Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training devices and methods

Abstract

A CPR training system is provided that provides feedback based on accelerometer data. A CPR device uses an accelerometer to collect data in connection with performed CPR techniques. The CPR device includes a nonlinear spring. The accelerometer data is communicated to a computing system that generates one or more feedback metrics that may be displayed to users.

Description

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION TRAINING DEVICES AND METHODSCROSS REFERENCE(S) TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 719,549, filed November 12, 2024, the entire contents being hereby incorporated by reference.TECHNICAL OVERVIEW

[0002] The technology described herein relates to devices, systems, and / or processes that facilitates training users in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). More particularly, the technology described herein relates to a CPR spring device that provides feedback (e.g., in real-time) to assist in training users to perform CPR.INTRODUCTION

[0003] Cardiac arrest involves having the heart suddenly stop beating.Outside of hospital settings, the number of people that suffer from cardiac arrest is over 350,000 per year. And the survival rate of those undergoing cardiac arrest outside of a hospital is around 10%.

[0004] Having a bystander perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a person suffering from cardiac arrest can improve the chances of survival — perhaps significantly so. However, training for properly performing CPR is inadequate. For example, less then 3% of the U.S. population is trained on CPR annually.

[0005] Existing training regimes for CPR follow a didactic model, which is then followed by practicing compressions. However, the inventors have recognized that there is room for improvement in how CPR is taught and how training is made available. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that new and improved techniques, systems, and processes are continually sought after.SUMMARY

[0006] In certain example embodiments, a dynamic and / or interactive experience for CPR training is provided. In some examples, CPR training may be provided in the form of an interactive video game experience or similar. The techniques may provide for multiple layers of interactivity including: 1) (competitive) team-based questions, 2) performing CPR concurrently with the heroes of a film, and / or 3) receiving feedback on the quality of compressions. In some examples, the dynamic and / or interactive experience may include varying subjects (e.g., female / male).

[0007] In certain example embodiments, a CPR training system is provided that provides for multi-sensory (e.g., tactile, auditory, visual, psychomotor, etc.) and / or emotional learning — including through the use of digital media, in order to prompt engagement from a learner. An example game system can include, for example, high-quality and / or realistic film footage to create a dramatic and emotionally heightened experience for learners, which improves learning.

[0008] In certain example embodiments, a CPR device is provided that includes a holder for a computing device (which includes an accelerometer). The CPR device includes a non-linear spring and acceleration data is generated from compressing the CPR device. The acceleration data may be processed to determine metrics that include: 1) a rate of compression; 2) a depth of compression; 3) adequate recoil; and / or 4) percentage of time performing compressions. Each of these metrics may be used to generate a graphical user interface that is presented to one or more users.

[0009] This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is intended neither to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter; rather, this Summary is intended to provide an overview of the subject matter described in this document. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the above-described featuresare merely examples, and that other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter described herein will become apparent from the following Detailed Description, Figures, and Claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] These and other features and advantages will be better and more completely understood by referring to the following detailed description of example non-limiting illustrative embodiments in conjunction with the drawings of which:

[0011] Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of an example CPR system according to certain example embodiments;

[0012] Figure 2 is an illustration of a person using a CPR device according to certain example embodiments;

[0013] Figures 3A is a perspective view of the CPR device of Figure 2 with the top of the CPR device opened with a pocket that that is designed to hold computing device as shown in Figure 3B according to certain example embodiments;

[0014] Figure 4A is a perspective view of the CPR device of Figure 2 showing a spring that connects a top portion of the CPR device to a bottom portion according to certain example embodiments; Figure 4B is a side view of the CPR device of Figure 4B;

[0015] Figure 5 is an exploded view showing different structural components of the CPR device of Figure 2;

[0016] Figure 6 is a perspective view of an example of the CPR device of Figure 2 that includes a topper component with a tactile representation of a sternum and rib cage according to certain example embodiments;

[0017] Figure 7 is a wireframe of an example graphical user interface that may be displayed to users of the CPR system of Figure 1 according to certain example embodiments;

[0018] Figures 8A-9B show illustrative examples of different types of OPR feedback meters that combine displaying different feedback metrics according to certain example embodiments;

[0019] Figure 10 is a signal diagram that shows processing and / or communication between components of the CPR system of Figure 1 according to certain example embodiments;

[0020] Figure 11 shows an example computing device that may be used in some embodiments to implement features described herein;

[0021] Figure 12 is an illustrative example of a non-linear spring that may be used in the CPR device of Figure 2 according to certain example embodiments;

[0022] Figure 13 is a graph that illustrates different force / displacement parameters according to certain example embodiments;

[0023] Figure 14 is another example of an example graphical user interface that may be displayed to users of the CPR system of Figure 1 according to certain example embodiments;

[0024] Figure 15 is another example of a CPR feedback meter that may be used in connection with certain example embodiments; and

[0025] Figure 16 are different states of the CPR feedback meter shown in Figure 15 according to certain examples.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] In the following description, for purposes of explanation and nonlimitation, specific details are set forth, such as particular nodes, functional entities, techniques, protocols, etc. in order to provide an understanding of the described technology. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that other embodiments may be practiced apart from the specific details described below. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well-known methods, devices, techniques, etc. are omitted so as not to obscure the description with unnecessary detail.

[0027] Sections are used in this Detailed Description solely in order to orient the reader as to the general subject matter of each section; as will be seen below, the description of many features spans multiple sections, and headings should not be read as affecting the meaning of the description included in any section.

[0028] Some reference numbers are reused across multiple Figures to refer to the same element; for example, as will be provided below, CPR device 110 is first shown in Figure 1 and is also referenced and described in connection Figure 10 and others.

[0029] In many places in this document, software (e.g., modules, software engines, services, applications and the like and actions (e.g., functionality) performed by software are described. This is done for ease of description; it should be understood that, whenever it is described in this document that software performs any action, the action is in actuality performed by underlying hardware elements (such as a processor and a memory device) according to the instructions that comprise the software. Such functionality may, in some embodiments, be provided in the form of firmware and / or hardware implementations. Further details regarding this are provided below in, among other places, the description of Figure 11.Description Of Figure 1 : CPR System

[0030] Figure 1 shows an example CPR system 100 according to certain example embodiments.

[0031] The CPR system includes one or more CPR devices 110 that are useable by one or more users. Examples of CPR devices are provided in greater detail in connection with Figure 2-6. The CPR devices 110 are configured to communicate with a computing system 112. In some examples, the communication may be provided, as discussed elsewhere herein, via a computing device (such as computing device 1100) that has been placed into a CPR device to allow the collection / processing of sensor data and / or provide communicationfunctionality to one or more other computing devices (including computing system 112). In certain examples the computing device placed into the CPR device 110 is a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone) and in other examples, the computing device is built-in to the CPR device.

[0032] The computing system 112 may be configured to process the data received from the CPR device(s) 110 and generate metrics to be included in a graphical user interface (GUI) presented on display device 114. The computing system 112 may be coupled to a storage system 118 that is configured to store historical data — e.g., for past training sessions and the like. The storage data may include the raw / processed sensor data and / or the resulting metrics calculated from such data.

[0033] The generated GUI that is presented to users may include an interactive video 116 that is dynamically controlled based on input provided by users selecting one of options A and B (113) and / or data received from CPR devices 110. Feedback 117 to users may be displayed as part of the GUI.Examples of different types of feedback meters and the like are discussed in connection with Figures 8A-9B. In some examples, different teams 115 (team A and team B) may compete in a game-like environment. Scores for such teams may be displayed as part of the GUI.

[0034] As noted, the GUI may include an interactive CPR presentation 116 (e.g., a film, movie, or animation) that depicts a cardiac arrest (e.g., a realistic cardiac arrest of a person). The interactive film may prompt (119) users to with one or more actions / options (113). The actions / options may include, for example: 1) calling 9-1-1 ; 2) performing CPR on the person, 3) using a defibrillator (e.g., an AED); and / or 4) ultimately saving the person’s life.

[0035] The presentation can be used to teach CPR by pausing the action of the film to ask questions (via prompt 119) of users — for example “Is she breathing normally?” with two answer choices (113). A timer 121 may bedisplayed to indicate an amount of time there is for users to answer this question or take additional action. The content of the choice(s) may be driven based on the nature of the question and may thus, in some examples, be “Yes” and “No.” In other examples, the options may be triggered based on use of the CPR device (e.g., performing a chest compression or a certain number of chest compressions).

[0036] Users practice CPR while watching the action of the film 116. CPR quality metrics can be calculated based on sensor data collected from each CPR device. For example, the data can be based on an accelerometer or other inertial sensor in a smart device (e.g., a phone) that is placed into the CPR device. The sensor data may be, in some examples, transmitted to a computing device that then performs processing based on the sensor data to generate quality feedback regarding chest compression depth, rate, recoil, percentage of time performing compressions, and the like (e.g., as shown in connection with Figures 8A-9B). The generated feedback can then be used to form data that is output to the GUI. In some examples, multiple users may share or use a common GUI (e.g., displayed on a monitor, such as a television or otherwise connected to the computing system). In some examples, each user may have their own monitor that provides relevant feedback, metrics, etc. for that specific user. In other examples, both a common display and individual display may be provided — either on separate display devices or in separate areas of the same display device.

[0037] Examples of feedback that may be provided include, for example, an icon indicating SLOW DOWN if a user is pushing too fast (>120 per minute). Such feedback to users which allows them to improve the quality of their CPR in real time.

[0038] In certain example embodiments, the system 100 may include a competitive / game-like functionality that divides users into two teams.Description Of Figures 2-6: CPR Device

[0039] Figures 2-6 include various views of a CPR device 200 according to certain example embodiments. Figure 2 shows the CPR device 200 being used by a user 202. Figure 3A-3B show the CPR device 200 in an open position.Figures 4A-4B show cutaway views of inner components of the CPR device 200 shown in Figure 2. Figure 5 is an exploded view of the different structural components discussed in connection with Figures 3A-4B. Figure 6 shows an example of the CPR device of figure 2 with a topper component with a tactile representation of a sternum and rib cage according to certain example embodiments.

[0040] As shown in Figures 2-3B, the CPR device 200 is configured to allow a user 202 to apply a downward force (e.g., as a result of applying CPR) to the CPR device 200. Applying the downward force causes the top portion (310) to move towards the bottom portion (308). The CPR device 200 may include, as discussed elsewhere herein, a nonlinear spring that is structured to allow the top portion, which may also be called a movable housing, (310) of the device 200 to move vertically while the bottom portion, which may also be called a base housing, (308) remains stationary.

[0041] In at least some examples, the inclusion of the non-linear spring can provide feedback (e.g., to user 202) that can more accurately mimic the properties of the human chest than other types of CPR devices. In certain example embodiments, a single non-linear spring is provide that couples the top portion to the bottom portion. In other example embodiment, two or more springs may be included and connect the top portion to the bottom portion.

[0042] It will be appreciated that the shape of the CPR device 200 is an example and that the CPR device may be provided in other shapes. For example, the shape of the CPR device may be a cube, rectangle, oval, circle, trapezoidal prism, trapezoid, keystone, ovaloid, or any other shape.

[0043] Turning now more specifically to Figures 3A and 3B, the CPR device 200 includes a lower portion 308 and a top portion 310. Each of the top 310 and lower 308 portion may be constructed using, for example, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) or other durable material.

[0044] In some instances, the top and bottom portions are part of the same housing that includes a non-linear spring that connects the top and bottoms portions (e.g., an upper housing and a lower housing). And in other examples, the top and bottom portions are different housings that may be connected via at least the non-linear spring. In certain example embodiments, the top portion may be called a top frame, and the bottom portion may be called a bottom or base frame. In some examples, the top portion may be a hollow upper housing, and the bottom portion may be a solid lower housing. The hollow upper housing may be structured (as discussed below) to contain at least one electronic device that can be placed into the housing during use.

[0045] The top portion is attached to a lid 304 . The lid 304 may be connected to the top portion via a hinge or the like. The lid 304 includes latch 314 configured to lock in place with an indentation lock 316. It will be appreciated that different types of locking systems may be used in accordance with certain example embodiments. In certain examples, no lid may be provided.

[0046] The top portion 310 may also include a compartment 302 that may be dimensioned and / or shaped to fit a computing device 320 — such as a smart phone, smart watch, or other electronic device. The compartment 302 may be recessed into the top portion. In some example embodiments, the compartment 302 may be size-adaptable to accommodate different sizes or types of “smart” devices (e.g., those that include wireless functionality and an inertial sensor). The compartment may be termed, in some examples, as a size-adaptable smart device hub. In some examples, the compartment 302 may be between about 5 and 7 inches by about 3 to 4 inches and about 0.5 to 1 inches deep. Thecompartment may be designed to accommodate different types of mobile devices that may be used in connection with the techniques herein. It will be appreciated that other dimensions for compartment 302 may also be used in accordance with certain example embodiments. The compartment may be lined with lined with silicone, rubber, foam, or padding material to prevent movement of the computing device and / or protect the smart device.

[0047] In certain example embodiments, the compartment included in the CPR device 200 may be accessed using lid 304 or may be accessed via a side opening or the like (e.g., when the device is structured without a lid that can be opened.

[0048] Underside lining 306B of the lid 304 may include padding that is similar or the same to compartment 302 and be configured to provide additional protection to the computing device when contained within the compartment 302. Additional padding and / or structure 306A may also be included in the top portion 310. In certain example embodiments, one or more ribbons or straps may connect the top portion 310 to the lid 304 and hold the lid 304 in place when in an open position. In certain example embodiments, the structure around the compartment 302 may be constructed out of a less flexible material (more rigid), which may allow for force applied to the lid (e.g., as a result of a person performing CPR) to be more effectively transferred to spring in the CPR device.

[0049] The CPR device 200 includes a flexible cover 312 that attaches to the lower portion 308 to the top portion 310. The flexible cover 312 may be made from a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), neoprene, or other flexible material. The use of a flexible material allows for movement of the flexible cover 312 when the CPR device is compressed. The flexible cover 312 may be attached via bonding or otherwise affixing it to the upper and lower portions of the CPR device 200. In certain example embodiments, the cover may include one or more holes, apertures, or be porous in order to allow air to escape as the top and bottomportions are compressed towards one another. In some examples the top housing, the bottom housing, or both the top and bottom may include apertures to allow air to escape during compression. In some examples, the cover 312 may be terms a should or jacket and be resilient and / or elastic. The flexible cover may be provided with branding or other lettering and may, in certain examples, be designed to hide the inner components of the CPR device (e.g., as shown in Figures 4A-4B) during use.

[0050] Turning to Figures 4A and 4B, the top portion 310 is structurally attached to the lower portion 308 via one or more guides 402A / 402B and a spring 400. In certain instances, the guides may also be called posts or rails.

[0051] In some examples, the guides 402A / 402B provide for increased stability (e.g., laterally) and / or help facilitate proper motion of the CPR device 200 when pressure is being applied by a user. For example, the guides 402A / 402B help ensure that at least some (or any) of the force applied by a user is applied in a vertical direction (e.g., along the compression path of the spring 400). In some examples, one guide may be included and in other examples, 3 or more guides may be included. The guides allow (or force) the top portion 310 to be moved along the plane defined by the guide when a force is applied to the upper portion. The guides may be structured to be parallel to the surface normal of the bottom of the CPR device 200 (e.g., transverse, including perpendicular, to the bottom surface of the CPR device).

[0052] In certain example embodiments, the guides may be cylinder-shaped, or square shaped and be rectilinear. Other types of shapes are also contemplated.

[0053] In certain example embodiments, the guides may be fixed, mounted, anchored, or the like to the bottom portion 308

[0054] In certain example embodiments, the top portion 310 may include a corresponding aperture that allows the upper portion to slidably move up anddown the guide(s). The upper portion may move down the guide (e.g., decreasing the distance to the bottom portion) based on application of a downward force. When that same force is removed (e.g., no longer applied by a user), then the energy stored in the non-linear spring will cause the upper portion to return in an upwards direction.

[0055] In certain example embodiments, spring 400 is a non-linear spring. In other words, in some examples, spring 400 may be a spring that exerts an inconsistent or non-linear amount of force as it is under a working load or force. For example, the force needed for the spring to travel (e.g., compress) a distance X may not double when it travels 2X - i.e. , the spring is non-linear. It will be appreciated that this is different from a linear spring (e.g., one that follows Hooke’s law).

[0056] The non-linear spring may be coil spring or other type of spring that may provide non-linear properties. In certain example embodiments, the nonlinear spring discussed herein may be a progressive coil spring (e.g., a progressive rate coil spring).

[0057] The inventors determined that there is a non-linear relationship between the sternal force applied during CPR and the resulting displacement in a human. Data was collected of chest movement during application of CPR. The data was then used to fit into a multi-parametric model, and a non-linear spring was constructed based on the resulting parameters of the model fitting. An example resulting non-linear spring may include a variable pitch that can achieve the non-linear increase in force as it is compressed. In testing the inventors found that a non-linear spring (such as the example constructed) had properties closer to those of a typical human than the linear spring.

[0058] Figure 12 is an illustrative example of a non-linear spring according to certain example embodiments. Figure 13 shows graphs of three different force I displacements. As shown, the “example system” has a non-linearforce / displacement that may mimic that of a human chest in some examples. This is in contrast to a linear system that has a force / displacement graph that more closely mimics a linear relationship.

[0059] In certain example embodiments, a non-linear spring may be configured to allow at least 5-6cm displacement, or between 5 and 6cm of displacement. In certain example embodiments, the force applied to an example spring to displace the spring by at least 5cm may be at least 50lbs, at least 60lbs, or at least 70 lbs.

[0060] In certain example embodiments, the properties of the spring may be based on one or more of: 1) a diameter of the spring, 2) the diameter of the wire (or coil); 3) a number of coils; and 4) the pitch or spacing between the coils. Each of these may be varied in order to adjust the overall function of the spring (e.g., the relationship between force and displacement) according to certain example embodiments. Each of these may be different along a length of a spring according to certain example embodiments. For example, the diameter of the spring may be larger at the ends than a middle portion. Other properties (including multiple properties may be adjusted).

[0061] The following are illustrative parameters used for an example nonlinear spring according to certain example embodiments. In certain example embodiments, the free length of the non-linear spring may be 155mm (e.g., + / - 5 or 10%, between about 150mm to 160mm, or between about 145mm to 165mm). In certain example embodiments, the diameter of the wire used in the spring may be 4.87mm. The diameter may be, for example, + / - 5 or 10%, or between 4.8mm to 4.9mm. In certain example embodiments, the diameter of the spring may be 46.87mm. In certain example embodiments, the diameter may be withing + / - 5 or 10% from 46.87mm. For example, up to about 47mm (or more) and below 46.5mm (or less).

[0062] In certain example embodiments, the number of coils of an example spring may be 16.5. Additional coils may be added or removed according to certain example embodiments. For example, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 coils may be used. Other numbers of coils may also be used in certain examples. In certain example embodiments, the end type of the spring may be closed and ground. In certain example embodiments, the material used for an example spring may be plain carbon steel. Other types of materials may also be used.

[0063] In certain example embodiments, the spring may include variable pitches across different coils of a spring. In certain example embodiments, the pitch of the coils may be smaller at either end of the spring and increase towards the middle of the spring. For example, the pitch of the coils in a first portion (e.g., the first third of a spring) may be less than the pitch of the coils in a second portion (e.g., a middle third of the spring), and the pitch of the coils in a third portion (a last third of a spring) may be the same similar to the pitch of the coils in the first portion. In some examples, the pitch of at least one coil (e.g., including a plurality of coils) may be more than double the pitch of another coil of the same spring. In certain example embodiments a coil with the largest pitch may be offset from a center of the spring. For example, coil 9 of 17 in the below table has the largest pitch.

[0064] In certain example embodiments, the difference in pitches between coils of the spring may be asymmetrical. An example of this is shown in the below table where the pitch of coil 5 (the fifth coil from a first side) is different than the pitch of coil 13 (the fifth coil from the opposing, second side) of the spring. In certain example embodiments, the pitch of the coils of the spring may be symmetrical for the entire spring or may be symmetrical for a portion of the spring. For example, referring to the below table, coils 6-12 may be symmetrical.

[0065] The following is an example of different pitches (e.g., spacing) between the different coils of an example spring.

[0066] Note that the height column may correspond to a target distance. However, as the spring may be ground at both ends. In other words, the free ends of a manufactured spring may be ground down. Accordingly, the spring may be 159.625 as initially constructed, but then about 155mm after the ends have been ground. In certain example embodiments, the height parameter may be a function of the number of revolutions and the pitch.

[0067] It will be appreciated that the inclusion of a non-linear spring for the CPR device allows users to, for example, build muscle memory by performingOPR on a device that more accurately mimics the properties of the human chest compared to, for example, non-linear springs, inflatable devices, and the like.

[0068] In certain example embodiments, the mechanical properties of an example non-linear spring may make it more difficult to compress the spring too deeply. Note that generally, it is more uncommon for users to provide pressure that results in a depth that is too deep.

[0069] Figure 5 is an exploded view of the different components included in the CPR device 200.

[0070] Turning to Figure 6, in some examples, the CPR device 200 may include a cover 600 that includes a raised sternum and / or rib cage that may roughly model the tactile representation of a human chest. In some examples, the cover may be part of the lid 304 (e.g., a unitary structure with the rest of lid 304) and in other examples the cover 600 may be a separate component that is affixed (e.g., glued or the like) to the top of lid 304. The lid may, in certain examples, be imprinted with the cover 600. The tactile representation of cover 600 can be used to provide landmarks for where a user should place their hands for performing CPR on a person. It will be appreciated that other types of physical representations may be used for / on the cover 600.

[0071] It will be appreciated that the CPR device 200 may be different from other types of CPR devices in that it is more compact. For example, the CPR device 200 does not include a neck or head area.Description Of Figure 7: Graphical User Interfaces

[0072] Figure 7 is an example graphical user interface that may be displayed to users of the CPR system 100 of Figure 1 according to certain example embodiments.

[0073] Figure 7 includes a graphical user interface 700 that may be output to a display (an example of which is 1112 of Fig. 11) of a computing device (anexample of which is 1100 of Fig. 11). GUI 700 is an example of the GUI that may be displayed on display device 114 discussed in connection with Figure 1.

[0074] The graphical user interface (GUI) 700 includes a film 702 that depicts a cardiac arrest of a subject. In certain example embodiments, the gender of a subject of CPR can be defined and / or selected for the film. This can help in, for example, addressing gender specific CPR barriers. The film 702 may be dynamically controlled based on the input provided by users and / or the sensor data collected based on actions of users performing CPR.

[0075] As discussed herein, the CPR system 100 can allow for two (or more) teams to compete against one another in a game-like experience. As shown in Figure 7A, the scores for the two teams are shown at 704 (Team Cardiac) and 706 (Team Star) as part of the GUI 700. An indicator 708 may show which of the two teams is currently active. In certain examples, the text / area may be increased in size to indicate one of the teams is to perform the next action / choice. In certain examples, the teams may cooperatively work through a cardiac situation (which is displayed as part of film 702).

[0076] At certain points during the film 702, the film may be automatically paused and a prompt or question 709 shown to a user with one or more options (710 and 712) also being presented to users of the teams for feedback on the next steps to take as part of the CPR process. In some examples, users may provide responses to questions via their mobile devices / phones. In some examples, the

[0077] A countdown timer 714 is provided to indicate how long users have to provide their responses / selections. In some examples, when the countdown timer is active, the film is paused (e.g., automatically) and in other examples the film may continue to play while the countdown timer 712 proceeds.

[0078] In some examples, the film may include one or more (e.g., a plurality of) branch points that may be dynamically controlled based: 1) the response(s) provided by the users (e.g., selection of 708 / 710); and / or 2) data provided from theone or more CPR devices. Accordingly, different “films” may be displayed to users in different instances due to how the responses provided by users for a given instance have changed and / or how the data provided from the one or more CPR devices has changed.

[0079] The GUI 700 may also include one or more feedback meters for each of the teams. Feedback meter 716 may be generated based on data obtained from a CPR device associated with Team cardiac. Feedback meter 718 may be generated based on a CPR device associated with Team star. Illustrative examples of different types of feedback meters are discussed below in connection with Figures 8A-9B. In certain example embodiments, each a feedback meter for each team member may be displayed at 716 / 718. For example, if each team has 4 members, then 8 total feedback meters may be displayed as part of the GUI -each offering individual feedback for the user using a given CPR device.

[0080] In some examples, each of the teams involved in the game may provide a selection of one of options 708 or 710 (note that more than two options may be included - for example there may be 5 total options that are possible for a given question). Alternatively, or additionally, a selection of options may be provided on an individual user basis. The selection of a given option may, as discussed above, influence or control the progress of the interactive film 702. Description Of Figure 8A-8B: Feedback Meter Example 1

[0081] In certain example embodiments a CPR feedback meter may be included and / or shown to users. Figure 8A is an illustrative example of a CPR feedback meter 800 according to certain example embodiments.

[0082] The CPR feedback meter 800 is included in image 802 and includes a first meter with indicator 804 that displays feedback to a user regarding the rate at which CPR is being applied. Also included in the CPR feedback meter 800 is a second meter 820 that displays feedback regarding the depth of compression. Accordingly, in certain examples, the different meters (e.g., two different meters)for different OPR metrics (e.g., two different metrics) may be combined into a single graphical representation of feedback meter that may be displayed to users.

[0083] The first meter may be divided into multiple different sections that the indicator 804 will point to depending on the rate at which CPR is being applied (e.g., based on the sensor data provided from one or more CPR devices). The multiple sections may include a first section 806, a second section 808, and a third section 810.

[0084] The first section 806 may correspond to CPR rates being too slowly applied. When a rate of CPR is being applied too slowly, the indicator 804 of the feedback meter may point to the first section (e.g., as shown in 834 / 842 / 846 and the like in Figure 8B).

[0085] The second section 808 corresponds to a CPR rate that indicates CPR is being applied too quickly. When a rate of CPR is being applied too quickly, the indicator 804 of the feedback meter 800 may point to the second section 808 (e.g., as shown in 836 / 844 and the like in Figure 8B).

[0086] The third section 810 corresponds to CPR rates that are being applied at a target or correct rate (e.g., within a threshold or range of rate values). When a rate of CPR is being applied within this range or at this value, the indicator 804 of the feedback meter 800 may point to the third section 810 (e.g., as shown in 838 / 848 and the like in Figure 8B).

[0087] The feedback meter 800 also includes a second meter 820 that displays feedback regarding the depth of compression of the CPR being applied. Note that the second meter 820 overlaps or is overlaid all or a portion of the third section of the first meter. The second meter 820 includes a gauge 822 that fills up the second meter 820 based on the depth of compression that is calculated for the CPR being applied. In some examples, the color of the gauge may change based on the depth. For example, the gauge may be displayed as a first color (e.g., yellow or red) when the depth is insufficient and may be displayed as a secondcolor (e.g., green) when the depth is sufficient. In some examples, the color of the gauge may be changed based on how much of the gauge is filled (e.g., gradual changes in color).

[0088] In certain example embodiments, as the indicator 804 moves between different sections of the first meter, different colors may be displayed for the indicated section. If the indicator 804 is not pointing or in a given section, then that section may be displayed as a background color (e.g., gray) or the like.However, when the indicator 804 is pointing to a given section, that section may be displayed in a corresponding color. For example, blue may be used for the first section 806 to indicate that the rate of compression should be increased. For example, red or orange may be used for the second section 808. For example, green may be used for the third section 810. An example of this is illustrated in the different views of the feedback meter shown in Figure 8B.

[0089] Note that in some examples, the second meter 820 may not include graphical functionality for displaying when compression is too deep. The inventors recognized that it can be rare for chest compression to be too deep. Furthermore, in some examples, the mechanical properties of the spring 400 may make it exceedingly difficult to compress too deeply. Accordingly, in some examples, no icon or other graphical indication may be provided to illustrate when chest compression is too deep. In some examples, however, an additional graphical indicator may be provided. For example, the second meter 820 may turn to a different color (red) or may blink / f lash when the compression used on the CPR device results in a depth that is too deep.

[0090] The dual use feedback meter provides multi-dimensional feedback to users that can be displayed to users as (or part of) a GUI. For example, changes in color may be combined with changes in position and / or location (e.g., the amount of the second meter that is filled) in order to provide more dynamic for users.

[0091] Turning now to Figure 8B, the feedback meter 800 is shown in a variety of different states. Image 832 shows the feedback meter with the indicator not pointed to any of the sections (e.g., all of the sections are gray). Image 834 shows the indicator pointing to the first section. In response to this the color of the first section is adjusted to blue (or any other suitable color). Meanwhile the gauge in the second meter is only partially full - indicating insufficient depth of compression is being applied.

[0092] Image 836 shows the indicator not pointing to the third section.Based on the indicator pointing to the third section, the color of the third section is changed to orange (or any other suitable color). Meanwhile, the color of the first section returns to a neutral / default color as the indicator is no longer pointing to that section. The gauge of the second meter has increased. In some examples, the color of the gauge of the second meter may remain the same for all occurrences that are not deep enough. In other examples, the color of the gauge may be adjust based on how close the gauge is to being full I how deep the simulated chest compression is.

[0093] Image 838 shows the indicator now pointing to the second section of the first meter. Based on this, the color of the third and second sections may change to green (or other color as appropriate) to indicate to the user that a correct chest compression rate is being applied. Note, however, that the chest compression depth is still too shallow as the color of the gauge of the second meter remains the same.

[0094] Image 842 is similar to image 834, with an increased, but still insufficient depth, being applied to the chest. Images 844 and 846 show further states for the indicator and corresponding color changes Note that in image 846, the depth of compression is now sufficient, and the color of the gauge is correspondingly turned to another color (e.g., green) to indicate that the compression depth is correct.

[0095] Image 848 shows the state of the feedback meter with both the compression depth and rate being correctly applied - e.g., both the first and second meter are turned to a color that corresponds to correct (e.g., green).Description Of Figure 9A-9B: Feedback Meter Example 2

[0096] Figures 9A-9B show an illustrative example of a different type of CPR feedback meter that combines displaying different feedback metrics according to certain example embodiments.

[0097] Figure 9A shows an example of a feedback meter 900 included in an image 902. Figure 9B show multiple different states of the feedback meter 900.

[0098] The feedback meter 900 includes, as with the example feedback meter from Fig. 8A, first and second meters. The first meter is composed of a first section 906, second section 908, and third section 910. An indicator 904 is updated based on a determined rate of chest compression being performed.Based on the calculated rate, the indicator will point to the corresponding section of the first meter. More specifically, when the rate is too low, the indicator will point to the first section 906. When the rate is too fast, the indicator will point to the second section 908. When the rate is correctly applied, the indicator will point to the third section. Unlike the example shown in Figure 8A, the colors of the sections remain static, the target for a rate of chest compression being the third section 910.

[0099] Feedback meter 900 also includes a second meter 920 that includes a gauge 922 that indicates the depth of compression of the chest during CPR. The gauge 922 will adjust in the amount of second meter 920 that is filed based on a determined depth of compression of the chest during the CPR training.

[0100] For this type of feedback meter, the gauge fills up in the middle of the feedback meter and does not overlap the different sections (first through third) of the first meter. In images 952-964, the compression depth is insufficient and the color used for the gauge is a first color (e.g., yellow). In images 966-968 thecompression depth that is applied is determined to be sufficient and the color for the gauge in the second meter is changed to a second color (e.g., green).

[0101] Unlike the example from Fig. 8A, the three sections of the first meter maintain their color as the indicator moves. Thus, for example, the first section remains blue even when the indicator is pointing to the second or third section. However, when the rate and the depth are determined to be correctly applied, the feedback meter may change to indicate correct chest compression technique (e.g., as indicated by processing of the sensor data). For example, all of the sections and the gauge may display the same color (e.g., green) as shown in image 968.Description Of Figures 14-16: Feedback Meter Example 3

[0102] Figure 14 is another example of an example graphical user interface 1400 that may be displayed to users of the CPR system 100 of Figure 1 according to certain example embodiments. Figure 15 is another example of a CPR feedback meter that may be used in connection with certain example embodiments. Figure 16 are different states of the CPR feedback meter shown in Figure 15 according to certain examples.

[0103] Figure 14 includes a graphical user interface 1400 that may be output to a display (an example of which is 1112 of Fig. 11 ) of a computing device (an example of which is 1100 of Fig. 11). GUI 1400 is an example of the GUI that may be displayed on display device 114 discussed in connection with Figure 1.

[0104] The graphical user interface 1400 includes an indication two separate teams and feedback meters 1402 for each user (or group) participating in the CPR exercise.

[0105] Each of the feedback meters 1402 may be an instance of feedback meter 1500 that is shown in Figure 15. Feedback meter 1500 includes a first (e.g., primary) meter 1502 that may be shaped as a triangle. The triangle automatically filles to different levels dependent on the depth of compressionssensed / calculated / or otherwise determined based on the sensor data. In some examples, first meter 1502 fills to 50%, 75%, or 100% depending on the sensed compression amount. The first meter 1502 may have 4 different states (e.g. 0-49, 50-74, 75-99, and 100). The system may determine a compression depth a user’s compression falls and then adjust the first meter 1502 accordingly. In other examples, the first meter 1502 may adjust in a more granular fashion (e.g., every 1%). Other examples are also possible of 3 (or less) ranges or 5 (or more) ranges).

[0106] Feedback meter 1500 also includes a player number 1504 and rate 1506. The player number indicates the player’s number I name (e.g., 11, 12, 15, 16 in Figure 14). The rate 1506 is used to display the current compression rate (e.g., in beats per minute) for that user.

[0107] If the compression rate is determined to be too high (e.g., greater than 120), then a first flanking icon 1508 may be displayed to the user. If the compression rate is too low (e.g., less than 100), then a second flanking icon 1510 may be displayed are part of the feedback meter. Both the first and second flanking icons may be red in color and / or flash in use to indicate to a user that they are too quick or slow with chest compressions.

[0108] Figure 16 shows 3 different examples of feedback meter 1500.

[0109] Feedback meter 1600 indicates that player 15 is compressing with a rate of 90 beats per minute (e.g., too slow) so the second flanking icon 1510 is displayed. The depth is 75% correct, so the central triangle (the first meter 1502) is filled 75% of the way to the top. The number below the triangle tells the player the rate. It will be appreciated that the number at the top (e.g., 15) can help a user locate their icon on the graphical user interface.

[0110] For feedback meter 1602 player 16 is compressing with a rate of 125 beats per minute (e.g., too fast) so the first flanking icon 1508. The depth is 100%correct, so the central triangle is filled all the way to the top. The number below the triangle tells the player their compression rate.

[0111] For feedback meter 1604 player 17 is compressing with a rate of 118 beats per minute (e.g., a correct rate) and at 100% correct depth, so the central triangle is filled 100% green, with no flanking icons appearing.

[0112] In some examples, the player name (e.g., 1504) and / or rate (e.g., 1506) may be controlled to change color based on whether the user is correct or not with their application of chest compressions. For example, the color in 1604 for “17” and “118” may be green. In contrast, the color for 15 / 16, and 90 / 125 may be different (e.g., black or red). In some examples if the rate is correct but the depth is not, then rate 1506 may be green while the player name 1504 is red. Description Of Figure 10: CPR Processing

[0113] Figure 10 is a signal diagram that shows processing and / or communication between components (CPR Device 110, Display 114, Computing System 112, and Storage System 118) of the CPR system of Figure 1 according to certain example embodiments.

[0114] The CPR System 100 operates by connecting one or more smart electronic devices (smartphone, smartwatch, or equivalent, among others) to a software service (e.g., operated by computing system 112) over a wired or wireless network. The service accepts inertial sensor data (e.g., such as accelerometer data) and generates CPR quality metrics (e.g., depth, rate, recoil, time in compressions). The metrics are then output for display. Based on these quality metrics, the software will display real-time on-screen feedback to users regarding the quality of their CPR. Advantageously, the software provides a bridge between the physical spring in the CPR device 110 and the film that is displayed to a user. This can help to “gamify” the experience for the users that are learning CPR. the spring to the film and gamifies the experience of the learner. In some examples, the software may be configured to collect, store, and / or transmitindividual user data (e.g., which may be anonymized) to cloud-based or other remote computing systems. In some examples, the software may be configured to report individual user data (e.g. which may be anonymized) to individual user devices (mobile phones). Such data can assist in planning, providing, or assisting with OPR training for future users.

[0115] Turning now more specifically to the processing performed in Figure 10.

[0116] At 1000, system 112 starts by instantiating a new CPR session. For example, a software application or service may be started, or resources for a particular session are allocated by system 112. Starting a session allows other devices to join that session and participate (e.g., cooperatively) in the CPR training for that session.

[0117] At 1002, display 114 initiates a request to join the started session. In response, the computing system 112 generates a QR code and provides the QR code to the display at 1004.

[0118] The QR code is then presented on the display 114 at 1006 to allow for other devices to connect to the session that has been started. In some examples, the display is a separate computing device (e.g., a presentation computing system) and in other examples, the display is a display device I television that is outputting a video or image signal generated by the computing system 112.

[0119] In any event, the presented QR code may then be scanned by the CPR device 110, which joins the started session via a request at 1010. In some examples, the QR code can be scanned by a mobile device, a session joined, and then the mobile device placed into the CPR device. When a device joins a session, it allows the computing system 112 to be synchronized to the sensors associated with of the CPR devices that have connected.

[0120] Other techniques for allowing devices to join the started session may also be used. For example, a user can navigate to a webpage or IP address. In some cases, the user may install an application on their mobile device that connects via a Bluetooth beacon or the like. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that a variety of different techniques may be used in order to allow different computing devices (whether mobile devices, CPR devices, or a combination thereof) to join a started CPR session that is being hosted by computing system 112.

[0121] At 1012, the CPR session is then started. This may be manually triggered by a user at the computing system 112 (e.g., via a “start session” button) or may be automatically triggered once a threshold number of CPR devices have connected.

[0122] Starting of the CPR session is communicated to both the connected CPR device(s) 110 and the display 114. At 1014, the graphical user interface for the CPR session may be presented to the users on the display 114. Examples of such graphical user interfaces are discussed elsewhere herein. The start message is also received by each of the one or more CPR devices 110 that have connected to the session (which includes those CPR devices that have mobile devices placed into them).

[0123] At 1016 data is collected from one or more sensors on the CPR device 116 and then communicated to the computing system at 1018. In some examples the data that is communicated may be raw sensor data from an accelerometer or other type of inertial sensor. In some examples, data that is obtained may be a statistical representation of multiple sensor readings. For example, the data may be a histogram of the data that has been obtained. The communicated data is received by the computing system 112 and then may be stored in storage system 118. In certain example embodiments, the results ofprocessing the accelerometer data (e.g., from 1022) may also be stored to the storage system.

[0124] At 1022, one or more CPR metrics are calculated. A first CPR metric may be a rate at which compression is applied. Table 1 provides illustrative pseudocode for determining whether the rate of compression is too fast, too slow, or correct. The duration is shown in milliseconds.<>_

[0125] A second metric may be to calculate the amount of displacement of a depth. Table 2 provides illustrative pseudocode for determining whether the depth of compression is too shallow or correct. As noted above, the inventors determined that it may not be needed to calculate for compression depth being too deep.><

[0126] Note that the percentiles array is a histogram distribution of accelerometer data. Table 3 provides an illustrative example data that may be calculated for each CPR device by the computing system. The data structure in Fig. 3 may be stored to the storage system each time new values are calculated."" " """ " """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""">"""""

[0127] The percentiles data structure shown above may be passed from the CPR device to the computing system (e.g., at 116) for processing. The resulting data structure shown in Table 3 may then be generated and processed against the pseudocode shown in Tables 1 and 2. The resulting determination is that the compression rate is too short and the depth too shallow.

[0128] In certain example embodiments, CPR metrics may be calculated every 0.5 seconds, every second, or other interval that may be preset or dynamic (or adjusted). The time window for when data is analyzed may be, for example, between the last 2 and 15 seconds of sensor data. This may allow for a sliding window to be used to compute ongoing evaluation of chest compression quality (e.g., based on rater and depth metrics).

[0129] In certain example embodiments, other techniques for translating the movement data (e.g., acceleration data) into metrics may be used. In certain example embodiments, statistical analysis or machine learning techniques can be used to quantify acceleration data. In certain example embodiments, displacement (e.g., depth) may be calculated based on a double integral of the acceleration data and a rate calculated from determining the time between maxima of displacement. In certain example embodiments, displacement may be calculated based on how the acceleration data is distributed. In other words, analysis of the statistical distribution of acceleration data can be used to determine or infer the displacement.

[0130] In certain example embodiments, determination of each successive minimum and / or maximum of displacement can be used to calculate a rate of compression. For example, if the sensor readings are in ms, then the average time of each min or max divided by 60,000 can provide a rate of compressions.

[0131] In certain example embodiments, processing of the acceleration data may include integrations of any time intervals during a session, preferably approximately 2 to 15-second intervals starting from the time of beginning chest compressions until chest compressions stop for any time interval (e.g., 3-5 seconds, or 5 to 10 seconds).

[0132] The resulting metrics are then communicated at 1024 to the display for integration in the GUI at 1028 (e.g., as discussed in connection Figure 7 and elsewhere herein). In certain example embodiments, metrics are polled / updated at a rate that is based on or the same as the rate that the CPR metrics are calculated. Thus, for example, the GUI may be updated with CPR metrics every 0.5 seconds. However, other implementations are also possible according to certain example embodiments. For example, the rate at which CPR metrics are calculated at the rate that the metrics are displayed may be asynchronous. The rate at which feedback is provided allows for real-time (e.g., within 15 seconds or within at least 30 seconds) feedback of a user’s CPR technique.

[0133] In some examples, the transmitted feedback may be received by the CPR device and feedback may be provided via the CPR device 110 based on that feedback. For example, an audible sound may be output from a speaker of the smart device. In some examples, audio cues are provided in response to both rate and depth, including “speed up,” “slow down,” “push harder,” or “don’t stop.” Other techniques for providing feedback may also be used. For example, haptics, visual, or audible feedback may be provided based on the feedback transmitted at 1024.

[0134] In some examples, the feedback may be one of a plurality of different feedback options including: CORRECT CPR (rate 100-120 per min, depth 2-2.5inches); TOO SLOW (rate <100 / min); TOO FAST (rate >120 / min); and TOO SHALLOW (<2 inches).

[0135] The process then repeats with further sensor data being retrieved at 1016, etc. until the session is completed. The techniques of calculating feedback may be provided to each of a plurality of connected CPR devices and feedback may be provided individually.Description Of Example Game Process

[0136] As discussed herein, system 100 may include or implement an example game process for training in CPR (e.g. a “CPR game”).

[0137] The example game process may include an introduction video or the like. The introduction video may be for an instruction or proctor. For example, a proctor may watch / display a “How to set up the classroom” video. A second video may be displayed to players that provides an overview of the CPR game for the players. In connection with the second video a QR code may be displayed to players (e.g., at 1006).

[0138] In certain example embodiments, each player uses their phone to read the QR code. The QR code may include, for example, a web site address. The user’s phone link may open a web page and the hosted page may cause assignment of a player’s phone to one of multiple possible teams. In some examples the assignment may be automatic and in other examples the assignment may be manual (e.g., either by the proctor or the player). For example (referring to Figure 7) each of the joining players may be assigned to one of Team Star and Team Cardiac.

[0139] Upon completion or arrangement of the teams, then the game may be started. This may include starting a cardiac video (e.g., 702). During the game, questions may be posed to one team at a time. The team that is supposed to answer a question may be indicated via indicator 708. In certain example embodiments, there may be a voiceover to indicate which team is to answer a question. This may be indicated by a possession dot on the screen (e.g., 708) and voice over says, for example, “Now here’s a question for Team Cardiac.”

[0140] In certain example embodiments, in order to progress the game, the question that that is presented may need to be answered correctly. The question may be presented with multiple options (e.g., 710 and 712) or may be presented as just a question. Answering a question correctly may assign points to the team that answered correctly. When a question is answered incorrectly (or a timer expires), the question may be presented to the other team to answer. Correctly answering a question may award points to the team that answered the question.

[0141] In certain example embodiments, questions may be answered by a proctor selecting the button based on players shouting out the answer.Alternatively, or additionally, individual players may select answers via a personal device. In certain examples, the answer for a team may be based on the most or majority correct answers from the multiple team members (e.g., the answer for the team may be automatically selected).

[0142] In certain example embodiments, the game session may include one or more points (e.g., at least 4 different points) in which players are tasked with performing CPR on one or more CPR devices (e.g., CPR devices 200). Such points may be a CPR session in certain examples. For example, if there are 4 members of each team, then there may be 8 total CPR devices provided in the classroom for a given session.

[0143] When players are asked to perform CPR, the phones for players will alert and instruct the players to go to a specific device (e.g., device 1 , 2, 3, 4, etc.). For example, a person may receive a notification that “it is time to do CPR, go to device 3.” The players then approach each indicated device and place their phones in the compartment (302) in the top and close the lid.

[0144] Players then perform CPR, while the movie on the screen continues and questions are asked of any of those team members that are not doing CPR. This allows both those that are performing CPR and those that are not to remain engaged in the CPR training.

[0145] As users perform OPR on their respective CPR device, the feedback meter (e.g., 716 / 718) for that device may provide real-time feedback on CPR quality (e.g., depth of compression and / or rate of compression and / or recoil). The real-time feedback can provide players with feedback so that they can adjust the CPR quality to be in a desired range / quality.

[0146] As discussed herein, the feedback meter may be displayed as, for example, green when both a rate and a depth are within correct range. Other values / colors may be displayed when a parameter is outside of a desired range.

[0147] At the end of each CPR session (e.g., which may be 1 minute, 2 minutes, or the like), scores may be calculated for each player and / or each team. In certain example embodiments, the score for an individual player may be calculated based on a percentage of compressions that are at correct depth in combination with a rate in combination with adequate recoil and percentage of time performing compressions. In certain example embodiments, the percentage of the two parameters may be combined (e.g., added), may be averaged, or otherwise combined. Such a score may be calculated for each individual player.

[0148] In certain example embodiments, the individual CPR scores may be calculated as: 1) a percentage of correct rate and / or depth; 2) awarding 1 point for each performance compression that is at / within the correct rate and / or depth; 3) a composite score including average of - e.g., a percentage of correct rate, a percentage of correct depth, percentage of time doing compressions without pausing, percentage of adequate recoil (e.g., the CPR device returns to a starting or neutral position) any combination thereof of these factors; and / or 4) points for each factor (rate, depth, recoil) such that points are awarded per factor based on the average being in the correct range (e.g., rate = 100 to 120 per min; e.g., depth = 2 to 2.5inches; e.g., recoil >75% of compressions).

[0149] Based on the individual scores a team score may be calculated. For example, the average of the players scores may be calculated. For example, ifthe scores are 77%, 72%, and 65%, then the average may be 71%. The corresponding team may then be awarded 71 points.

[0150] In certain examples, 1 point may be awarded for every time period (e.g., 5-10 seconds) with correct compressions (e.g., displacement and rate). In certain examples, points may be awarded to the winning time and less to the losing team. For example, the winning team may get 50 points, and the losing team may get 20 points. Other possible point systems are also possible.

[0151] The calculated points may then be added to each team’s score. At the end of a video, a composite score for each team may be calculated and / or displayed. The composite score may be calculated as points from questions AND points from each of one or more CPR sessions (e.g., 4 different OPR session may be included).

[0152] The winner may be determined based on the highest total score. Description Of Figure 11

[0153] Figure 11 is a block diagram of an example computing device 1100 (which may also be referred to, for example, as a “computing device,” “computer system,” or “computing system”) according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the computing device 1100 includes one or more of the following: one or more processors 1102 (which may be referred to as “hardware processors” or individually as a “hardware processor ”) ; one or more memory devices 1104; one or more network interface devices 1106; one or more display interfaces 1108; and one or more user input adapters 1110. Additionally, in some embodiments, the computing device 1100 is connected to or includes a display device 1112. As will explained below, these elements (e.g., the processors 1102, memory devices 1104, network interface devices 1106, display interfaces 1108, user input adapters 1110, display device 1112) are hardware devices (for example, electronic circuits or combinations of circuits) that are configured to perform various different functions for the computing device 1100. In some embodiments, thesecomponents of the computing device 1100 may be collectively referred to as computing resources (e.g., resources that are used to carry out execution of instructions and include the processors (one or more processors 1102), storage (one or more memory devices 1104), and I / O (network interface devices 1106, one or more display interfaces 1108, and one or more user input adapters 1110). In some instances, the term processing resources may be used interchangeably with the term computing resources. In some embodiments, multiple instances of computing device 1100 may arranged into a distributed computing system.

[0154] In some embodiments, each or any of the processors 1102 is or includes, for example, a single- or multi-core processor, a microprocessor (e.g., which may be referred to as a central processing unit or CPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), a microprocessor in association with a DSP core, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) circuit, or a system-on-a-chip (SOC) (e.g., an integrated circuit that includes a CPU and other hardware components such as memory, networking interfaces, and the like). And / or, in some embodiments, each or any of the processors 1102 uses an instruction set architecture such as x86 or Advanced RISC Machine (ARM).

[0155] In some embodiments, each or any of the memory devices 1104 is or includes a random access memory (RAM) (such as a Dynamic RAM (DRAM) or Static RAM (SRAM)), a flash memory (based on, e.g., NAND or NOR technology), a hard disk, a magneto-optical medium, an optical medium, cache memory, a register (e.g., that holds instructions), or other type of device that performs the volatile or non-volatile storage of data and / or instructions (e.g., software that is executed on or by processors 1102). Memory devices 1104 are examples of non-transitory computer-readable storage media.

[0156] In some embodiments, each or any of the network interface devices 1106 includes one or more circuits (such as a baseband processor and / or a wiredor wireless transceiver), and implements layer one, layer two, and / or higher layers for one or more wired communications technologies (such as Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)) and / or wireless communications technologies (such as Bluetooth, WiFi (IEEE 802.11), GSM, CDMA2000, UMTS, LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE Pro, Fifth Generation New Radio (5G NR) and / or other short-range, mid-range, and / or long-range wireless communications technologies). Transceivers may comprise circuitry for a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter and receiver may share a common housing and may share some or all of the circuitry in the housing to perform transmission and reception. In some embodiments, the transmitter and receiver of a transceiver may not share any common circuitry and / or may be in the same or separate housings.

[0157] In some embodiments, data is communicated over an electronic data network. An electronic data network includes implementations where data is communicated from one computer process space to computer process space and thus may include, for example, inter-process communication, pipes, sockets, and communication that occurs via direct cable, cross-connect cables, fiber channel, wired and wireless networks, and the like. In certain examples, network interface devices 1106 may include ports or other connections that enable such connections to be made and communicate data electronically among the various components of a distributed computing system.

[0158] In some embodiments, each or any of the display interfaces 1108 is or includes one or more circuits that receive data from the processors 1102, generate (e.g., via a discrete GPU, an integrated GPU, a CPU executing graphical processing, or the like) corresponding image data based on the received data, and / or output (e.g., a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), a DisplayPort Interface, a Video Graphics Array (VGA) interface, a Digital Video Interface (DVI), or the like), the generated image data to the display device 1112, which displays the image data. Alternatively, or additionally, in some embodiments, each or anyof the display interfaces 1108 is or includes, for example, a video card, video adapter, or graphics processing unit (GPU).

[0159] In some embodiments, each or any of the user input adapters 1110 is or includes one or more circuits that receive and process user input data from one or more user input devices (not shown in Figure 11) that are included in, attached to, or otherwise in communication with the computing device 1100, and that output data based on the received input data to the processors 1102. Alternatively, or additionally, in some embodiments each or any of the user input adapters 1110 is or includes, for example, a PS / 2 interface, a USB interface, a touchscreen controller, or the like; and / or the user input adapters 1110 facilitates input from user input devices (not shown in Figure 11) such as, for example, a keyboard, mouse, trackpad, touchscreen, etc.

[0160] In some embodiments, the display device 1112 may be a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) display, Light Emitting Diode (LED) display, or other type of display device. In embodiments where the display device 1112 is a component of the computing device 1100 (e.g., the computing device and the display device are included in a unified housing), the display device 1112 may be a touchscreen display or non-touchscreen display. In embodiments where the display device 1112 is connected to the computing device 1100 (e.g., is external to the computing device 1100 and communicates with the computing device 1100 via a wire and / or via wireless communication technology), the display device 1112 is, for example, an external monitor, projector, television, display screen, etc.

[0161] In various embodiments, the computing device 1100 includes one, or two, or three, four, or more of each or any of the above-mentioned elements (e.g., the processors 1102, memory devices 1104, network interface devices 1106, display interfaces 1108, and user input adapters 1110). Alternatively, or additionally, in some embodiments, the computing device 1100 includes one or more of: a processing system that includes the processors 1102; a memory orstorage system that includes the memory devices 1104; and a network interface system that includes the network interface devices 1106. Alternatively, or additionally, in some embodiments, the computing device 1100 includes a system-on-a-chip (SoC) or multiple SoCs, and each or any of the above-mentioned elements (or various combinations or subsets thereof) is included in the single SoC or distributed across the multiple SoCs in various combinations. For example, the single SoC (or the multiple SoCs) may include the processors 1102 and the network interface devices 1106; or the single SoC (or the multiple SoCs) may include the processors 1102, the network interface devices 1106, and the memory devices 1104; and so on. The computing device 1100 may be arranged in some embodiments such that: the processors 1102 include a multi or single-core processor; the network interface devices 1106 include a first network interface device (which implements, for example, WiFi, Bluetooth, NFC, etc.) and a second network interface device that implements one or more cellular communication technologies (e.g., 3G, 4G LTE, CDMA, etc.); the memory devices 1104 include RAM, flash memory, or a hard disk. As another example, the computing device 1100 may be arranged such that: the processors 1102 include two, three, four, five, or more multi-core processors; the network interface devices 1106 include a first network interface device that implements Ethernet and a second network interface device that implements WiFi and / or Bluetooth; and the memory devices 1104 include a RAM and a flash memory or hard disk.

[0162] The hardware configurations shown in Figure 11 and described above are provided as examples, and the subject matter described herein may be utilized in conjunction with a variety of different hardware architectures and elements. For example: in many of the Figures in this document, individual functional / action blocks are shown; in various embodiments, the functions of those blocks may be implemented using (a) individual hardware circuits, (b) using an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) specifically configured to perform the describedfunctions / actions, (c) using one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) specifically configured to perform the described functions / actions, (d) using the hardware configuration described above with reference to Figure 11 , (e) via other hardware arrangements, architectures, and configurations, and / or via combinations of the technology described in (a) through (e).Selected Terminology

[0163] The elements described in this document include actions, features, components, items, attributes, and other terms. Whenever it is described in this document that a given element is present in “some embodiments,” “various embodiments,” “certain embodiments,” “certain example embodiments, “some example embodiments,” “an exemplary embodiment,” “an example,” “an instance,” “an example instance,” or whenever any other similar language is used, it should be understood that the given element is present in at least one embodiment, though is not necessarily present in all embodiments. Consistent with the foregoing, whenever it is described in this document that an action “may,” “can,” or “could” be performed, that a feature, element, or component “may,” “can,” or “could” be included in or is applicable to a given context, that a given item “may,” “can,” or “could” possess a given attribute, or whenever any similar phrase involving the term “may,” “can,” or “could” is used, it should be understood that the given action, feature, element, component, attribute, etc. is present in at least one embodiment, though is not necessarily present in all embodiments.

[0164] Terms and phrases used in this document, and variations thereof, unless otherwise expressly stated, should be construed as open-ended rather than limiting. As examples of the foregoing: “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items (e.g., a and / or b means a, b, or a and b); the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” should be read as meaning “at least one,” “one or more,” or the like; the term “example”, which may be used interchangeably with the term embodiment, is used to provide examplesof the subject matter under discussion, not an exhaustive or limiting list thereof; the terms “comprise” and “include” (and other conjugations and other variations thereof) specify the presence of the associated listed elements but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other elements; and if an element is described as “optional,” such description should not be understood to indicate that other elements, not so described, are required.

[0165] As used herein, the term “non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” includes a register, a cache memory, a ROM, a semiconductor memory device (such as D-RAM, S-RAM, or other RAM), a magnetic medium such as a flash memory, a hard disk, a magneto-optical medium, an optical medium such as a CD-ROM, a DVD, or Blu-Ray Disc, or other types of volatile or non-volatile storage devices for non-transitory electronic data storage. The term “non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” does not include a transitory, propagating electromagnetic signal.

[0166] The claims are not intended to invoke means-plus-function construction / interpretation unless they expressly use the phrase “means for” or “step for.” Claim elements intended to be construed / interpreted as means-plus-function language, if any, will expressly manifest that intention by reciting the phrase “means for” or “step for”; the foregoing applies to claim elements in all types of claims (method claims, apparatus claims, or claims of other types) and, for the avoidance of doubt, also applies to claim elements that are nested within method claims. Consistent with the preceding sentence, no claim element (in any claim of any type) should be construed / interpreted using means plus function construction / interpretation unless the claim element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or “step for.”

[0167] Whenever it is stated herein that a hardware element (e.g., a processor, a network interface, a display interface, a user input adapter, a memory device, or other hardware element), or combination of hardware elements, is“configured to” perform some action, it should be understood that such language specifies a physical state of configuration of the hardware element(s) and not mere intended use or capability of the hardware element(s). The physical state of configuration of the hardware elements(s) fundamentally ties the action(s) recited following the “configured to” phrase to the physical characteristics of the hardware element(s) recited before the “configured to” phrase. In some embodiments, the physical state of configuration of the hardware elements may be realized as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that includes one or more electronic circuits arranged to perform the action, or a field programmable gate array (FPGA) that includes programmable electronic logic circuits that are arranged in series or parallel to perform the action in accordance with one or more instructions (e.g., via a configuration file for the FPGA). In some embodiments, the physical state of configuration of the hardware element may be specified through storing (e.g., in a memory device) program code (e.g., instructions in the form of firmware, software, etc.) that, when executed by a hardware processor, causes the hardware elements (e.g., by configuration of registers, memory, etc.) to perform the actions in accordance with the program code.

[0168] A hardware element (or elements) can be therefore be understood to be configured to perform an action even when the specified hardware element(s) is / are not currently performing the action or is not operational (e.g., is not on, powered, being used, or the like). Consistent with the preceding, the phrase “configured to” in claims should not be construed / interpreted, in any claim type (method claims, apparatus claims, or claims of other types), as being a means plus function; this includes claim elements (such as hardware elements) that are nested in method claims.Additional Applications of Described Subject Matter

[0169] Although process steps, algorithms or the like, including without limitation with reference to Figure 10, may be described or claimed in a particularsequential order, such processes may be configured to work in different orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be explicitly described or claimed in this document does not necessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order; rather, the steps of processes described herein may be performed in any order possible. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously (or in parallel) despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step).Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary, and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred.

[0170] Although the techniques herein are applicable in connection with performing CPR, certain examples may also be applied to other medical scenarios such as : 1) opioid overdose and / or naloxone administration; 2) choking; 3) pediatric or infant CPR; and / or 4) bleeding / Trauma.

[0171] Although various embodiments have been shown and described in detail, the claims are not limited to any particular embodiment or example. None of the above description should be read as implying that any particular element, step, range, or function is essential. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described embodiments that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed. Moreover, it is not necessary for a device or method to address each and every problem sought to be solved by the present invention, for it to be encompassed by the invention. No embodiment, feature, element, component, or step in this document is intended to be dedicated to the public.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) system for training users to perform CPR, the CPR system comprising:a plurality of CPR devices that each include a base housing and an upper housing that is moveable with respect to the base housing, the base housing connected to the upper housing by at least one non-linear spring;a processing system that includes at least one hardware processor configured to perform operations comprising:for each corresponding one of the plurality of CPR devices, processing, based on movement of the upper housing, inertial sensor data that is associated with the corresponding one of the plurality of CPR devices;calculating, based on processing of the inertial sensor data, a first CPR metric;calculating, based on processing of the inertial sensor data, a second CPR metric, wherein the second CPR metric is different from the first CPR metric; andgenerating a graphical user interface (GUI) that is based, at least in part, on the calculated first and second CPR metrics.

2. The CPR system of claim 1 , wherein the first CPR metric is a rate of compression.

3. The CPR system of any of claims 1 to 2, wherein the second CPR metric is a depth of compression.

4. The CPR system of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein each of the plurality of CPR devices includes at least one post the connects the base housing to the upper housing, the upper housing configured to slidably move along the at least one post.

5. The CPR system of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein each of the plurality of CPR devices includes at least one recessed compartment that is located in the upper housing, wherein the at least one recessed compartment is shaped and / or dimensioned to hold at least one mobile phone.

6. The CPR system of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein each of the plurality of CPR devices includes a rib topper that is on or a part of at least one outer surface of the first portion.

7. The CPR system of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the operations further comprise:generating at least one feedback meter based on the calculated first and second CPR metrics.

8. The CPR system of claim 7, wherein the feedback meter combines the calculated first and second CPR metrics into a single graphical representation.

9. The CPR system of claim 7, wherein the feedback meter includes a central meter and first and second flanking indicators,wherein the operations further comprise:triggering display of the first flanking indicator based on determination that the first CPR metric is less than a first threshold;triggering display of the second flanking indicator based on determination that the first CPR metric is greater than a second threshold; and causing the central meter to be filed based on the second CPR metric.

10. The CPR system of claim 7, wherein the feedback meter includes: 1) a first meter that includes first, second, and third sections; 2) an indicator; and 3) a second meter with a gauge,wherein the feedback meter is configured to be generated with the indicator pointing to one of the first, second, third sections based on the calculated first CPR metric,wherein the feedback meter is configured to be generated with a second meter filled with the calculated second CPR metric.

11. The CPR system of claim 10, wherein the second meter overlaps the second section of the first meter.

12. The CPR system of any of claims 1 to 11 , wherein the GUI includes an interactive film.

13. The CPR system of claim 12, wherein the operations further comprise: automatically pausing the interactive film; andwhile the interactive film is paused, displaying, as part of the GUI, at least two selectable options.

14. The CPR system of any one of claims 12 to 13, wherein the operations further comprise:controlling how content of the interactive film is displayed based on inertial sensor data and / or which of the two selectable options has been selected.

15. The CPR system of any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein at least one feedback meter is displayed over at least some portion of the film.

16. The CPR system of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the inertial sensor data is accelerometer data.

17. The CPR system of any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein processing of the inertial sensor data includes obtaining a histogram of the inertial sensor data, wherein the histogram is between about 2 seconds to 15 seconds of inertial sensor data.

18. The CPR system of claim 17, wherein calculating the first metric is based on determining a time between maxima of displacement.

19. The CPR system of claims 17 or 18, wherein calculating the second metric is based on calculating a double integral based on the inertial sensor data to determine a depth value.

20. The CPR system of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the operations further comprise:generating a score for each one of a plurality of users that is based on: a depth of compression being at or within a threshold compression depth; 2) a rate of compression being at or within a threshold rate of compression; 3) percentage of total time spent performing compressions; and / or 4) full recoil between compressions.

21. The CPR system of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the score for each one of the plurality of users is based on a percentage of compressions that are at or within the threshold compression depth, and / or at or within the threshold rate of compression, with full recoil, and / or percentage of total time spent performing compressions.

22. The CPR system of any one of claims 1 to 21 , wherein the operations further comprise:calculating, based on processing of the inertial sensor data, a third CPR metric, wherein the third CPR metric is different from the first and second CPR metrics.

23. The CPR system claim 22, wherein the third CPR metrics is a percentage of time performing compressions.

24. A CPR training device comprising:a non-linear spring; andan upper housing connected via the non-linear spring to a lower housing such that the upper housing is movable with respect to the lower housing.

25. The CPR training device of claim 24, further comprising:at least one post anchored or fixed to the lower housing, the upper housing being configured to slidably move along the at least one post with respect to the lower housing.

26. The CPR training device of claim 25, wherein the at least one post is at least two posts.

27. The CPR training device of claim 26, wherein the at least two posts are positioned on opposing sides of the non-linear spring.

28. The CPR training device of any one of claims 24 to 27, wherein the non-linear spring is a progressive coil spring.

29. The OPR training device of any one of claims 24 to 28, wherein the upper housing includes a recessed compartment that is shaped and / or dimensioned to hold a mobile electronic device that is removable from the CPR device.

30. The CPR training device of any one of claims 29, wherein the mobile electronic device includes at least one inertial sensor.

31. The CPR training device of any one of claims 24 to 30, further comprising at least one inertial sensor.

32. The CPR training device of any one of claims 30 to 31 , wherein the at least one inertial sensor includes an accelerometer.

33. The CPR training device of any one of claims 24 to 32, further comprising:a lid that is rotatable and attached to the upper housing, the lid moveable between at least an open position and a closed position.

34. The OPR training device of claim 33, wherein, when in the closed position, the lid is configured to enclose a compartment shaped and / or dimensioned to hold a mobile device.

35. The CPR training device of any one of claims 24 to 33, further comprising:a flexible jacket that is configured to be attached to the upper and lower housings.

36. The CPR training device of claim 35, wherein the non-linear spring is enclosed by the flexible jacket.

37. The CPR training device of any one of claims 24 to 36, further comprising:a structure that is part of affixed to a surface of the upper housing, the structure including a central raised portion with a plurality of spaced apart raised ribs extending outwardly from the central raised portion.

38. The CPR training device of claim 37, wherein the structure mimics the shape of the sternum and rib cage of a person to provide tactical feedback to a user conducting CPR training on the CPR device.

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