound of Formula (I) and specific lipid composition targets the spleen, addressing delivery challenges by enhancing stability and specificity, achieving high loading capacity and immune activation for effective cancer and infectious disease treatment.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-12
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-21
AI Technical Summary
Existing lipid nanoparticle delivery systems face challenges in targeted drug delivery and biocompatibility, particularly in delivering mRNA therapeutics to tissues other than the liver, and there is a need for improved targeted delivery systems that enhance stability and specificity.
The development of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a compound of Formula (I) with a specific mole ratio, including helper lipid, PEG-conjugated lipid, and sterol, which targets the spleen and encapsulates mRNA encoding interferon, enhancing delivery specificity and stability.
The lipid nanoparticle achieves high loading capacity and cell viability, with targeted delivery to the spleen, activating immune cells and inhibiting tumor growth, demonstrating efficacy in treating various cancers and infectious diseases.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024131560_21052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Lipid nanoparticle and Methods ThereofTechnical Field
[0001] The present invention relates, in general terms, to a lipid nanoparticle comprising a compound of Formula (I) and their methods of use thereof.Background
[0002] Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as promising vehicles to deliver a variety of therapeutic agents. LNPs, such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers and cationic lipid-nucleic acid complexes, exhibit abilities to control the location and timing of drug delivery in the body and thus can be used to deliver treatments for a variety of diseases.
[0003] Nucleic acids have a number of roles in medicine, including as gene therapy agents and RNA therapeutics. mRNA may be used to encode different proteins and molecules such as interferon. Interferon therapy has been used for the treatment of malignant and viral disorders. However, unfavourable pharmaceutical profile and toxicity of interferon proteins remain challenging.
[0004] Although nanoparticle delivery systems can have advantages, they still face several challenges such as targeted drug delivery and targeted drug release and ensuring their biocompatibility.
[0005] Liver is the organ of choice when it comes to ease of delivery for lipid nanoparticles. Targeted delivery of mRNA therapeutics to other solid tissues thus remains a major challenge.
[0006] It would be desirable to overcome or ameliorate at least one of the above-described problems.Summary
[0007] The present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt, solvate, or isomer thereof:
[0008] wherein
[0009] R1 is selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl and optionally substituted alkoxy;
[0010] R2 is selected from optionally substituted alkyl and optionally substituted alkenyl;
[0011] R3 is selected from H, oxo and optionally substituted alkyl;
[0012] R4 is selected from optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;
[0013] R5, R6 and R7 are independently selected from H and optionally substituted alkyl;
[0014] wherein when R1 is optionally substituted alkoxy, R3 is H or optionally substituted alkyl;
[0015] wherein when R3 is oxo, R1 is H or optionally substituted alkyl;
[0016] or R4 and R5 are linked to form optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
[0017] n is an integer selected from 1 to 5.
[0018] In some embodiments, R1 is selected from H and optionally substituted C8-C40 alkoxy.
[0019] In some embodiments, R2 is selected from optionally substituted C8-C40 alkyl and optionally substituted C8-C40 alkenyl.
[0020] In some embodiments, R3 is selected from H, oxo, and optionally C1-C5 alkyl.
[0021] In some embodiments, R4 is selected from optionally substituted C4-C8 heteroaryl.
[0022] In some embodiments, R4 is selected from
[0023] wherein denotes a bond to the Markush structure at R4.
[0024] In some embodiments, R5, R6 and R7 are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C1-C5 alkyl. In some embodiments, R5, R6 and R7 are independently H.
[0025] The present disclosure also concerns a lipid nanoparticle, comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a salt, solvate, or isomer thereof.
[0026] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a mole ratio of the compound of Formula (I) to the lipid nanoparticle of about 1: 4 to about 2: 3. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is about 1: 2.
[0027] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a payload.
[0028] In some embodiments, the payload is a nucleotide, apeptide or a drug compound.
[0029] In some embodiments, the payload is an mRNA.
[0030] In some embodiments, the mRNA codes for an interferon.
[0031] In some embodiments, the interferon is a recombinant type 1 interferon (sIFN-1) .
[0032] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle further comprises helper lipid, PEG conjugated lipid and sterol. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises DSPC, DMG-PEG2000 and cholesterol.
[0033] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a molar percentage of compound of Formula (I) relative to the lipid nanoparticle is about 45%to about 55%. In some embodiments, the molar percentage is about 50%.
[0034] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a molar percentage of helper lipid relative to the lipid nanoparticle is about 8%to about 12%. In some embodiments, the molar percentage is about 10%.
[0035] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a molar percentage of PEG conjugated lipid relative to the lipid nanoparticle is about 36%to about 40%. In some embodiments, the molar percentage is about 38.5%.
[0036] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a molar percentage of sterol relative to the lipid nanoparticle is about 1%to about 2%. In some embodiments, the molar percentage is about 1.5%.
[0037] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a loading capacity of mRNA of about 80%to about 100%. In some embodiments, the loading capacity is about 95%to about 99%.
[0038] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a cell viability of about 90%to about 100%when the formulated mRNA dose ranging from about 0.1 ng / mL to about 10 ng / mL.
[0039] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an average luciferase protein flux signal of about 1×105 p / sto about 10×105 p / s. In some embodiments, the average luciferase protein flux signal is about 5×105 p / s.
[0040] The present disclosure also concerns a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lipid nanoparticle as disclosed herein; wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a compound of Formula (I) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or isomer thereof, and a payload.
[0041] The present disclosure also concerns a method of treating and / or preventing a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the lipid nanoparticle as disclosed herein; wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a compound of Formula (I) or a salt, solvate, or isomer thereof, and a payload.
[0042] In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a cell proliferation disorder.
[0043] In some embodiments, the cell proliferation disorder is associated with cancer and / or infectious disease.
[0044] In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from melanoma, hepatoma, renal carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, prostatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, esophageal cancer, colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, lung cancer, glioma, leukaemia and Kaposi’s Sarcoma.
[0045] In some embodiments, the infectious disease is a viral disease.
[0046] In some embodiments, the infectious disease is selected from hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes virus (Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simples virus) , papilloma, poxvirus, picorna virus, adenovirus, rhino virus, SARS, HIV, influenza virus, Ebola virus, Human cytomegalovirus, and human rotavirus.
[0047] In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a spleen disease or disorder.
[0048] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an apparent pKa of about 5.5 to about 7.5. In some embodiments, the apparent pKa is about 6.5.
[0049] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a ratio of nitrogen in the lipid nanoparticle to phosphate in the payload of about 3.5 to about 8.5. In some embodiments, the ratio is about 4.5 to about 7.5.
[0050] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle inhibits tumour growth.
[0051] In some embodiments, the tumour growth rate is about 20%to about 60%when the dosage is administered twice at about 5μg to about 10μg. In some embodiments, the tumour growth rate is about 30%to about 55%.
[0052] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle activates CD8+T cells.
[0053] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an average activation rate of CD8+T cells of about 2%to about 10%. In some embodiments, the average activation rate is about 4%to about 8%. In some embodiments, the average activation rate is about 5.5%.
[0054] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle activates dendritic cells (DCs) .
[0055] In some embodiments, the dendritic cells are CD40+DC and / or CD80+DC.
[0056] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an activation rate of CD40+DC of about 25%to about 40%. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an activation rate of CD40+DC of about 30%to about 32%.
[0057] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an activation rate of CD80+DC of about 35%to about 50%. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an activation ratio of CD80+DC of about 38%to about 42%.
[0058] The present disclosure also concerns a lipid nanoparticle for use in treating and / or preventing a disease or condition, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a compound of Formula (I) or a salt, solvate, or isomer thereof, and a payload.
[0059] The present disclosure also concerns a use of a lipid nanoparticle in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and / or prevention of a disease or condition, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a compound of Formula (I) or a salt, solvate, or isomer thereof, and a payload.Brief description of the drawings
[0060] Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the drawings in which:
[0061] Figure 1. In vivo biodistribution of Luc-mRNA delivered by LNPs composed of sulfanilamide zwitterionic lipids. (a) Chemical structure of an exemplary sulfanilamide zwitterionic lipid. (b) Representative bioluminescence images of Luc-mRNA delivered to spleen (N: P ratio=4.5~7.5, 6-8 weeks Balb / C mice) . LNPs composed of sulfanilamide zwitterionic lipids can systemically shift the luciferase protein signal from liver to lung and spleen. N: P ratio represents the ratio of positive chargeable amine (N=nitrogen) and negatively-charged nucleic acid phosphate (P) .
[0062] Figure 2. Spleen targeting LNP delivers fusion type I interferon (sIFN-I) encoded mRNA for cancer immunotherapy. (a) Structure design of the fusion IFN mRNA. The 5’ -cap analogue, 5’ -and 3’ -untranslated regions (UTRs) and poly (A) tail were optimized for enhancing stability and translational efficiency. (b) Identification of sIFN-I mRNA generated from in vitro transcription by Denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis. (c) Identification of fusion IFN protein in sIFN-I mRNA transfected 293T cells by Western blotting. (d) C57BL / 6 mice was injected with sIFN protein at 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 days post tumour inoculation (n=4-5, 50-100μg / injection) and sIFN-I LNP at 8, 12 days post tumour inoculation (n=4-5, 5-10μg / injection) . Splenic immune cell subsets were isolated at day 6 and subjected to FACS analysis for surface activation markers (n=3 mice per group, 10μg sIFN-I mRNA per mouse) . Therapeutic efficacy of sIFN-I treated C57BL / 6 mice (n = 10) inoculated with (e) B16F10 melanoma and (f) LLC1 lung carcinoma. Therapeutic efficacy of sIFN-I treated C57BL / 6 mice inoculated with B16F10 melanoma (n=10) for (g) sIFN protein and (h) sIFN mRNA. Arrows indicate treatment time points.
[0063] Figure 3. Cellular toxicity of spleen targeting LNP encapsulated with fusion type I interferon (sIFN-I) encoded mRNA.
[0064] Figure 4. Transfection efficiency of spleen targeting LNP encapsulated with enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) .Detailed description
[0065] "Alkyl" refers to monovalent alkyl groups which may be straight chained or branched and preferably have from 1 to 10 carbon atoms or more preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of such alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, n-hexyl, and the like.
[0066] "Alkoxy" refers to the group alkyl-O-where the alkyl group is as described above. Examples include, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, 1, 2-dimethylbutoxy, and the like.
[0067] "Alkenyl" refers to a monovalent group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond which may be straight chain or branched and preferably have from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples include ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, l-methyl-2-buten-l-yl, heptenyl, octenyl, and the like.
[0068] "Halo" or"halogen" refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
[0069] "Aryl" refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (eg. phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (eg. naphthyl or anthryl) , preferably having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl and the like.
[0070] "Heteroaryl" refers to a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group which fulfils the Hückel criteria for aromaticity (ie. contains 4n+ 2πelectrons) and preferably has from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, selenium, and sulfur within the ring (and includes oxides of sulfur, selenium and nitrogen) . Such heteroaryl groups can have a single ring (eg. pyridyl, pyrrolyl or N-oxides thereof or furyl) or multiple condensed rings (eg. indolizinyl, benzoimidazolyl, coumarinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or benzothienyl) .
[0071] Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, oxazole, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole, indole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine, naphthylpyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine, phenanthroline, isothiazole, phenazine, isoxazole, isothiazole, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, thiazole, thiadiazoles, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, tetrazole, thiophene, benzo [b] thiophene, triazole, imidazopyridine and the like.
[0072] "Cycloalkyl" refers to cyclic alkyl groups having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed rings, preferably incorporating 3 to 11 carbon atoms. Such cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, single ring structures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, and the like, or multiple ring structures such as adamantanyl, indanyl, 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronapthalenyl and the like.
[0073] "Heterocyclyl" refers to a monovalent saturated or unsaturated group having a single ring or multiple condensed rings, preferably from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, selenium or phosphorous within the ring. The most preferred heteroatom is nitrogen. It will be understood that where, for instance, R2 or R' is an optionally substituted heterocyclyl which has one or more ring heteroatoms, the heterocyclyl group can be connected to the core molecule of the compounds of the present invention, through a C-C or C-heteroatom bond, in particular a C-N bond.
[0074] Examples of heterocyclyl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, oxazole, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole, indole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine, naphthylpyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine, phenanthroline, isothiazole, phenazine, isoxazole, isothiazole, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, imidazolidine, imidazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indoline, phthalimide, 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydrobenzo [b] thiophene, thiazole, thiadiazoles, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, tetrazole, thiazolidine, thiophene, benzo [b] thiophene, morpholino, piperidinyl, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuranyl, triazole, and the like.
[0075] When a range of values is specified, for example C1-4 alkyl, it encompasses each value within the range, as well as, all possible intervening ranges. For example, C1-4 alkyl, this includes C1, C2, C3, C4, C1-4, C2-4, C3-4, C1-3, C2-3, and C1-2 alkyl.
[0076] In this specification "optionally substituted" is taken to mean that a group may or may not be further substituted or fused (so as to form a condensed polycyclic group) with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, acyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkenyloxy, alkynyl, alkynyloxy, amino, aminoacyl, thio, arylalkyl, arylalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, carboxyl, acylamino, cyano, halogen, nitro, phosphono, sulfo, phosphorylamino, phosphinyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclyloxy, oxyacyl, oxime, oxime ether, hydrazone, oxyacylamino, oxysulfonylamino, aminoacyloxy, trihalomethyl, trialkylsilyl, pentafluoroethyl, trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethanethio, trifluoroethenyl, mono-and di-alkylamino, mono-and di- (substituted alkyl) amino, mono-and di-arylamino, mono-and di-heteroarylamino, mono-and di-heterocyclyl amino, and unsymmetric di-substituted amines having different substituents selected from alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl, and the like, and may also include a bond to a solid support material, (for example, substituted onto a polymer resin) . For instance, an "optionally substituted amino" group may include amino acid and peptide residues.
[0077] The present disclosure pertains to compounds and their various forms, including ionic forms, tautomers, isomers, polymorphs, pseudopolymorphs, amorphous forms, solvates, co-crystals, chelates, esters, prodrugs, and protected forms. The disclosure also encompasses methods of utilizing these compounds for various purposes. It should be noted that terms like "crystalline form, " "polymorph, " can be used interchangeably to include all crystalline and amorphous forms, such as polymorphs, pseudopolymorphs, solvates (including hydrates) , co-crystals, unsolvated polymorphs (including anhydrates) , conformational polymorphs, amorphous forms, and mixtures thereof, unless a specific crystalline or amorphous form is specified. In certain embodiments, the compounds and their subgroups include polymorphs, solvates, co-crystals, isomers, tautomers, and / or oxides. In other embodiments, they may include polymorphs, solvates, and / or co-crystals.
[0078] “Isomer” includes especially optical isomers (for example essentially pure enantiomers, essentially pure diastereomers, and mixtures thereof) as well as conformation isomers (i.e. isomers that differ only in their angles of at least one chemical bond) , position isomers (particularly tautomers) , and geometric isomers (e.g. cis-trans isomers) .
[0079] Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various isomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and / or diastereomers. For example, the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer. Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses. The invention additionally encompasses compounds described herein as individual isomers substantially free of other isomers, and alternatively, as mixtures of various isomers. "Optically-enriched, " as used herein, means that the compound is made up of a significantly greater proportion of one enantiomer. In certain embodiments the compound of the present invention is made up of at least about 90%by weight of a preferred enantiomer. In other embodiments the compound is made up of at least about 95%, 98%, or 99%by weight of a preferred enantiomer. Preferred enantiomers may be isolated from racemic mixtures by any method known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts or prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981) ; Wilen et al., Tetrahedron 33: 2725 (1977) ; Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, NY, 1962) ; and Wilen, Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E. L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN 1972) .
[0080] Lipids are amphiphilic molecules that have three components: apolar head group, ahydrophobic tail region and a linker between the two components. The amphiphilic nature of some lipid may allow them to form structures such as vesicles, multilamellar or unilamellar liposomes, lipid nanoparticles or membranes in an aqueous environments. Cationic lipids, anionic lipids, ionisable lipids and other types of lipid may be used for mRNA delivery. Zwitterionic lipids may be one of such lipids. Azwitterionic lipid refers to a lipid comprising a zwitterionic head group and one or more hydrophobic chains linked through one or more covalent bonds. The zwitterionic head group is a multi-functional group which at a given pH range is zwitterionic and at some other lower pH range is cationic. The zwitterionic head group contains an equal number of positively charged and negatively charged functional groups. The positively charged functional group may arise from primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, quaternary amines or non-nitrogenous functional groups such as phosphonium or sulfonium. The negatively charged functional group may arise from sulfonates, phosphates, phosphonates or carboxylates. The zwitterionic head group may comprise sulfanilamide or derivatives thereof. Sulfanilamide zwitterionic lipids may be engineered to deliver mRNA to spleens.
[0081] The hydrophobic chain refers to a hydrophobic group or hydrocarbon chain comprising alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy or a combination thereof. The hydrophobic chain may be straight chain or branched.
[0082] Without wanting to be bound by theory, it is believed that zwitterionic lipids may improve the stability and performance of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) , by enhancing colloidal stability through reducing aggregation and minimising electrostatic repulsion or attraction between the nanoparticles, improving membrane interactions through reducing non-specific interactions and improving the targeting of the LNPs to specific cell types or tissues, modulating pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and enhancing encapsulation and loading. In particular, it was found that the sulfanilamide (or sulfonamide in which the sulfamoyl functional group is attached to aniline at the 4-position) compounds of the present disclosure when formulated into LNPS have high specificity for targeting spleen. The zwitterionic sulfanilamide lipid may transform to be positively charged, which may easily interact with negatively charged mRNA for encapsulation. Alipid nanoparticle fabricated with a zwitterionic sulfanialmide lipid having high specificity for targeting spleen may be beneficial for cancer immunotherapy, such as for cancer vaccine deliver and immune cell engineering.
[0083] Accordingly, the present disclosure concerns a compound of Formula (I) or a salt, solvate, or isomer thereof:
[0084] wherein
[0085] R1 is selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl and optionally substituted alkoxy;
[0086] R2 is selected from optionally substituted alkyl and optionally substituted alkenyl;
[0087] R3 is selected from H, oxo and optionally substituted alkyl;
[0088] R4 is selected from optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;
[0089] R5, R6 and R7 are independently selected from H and optionally substituted alkyl;
[0090] wherein when R1 is optionally substituted alkoxy, R3 is H or optionally substituted alkyl;
[0091] wherein when R3 is oxo, R1 is H or optionally substituted alkyl;
[0092] or R4 and R5 are linked to form optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
[0093] n is an integer selected from 1 to 5.
[0094] In some embodiments, R1 is selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl and optionally substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R1 is selected from H and optionally substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R1 is selected from H and optionally substituted C8-C40 alkoxy. In some embodiments, R1 is H. In some embodiments, R1 is optionally substituted C8-C40 alkoxy.
[0095] In some embodiments, R2 is selected from optionally substituted alkyl and optionally substituted alkenyl. In some embodiments, R2 is selected from optionally substituted C8-C40 alkyl and optionally substituted C8-C40 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R2 is optionally substituted C8-C40 alkyl. In some embodiments, R2 is optionally substituted C8-C40 alkenyl.
[0096] In some embodiments, R3 is selected from H, oxo and optionally substituted alkyl. In some embodiments, R3 is selected from H, oxo, and optionally substituted C1-C5 alkyl. In some embodiments, R3 is selected from H and oxo. In some embodiments, R3 is H. In some embodiments, R3 is oxo.
[0097] In some embodiments, R4 is selected from optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R4 is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R4 is selected from optionally substituted C4-C8 heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R4 is an optionally substituted C4-C8 N-heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R4 is an optionally substituted C5 or C6 N-heteroaryl.
[0098] In some embodiments, the optional substituent is selected from halo, oxo, nitro, thio, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted acylamino, optionally substituted aminoacyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the optional substituent is selected from nitro, thio, optionally substituted alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl. The optional substitution may occur 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times.
[0099] In some embodiments, R4 is selected from
[0100] wherein denotes a bond to the Markush structure at R4.
[0101] In some embodiments, R5, R6 and R7 are independently selected from H and optionally substituted alkyl. In some embodiments, R5, R6 and R7 are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C1-C5 alkyl. In some embodiments, R5, R6 and R7 are independently H.
[0102] In some embodiments, n is an integer selected from 1 to 5. In some embodiments, n is an integer selected from 1 and 2. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2.
[0103] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from:
[0104] wherein x is an integer selected from 8 to 20.
[0105] The present disclosure also concerns a lipid nanoparticle, comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a salt, solvate, or isomer thereof.
[0106] Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are spherical vesicles composed of lipids and may have an average diameter from about 10 nm to about 1000 nm. LNPs are lipid-based delivery systems that may be used for transporting nucleic acid payloads into cells. They have a lipid shell on the outside which encloses an inner core containing cargo molecules such as RNA-based drugs and gene-editing tools. LNPs have a single lipid outer layer that encapsulates the interior core. The interior core may be non-aqueous such as a solid lipid matrix, as compared to liposomes which have one or more rings of lipid bilayers surrounding an aqueous core. LNPs are vehicles to deliver a variety of therapeutic agents and exhibit abilities to control the location and timing of drug delivery in the body. They may be used to deliver treatments for a variety of diseases and conditions.
[0107] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a mole ratio of the compound of Formula (I) to the lipid nanoparticle of about 1: 4 to about 2: 3. In other embodiments, the mole ratio is about 1: 4 to about 1: 2, about 1: 4 to about 3: 7, about 1: 4 to about 1: 3, about 1: 3 to about 2: 3, about 1: 3 to about 1: 2, about 1: 3 to about 3: 7, about 3: 7 to about 2: 3, about 3: 7 to about 1: 2, or about 1: 2 to about 2: 3. In some embodiments, the mole ratio is about 1: 2.
[0108] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a payload.
[0109] In some embodiments, the payload is a polynucleotide, apeptide or a drug compound. The polynucleotide may comprise or encode a functional nucleic acid, aribozyme a gRNA, amiRNA, or a siRNA. The polynucleotide may be deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) , ribonucleic acid (RNA) , including messenger mRNA (mRNA) , hybrids thereof, RNAi-inducing agents, RNAi agents, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, antisense RNA, ribozymes, or catalytic DNA. The polynucleotide may be mRNA. mRNA molecules may encode polypeptides of interest, including any naturally or non-naturally occurring or otherwise modified polypeptides. The polypeptide encoded by the mRNA may be of any size and may have any secondary structure or activity. The mRNA may encode a protein, such as a pathogenic protein or cytokines. It may also encode an antigenic fragment or epitope thereof characteristic of the pathogen, or a tumour-associated antigen (TAA) or an antigenic fragment or epitope thereof that is characteristic of cancer.
[0110] The drug compound may be small molecule compounds such as anti-cancer agents, anti-tumour agents, anti-metabolites, nucleoside analogues, anti-infective agents, local anesthetics such as dibucaine (dibucaine) and chlorpromazine (chloromazine) , beta-adrenergic blockers such as propranolol (timolol) and labetalol (labetalol) , antihypertensives such as clonidine (clonidine) and hydralazine (hydrazine) , antidepressants such as imipramine (imipramine) , amitriptyline (amitriptyline) and doxepin, anticonvulsants such as phenytoin (phenytoin) , antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (diphenhydramine) , clofepramine (chlorphenamine) and promethazine) , antibiotics / antibacterial agents such as gentamicin (genene) , ciprofloxacin (ciprofloxacin) and cefoxitin) , hormones, hormone antagonists, or immunomodulators.
[0111] In some embodiments, the payload is mRNA.
[0112] In some embodiments, the mRNA codes for an interferon. Interferons are a group of signalling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of viruses. They bind to interferon receptors. Interferons are cytokines and may be used to communicate between cells to trigger the protective defences of the immune system and help eradicate pathogens. Interferons may also activate immune cells, such as natural killer cells and macrophages. They may increase host defences by up-regulating antigen presentation by increasing the expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens.
[0113] Interferons may be divided into three classes: Type I IFN, Type II IFN and Type III IFN. Type I IFN binds to a specific cell surface receptor complex (IFN-α / βreceptor) , leading to expression of proteins that may prevent a virus from producing and replicating its RNA and DNA. They may have roles in inflammation, immunoregulation, tumour cells recognition and T-cell responses. They may be immunotherapeutic agents in cancer therapy. Examples of Type I IFNs are IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-ε, IFN-κand IFN-ω. Type II IFN, also known as immune interferon, regulates the immune response of its target cell. It may activate signalling pathways in cells such as macrophages, B cells and T cells and promote inflammation, antiviral or antibacterial activity. Type II IFNs bind to different receptors from Type I IFNs and are encoded by a separate chromosomal locus. Type III IFNs are a group of anti-viral cytokines. Type III IFNs modulate the immune response after a pathogen has been sensed in the organism and function mostly as anti-viral and anti-proliferative. Type III IFNs tend to be less inflammatory and may show a slower kinetics than Type I IFNs.
[0114] In some embodiments, the interferon is a Type I interferon. In some embodiments, the interferon is a recombinant type I interferon (sIFN-I) . mRNA molecules encoding recombinant type I Interferon may enable higher immunostimulatory effect and stronger immune responses. The sIFN-1 may be able to combine with mRNA cancer vaccines to potentiate the its efficacy. sIFN-I may be used for treating cell proliferation disorders frequently associated with cancer and infectious diseases. For example, the cancer may be melanoma, hepatoma, renal carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, prostatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, esophageal cancer, colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, lung cancer, glioma, leukemia or Kaposi’s Sarcoma. The infectious disease may be hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes virus (Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simples virus) , papilloma, poxvirus, picorna virus, adenovirus, rhino virus, SARS, HIV, influenza virus, Ebola virus, Human cytomegalovirus, or human rotavirus. sIFN-I-LNP may be used alone or in combination with other therapeutics, such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte / macrophage colony stimulating factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-3, interleukin-6, erythropoietin, and stem cell factor for the treatment of cancer and viral infections.
[0115] LNPs may comprise various lipids such as ionisable lipids, helper lipid, polymer conjugated lipid and sterol, with each component responsible for payload protection and effective intracellular delivery. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises helper lipid, PEG conjugated lipid and sterol. Helper lipids may increase the particle stability and fluidity of lipid nanoparticles. The helper lipids may be phospholipids and glycerolipids that are typically non-cationic. Polymer conjugated lipid may be a polyethylene glycol (PEG) -functionalised lipid and may contribute to particle stability by decreasing particle aggregation. They may also be used to conjugate specific ligands to the lipid nanoparticle for targeted delivery. PEG-functionalised lipid may be 1, 2-dimyristoyl-rac-glycero-3-methoxypolyethylene glycol-2000 (DMG-PEG2000) or 1, 2-distearoyl-rac-glycero-3-methoxypolyethylene glycol-2000 (DSG-PEG2000) . Sterol may also enhance particle stability by modulating membrane integrity and rigidity. The PEG conjugated lipid may be. The sterol may be cholesterol, fecosterol, sitosterol, ergosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, tomatidine, tomatine, ursolic acid, alpha-tocopherol, hopanoids, phytosterols, steroids, and mixtures thereof.
[0116] In some embodiments, the helper lipid is distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) . In some embodiments, the PEG conjugated lipid is 1, 2-dimyristoyl-rac-glycero-3-methoxypolyethylene glycol-2000 (DMG-PEG2000) . In some embodiments, the sterol is cholesterol.
[0117] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises DSPC, DMG-PEG2000 and cholesterol.
[0118] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a molar percentage of compound of Formula (I) relative to the lipid nanoparticle is about 45%to about 55%. In other embodiments, the molar percentage is about 45%to about 52%, about 45%to about 50%, about 48%to about 55%, about 48%to about 52%, or about 48%to about 50%. In some embodiments, the molar percentage is about 50%.
[0119] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a molar percentage of helper lipid relative to the lipid nanoparticle is about 8%to about 12%. In other embodiments, the molar percentage is about 8%to about 11%, about 8%to about 10%, about 9%to about 12%, about 9%to about 11%, or about 9%to about 10%. In some embodiments, the molar percentage is about 10%.
[0120] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a molar percentage of PEG conjugated lipid relative to the lipid nanoparticle is about 36%to about 40%. In other embodiments, the molar percentage is about 36%to about 39%, about 36%to about 38%, about 37%to about 40%, about 37%to about 39%, about 37%to about 38%, about 38%to about 40%, or about 38%to about 39%. In some embodiments, the molar percentage is about 38.5%.
[0121] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a molar percentage of sterol relative to the lipid nanoparticle is about 1%to about 2%. In other embodiments, the molar percentage is about 1%to about 1.8%, about 1%to about 1.5%, about 1.5%to about 2%, or about 1.5%to about 1.8%. In some embodiments, the molar percentage is about 1.5%.
[0122] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises:
[0123] a) a compound of Formula (I) at a molar percentage of about 45%to about 55%relative to the lipid nanoparticle;
[0124] b) a helper lipid at a molar percentage of about 8%to about 12%relative to the lipid nanoparticle;
[0125] c) a PEG conjugated lipid at a molar percentage of about 36%to about 40%relative to the lipid nanoparticle; and
[0126] d) a sterol at a molar percentage of about 1%to about 2%relative to the lipid nanoparticle.
[0127] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises:
[0128] a) a compound of Formula (I) at a molar percentage of about 45%to about 55%relative to the lipid nanoparticle;
[0129] b) DSPC at a molar percentage of about 8%to about 12%relative to the lipid nanoparticle;
[0130] c) DMG-PEG2000 at a molar percentage of about 36%to about 40%relative to the lipid nanoparticle; and
[0131] d) cholesterol at a molar percentage of about 1%to about 2%relative to the lipid nanoparticle.
[0132] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises:
[0133] a) a compound of Formula (I) at a molar percentage of about 50%relative to the lipid nanoparticle;
[0134] b) a helper lipid at a molar percentage of about 10%relative to the lipid nanoparticle;
[0135] c) a PEG conjugated lipid at a molar percentage of about 38.5%relative to the lipid nanoparticle; and
[0136] d) a sterol at a molar percentage of about 1.5%relative to the lipid nanoparticle.
[0137] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises:
[0138] a) a compound of Formula (I) at a molar percentage of about 50%relative to the lipid nanoparticle;
[0139] b) DSPC at a molar percentage of about 10%relative to the lipid nanoparticle;
[0140] c) DMG-PEG2000 at a molar percentage of about 38.5%relative to the lipid nanoparticle; and
[0141] d) cholesterol at a molar percentage of about 1.5%relative to the lipid nanoparticle.
[0142] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a loading capacity of mRNA of about 80%to about 100%. In other embodiments, the loading capacity is about 80%to about 95%, about 80%to about 90%, about 80%to about 88%, about 80%to about 85%, about 85%to about 100%, about 85%to about 95%, about 85%to about 90%, about 90%to about 100%, or about 90%to about 95%. In some embodiments, the loading capacity is about 95%to about 99%.
[0143] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a cell viability of about 90%to about 100%when the formulated mRNA dose ranging from about 0.1 ng / mL to about 10 ng / mL. In other embodiments, the cell viability is about 90%to about 98%, about 90%to about 96%, about 90%to about 94%, about 90%to about 92%, about 92%to about 100%, about 92%to about 98%, about 92%to about 96%, about 92%to about 94%, about 94%to about 100%, about 94%to about 98%, about 94%to about 96%, about 96%to about 100%, about 96%to about 98%, or about 98%to about 100%when the formulated mRNA dose ranging from about 0.1 ng / mL to about 10 ng / mL.
[0144] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an average luciferase protein flux signal of about 1×105 p / sto about 10×105 p / s. In other embodiments, the average luciferase protein flux signal is about 1×105 p / sto about 8×105 p / s, about 1×105 p / sto about 6×105 p / s, about 1×105 p / sto about 4×105 p / s, about 1×105 p / sto about 2×105 p / s, about 2×105 p / sto about 10×105 p / s, about 2×105 p / sto about 8×105 p / s, about 2×105 p / sto about 6×105 p / s, about 2×105 p / sto about 4×105 p / s, about 4×105 p / sto about 10×105 p / s, about 4×105 p / sto about 8×105 p / s, about 4×105 p / sto about 6×105 p / s, about 6×105 p / sto about 8×105 p / s, or about 8×105 p / sto about 10×105 p / s. In some embodiments, the average luciferase protein flux signal is about 5×105 p / s.
[0145] The present disclosure also concerns a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lipid nanoparticle as disclosed herein; wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a compound of Formula (I) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or isomer thereof, and a payload.
[0146] The present disclosure also concerns a method of treating and / or preventing a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of lipid nanoparticle as disclosed herein; wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a compound of Formula (I) or a salt, solvate, or isomer thereof, and a payload.
[0147] In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a cell proliferation disorder. Cell proliferation is the process by which a cell grows and divides to produce two daughter cells. It may lead to an exponential increase in cell number and may be a rapid mechanism of tissue growth. Cell proliferation requires both cell growth and cell division to occur at the same time. In multicellular organisms, the process of cell proliferation is controlled by gene regulatory networks encoded in the genome and executed mainly by transcription factors. Uncontrolled cell proliferation, or cell proliferation disorder, may lead to an increased proliferation rate or a failure of cells to stop their proliferation at the normal time and may be a cause of cancer.
[0148] In some embodiments, the cell proliferation disorder is associated with cancer and / or infectious disease.
[0149] In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from melanoma, hepatoma, renal carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, prostatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, esophageal cancer, colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, lung cancer, glioma, leukaemia and Kaposi’s Sarcoma.
[0150] In some embodiments, the infectious disease is a viral disease.
[0151] In some embodiments, the infectious disease is selected from hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes virus (Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simples virus) , papilloma, poxvirus, picorna virus, adenovirus, rhino virus, SARS, HIV, influenza virus, Ebola virus, Human cytomegalovirus, and human rotavirus.
[0152] In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a spleen disease or disorder. The spleen functions to remove abnormal blood cells and to make components of the immune system such as antibodies and lymphocytes. It may be vulnerable to a range of disorders such as splenamegaly, hypersplenism, splenic rupture, blood disorders, cancers, cysts, tumours and hyposplenism.
[0153] The lipid nanoparticle may deliver the payload to different parts of the body. Variations in the ratio of compound of Formula (I) in the lipid nanoparticle to payload in the lipid nanoparticle may tune the mRNA delivery to different parts of the body. By modulating the ratio of nitrogen in the compound of Formula (I) in the lipid nanoparticle to phosphate in the payload in the lipid nanoparticle, mRNA delivery of the lipid nanoparticle may be tuned from liver to spleen (Figure 1b) . The expression efficiency of Luc-mRNA delivered to the spleen by the lipid nanoparticle may be tuned.
[0154] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle targets the spleen. Precision delivery to spleen may enhance the interaction of delivered mRNA with immune cells and reduce potential systemic toxicity.
[0155] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an apparent pKa of about 5.5 to about 7.5. An acid dissociation constant (Ka) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution. It measures how completely an acid dissociates in an aqueous solution. The larger the value of Ka, the stronger the acid as the acid largely dissociates into its ions and has lower pKa values. pKa is a number that describes the acidity of a particular molecule. The lower the value of pKa, the stronger the acid and the greater its ability to donate its protons. The apparent pKa value reflects the charge interaction behaviour of the lipid nanoparticle, which may affect the biological activity of the lipid nanoparticle as the positively charged molecules of the lipid nanoparticle may interact with negatively charged proteins and cells in the body. The apparent pKa may be tuned by chemically modifying the molar ratio of the different monomers in a copolymer or changing the molecular weight of a polymer. In other embodiments, the apparent pKa is about 5.5 to about 7, about 5.5. to about 6.5, about 5.5 to about 6, about 6 to about 7.5, about 6 to about 7, about 6 to about 6.5, about 6.5 to about 7.5, or about 6.5 to about 7. In some embodiments, the apparent pKa is about 6.5.
[0156] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a ratio of nitrogen in the compound of Formula (I) in the lipid nanoparticle to phosphate in the payload in the lipid nanoparticle of about 3.5 to about 8.5. In other embodiments, the ratio is about 3.5 to about 8, about 3.5 to about 7.5, about 4 to about 8.5 about 4 to about 8, about 4 to about 7.5, about 4.5 to about 8.5, about 4.5 to about 8, or about 4.5 to about 7.5 In some embodiments, the ratio is about 4.5 to about 7.5.
[0157] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an expression efficiency of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) comparable to the expression efficiency of a commercialised MC3 LNP (Figure 4) . EGFP is a protein that may be used to measure gene expression efficiency in biological systems.
[0158] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle inhibits tumour growth.
[0159] In some embodiments, the tumour growth rate is about 20%to about 60%when the dosage is administered twice at about 5μg to about 10μg. The tumour growth rate may be calculated by a T / C tumour volume, where T refers to the mean tumour volume in a treatment group at a specific point during the experiment and C refers to the mean tumour volume in a control group at the same specific point during the experiment. The T / C tumour volume provides a relative measure of a treatment’s ability to inhibit tumour growth compared to an untreated control group.
[0160] In other embodiments, the tumour growth rate is about 20%to about 55%, about 20%to about 50%, about 20% to about 45%, about 20%to about 40%, about 25%to about 60%, about 25%to about 55%, about 25%to about 50%, about 25%to about 45%, about 25%to about 40%, about 30%to about 60%, about 30%to about 55%, about 30%to about 50%, about 30%to about 45%, or about 30%to about 40%when the dosage is administered twice at about 5μg to about 10μg. In some embodiments, the tumour growth rate is about 30%to about 55%when the dosage is administered twice at about 5μg to about 10μg.
[0161] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle activates CD8+T cells. CD8 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor (TCR) . Along with the TCR, the CD8 co-receptor plays a role in T cell signalling and aiding with cytotoxic T cell-antigen interactions. CD8+T cells are important for immune defence against intracellular pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, and for tumour surveillance. When a CD8+T cell recognises its antigen and becomes activated, it has mechanisms to kill infected or malignant cells.
[0162] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an average activation rate of CD8+T cells of about 2%to about 10%. In other embodiments, the average activation rate is about 2%to about 8%, about 2%to about 6%, about 2%to about 4%, about 4%to about 10%, about 4%to about 8%, about 4%to about 6%, about 6%to about 10%, or about 6%to about 8%. In some embodiments, the average activation rate is about 4%to about 8%. In some embodiments, the average activation rate is about 5.5%.
[0163] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle activates dendritic cells (DCs) . Dendritic cells (DC) are a type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. The primary function of DCs is to present antigens to other cells of the immune system. The dendritic structure of the dendritic cells may maximise their surface area and increase exposure to antigens. DCs may be found in tissues such as skin.
[0164] In some embodiments, the dendritic cells are CD40+DC and / or CD80+DC. CD40 is a transmembrane protein found on antigen-presenting cells and is required for their activation. Activated CD40+DCs may present antigens and activate T cells, leading to the initiation of adaptive immune response. They may enhance anti-tumour immune response. CD80 is a transmembrane glycoprotein and is present on DC, activated B-cells, macrophages and T cells. CD80 is a co-stimulatory receptor that provides the co-stimulatory signal to activate and sustain T cell response.
[0165] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an activation rate of dendritic cells of about 25%to 40%. In other embodiments, the activation rate is about 25%to about 36%, about 25%to about 32%, about 25%to about 30%, about 30%to about 40%, about 30%to about 36%, about 30%to about 32%, about 32%to about 40%, about 32%to about 36%, or about 36%to about 40%. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an activation rate of CD40+DC of about 30%to about 32%. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an activation rate of CD40+DC of about 31%.
[0166] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an activation rate of CD80+DC of about 35%to about 50%. In other embodiments, the activation rate is about 35%to about 46%, about 35%to about 42%, about 35%to about 38%, about 38%to about 50%, about 38%to about 46%, about 38%to about 42%, about 42%to about 50%, about 42%to about 46%, or about 46%to about 50%. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an activation ratio of CD80+ DC of about 38%to about 42%. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an activation ratio of CD80+DC of about 40%.
[0167] The present disclosure also concerns a lipid nanoparticle for use in treating and / or preventing a disease or condition, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a compound of Formula (I) or a salt, solvate, or isomer thereof, and a payload.
[0168] The present disclosure also concerns a use of a lipid nanoparticle in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and / or prevention of a disease or condition, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a compound of Formula (I) or a salt, solvate, or isomer thereof, and a payload.
[0169] The lipid nanoparticle can be administered to a subject as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to salts of pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric, nitric, carbonic, boric, sulfamic, and hydrobromic acids, or salts of pharmaceutically acceptable organic acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric, tartaric, maleic, hydroxymaleic, fumaric, maleic, citric, lactic, mucic, gluconic, benzoic, succinic, oxalic, phenylacetic, methanesulphonic, toluenesulphonic, benezenesulphonic, salicyclic sulphanilic, aspartic, glutamic, edetic, stearic, palmitic, oleic, lauric, pantothenic, tannic, ascorbic and valeric acids.
[0170] Base salts include, but are not limited to, those formed with pharmaceutically acceptable cations, such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium and alkylammonium. In particular, the present invention includes within its scope cationic salts e.g. sodium or potassium salts, or alkyl esters (eg methyl, ethyl) of the phosphate group.
[0171] Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quarternised with such agents as lower alkyl halide, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl and diethyl sulfate; and others.
[0172] It will be appreciated that any compound that is a prodrug of the compound of Formula (I) and / or the lipid nanoparticle is also within the scope and spirit of the invention. Thus, the compound of the invention can be administered to a subject in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable pro-drug. The term "pro-drug" is used in its broadest sense and encompasses those derivatives that are converted in vivo to the compound of the invention. Such derivatives would readily occur to those skilled in the art. Other texts which generally describe prodrugs (and the preparation thereof) include: Design of Prodrugs, 1985, H. Bundgaard (Elsevier) ; The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, 1996, Camille G. Wermuth et al., Chapter 31 (Academic Press) ; and A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, 1991, Bundgaard et al., Chapter 5, (Harwood Academic Publishers) .
[0173] The compound and / or lipid nanoparticle of the invention may be in crystalline form either as the free compound or as a solvate (e.g. hydrate) and it is intended that both forms are within the scope of the present invention. Methods of solvation are generally known within the art.
[0174] The compound and / or lipid nanoparticle of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof is administered to the patient in a therapeutically effective amount. As used herein, atherapeutically effective amount is intended to include at least partially attaining the desired effect, or delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progression of, or halting or reversing altogether the onset or progression of macular degeneration.
[0175] As used herein, the term "effective amount" relates to an amount of compound which, when administered according to a desired dosing regimen, provides the desired therapeutic activity. Dosing may occur at intervals of minutes, hours, days, weeks, months or years or continuously over any one of these periods. Suitable dosages may lie within the range of about 0.1 ng per kg of body weight to 1 g per kg of body weight per dosage, such as is in the range of 1 mg to 1 g per kg of body weight per dosage. In one embodiment, the dosage may be in the range of 1 mg to 1000 mg per kg of body weight per dosage. In another embodiment, the dosage may be in the range of 1 mg to 800 mg per kg of body weight per dosage. In yet another embodiment, the dosage may be in the range of 1 mg to 500 mg per kg of body weight per dosage, such as up to 250 mg per body weight per dosage.
[0176] Suitable dosage amounts and dosing regimens can be determined by the attending physician and may depend on the severity of the condition as well as the general age, health and weight of the patient to be treated.
[0177] The compound and / or lipid nanoparticle of the invention may be administered in a single dose or a series of doses. While it is possible for the active ingredient to be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as a composition, preferably as a pharmaceutical composition. The formulation of such compositions is well known to those skilled in the art. The composition may contain any suitable carriers, diluents or excipients. These include all conventional solvents, dispersion media, fillers, solid carriers, coatings, antifungal and antibacterial agents, dermal penetration agents, surfactants, isotonic and absorption agents and the like. It will be understood that the compositions of the invention may also include other supplementary physiologically active agents.
[0178] The carrier must be pharmaceutically "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not injurious to the patient. The compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then if necessary shaping the product.
[0179] Injectables for such use can be prepared in conventional forms, either as a liquid solution or suspension or in a solid form suitable for preparation as a solution or suspension in a liquid prior to injection, or as an emulsion. Carriers can include, for example, water, saline (e.g., normal saline (NS) , phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) , balanced saline solution (BSS) ) , sodium lactate Ringer's solution, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like; and if desired, minor amounts of auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, buffers, and the like can be added. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by using a coating such as lecithin, by maintaining the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by using surfactants. By way of example, the compound, composition or combination can be dissolved in a pharmaceutically effective carrier and be injected into the vitreous of the eye with a fine gauge hollow bore needle (e.g., 30 gauge, 1 / 2 or 3 / 8 inch needle) using a temporal approach (e.g., about 3 to about 4 mm posterior to the limbus for human eye to avoid damaging the lens) .
[0180] The compound or composition of the invention may also be suitable for intravenous administration. For example, acompound of Formula (I) , or lipid nanoparticle as disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof may be administered intravenously at a dose of up to 16 mg / m2.
[0181] The compound or composition of the invention may be suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bactericides and solutes which render the compound, composition or combination isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The compound, composition or combination may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
[0182] Preferred unit dosage composition or combinations are those containing a daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose, as herein above described, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient.
[0183] It should be understood that in addition to the active ingredients particularly mentioned above, the composition or combination of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of composition or combination in question, for example, those suitable for oral administration may include such further agents as binders, sweeteners, thickeners, flavouring agents disintegrating agents, coating agents, preservatives, lubricants and / or time delay agents. Suitable sweeteners include sucrose, lactose, glucose, aspartame or saccharine. Suitable disintegrating agents include cornstarch, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, xanthan gum, bentonite, alginic acid or agar. Suitable flavouring agents include peppermint oil, oil of wintergreen, cherry, orange or raspberry flavouring. Suitable coating agents include polymers or copolymers of acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid and / or their esters, waxes, fatty alcohols, zein, shellac or gluten. Suitable preservatives include sodium benzoate, vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, methyl paraben, propyl paraben or sodium bisulphite. Suitable lubricants include magnesium stearate, stearic acid, sodium oleate, sodium chloride or talc. Suitable time delay agents include glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate.
[0184] Examples
[0185] Given that the physiochemical nature (surface charge, local and apparent pKa) of LNP controls its biodistribution, the inventors synthesised sulfanilamide zwitterionic lipids with sulfanilamide and derivatives as head groups. LNPs composing of sulfanilamide zwitterionic lipids presented delivery trend to extrahepatic tissues. As compared with current commercial LNP used in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine which has a strong tropism to liver, sulfanilamide zwitterionic lipids could be engineered to deliver mRNA to spleens.
[0186] Methodology
[0187] The present invention relates to the preparation and use of sulfanilamide zwitterionic lipids (Formula II) that consists of lipidic tails and various sulfanilamide head groups.
[0188] In one embodiment, asulfanilamide zwitterionic lipid comprising at least one structure according to Formula II:
[0189] Wherein:
[0190] R1 is selected from the group consisting of:
[0191] n1, n2, n3, n4 are integers which could be selected from 10, 12, 14, 16, 18.
[0192] R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
[0193] sIFN-I mRNA composition
[0194] In some embodiment, the present invention relates to spleen targeted delivery of a mRNA molecule encoding therapeutic recombinant type I interferon (termed as sIFN-I) . sIFN-I could be used for treating cell proliferation disorders frequently associated with cancer and infectious diseases. Such disorders include, but are not limited to, melanoma, hematoma, renal carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, prostatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, oesophageal cancer, colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, lung cancer, glioma, leukaemia and Kaposi’s Sarcoma, etc. Viral conditions treatable by sIFN-I include, but are not limited to hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes virus (Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simples virus) , papilloma, poxvirus, picorna virus, adenovirus, rhino virus, SARS, HIV, influenza virus, Ebola virus, Human cytomegalovirus, and human rotavirus, etc. sIFN-I-LNP may be used alone or in combination with other therapeutics (granulocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte / macrophage colony stimulating factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-3, interleukin-6, erythropoietin, and stem cell factor) for the treatment of cancer and viral infections.
[0195] The sIFN-I molecule comprise the following amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO. 1) :
[0196] And which is encoded by sIFN-I coding DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO. 2) , as follows:
[0197] Or encoded by the following sIFN-I coding mRNA sequence (SEQ ID NO. 3) :
[0198] Results and analysis
[0199] By formulating mRNA-LNPs with different compositions, the inventors screened mRNA-LNPs for further in vivo biodistribution analysis. LNPs containing sulfanilamide derived zwitterionic lipids (Figure 1a) loaded with Luciferase mRNA (Luc-mRNA) were injected intravenously (i.v. ) to Balb / c mice (6-8 weeks, female) to assess the distribution of luciferase signals. We observed that LNPs composed of sulfanilamide derived zwitterionic lipids showed delivery tendency to spleen (Figure 1b left) . By modulating lipid: mRNA ratio, the expression efficiency of Luc-mRNA delivered to spleen by LNPs could be tuned (Figure 1b right) .
[0200] Design and synthesis of sIFN-I mRNA
[0201] The inventors then delivered sIFN-I mRNA developed by the inventors' lab with spleen targeting LNP for cancer immunotherapy (Figure 2a) . sIFN-I mRNA was successfully produced using the constructed in vitro transcription (IVT) system (Figure 2b) . When transfecting sIFN-I mRNA into HEK293 cells, sIFN-I proteins were demonstrated to be successfully translated and secreted from Western Blotting (Figure 2c) . To examine the immune activation effect of sIFN-I mRNA, splenic immune cell subsets were isolated from sIFN-I LNP treated mice, and the expression of surface activation markers CD40, CD69, and CD86 was analyzed using Flow cytometry. The result showed that sIFN-I mRNA could significantly activate various splenic immune cells including DCs, CD8+T cells (Figure 2d) . Furthermore, the inventors also assessed the cancer therapeutic efficacy of sIFN-I protein and sIFN-I mRNA in B16 melanoma tumour models and exhibited potent antitumor efficacy of sIFN-I mRNA with much lower administration dose and less administration frequency as compared with sIFN-I protein (Figure 2e and f) .
[0202] It will be appreciated that many further modifications and permutations of various aspects of the described embodiments are possible. Accordingly, the described aspects are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
[0203] Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise” , and variations such as “comprises” and “comprising” , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.
[0204] Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the phrase "consisting essentially of", and variations such as "consists essentially of" will be understood to indicate that the recited element (s) is / are essential i.e. necessary elements of the invention. The phrase allows for the presence of other non-recited elements which do not materially affect the characteristics of the invention but excludes additional unspecified elements which would affect the basic and novel characteristics of the method defined.
[0205] The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it) , or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates.
Claims
1.A compound of Formula (I) or a salt, solvate, or isomer thereof: whereinR1 is selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl and optionally substituted alkoxy;R2 is selected from optionally substituted alkyl and optionally substituted alkenyl;R3 is selected from H, oxo and optionally substituted alkyl;R4 is selected from optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;R5, R6 and R7 are independently selected from H and optionally substituted alkyl;wherein when R1 is optionally substituted alkoxy, R3 is H or optionally substituted alkyl;wherein when R3 is oxo, R1 is H or optionally substituted alkyl;or R4 and R5 are linked to form optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;n is an integer selected from 1 to 5.2.The compound according to claim 1, wherein R1 is selected from H and optionally substituted C8-C40 alkoxy.3.The compound according to claims 1 or 2, wherein R2 is selected from optionally substituted C8-C40 alkyl and optionally substituted C8-C40 alkenyl.4.The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein R3 is selected from H, oxo, and optionally C1-C5 alkyl.5.The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein R4 is selected from optionally substituted C4-C8 heteroaryl.6.The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein R4 is selected from whereindenotes a bond to the Markush structure at R4.7.The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein R5, R6 and R7 are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C1-C5 alkyl.8.A lipid nanoparticle, comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a salt, solvate, or isomer thereof.9.The lipid nanoparticle according to claim 8, wherein the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a mole ratio of the compound of Formula (I) to the lipid nanoparticle of about 1: 4 to about 2: 3.10.The lipid nanoparticle according to claims 8 or 9, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a payload.11.The lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the payload is a nucleotide, apeptide or a drug compound.12.The lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 11, wherein the payload is an mRNA.13.The lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 12, wherein the mRNA codes for an interferon.14.The lipid nanoparticle according to claim 13, wherein the interferon is a recombinant type 1 interferon (sIFN-1) .15.The lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 14, wherein the lipid nanoparticle further comprises helper lipid, PEG conjugated lipid and sterol.16.The lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 15, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a molar percentage of compound of Formula (I) relative to the lipid nanoparticle is about 45%to about 55%.17.The lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 16, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a molar percentage of helper lipid relative to the lipid nanoparticle is about 8%to about 12%.18.The lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 17, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a molar percentage of PEG conjugated lipid relative to the lipid nanoparticle is about 36%to about 40%.19.The lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 18, the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a molar percentage of sterol relative to the lipid nanoparticle is about 1%to about 2%.20.The lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 19, wherein the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a loading capacity of mRNA of about 90%to about 100%.21.The lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 20, wherein the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a cell viability of about 90%to about 100%when the formulated mRNA dose ranging from about 0.1 ng / mL to about 10 ng / mL.22.The lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 21, wherein the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an average luciferase protein flux signal of about 1×105 p / s to about 10×105 p / s.23.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 22; wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a compound of Formula (I) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or isomer thereof, and a payload.24.A method of treating and / or preventing a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 22; wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a compound of Formula (I) or a salt, solvate, isomer or prodrug thereof, and a payload.25.The method according to claim 24, wherein the disease or condition is a cell proliferation disorder.26.The method according to claim 25, wherein the cell proliferation disorder is associated with cancer and / or infectious disease.27.The method according to claim 26, wherein the cancer is selected from melanoma, hepatoma, renal carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, prostatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, esophageal cancer, colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, lung cancer, glioma, leukaemia and Kaposi’s Sarcoma.28.The method according to claim 26, wherein the infectious disease is a viral disease.29.The method according to claims 26 or 28, wherein the infectious disease is selected from hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes virus (Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simples virus) , papilloma, poxvirus, picorna virus, adenovirus, rhino virus, SARS, HIV, influenza virus, Ebola virus, Human cytomegalovirus, and human rotavirus.30.The method according to any one of claims 24 to 29, wherein the disease or condition is a spleen disease or disorder.31.The method according to any one of claims 24 to 30, wherein the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an apparent pKa of about 5.5 to about 7.5.32.The method according to any one of claims 24 to 31, wherein the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by a ratio of nitrogen in the lipid nanoparticle to phosphate in the payload of about 3.5 to about 8.5.33.The method according to any one of claims 24 to 32, wherein the lipid nanoparticle inhibits tumour growth.34.The method according to claim 33, wherein the tumour growth rate is about 20%to about 60%when the dosage is administered twice at about 5μg to about 10μg.35.The method according to any one of claims 24 to 34, wherein the lipid nanoparticle activates CD8+ T cells.36.The method according to any one of claims 24 to 35, wherein the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an average activation rate of CD8+ T cells of about 2%to about 10%.37.The method according to any one of claims 24 to 36, wherein the lipid nanoparticle activates dendritic cells (DCs) .38.The method according to any one of claims 37, wherein the DCs are CD40+ DC and / or CD80+ DC.39.The method according to claims 37 or 38, wherein the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an activation rate of CD40+ DC of about 25%to about 40%.40.The method according to any one of claims 37 to 39, wherein the lipid nanoparticle is characterised by an activation rate of CD80+ DC of about 35%to about 50%.41.A lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 22 for use in treating and / or preventing a disease or condition, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a compound of Formula (I) or a salt, solvate, or isomer thereof, and a payload.42.Use of a lipid nanoparticle according to any one of claims 8 to 22 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and / or prevention of a disease or condition, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a compound of Formula(I)or a salt,solvate,or isomer thereof,and a payload.