Hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in an open reservoir (variants)

Abstract

The invention relates to hydraulic structures for aeration of water in an open reservoir. In one embodiment, the hydraulic structure is formed in the ground (2) in the coastal zone of the reservoir (3) as a well (4) in the form of a shaft (10) with an inlet opening (5) being open to the atmosphere, and an outlet opening (6) being located below the water surface (8) in the reservoir (3) and / or below the freezing depth (T1) of the reservoir water (1). In another embodiment, the hydraulic structure is formed as a sealed tank (30) capable of retaining gas, the tank (30) has an outlet opening (31) in its lower part located below the water surface (8) in the reservoir (3) and / or below the freezing depth (T1) of the reservoir water (1).

Description

[0001] Title of invention: HYDROTECHNICAL STRUCTURE FOR AERATION OF WATER IN AN OPEN RESERVOIR (VARIANTS).

[0002] Technical field

[0003] The invention relates to the field of aeration of water in open reservoirs, in particular for saturating water with oxygen, which is required for normal biological processes in open reservoirs.

[0004] Background Art

[0005] The device is known: Solar aeration system (patent US6676837B2

[0006] from 13.01.2004, kl., C02F7 / 00).

[0007] This device has a number of significant drawbacks.

[0008] The main drawback is that during the summer season, the compressor pumps atmospheric air, which has a high temperature, under pressure to the bottom of the reservoir, where a diffuser creates numerous air bubbles.

[0009] Air bubbles rising upward create water circulation in the reservoir, directed from bottom to top, and simultaneously heat the surrounding water, since atmospheric air has a higher temperature than the water at the bottom of the reservoir. Thus, cold water from the bottom of the reservoir rises to the surface, where it comes into contact with atmospheric air and heats up, while the displaced warm water from the surface sinks lower. In this way, the water in the reservoir is mixed, and the average temperature of the water in the reservoir rises. Under natural conditions, without human intervention, seasonal stratification of water occurs in reservoirs, which makes it possible to create an ecological balance between the inhabitants of the reservoir. In summer, direct stratification occurs. A warm layer of water called «Epilimnion» forms near the surface of the reservoir, followed by a thin layer of water called «Thermocline» towards the bottom, where the water temperature drops sharply. The coldest layer of water, called the «Hypolimnion», is found at the bottom of the reservoir. The cold layer of water at the bottom of the reservoir slows down the processes of oxidation, decomposition, and decay of plant and animal remains, as well as the reproduction of anaerobic bacteria, which also consume oxygen from the water. The «Thermocline» is a zone of water where air and heat exchange occur between the «Hypolimnion» and «Epilimnion» layers, which contain different amounts of oxygen and have different temperatures. Air and gases from the «Hypolimnion» rise to the surface of the reservoir and then leave the water into the atmosphere, as gases have a lower density than water. The «Epilimnion» has the highest water temperature in the reservoir, which prevents air from the atmosphere from dissolving in this layer and penetrating into the lower, colder layers of water. Thus, the «Epilimnion» is a kind of barrier that releases air from the water into the atmosphere and at the same time prevents air from penetrating into the depths of the reservoir.

[0010] Since all living organisms inhabiting the aquatic ecosystem of a reservoir consume oxygen from water, abnormal increases in atmospheric air and water temperatures in open reservoirs due to climate change caused by global warming, leads to a decrease in the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water, which in turn leads to the death of large living organisms that breathe air dissolved in water, such as fish.

[0011] The use of any mechanical aerator disrupts the natural stratification of water in the reservoir, which leads to an increase in the average water temperature in the reservoir and, in particular, in the bottom layer “Hypolimnion”. This change leads to an increase in the rate of chemical reactions of oxidation and decomposition of plant and animal residues and intensive reproduction of anaerobic bacteria, which leads to a significant increase in the rate of oxygen consumption from water and, as a result, a decrease in the oxygen content in water.

[0012] In the event of sudden shutdown due to mechanical failure of the aerator or lack of external energy, there will be a sharp drop in oxygen concentration in the water due to the previous mechanical aeration of the reservoir, as a result of which the water temperature in the bottom layer of the reservoir will increase due to mechanical mixing of the water in the reservoir, which will accelerate chemical oxidation processes (a temperature increase of 10 °C doubles the speed of chemical reactions) in bottom sediments, which will cause an increase in the consumption of oxygen dissolved in water and an increase in the number of anaerobic bacteria that also consume oxygen dissolved in water, since with an increase in water temperature and the amount of oxygen in the bottom layers of the reservoir, bacterial colonies increase in size. Thus, the air in the water will run out much earlier than the water cools down or the bacteria die off due to the drop in temperature. Large organisms such as fish will die first as a result of oxygen starvation, since they need more oxygen per unit of time to breathe.

[0013] This device is not very effective because it creates a vertical column of air bubbles that saturates the water in the immediate vicinity of the bubble column, while 90% of the air passes through the reservoir water and enters the atmosphere. Thus, this aerator saturates the water locally and is not suitable for reservoirs with a large surface area, or a very large number of compressors and aerators and a lot of energy are required.

[0014] This device promotes intensive evaporation of water from the reservoir by increasing the contact area between air bubbles and water and by high air flow velocity. Such a device also depends on external energy sources and consumes a large amount of energy.

[0015] In addition, the device has complex mechanisms consisting of many moving parts, which complicates production, operation, and maintenance.

[0016] The hydrotechnical structure is also known: Fish growing apparatus (patent RU2139656C1 from 20.10.1999, kl„ Y02A40 / 81).

[0017] The hydrotechnical structure has a number of significant drawbacks:

[0018] - mixes water in the reservoir, increasing the average water temperature in the reservoir and thereby destroying the natural stratification of water in the reservoir.

[0019] - includes pumps and mechanical aerators, which makes the hydrotechnical structure energy-dependent and difficult to manufacture and operate.

[0020] - reduces the usable area and volume of water in the reservoir.

[0021] Summary of Invention

[0022] Technical task

[0023] To create a durable, easy-to-use and manufacture, all-weather, all-season aeration of water device for open reservoirs, which does not require an external energy source for aeration of water and does not destroy seasonal stratification of water in the reservoir.

[0024] Solution to the problem

[0025] The task is solved using a hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in an open reservoir (first variant), in which, according to the invention, it is made in the form of at least one well 4 made in the form of a shaft 10 in the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 having at least one inlet opening 5 communicating with the atmosphere, made with the possibility of providing access of atmospheric air to the inner cavity of the well 4, and at least one outlet opening 6 of the well 4 made below the surface 8 of the water 1 in the reservoir 3 and / or below the freezing depth T 1 of the water 1 in the reservoir 3, with the possibility of ensuring the flow of water (1) from the cavity of the reservoir 3 into the cavity of the well 4 and / or from the cavity of the well 4 into the cavity of the reservoir 3, wherein the well (4) is made such that the water column 1 and the surface 7 of the water 1 in the cavity of the well 4 are located below the freezing depth Ts and / or the warming depth T4 of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3.

[0026] An embodiment of the invention is possible in which, the well 4 has at least one casing pipe 11 installed in the inner cavity of the shaft 10 of the well 4.

[0027] Another implementation option is also possible, in which, the shaft 10 of the well 4 is made inclined to the surface 7 of the water 1 in the cavity of the well 4.

[0028] Another implementation option is also possible, in which, the shaft 10 of the well 4 has at least one bend and / or at least one elbow 12.

[0029] Another implementation option is also possible, in which, the shaft 10 of the well 4 has at least one branch 13 of the shaft 10 of the well 4 communicating with the cavity of the reservoir 3, made in the form of a tunnel or a pipeline, located at an angle to the shaft 10 of the well 4, below the surface 8 of the water 1 in the reservoir 3 and / or below the freezing depth Ti of the water 1 in the reservoir 3, and below the freezing depth Ts of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3.

[0030] Another implementation option is also possible, in which, at least one pipeline or tunnel, branches 13 of the shaft 10, well 4, has at least one bend and / or at least one elbow 12.

[0031] Another implementation option is also possible, in which, at least one well 4 has at least one extension in the form of a cavity 14.

[0032] Another implementation option is also possible, in which, the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water, includes at least one additional well connected to the well 4 by at least one pipeline or tunnel.

[0033] The preferred embodiment of the invention is one in which, the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water, is additionally provided with at least one locking device 15 made in the inlet opening 5 of the well 4 and / or in the cavity of the well 4.

[0034] Another implementation option is also possible, in which, the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water, is additionally equipped with at least one ventilation device 17 of the cavity of the well 4, made with the possibility of providing natural or forced circulation of atmospheric air in the inner cavity of the well 4.

[0035] Another implementation option is also possible, in which, hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water, is additionally equipped with at least one pump 18 installed with the possibility of interacting with water 1 in the inner cavity of at least one well 4 and water in the cavity of the reservoir 3.

[0036] Another implementation option is also possible, in which, the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 in the area around at least one well 4 is thermally insulated by at least one layer 9 of thermal insulation soil and / or at least one layer of thermal insulation material.

[0037] Another implementation option is also possible, in which, in the inner cavity of at least one well 4, there is an absorbent material 21 fixed to the walls of the well 4, with the possibility of interacting with the surface 7 of the water 1 in the cavity of the well 4 and / or floating freely on the surface 7 of the water 1 in the cavity of the well 4 in the form of a float 22. Another implementation option is also possible, in which, at least one well 4 has a cooling 23 and / or heating 24 devices installed in the inner cavity of the well 4 with the possibility of interacting with water 1 in the cavity of the well 4 and / or air in the cavity of the well 4 and / or the inner walls of the well 4.

[0038] Another implementation option is also possible, in which, at least one cooling 23 and / or heating 24 device is made in the form of at least one heat pump 25 and / or with the possibility of interacting with at least one heat pump 25.

[0039] Another implementation option is also possible, in which, the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water, is made on a natural or artificially created island or peninsula.

[0040] The technical task can also be solved using a hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in an open reservoir (second variant), in which, according to the invention, it is made in the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 in the form of at least one sealed tank 30 capable of retaining gas in its cavity at a pressure equal to or higher than atmospheric air pressure, and has at least one outlet opening 31 in the lower part of the sealed tank 30 made below the surface 8 of the water 1 in the reservoir 3 and / or below the freezing depth Ti of the water in the reservoir 3, with the possibility of ensuring the flow of water 1 from the cavity of the reservoir 3 into the cavity of the sealed tank 30 and / or from the cavity of the sealed tank 30 into the cavity of the reservoir 3, wherein the sealed tank 30 is made such that its outlet opening 1 is located below the freezing depth Ts and / or warming depth T4 of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3.

[0041] Also, a variant of realization is possible, in which, at least one sealed tank 30 has at least one additional sealed pipeline or tunnel 32 connecting the cavity of the reservoir 3 and the cavity of the sealed tank 30, and made with the possibility of ensuring the flow of water 1 from the reservoir 3 into the cavity of the sealed tank 30 below the surface 8 of the water 1 in the reservoir and / or below the freezing depth T1 of the water 1 in the reservoir 3 and below the freezing depth T3 of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3.

[0042] Also, a variant of realization is possible, in which, at least one additional pipeline or tunnel 32 has at least one bend and / or elbow 33.

[0043] Also, a variant of realization is possible, in which, at least one additional pipeline or tunnel has an overflow 34 made inside the sealed tank 30.

[0044] Also, a variant of realization is possible, in which, the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water, includes at least one additional sealed tank connected to the sealed tank 30 by a sealed pipeline. Also, a variant of realization is possible, in which, the sealed tank 30 is made in such a way that the water column and the surface 7 of the water 1 in the sealed tank 30 are below the freezing depth T3 and / or the warming depth T4 of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3.

[0045] Also, a variant of realization is possible, in which, at least one sealed tank 30 has an inlet opening 35 made in the upper part of the sealed tank 30, in which at least one locking device 36 is installed, made with the possibility of ensuring the tightness of the tank 30.

[0046] Also, a variant of realization is possible, in which, at least one sealed tank 30 is provided with at least one external gas source 37 at a gas pressure higher than atmospheric air pressure.

[0047] Also, a variant of realization is possible, in which, in the cavity of the sealed tank 30 there is an absorbent material 21 fixed to the walls of the tank 30, with the possibility of interacting with the surface 7 of the water 1 in the tank 30 and / or floating freely on the surface 7 of the water 1 in the tank (30) in the form of a float 22.

[0048] Also, a variant of realization is possible, in which, the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 in the area around at least one tank 30, is thermally insulated by at least one layer 9 of thermal insulation ground and / or at least one layer of thermal insulation material.

[0049] Also, a variant of realization is possible, in which, at least one sealed tank 30 has a cooling 23 and / or heating 24 devices made in the cavity of the sealed tank 30 with the possibility of interaction with water 1 in the cavity of the sealed tank 30 and / or air in the cavity of the sealed tank 30 and / or the walls of the sealed tank 30.

[0050] Also, a variant of realization is possible, in which, at least one cooling 23 and / or heating 24 device is made in the form of at least one heat pump 25 and / or with the possibility of interacting with at least one heat pump 25.

[0051] Also, a variant of realization is possible, in which, the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water, is made on a natural or artificially created island or peninsula.

[0052] Advantageous Effects of Invention

[0053] The combination of features of the invention ensures the achievement of the following technical results:

[0054] - no need for an external energy source for aeration of water, making it energyindependent and energy-efficient;

[0055] - reduction or elimination of water evaporation during aeration of water in reservoirs; - does not destroy seasonal stratification of water in the reservoir, and thus does not destroy the established ecological system of the reservoir; - can be used in any climate zone around the world.

[0056] - simple design, with no moving parts or devices, making it durable and reliable in use and easy to manufacture;

[0057] - possibility of using the hydrotechnical structure as coastal reinforcement when a number of aerators are installed in series along the coastline of the reservoir;

[0058] - possibility to conduct scientific research of the reservoir regardless of the season and weather conditions;

[0059] - the ability to launch underwater drones or deploy divers regardless of the season or weather conditions;

[0060] - possibility to draw water from the reservoir by fire engines regardless of the season or weather conditions;

[0061] - possibility of water supply to residential and industrial premises;

[0062] - possibility to lay temporary or permanent cables and / or pipelines along the bottom of the reservoir in any season of the year;

[0063] - the possibility of setting up nets for catching fish in any season of the year;

[0064] - preserves the useful area and volume of water in the reservoir;

[0065] - Since the cavity of the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water is closed from direct sunlight, this prevents the growth of plants and algae in the cavity of the hydrotechnical structure.

[0066] Brief Description of Drawings

[0067] Fig. 1 Open reservoir and hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in winter, side view in longitudinal section.

[0068] Fig. 2 Open reservoir and hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in summer, side view in longitudinal section.

[0069] Fig. 3 Open reservoir and hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in winter, pump and external energy sources, solar panel and wind turbine, ventilation device, side view in longitudinal section.

[0070] Fig. 4 Open reservoir and hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in winter, structure above the neck of the aeration device, side view in longitudinal section.

[0071] Fig. 5 Open reservoir and hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water, heat pump designed with the possibility of convective water flow in the reservoir, side view in longitudinal section.

[0072] Fig. 6 Open reservoir and hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in the form of a sealed tank, external gas source shown, gas pressure in the tank cavity is atmospheric, in winter, side view in longitudinal section. Fig. 7 Open reservoir and hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in the form of a sealed tank, the tank has a neck and a sealed locking device, an external gas source is shown, the gas pressure in the tank cavity is higher than atmospheric pressure, in winter, side view in longitudinal section.

[0073] Fig. 8 Open reservoir and hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in the form of a sealed tank, the tank has a neck and a sealed locking device, an external gas source is shown, the gas pressure in the tank cavity is atmospheric, in the winter season, side view in longitudinal section.

[0074] Fig. 9 Open reservoir and hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in the form of a sealed tank, the tank has a neck and a hermetic locking device, an external gas source is shown, the gas pressure in the tank cavity is higher than atmospheric pressure, in winter, side view in longitudinal section.

[0075] Fig. 10 Open reservoir and hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in the form of a sealed tank, designed with the possibility of creating convection flow in the reservoir and tank, side view in longitudinal section.

[0076] Fig. 11 Open reservoir and hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water, in the form of a well shaft, constructed in the ground in the coastal zone of an island or peninsula, side view in longitudinal section.

[0077] Fig. 12 Open reservoir and hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in the form of a sealed tank, constructed in the ground in the coastal zone of an island or peninsula, side view in longitudinal section.

[0078] Description of Embodiments

[0079] Terms used:

[0080] Hydrotechnical structures are engineered constructions designed to manage and utilize water resources, or to mitigate the harmful effects of water, such as erosion.

[0081] Hydrotechnical structures, as engineering structures, are designed to carry out various water management activities, including wells, dams, hydroelectric power plant buildings, spillways, water discharge and water release structures, tunnels, canals, pumping stations, navigation locks, ship lifts; structures designed to protect against flooding, destruction of banks and bottoms of reservoirs and rivers; structures (dams) enclosing liquid waste storage facilities of industrial and agricultural organizations; devices for protection against erosion in canals, as well as other structures intended for the use of water resources and prevention of negative impact of water and liquid waste.

[0082] A tunnel is a horizontal or inclined underground structure whose length significantly exceeds its width and height. Tunnels are used for various purposes, including transportation (railway, automobile), laying communications, and as part of hydrotechnical structures.

[0083] Open reservoir is a permanent or temporary accumulation of standing or slow-flowing water in natural or artificial depressions in the ground (lakes, reservoirs, ponds, pools, dams, canals, etc.).

[0084] Sealed tank is a container designed to be airtight, preventing the escape of its contents and the ingress of external substances. This airtight seal is crucial for various applications, including the safe storage of liquids, gases, and hazardous materials. Sealed tanks are also used to maintain the integrity of stored substances by preventing contamination or degradation from external elements.

[0085] Ground is any rock, soil, sediment, and man-made mineral formations considered as multicomponent dynamic systems and part of the geological environment studied in connection with engineering and economic activities.

[0086] Aeration of water in reservoirs is the enrichment of water with oxygen, which is necessary for normal biological processes in the reservoir water.

[0087] Well, is a hydrotechnical structure designed to provide underground access to a reservoir, representing a shaft of any geometric cross-section.

[0088] A well shaft is a vertical or inclined hole or passage in the ground leading to an underground water source, such as an aquifer, allowing water to be extracted. It is a physical structure that defines the point of access to the water in the well.

[0089] An island is a piece of land of artificial or natural origin in an ocean, sea, lake, or river, surrounded on all sides by water and permanently above the water.

[0090] A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides (by the sea, a lake, or a river) and connected to the mainland, an island, or another body of land on the fourth side.

[0091] Horizontal plane is a flat surface perpendicular to the direction of gravity at a given point on the planet.

[0092] A vertical plane is a plane that passes through a vertical line at a given point on the planet. In other words, it is a plane that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane and parallel to the direction of gravity.

[0093] Convection is the process of heat transfer in which thermal energy is transferred by moving flows of liquid or gas. This phenomenon is based on the change in the density of a substance when heated. The heated substance expands, becomes lighter (less dense) and rises. At the same time, the colder and denser substance sinks down, creating circulation and transferring heat throughout the volume. The hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in an open reservoir (first variant).

[0094] Hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 (Figs. 1-5, 11) in an open reservoir 3, made in the form of at least one well 4, made in the form of a shaft 10 in the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3, having at least one inlet opening 5 communicating with the atmosphere, made with the possibility of providing access of atmospheric air to the inner cavity of the well 4, and at least one outlet opening 6 of the well 4 made below the surface 8 of the water 1 in the water body 3 and / or below the freezing depth Ti of the water 1 in the water body 3, with the possibility of ensuring the flow of water 1 from the cavity of the water body (3) into the cavity of the well 4 and / or from the cavity of the well 4 into the cavity of the reservoir 3, wherein the well 4 is made such that the water column 1 and the surface 7 of the water 1 in the cavity of the well 4 are located below the freezing depth Ts and / or the warming depth T4 of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3.

[0095] To ensure that the water column and surface 7 of water 1 in well 4 do not freeze, the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 can be made in a natural or artificially created elevation L (Fig. 1 , 2) of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3, above the surface 7 of the water 1 (Fig. 2) in the cavity of the well 4 (Fig. 1, 2). The elevation value L (Fig. 1 , 2) of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 above the surface 7 of the water 1 in the well 4 must ensure a sufficient distance from the boundary of the freezing depth T3 and / or warming depth T4 of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 to the surface 7 of the water 1 and the water column in the cavity of the well 4 (Fig. 1, 2) ensuring that water 1 in the cavity of well 4 does not freeze. To achieve this, the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 in the area around at least one well 4 is thermally insulated by at least one layer 9 (Fig. 3) of thermal insulation soil and / or a layer of thermal insulation material. The thermal insulation layer 9 can be made of soils with low thermal conductivity, for example dry sand or dry clay, or materials with low thermal conductivity, for example extruded polystyrene, mineral wool.

[0096] The example given refers to regions of the globe where there is a seasonal change in atmospheric air temperature from +°C to -°C, in particular, in winter, the atmospheric air temperature drops to 0°C and below, resulting in the formation of ice 1.4 on the surface 8 of water 1 in reservoir 3 (Fig. 1 ).

[0097] The hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 in an open reservoir 3 (Fig. 1 , 2) shall be made in accordance with the technical requirements of the selected design and comply with the construction standards for hydrotechnical structures, environmental standards and sanitary and epidemiological rules of the country in which the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 is being constructed.

[0098] The hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 in an open reservoir 3 can be made in the form of a through hole, shaft 10 of well 4 (Fig. 3), in rock ground 2 in the coastal zone of reservoir 3, or have casing pipes 11 (Fig. 1, 2) in loose ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3, intended for strengthening the walls of the shaft 10 of the well 4, and is part of the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 in the open reservoir 3, made in the form of a well 4.

[0099] To increase the productivity of the hydrotechnical structure, shaft 10 of well 4 can be made inclined to the horizontal plane or surface 8 of water 1 in reservoir 3 and / or surface 7 of water 1 in the cavity of shaft 10 of well 4, since both these surfaces lie in a horizontal plane.

[0100] Thus, to increase the contact area between the surface 7 of water 1 and air in the cavity of well 4 while keeping the cross-sectional area of shaft 10 of well 4 unchanged, when shaft 10 of well 4 is inclined, the horizontal plane forms a cut of shaft 10 of well 4, the cross-sectional area of which is greater than the cross-sectional area of the shaft 10 of the well 4 (Figs. 1 , 2). The shaft 10 of the well 4 may have at least one bend or at least one elbow 12 (Figs. 3, 5). This will enable shaft 10 of well 4 to be laid outside the ground freezing zones 2 in the coastal zone of reservoir 3. The shaft 10 of the well 4 may also have at least one branch 13 (Fig. 5) of the shaft 10 of the well 4 communicating with the cavity of the reservoir 3 and made in the form of a tunnel or pipeline located at an angle to the shaft 10 of the well 4, below the surface 8 of water 1 in reservoir 3 and / or below the freezing depth Ti of water 1 in reservoir 3, and below the freezing depth Ts of ground 2 in the coastal zone of reservoir 3. Also, at least one branch pipe or tunnel 13 (Fig. 5) of shaft 10 of well 4 has at least one bend and / or at least one elbow (12). This will help to ensure that the route of the additional pipeline or tunnel shaft is outside the ground freezing zones 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3, which will prevent the water 1 in the additional pipeline or tunnel 13 (Figs. 3, 5) from freezing.

[0101] To increase the surface area 7 of water 1 and atmospheric air in the cavity of the well 4, the well 4 may have at least one extension in the form of a cavity 14 (Fig. 5).

[0102] To create a rigid frame in the ground 2 of the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 acting as a shore reinforcement structure, at least two shafts of the well 4 are connected by a pipeline (not shown in the drawings).

[0103] The casing pipe 11 and / or the walls of the shaft 10 of the well 4, as well as the additional pipeline or tunnel walls, branches 13 of shaft 10, may be made of structural materials and / or structural building materials that meet the technical requirements of the selected design and technical standards for the construction of hydrotechnical structures in the country concerned: steel, concrete, reinforced concrete, ceramics, brick, polymer materials, rubber, wood, or composite materials, and the like. Also, the casing pipe 11 or the walls of the shaft 10 of the well 4 can be made of materials with low thermal conductivity or have a thermally insulating layer of material, for example, foamed polymer materials, extruded polystyrene, and the like.

[0104] At least one well 4 has at least one locking device 15 (Figs. 1, 2), which is designed in the form of, for example, a door, a hatch, a plug, and is installed in the inlet opening 5 of the well 4 (Figs. 1 , 2) and / or in the cavity of the well 4 (Fig. 4). The locking device 15 is designed to prevent debris, insects, animals or snow from entering the cavity of the well 4, which could affect the active surface area 7 of the water 1 in the well 4 and reduce the free circulation of air above the surface 7 of the water 1 in the well 4.

[0105] In order to prevent contamination of the cavity of the well 4, the inlet opening 5 of the well 4 may be made (Fig. 1 , 2) above the ground surface and / or have a fence around the inlet opening 5 and / or have a structure 16 (Fig. 4) made above and around the well 4, which should prevent the penetration of rainwater and / or meltwater carrying debris and contamination into the cavity of the well 4, for this reason, the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water cannot be used as a storm sewer.

[0106] The locking device 15 may have any geometric shape and design that meets the technical requirements of the selected design of the hydraulic device, and may be made of any structural materials that meet the technical requirements of the selected design and technical standards for the construction of hydrotechnical structures in a given country: steel, concrete, reinforced concrete, brick, polymer materials, wood, or composite materials, and the like.

[0107] The locking device 15 of the well 4 may also be made of materials with low thermal conductivity or have a thermally insulating layer of material, for example extruded polystyrene.

[0108] The hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water may have at least one ventilation device made in at least one well 4 and / or at least one locking device 15 (Figs. 3, 5). The ventilation device 17 may have any design that meets the technical requirements of the selected design of the hydrotechnical structure and may be made as passive or forced ventilation using external mechanical or electromechanical devices.

[0109] The hydrotechnical structure for aeration may have at least one pump 18 (Fig. 3) providing forced circulation of water 1 in at least one well 4, pumping water 1 from the bottom of the reservoir 3 into the well 4, creating a fountain in the cavity of the well 4 or pumping water 1 from the surface 7 of the water 1 in the well 4 and pumping it to the bottom of the reservoir 3.

[0110] The hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 in an open reservoir 3 may also have a mixing device in the form of an Archimedes screw or propeller driven by external energy sources, creating forced circulation of water 1 (not shown in the drawings).

[0111] Solar panels 19 and / or wind turbines 20 (Fig. 3) may be used to provide energy for the mixing device and / or pump 18.

[0112] To ensure a high level of thermal insulation of the well cavity 4 (Fig. 4), the locking device 15 in the well 4 can be made below the freezing depth T3 of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3.

[0113] Also, to provide additional thermal insulation of the well 4, the well 4 can be equipped with an additional locking device 15.1 (Fig. 4).

[0114] Also, for higher thermal insulation of the well 4, the inlet opening 5 of at least one well 4 may be made inside a room or a closed structure 16 (Fig. 4).

[0115] Also, in the cavity of the well 4, there may be a material 21 (Fig. 4) that absorbs grease or oil stains, fixed to the walls of the casing pipe 11 or the walls of the well 4 (Fig. 4) or in the form of a freely floating float 22 (Fig. 12) on the surface 7 of water 1 in the cavity of the well 4. Lignin, aluminosilicate, graphite, sawdust, peat, and similar materials can be used as absorbent materials.

[0116] To increase the performance of the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 in an open reservoir 3, at least one well 4 may be equipped with at least one cooling 23 and / or heating 24 devices.

[0117] The cooling 23 and / or heating 24 devices may be made in the form of a radiator partially or completely immersed in water 1 in the cavity of the well 4. The cooling device 23 and / or heating device 24 may also be made in the walls of the well 4 or have the shape of the walls of the well 4 and be fixed thereto. The cooling 23 and / or heating 24 devices may be made in the form of Peltier elements, electric heating elements, cooling towers.

[0118] The preferred variant is the one in which a heat pump 25 is used as a cooling device 23 (Fig. 5), which makes the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 energy efficient compared to existing aeration systems, since for each unit of energy consumed for the operation of the heat pump, the heat pump transfers 4-6 units of thermal energy.

[0119] The evaporator 26 of the heat pump 25 is a cooling device 23 and is located in the cavity 14 of the well 4 (Fig. 5). The condenser 27.1 (Fig. 5) can be made in the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 and / or located in the atmospheric air 27. In winter, heat pump 25 can be switched off or operated in reverse mode if the ambient air temperature drops abnormally low and there is a risk of water 1 freezing in well 4. In this case, the heat pump 25 (Fig. 5) transfers heat from the ground 2 around the condenser 27.1 to the evaporator 26, which in this case is the heating device 24, and transfers it to the water 1 and air in the cavity 14 of the well 4, thereby preventing the water 1 in the cavity 14 of the well 4 and the branch 13 of the shaft 10 of the well 4 from freezing.

[0120] In this variant, condenser 27.1 must be located below the depth Tsof ground freezing 2, and heat pump 25 must be installed in a pit below the depth Ts of ground freezing (Fig.

[0121] 5).

[0122] There are several types of heat pumps 25. One variant of heat pump 25 is a heat pump 25 in which, for the transfer of heat energy, the working fluid circulates in the heat pump system 25 by means of an electromechanical pump-compressor. Such heat pumps 25 are used on a daily basis in air conditioners for residential and industrial premises, in domestic and industrial refrigeration units, for storing food and medicines, etc. An absorption heat pump can also be used as a heat pump 25, in which the working fluid is heated by an external heat source, such as fuel combustion, gas, kerosene, gasoline, etc., or an electric heating element or from solar radiation using vacuum solar collectors or other devices that capture and concentrate solar radiation to increase the temperature of the working fluid of the heat pump 25.

[0123] The use of absorption heat pumps 25 is the preferred variant, as they can operate from several energy sources depending on the time of day, for example, consuming solar energy during the day and electricity at night.

[0124] In addition, absorption heat pumps 25 have no moving parts or mechanisms, making them very reliable and easy to maintain.

[0125] The disadvantages of absorption heat pumps, such as inertia when changing the thermal regime, do not affect the aeration of water.

[0126] Similarly, cavity 14 of well 4 may have a partition 28 (Fig. 5) preventing mixing of cooled and uncooled water 1 in cavity 14 of well 4.

[0127] The hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 can also be made in the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 of a natural or artificially created island or peninsula (Fig. 11).

[0128] The shaft of the well 4 can also be equipped with steps 29 for safety and maintenance purposes (Figs. 1, 2).

[0129] Description of the operation of the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in an open reservoir (first variant).

[0130] In some regions of the globe, during the winter season, the atmospheric air temperature drops to 0 °C and below, which leads to the formation of ice 1.4 (Fig. 1) on the surface 8 of water 1 in reservoir 3. As a result of the formation of ice 1.4 on the surface 8 of water 1 in reservoir 3, it becomes impossible for water 1 to be saturated with atmospheric air as a result of the mixing of water 1 in reservoir 3 by wind. In reservoir 3, reverse stratification of water layers 1 occurs. Under ice 1.4 (Fig. 1), a layer 1.3 of water 1 called “Hypolimnion” is formed, the temperature of which is about +1 °C, under it a thin layer 1.2 of water 1 is formed, on which there is a sharp jump in temperature from +1 °C to +8 °C. This layer 1.2 of water 1 is called the “Thermocline.” The next layer 1.1 of water 1 , located between the layer of water 1 “Thermocline” and the bottom of the reservoir 3, is called the “Epilimnion,” and the temperature of water 1 in it is about +7 °C to +8 °C.

[0131] The temperatures of water 1 and atmospheric air are given as examples for clarification and may vary depending on the depth of reservoir 3, the chemical composition of water 1 in reservoir 3, the chemical composition of ground 2 in the coastal zone of reservoir 3, the height of reservoir 3 above sea level, and the climatic region where reservoir 3 is located.

[0132] The solubility of gases in liquids depends on the temperature of the liquid and gas, and the pressure of the gas above the liquid. The higher the pressure of the gas above the liquid and the lower the temperature of the liquid and gas, the more gas can be dissolved in the liquid, and the more gas the liquid can hold dissolved, provided that the temperature of the gas and liquid are the same and constant.

[0133] Ice 1.4 acts as an insurmountable barrier preventing atmospheric air from coming into contact with water 1 in reservoir 3. Since ice cover 1.4 exists for several months, air cannot enter water 1 from the atmosphere during this entire period. During this time, living organisms such as fish, insects, crustaceans, anaerobic bacteria, and the like, as well as the oxidative chemical reactions occurring at this time in the bottom sediments and water 1, intensively consume oxygen, anaerobic bacteria and the like, as well as the oxidative chemical reactions occurring at this time in the bottom sediments and water 1 , intensively consume oxygen from the air dissolved in the water before the ice 1.4 freezes on the surface 8 of the reservoir 3.

[0134] As a result, the amount of oxygen in water 1 will decrease, which will inevitably lead to oxygen starvation and the death of large oxygen consumers, fish.

[0135] A method is known for saturating water 1 with air under ice 1.4 in reservoir 3. During thaws, when the atmospheric air temperature is above 0 °C and water 1 in reservoir 3 does not freeze, through holes are drilled in ice 1.4, ensuring contact between water 1 and atmospheric air throughout the entire thaw period.

[0136] The total area of all openings depends on the surface area 8 and the volume of water 1 in the reservoir 3. For small reservoirs 3, the total area of all openings does not exceed a few square meters, which is sufficient to saturate the water 1 with air until spring, when the ice melts.

[0137] This is due to the high intensity of water saturation 1 with air, since the temperature of water 1 and the atmospheric air in contact with it is equally low, about +1 °C, which helps the dissolution of air in water 1.

[0138] The rate of dissolution of air in water 1 depends on the saturation of water 1 with air. The lower the concentration of air in water 1 at a given temperature and pressure, the higher the dissolution rate. The dissolution of air is not directional and dissolves in all directions at the same rate.

[0139] In cases where the atmospheric temperature in winter does not rise above 0 °C, this method is not very effective, since the life of the holes in the ice 1.4 is very short, because the water 1 in the hole freezes almost immediately after the hole is made, which does not allow water 1 and atmospheric air to come into contact for a sufficient time to saturate the entire volume of water 1 with air, This often leads to the death of living inhabitants of the reservoir 3.

[0140] During the summer, direct stratification of water 1 (Fig. 2) forms in reservoir 3. Direct stratification has the following layer structure.

[0141] The bottom layer is the coldest layer 1.3 of water 1, called the “hypolimnion” (Fig. 2), followed by a thin layer 1.2 of water 1 “Thermocline”, in which the temperature of water 1 jumps from a low temperature to a higher temperature, and the last layer 1.1 of water 1 “Epilimnion” is in contact with atmospheric air and has the highest temperature of water 1 in reservoir 3. The “Epilimnion” layer 1.1 acts as a barrier preventing the lower layers 1.2 and 1.3 of water 1 from becoming saturated with air, as does ice 1.4 in winter, but in the Epilimnion layer 1.1 of water 1 it is impossible to drill a hole as in ice 1.4 in winter. Thus, the proposed hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in open reservoirs will be equally useful both in winter and in summer.

[0142] In autumn and spring, there is no stratification of water 1 in reservoir 3, since the average temperature of water 1 and atmospheric air are equal and correspond to the bottom water temperature 1 , which allows air to penetrate to the entire depth of water 1 in reservoir 3. The idea of this invention is to create a non-freezing opening in a reservoir 3, in which the water 1 of the reservoir 3 is in contact with atmospheric air regardless of the weather, atmospheric air temperature, and season. This idea is based on the fact that the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 is below the freezing depth T3 and / or the warming depth T4, has a constant temperature regardless of the season of the year, and has a huge (infinite) heat capacity, which allows the temperature of the water 1 in the bottom layer of the water 1 of the reservoir 3 to be maintained constant throughout the year. In winter, as a result of heat exchange between the atmospheric air and the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3, below the freezing depth T3 of the ground 2, in the cavity of the well 4, the air temperature rises above 0 °C, which prevents the formation of ice cover on the surface 7 of the water 1 in the well 4.

[0143] Using a natural or artificially created elevation L (Fig. 1 , 2) of ground 2 in the coastal zone of reservoir 3, above the surface 7 of water 1 in the cavity of well 4 (Fig. 1 , 2), in the form of a hill, and / or using at least one thermal insulation layer 9 (Fig. 3), thermally insulating ground and / or thermally insulating layer materials, we create a well 4 in the ground 2 of the coastal zone of the reservoir 3, having an outlet opening 6 in the bottom “Epilimnion” layer 1.1 of water 1 in the reservoir 3. Thus, we move the freezing boundary T3 of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 away from the surface 7 of the water 1 in the well 4, ensuring a non-freezing opening.

[0144] Atmospheric air penetrates through a non-hermetic locking device 15 made in the form of a plug in the inlet opening 5 of the neck of the well 4 (Fig. 1). To remove gases emitted from water 1, methane or carbon dioxide, well 4 and / or locking device 15 may be equipped with a device 17 (Fig. 3) for passive or forced ventilation of well 4.

[0145] Since there is no direct air circulation in the well cavity 4 and air itself is a good heat insulator, the air temperature at the locking device 15, in the well cavity 4, will be higher than the atmospheric air temperature.

[0146] Cold air, which has a higher density than warm air at the surface 7 of water 1 in well 4, will sink down toward the surface 7 of water 1 in well 4. As the air moves downward, it will heat up by mixing with the relatively warm air rising toward it from the surface of the water 1 in the well 4 (Fig. 1), and also exchanging heat with the walls of the well 4, as they are made below the freezing depth T3 of the coastal ground 2 and have a temperature above 0 °C. Atmospheric air, reaching the surface 7 of water 1 in well 4, has a lower temperature than water 1 in the Epilimnion layer 1.1, thus the air cools water 1 at the surface 7 of water 1 in well 4 and heats itself, while the intensity of dissolution and the amount of air dissolved in water 1 increase, since at a constant gas pressure above the liquid, when the temperature of water 1 and gas decreases, the amount of dissolved gas increases. After air saturation and cooling of water 1 on the surface 7 of water 1 in well 4, water 1 has a higher density than relatively warm water 1 in the Epilimnion layer 1.1, as a result of which the cooled water 1 will sink to the bottom of the reservoir 3 due to the convection effect.

[0147] Upon reaching the bottom of reservoir 3, cooled water 1 will mix with water 1 in “Epilimnion” layer 1.1 and come into contact with bottom ground 2, which has the same temperature as water 1 in “Epilimnion” layer 1.1, thereby heating up. After the temperature increases, water 1 will not be able to hold the previously dissolved air, and part of the air will be forced out of the previously cooled volume of water 1 into the surrounding unsaturated warmer water 1 in the “Epilimnion” layer 1.1.

[0148] Thus, due to the convection of air and water 1 in well 4, we transfer air from well 4 to the bottom of reservoir 3, from where it is transferred to all upper layers of water 1 of reservoir 3, saturating them with air.

[0149] This process is slow but continuous throughout the year, thus maintaining a stable air content and supply in the Epilimnion layer 1.1, thereby providing the inhabitants of reservoir 3 with air without destroying the seasonal stratification of water 1 and the established ecological balance in reservoir 3.

[0150] The preferred variant of the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 in an open reservoir 3 is a well 4 made in an elevation L (Fig. 5) of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 above the surface 7 of water 1 in the cavity 14 of the well 4 (Fig. 5). This example is shown in the summer period of the year. Well 4 has an expansion cavity 14 designed for installing a cooling device 23 while maintaining the active surface area 7 of water 1 in well 4.

[0151] In this example, the evaporator 26 of the heat pump 25 is the cooling device 23. The well 4 may have at least one branch 13, in the form of a pipe or tunnel communicating with the cavity of the reservoir 3 below the surface 8 of the water 1 in the reservoir 3 and / or below the depth Ti of freezing of water 1 in the reservoir 3 and below the depth Ts of freezing of the ground 2 with the possibility of water 1 flowing from the cavity of the reservoir 3 into the expanded cavity 14 of the well 4.

[0152] The well 4 also has two elbows 12 allowing the formation of an outlet opening 6 in the bottom surface of the reservoir 3. Warm water 1 from the surface of the reservoir 3 flows through the branch 13 pipeline into the expanded cavity 14, where water 1 and atmospheric air interact with the cooling device 23, the evaporator 26 of the heat pump 25.

[0153] The evaporator 26 takes heat energy from the water 1 and atmospheric air in the cavity 14 of the well 4 and transfers it to the condenser 27 by means of the heat pump 25. The condenser 27 can be made above the surface of the ground 2 and dissipates heat energy into the atmospheric air and / or the condenser 27.1 (Fig. 5) can be made in the ground 2, below the freezing depth T3 and / or the warming depth T4 of the ground 2, and dissipate the obtained heat energy in the ground 2.

[0154] The cooled water 1 in the cavity 14 of the well 4 has a higher density than the water 1 in the cavity of the reservoir 3, and since well 4 and reservoir 3 are communicating vessels with atmospheric pressure above them, the denser, cooled water 1 in the cavity 14 of well 4 will sink to the bottom of reservoir 3, displacing the warmer water 1 in the reservoir 3 to the surface 8 of the reservoir 3, which in turn will flow through the pipeline 13 into the expanded cavity 14 of the well 4, thus creating an accelerated, closed, convective flow of water 1.

[0155] In winter, heat pump 25 can be switched off, or in case of abnormally low atmospheric air temperature, which results in a high risk of freezing of water 1 in the expanded cavity 14 of well 4 and pipeline 13, heat pump 25 can operate in reverse mode, transferring heat energy from the ground 2 located below the freezing depth T3 of the ground 2 to the expanded cavity 14 of the well 4, thus preventing the water 1 on the surface 7 of the water 1 of the well 4 and the pipeline 13 from freezing (Fig. 5).

[0156] Taking into account all of the above, this hydrotechnical structure for the aeration of water 1 in an open reservoir 3 allows water 1 to be saturated throughout the entire volume of water 1 in reservoir 3 with air throughout the year, as well as combats the root cause of oxygen starvation, an increase in the temperature of water 1 in reservoir 3 during the summer period of the year, by cooling water 1 in the expanded cavity 14 of well 4. A decrease in the average temperature of water 1 in reservoir 3 will lead to water 1 being able to retain dissolved air in large quantities and for longer periods of time, as well as a decrease in the rate of chemical reactions in the cavity of reservoir 3, that consume oxygen dissolved in water, as well as reduce colonies of anaerobic bacteria that consume oxygen dissolved in water 1 , and also reduce the amount of water 1 evaporating from the surface of reservoir 3 and eliminate evaporation of water 1 into the atmosphere during the process of water aeration.

[0157] The hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in an open reservoir (second variant).

[0158] The second variant of the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 in an open reservoir 3 is a hydrotechnical structure made in the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 in the form of at least one sealed tank 30 capable of retaining in its cavity gas under pressure equal to atmospheric air pressure or higher than atmospheric air pressure, and has at least one outlet opening 31 in the lower part of the sealed tank 30 made below the surface 8 of water 1 in the reservoir 3 and / or below the freezing depth Ti of water 1 in the reservoir 3, with the possibility of ensuring the flow of water 1 from the cavity of the reservoir 3 into the cavity of the sealed tank 30 and / or from the cavity of the sealed tank 30 into the cavity of the reservoir 3, wherein the sealed tank 30 is made such that its outlet opening 31 is located below the freezing depth Ts and / or the warming depth T4 of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3.

[0159] The sealed tank 30 (Fig. 6-10, 12) must be made in accordance with the technical requirements of the selected design of the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 and comply with the construction standards for hydrotechnical structures, environmental standards and sanitary and epidemiological rules of the country in which the aeration device is installed.

[0160] The sealed tank 30 (Fig. 6-10, 12) can be made as an inverted bowl in the ground 2 of the coastal zone of the reservoir 3. The walls of the sealed tank 30 can be made of structural materials and / or structural building materials that meet the technical requirements of the selected design and technical standards for the construction of hydrotechnical structures in a given country: steel, concrete, reinforced concrete, ceramics, brick, polymer materials, rubber, wood, or composite materials, and the like. The sealed tank 30 may also be made of materials with low thermal conductivity or have a heat-insulating layer of material, for example foamed polymer materials, extruded polystyrene and the like.

[0161] At least one sealed tank 30 (Fig. 10) may have at least one additional sealed pipeline 32 or tunnel, made at an angle to the vertical plane, connecting the cavity of the reservoir 3 and the cavity of the sealed tank 30, made with the possibility of water 1 flowing from the reservoir 3 into the cavity of the sealed tank 30 below the surface 8 of water 1 in the reservoir 3 and / or below the freezing depth Ti of water 1 in the reservoir 3 and below the freezing depth Ts of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3. At least one hermetic pipeline 32 or shaft of the tunnel has at least one bend or elbow 33.

[0162] At least one additional sealed pipeline 32 or tunnel may also have an overflow 34 (Fig.

[0163] 10) made in the cavity of the sealed tank 30.

[0164] The pipeline or tunnel may be made of materials and in accordance with the rules for the construction of hydrotechnical structures applied to the construction of a sealed tank 30 in the selected country.

[0165] To prevent water 1 from freezing, in the cavity of the sealed tank 30, in emergency situations when the gas pressure Pg in the cavity of the sealed tank 30 falls below the design pressure or the working pressure Pg is set equal to the atmospheric pressure Pa of the air, it is advisable to make the sealed tank 30 (Figs. 8-10) so that the water column and the surface 7 of water 1 in the sealed tank 30 are below the freezing depth T3 and / or the warming depth T4 of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3. This is achieved by making the sealed tank 30 in a natural or artificial elevation L (Fig. 8) of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3, allowing the sealed tank 30 to be made below the freezing depth T3 of the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3.

[0166] For ease of maintenance, at least one sealed tank 30 has a neck or inlet opening 35 (Figs. 7-10, 12) made in the upper part of the sealed tank 30, in which at least one locking device 36 (Fig. 8) is hermetically installed, which can be made in the form of a hatch, a plug, etc.

[0167] To form a lock chamber, an additional locking device 36.1 (Fig. 12) can be hermetically installed in the cavity of the sealed tank 30.

[0168] The locking device 36 may have any shape and design that meets the technical requirements of the selected design of the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water, and may be made of any structural materials that meet the technical requirements of the selected design and technical standards for the construction of hydrotechnical structures in a given country: steel, concrete, reinforced concrete, brick, ceramics, rubber, polymer materials, wood, or composite materials, and the like. The locking device 36 of the sealed tank 30 can also be made of materials with low thermal conductivity or have a heatinsulating layer of material, for example extruded polystyrene.

[0169] At least one sealed tank 30 (6-10, 12) is provided with at least one external gas source 37, under pressure Pg higher than atmospheric pressure Pa.

[0170] As an external source of compressed gas 37 (Figs. 6-10, 12), a gas cylinder with a gas pressure Pg higher than the atmospheric pressure Pa of the air can be used, which can be replaced or connected temporarily, for example once a season, to the sealed tank 30. A pneumatic compressor supplying air at a pressure Pg higher than or equal to atmospheric pressure Pa into the cavity of the sealed tank 30 can also act as an external source of pressurized gas 37.

[0171] To connect an external compressed gas source 37 (Fig. 6), the sealed tank 30 and / or the locking device 36 may be equipped with a fitting, a quick-release fitting with a check valve, a check valve, a gas pressure reducer, a pressure relief valve, a float valve, etc. (not shown in the drawings).

[0172] The external gas source 37 can be equipped with valves, pneumatic reducers, control and measuring devices, pressure gauges, flow meters. Control and measuring devices can be equipped with wired or wireless communication with the possibility of signaling the operator about low gas pressure or equipment failure.

[0173] Compressed air, oxygen, oxygen-enriched air, or any other gas necessary for the prevention of diseases of reservoir inhabitants can be used as gas.

[0174] To use a single source of compressed gas 37, at least two sealed tanks 30 are connected by at least one sealed pipeline, which also allows the hydrotechnical structure to be used as a shore protection structure.

[0175] When using a pneumatic compressor as an external source of gas 37 at a pressure higher than atmospheric air pressure, external renewable energy sources, solar panels 19 or wind turbines 20 (Fig. 3) can be used.

[0176] To ensure a high level of thermal insulation of the cavity of the sealed tank 30 (Figs. 6, 7), the locking device 36 in the inlet opening 35 of the neck of the sealed tank 30 can be made below the depth T3 of ground freezing 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3. Also, for higher thermal insulation of the sealed tank 30, the hydrotechnical structure can be made inside a room or a closed building 16 (Figs. 8, 9) and / or made in a recess in the ground closed from above. This will allow the external source of compressed gas 37 to be hidden from direct exposure to negative natural factors, direct sunlight, wind, rain, frost, snow, etc.

[0177] Also, to ensure reliable thermal insulation of the cavity of the sealed tank 30, the ground 2 in the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 in the area of the hydrotechnical structure may have an additional heat-insulating layer 9 (Fig. 6) made of soils with low thermal conductivity and / or materials with low thermal conductivity, for example extruded polystyrene.

[0178] Also, in the cavity of the sealed tank 30, there may be a material 21 (Fig. 9) that absorbs grease or oil stains, made on the walls of the sealed tank 30 or in the form of a floating float 22 (Fig. 12), on the surface 7 of water 1 in the cavity of the sealed tank 30. Lignin, aluminosilicate, graphite, sawdust, peat, and the like can be used as the absorbent material.

[0179] The hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 in an open reservoir 3 can also be made in the ground 2 of the coastal zone of the reservoir 3 of a natural or artificially created island or peninsula (Fig. 12).

[0180] The sealed tank 30 can also be equipped with steps 29 for safety and maintenance purposes, as shown in Fig. 1.

[0181] At least one sealed tank 30 (Fig. 10) has a cooling 23 and / or heating 24 devices made with the possibility of interacting with water 1 and / or gas in the cavity of the sealed tank 30 and / or the walls of the sealed tank and / or the overflow walls 34.

[0182] The cooling 23 and / or heating 24 device (Fig. 10) can be made in the form of a radiator partially or completely immersed in water 1 in the cavity of a sealed tank 30 filled with a heat transfer fluid circulating therein. The cooling 23 and / or heating 24 devices can also be made in the walls of the sealed tank 30 or have the form of a sealed tank 30.

[0183] The cooling 23 and / or heating 24 devices may be made in the form of devices: Peltier elements, electric heating elements, cooling towers.

[0184] The preferred variant is the one in which a heat pump 25 is used as a cooling device 23 (Fig. 10) is used as a cooling device, which makes the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 energy efficient compared to existing aeration systems, since for each unit of energy consumed for the operation of the heat pump, the heat pump transfers 4-6 units of thermal energy. The evaporator 26 of the heat pump 25 is a cooling device 23 and is located in the cavity of the sealed tank 30 (Fig. 10).

[0185] Condenser 27.1 (Fig. 10) can be made in the ground 2 of the coastal zone of reservoir 3 and / or located in the atmospheric air 27. In winter, the heat pump 25 can be switched off or used in reverse mode. If the atmospheric air temperature drops abnormally low and there is a risk of freezing of water 1 in the cavity of the sealed tank 30, the heat pump 25 transfers heat from the ground 2 around the condenser 27.1 to the evaporator 26, which in this case is the heating device 24, and transfers it to the water 1 and gas in the cavity of the sealed tank 30, thereby preventing the water 1 in the sealed tank 30 from freezing. In this variant, the condenser 27.1 must be located below the freezing depth Ts of the ground 2, and the heat pump 25 must be installed in a pit (Fig. 10) below the freezing depth Ts of the ground 2.

[0186] A compressor heat pump can be used as heat pump 25, in which the working fluid circulates in the heat pump system by means of a mechanical pump-compressor to transfer heat energy. Such heat pumps 25 are used daily in air conditioners in residential and industrial premises, in industrial and domestic refrigeration units for storing food and medicines.

[0187] An absorption heat pump can also be used as a heat pump 25, in which the working fluid is heated by an external heat source, for example by burning fuel, gas, or kerosene, gasoline, etc., or an electric heating element, or from solar radiation using vacuum solar collectors or other devices that allow solar radiation to be captured and concentrated to increase the temperature of the working fluid of the heat pump 25.

[0188] The use of absorption heat pumps is a preferred variant, as they can operate from several energy sources depending on the time of day, for example, consuming solar energy during the day and electricity at night. In addition, absorption heat pumps have no moving parts or mechanisms, which makes them very reliable and easy to maintain. The disadvantages of absorption heat pumps, such as the inertia of the thermal regime change, do not affect the process of aeration of water 1.

[0189] The cavity of the sealed tank 30 may also have a partition 38 (Fig. 10) preventing the mixing of cooled and uncooled water 1 in the cavity of the sealed tank 30.

[0190] Description of the operation of the hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in an open reservoir (second variant).

[0191] Water 1 (Fig. 10), heated by the sun and air, flows from the cavity of the reservoir 3 through the pipeline 32, which has an overflow 34 made in the form of an elbow 33 in the cavity of the sealed tank 30, into the cavity of the sealed tank 30 (Fig. 10). Gas from the cylinder 37 under pressure higher than atmospheric air pressure enters the cavity of the tank 30, displacing part of the water 1 from the sealed cavity 30.

[0192] Water 1 from the sealed tank 30 (Fig. 10), through the pipeline 32.1 , which has two bends 33, which is made in the lower part of the tank 30 and communicates with the cavity of the reservoir 3, enters the bottom layer of water 1 of the reservoir 3. Since the cavity of the sealed tank 30 and the cavity of the reservoir 3 are connected by pipelines 32 and 32.1, they represent communicating vessels. Under the influence of the pressure Pg of the gas in the cavity of the sealed tank 30 and the force of gravity, the water 1 in the communicating vessels will assume an equilibrium position, with the surface 7 of the water 1 in the cavity of the sealed tank 30 and the surface 8 of the water 1 in the reservoir 3 being at different levels.

[0193] An evaporator 26 of a heat pump 25 is installed in a sealed tank 30, which is in contact with water 1 and gas in the cavity of the sealed tank 30 and extracts heat energy from them, thereby cooling water 1 and gas in the cavity of the sealed tank 30. The cooled water 1 has a density higher than the density of the heated water 1 at the surface 8 of the water 1 of the reservoir 3, as a result of which, under the influence of gravity, the cooled water 1 will descend down the pipeline 32.1 , entering the cavity of the reservoir 3 through the outlet opening 31 , thus displacing the relatively warm water 1 from the bottom of the reservoir 3 to the top, towards the surface 8 of the water 1 of the reservoir 3. This creates a closed convection flow of water 1.

[0194] The thermal energy obtained from water 1 and gas in the cavity of the sealed tank 30 is transferred by the heat pump 25 and dissipated into the atmospheric air by means of the condenser 27 of the heat pump 25 and / or into the ground 2 by means of the condenser 27.1. This will create a closed convection water circulation system 1 in the hydrotechnical structure and reservoir 3.

[0195] Considering all of the above, this hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water 1 in an open reservoir 3 allows creating the best conditions for dissolving cooled gases under pressure Pg higher than atmospheric pressure Pa of air in cooled water 1 in the cavity of a sealed tank 30. And to create an accelerated, convective, closed flow of water 1 , transferring water 1 saturated with gases into the cavity of the reservoir 3. At the same time, this hydrotechnical structure will allow to combat the root cause of oxygen starvation in water 1 of reservoir 3, with increased water temperature 1 in reservoir 3. A decrease in the average total temperature of water 1 in reservoir 3 will result in water 1 being able to retain dissolved air in large quantities and for longer periods of time, and will also lead to a decrease in the rate of chemical reactions that consume oxygen dissolved in water in bottom sediments and water, and will also reduce the size of colonies of anaerobic bacteria that consume oxygen dissolved in water 1 , as well as reduce the amount of water 1 evaporating from the surface of reservoir 3 and eliminate the evaporation of water 1 into the atmosphere during the aeration of water.

Claims

CLAIMS1. Hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in an open reservoir, characterized in that it is made in the form of at least one well (4) made in the form of a shaft (10) in the ground (2) in the coastal zone of the reservoir (3) having at least one inlet opening (5) communicating with the atmosphere, made with the possibility of providing access of atmospheric air to the inner cavity of the well (4), and at least one outlet opening (6) of the well (4) made below the surface (8) of the water (1) in the reservoir (3) and / or below the freezing depth (Ti ) of the water (1 ) in the reservoir (3), with the possibility of ensuring the flow of water (1 ) from the cavity of the reservoir (3) into the cavity of the well (4) and / or from the cavity of the well (4) into the cavity of the reservoir (3), wherein the well (4) is made such that the water column (1 ) and the surface (7) of the water (1 ) in the cavity of the well (4) are located below the freezing depth (T3) and / or the warming depth (T4) of the ground (2) in the coastal zone of the reservoir (3).

2. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the well (4) has at least one casing pipe (11) installed in the inner cavity of the shaft (10) of the well (4).

3. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 1, characterized in that t e shaft (10) of the well (4) is made inclined to the surface (7) of the water (1) in the cavity of the well (4).

4. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the shaft (10) of the well (4) has at least one bend and / or at least one elbow (12).5 The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the shaft (10) of the well (4) has at least one branch (13) of the shaft (10) of the well (4) communicating with the cavity of the reservoir (3), made in the form of a tunnel or a pipeline, located at an angle to the shaft (10) of the well (4), below the surface (8) of the water (1) in the reservoir (3) and / or below the freezing depth (T1) of the water (1) in the reservoir (3), and below the freezing depth (T3) of the ground (2) in the coastal zone of the reservoir (3).

6. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 5, characterized in that at least one pipeline or tunnel, branches (13) of the shaft (10), well (4), has at least one bend and / or at least one elbow (12).

7. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one well (4) has at least one extension in the form of a cavity (14).

8. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 1, characterized in that it includes at least one additional well connected to the well (4) by at least one pipeline or tunnel.

9. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 1, characterized in that it is additionally provided with at least one locking device (15) made in the inlet opening (5) of the well (4) and / or in the cavity of the well (4).

10. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 9, characterized in that it is additionally equipped with at least one ventilation device (17) of the cavity of the well (4), made with the possibility of providing natural or forced circulation of atmospheric air in the inner cavity of the well (4).

11. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 1, characterized in that it is additionally equipped with at least one pump (18) installed with the possibility of interacting with water (1 ) in the inner cavity of at least one well (4) and water in the cavity of the reservoir (3).

12. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the ground (2) in the coastal zone of the reservoir (3) in the area around at least one well (4) is thermally insulated by at least one layer (9) of thermal insulation soil and / or at least one layer of thermal insulation material.13 The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the inner cavity of at least one well (4), there is an absorbent material (21) fixed to the walls of the well (4), with the possibility of interacting with the surface (7) of the water (1 ) in the cavity of the well (4) and / or floating freely on the surface (7) of the water (1 ) in the cavity of the well (4) in the form of a float (22).

14. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one well (4) has a cooling (23) and / or heating (24) device installed in the inner cavity of the well (4) with the possibility of interacting with water (1) in the cavity of the well (4) and / or air in the cavity of the well (4) and / or the inner walls of the well (4).15 The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 14, characterized in that at least one cooling (23) and / or heating (24) device is made in the form of at least one heat pump (25) and / or with the possibility of interacting with at least one heat pump (25).16 The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 1 , characterized in that it is made on a natural or artificially created island or peninsula.

17. Hydrotechnical structure for aeration of water in an open reservoir, characterized in that it is made in the ground (2) in the coastal zone of the reservoir (3) in the form of at least one sealed tank (30) capable of retaining gas in its cavity at a pressure equal to or higher than atmospheric air pressure, and has at least one outlet opening (31) in the lower part of the sealed tank (30) made below the surface (8) of the water (1) in the reservoir (3) and / or below the freezing depth (Ti) of the water in thereservoir (3), with the possibility of ensuring the flow of water (1) from the cavity of the reservoir (3) into the cavity of the sealed tank (30) and / or from the cavity of the sealed tank (30) into the cavity of the reservoir (3), wherein the sealed tank (30) is made such that its outlet opening (31 ) is located below the freezing depth (Ts) and / or warming depth (T4) of the ground (2) in the coastal zone of the reservoir (3).

18. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 17, characterized in that at least one sealed tank (30) has at least one additional sealed pipeline or tunnel (32) connecting the cavity of the reservoir (3) and the cavity of the sealed tank (30), and made with the possibility of ensuring the flow of water (1) from the reservoir (3) into the cavity of the sealed tank (30) below the surface (8) of the water (1) in the reservoir and / or below the freezing depth (T1) of the water (1) in the reservoir (3) and below the freezing depth (T3) of the ground (2) in the coastal zone of the reservoir (3).19 The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 18, characterized in that at least one additional pipeline or tunnel (32) has at least one bend and / or elbow (33).

20. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 18, characterized in that at least one additional pipeline or tunnel has an overflow (34) made inside the sealed tank (30).

21. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 17, characterized in that it includes at least one additional sealed tank connected to the sealed tank (30) by a sealed pipeline.

22. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 17, characterized in that the sealed tank (30) is made in such a way that the water column and the surface (7) of the water (1) in the sealed tank (30) are below the freezing depth (T3) and / or the warming depth (T4) of the ground (2) in the coastal zone of the reservoir (3).

23. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 17, characterized in that at least one sealed tank (30) has an inlet opening (35) made in the upper part of the sealed tank (30), in which at least one locking device (36) is installed, made with the possibility of ensuring the tightness of the tank (30).24 The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 17, characterized in that at least one sealed tank (30) is provided with at least one external gas source (37) at a gas pressure higher than atmospheric air pressure.

25. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 17, characterized in that in the cavity of the sealed tank (30) there is an absorbent material (21) fixed to the walls of the tank 30, with the possibility of interacting with the surface (7) of the water (1) in the tank (30) and / or floating freely on the surface (7) of the water (1 ) in the tank (30) in the form of a float (22).

26. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 17, characterized in that the ground (2) in the coastal zone of the reservoir (3) in the area around at least one tank (30), is thermally insulated by at least one layer (9) of thermal insulation ground and / or at least one layer of thermal insulation material.

27. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 17, characterized in that at least one sealed tank (30) has a cooling (23) and / or heating (24) device made in the cavity of the sealed tank (30) with the possibility of interaction with water (1) in the cavity of the sealed tank (30) and / or air in the cavity of the sealed tank (30) and / or the walls of the sealed tank (30).

28. The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 27, characterized in that at least one cooling (23) and / or heating (24) device is made in the form of at least one heat pump (25) and / or with the possibility of interacting with at least one heat pump (25).29 The hydrotechnical structure according to claim 17, characterized in that it is made on a natural or artificially created island or peninsula.

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