Total organic carbon measurement system

Abstract

A system for performing dialysis therapy includes a first conduit, an inlet sensor configured to sense a first property of a fluid, a flow cell device configured to oxidize the fluid, a second conduit, and an outlet sensor configure to sense a second property of the fluid. The sensed first property and second property can be used to determine a total organic carbon of the fluid. The flow cell device includes a housing including a fluid inlet configured to receive the fluid, a fluid outlet configured to output the fluid, a first chamber fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and outlet, and an energy source that outputs energy to the fluid passing through the first chamber. The flow cell can include a second chamber fluidly separated from and disposed within the first chamber, and the energy source can be disposed within the second chamber.

Description

Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON MEASUREMENT SYSTEMCROSS REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims the benefit and priority to U. S. Provisional Application No.63 / 721,239, filed on November 15, 2024, and titled “TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON MEASUREMENT SYSTEM”, the entire content of which is incorporated by reference herein.FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to the field of dialysis systems. More particularly, the disclosure relates to an inline total organic carbon measurement system in dialysis systems.BACKGROUND

[0003] Peritoneal dialysis systems can utilize a high volume of dialysis fluid for treatment.The dialysis fluid typically includes ultra purified water and one or more additives. Peritoneal dialysis systems can oftentimes include water purification systems that produce purified water, which is then mixed with the additives to form the dialysis fluid for therapy. To meet Pharmacopeia standards, the purified water used in peritoneal dialysis systems should have a Total Organic Carbon (“TOC”) level below a certain threshold.SUMMARY

[0004] In some embodiments, a device includes a housing including a fluid inlet configured to receive a fluid, a fluid outlet configured to output the fluid, a first chamber fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet, an energy source configured to output energy when a fluid is passing from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet, and a second chamber fluidly separated from the first chamber, the second chamber being disposed within the first chamber, and the energy source being disposed within the second chamber.Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)

[0005] In some embodiments, the energy source is configured to output an ultraviolet radiation.

[0006] In some embodiments, the energy source is an ultraviolet lamp.

[0007] In some embodiments, the energy source is configured to output an Infrared radiation.

[0008] In some embodiments, the energy source is an infrared lamp.

[0009] In some embodiments, the first chamber is configured to have a first end and a second end, and the fluid inlet is disposed adjacent the first end and the fluid outlet is disposed adjacent the second end.

[0010] In some embodiments, the first chamber includes an S-configuration in which a fluid is configured to flow into the fluid inlet adjacent to a first end on a first side of the housing and configured to flow out from the fluid outlet adjacent to a second end on a second side of the housing, the first end being opposite the second end and the first side being opposite the second side.

[0011] In some embodiments, the first chamber includes a U-configuration in which a fluid is configured to flow into the fluid inlet adjacent to a first end on a first side of the housing and configured to flow out from the fluid outlet adjacent to a second end on the first side of the housing, the first end being opposite the second end.

[0012] In some embodiments, the first chamber includes an L-configuration in which a fluid is configured to flow into the fluid inlet adjacent to a first end on a first side of the housing and configured to flow out from the fluid outlet adjacent to a second end of the housing, the first end being opposite the second end. In some embodiments, the fluid is configured to flow out from fluid outlet adjacent to the second end in a direction perpendicular to the flow into the fluid inlet.

[0013] In some embodiments, the second chamber includes a quartz housing configured to contain the energy source therein.

[0014] In some embodiments, a system includes a first conduit, an inlet sensor configured to sense a first property of a fluid flowing through the first conduit, a device including a housing including a fluid inlet configured to receive a fluid, a fluid outlet configured to output the fluid, a first chamber fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet, an energy source configured to output energy when a fluid isAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)passing from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet, and a second chamber fluidly separated from the first chamber, the second chamber being disposed within the first chamber, the energy source being disposed within the second chamber, a second conduit fluidly connected to the fluid outlet, and an outlet sensor configured to sense a second property of the fluid as received from the device and disposed downstream of the device.

[0015] In some embodiments, the energy source is configured to output an ultraviolet radiation.

[0016] In some embodiments, the energy source is an ultraviolet lamp.

[0017] In some embodiments, the energy source is configured to output an infrared radiation.

[0018] In some embodiments, the energy source is an Infrared lamp.

[0019] In some embodiments, the inlet sensor is a first conductivity sensor, and the outlet sensor is a second conductivity sensor.

[0020] In some embodiments, the system further includes a controller, the controller is configured to receive the first property, the first property being a first conductivity, receive the second property, the second property being a second conductivity, and determine a total organic carbon within the fluid using a difference between the first property and the second property. In some embodiments, the first property, the second property, or a combination thereof, can be adjusted using another property such as, but not limited to, temperature.

[0021] In some embodiments, a dialysis system includes a water purification system configured to purify water for use in dialysis, and a total organic carbon sensing system including a first conduit, an inlet sensor configured to sense a first property of the water flowing through the first conduit, a device including a housing including a fluid inlet configured to receive the water, a fluid outlet configured to output the water, a first chamber fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet, an energy source configured to output energy when the water is passing from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet, and a second chamber fluidly separated from the first chamber, the second chamber being disposed within the first chamber, the energy source being disposed within the second chamber, a second conduit fluidlyAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)connected to the fluid outlet, and an outlet sensor configured to sense a second property of the water as received from the device and disposed downstream of the device.

[0022] In some embodiments, the dialysis system further includes a controller, the controller is configured to receive the first property, the first property being a first conductivity, receive the second property, the second property being a second conductivity, and determine a total organic carbon within the water using a difference between the first property and the second property. In some embodiments, the first property, the second property, or a combination thereof, can be adjusted using another property such as, but not limited to, temperature.

[0023] In some embodiments, the controller is configured to enable the energy source to oxidize organic compounds within the water.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] Some embodiments of the disclosure are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the embodiments shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the disclosure. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced.

[0025] FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a dialysis system, according to some embodiments.

[0026] FIG. 2 is a sectional side view of a flow cell device, according to some embodiments.

[0027] FIG. 3A is a sectional side view of the flow cell device, according to some embodiments.

[0028] FIG. 3B is a perspective view of the flow cell device, according to some embodiments.

[0029] FIG. 4A is a sectional side view of the flow cell device, according to some embodiments.Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)

[0030] FIG. 4B is a perspective view of the flow cell device, according to some embodiments.

[0031] FIG. 4C is a sectional view of the flow cell device, according to some embodiments.

[0032] FIG. 5 is a sectional side view of the flow cell device, according to some embodiments.

[0033] FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of a system, according to some embodiments.

[0034] FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of the system, according to some embodiments.Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] Dialysis systems can include, for example, home therapy devices that provide persons needing dialysis therapy with greater flexibility in therapy options.

[0036] Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems, devices, apparatuses, and methods for a Total Organic Carbon (“TOC”) measurement system. Total Organic Carbon (“TOC”) is a measure of the amount of organic carbon in a fluid such as, for example, water used to make dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis therapy. Prior to purification, the fluid can include therein impurities including, for example, organic compounds and other contaminants. The suitability of the fluid is determined by measuring the TOC, which is indicative of the concentration of organic compounds in the fluid, and then comparing the TOC to a threshold. The TOC measurement system can be implemented in a peritoneal dialysis system. The TOC measurement system can also be implemented in a hemodialysis system. In some embodiments, the peritoneal dialysis system or the hemodialysis system can be a home therapy device. In some embodiments, the peritoneal dialysis system can include one or more subsystems including the TOC measurement system for purifying water obtained from a source into purified water, which can then be used to produce the dialysis fluid for therapy.

[0037] The TOC measurement system can process and analyze a fluid or a volume of fluid to determine the TOC of the fluid. The TOC is measured as a function of carbon dioxide (CO2) present in the fluid after undergoing oxidation of organic compounds present in the fluid. The carbon dioxide is produced by exposing the fluid to one or more different wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to oxidize the organic compounds and to kill bacteria present in the fluid. The TOC of the fluid exceeding a threshold value may be Indicative of contamination from, for example, microbiological contaminants or issues with the sterilization, purification, filtration, other subprocesses, or any combinations thereof. For example, the TOC of water used in making the dialysis fluid exceeding the threshold of 500 ppb can be indicative of biofilm present in the fluid of the system.

[0038] The TOC measurement system can be implemented inline to one or more other subsystems including, for example, a water purification system for purifying andAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)filtering water used to make dialysis fluid for peritoneal dialysis therapy. The TOC measurement system can also be implemented, for example, inline to a water for injection (“WFI”) system used to produce purified water used in making dialysis fluid. In some embodiments, the TOC measurement system can be in a peritoneal dialysis system including therein one or more subsystems including the water filtration system, WFI system, other subsystems, or any combinations thereof. For example, the peritoneal dialysis system can be a home therapy device that processes potable water into purified water for use in producing the dialysis fluid.

[0039] In a non-limiting example, the TOC measurement system includes a flow cell. The flow call can also be referred to as an oxidation chamber. The flow cell includes a housing including a fluid inlet configured to receive a fluid, a fluid outlet configured to output the fluid, a first chamber fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet, an energy source configured to output energy when a fluid is passing from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet, and a second chamber fluidly separated from the first chamber. The second chamber is disposed within the first chamber, and the energy source is disposed within the second chamber.

[0040] In another non-limiting example, the TOC measurement system can include a first conduit, an inlet sensor configured to sense one or more first properties of a fluid flowing through the first conduit, a device including a housing including a fluid inlet configured to receive a fluid, a fluid outlet configured to output the fluid, a first chamber fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet, an energy source configured to output energy when a fluid is passing from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet, and a second chamber fluidly separated from the first chamber. The second chamber is disposed within the first chamber, and the energy source is disposed within the second chamber. A second conduit is fluidly connected to the fluid outlet, and an outlet sensor is arranged at the second conduit, the outlet sensor configured to sense one or more second properties of the fluid as received from the device and disposed downstream of the device.

[0041] At the housing, the first chamber can have a first end and a second end. The fluid inlet can be disposed adjacent the first end and the fluid outlet can be disposed adjacent the second end. The first chamber can have one or more differentAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)configurations including, but not limited to, an S-configuration, a U-configuration, an L configuration, and other configurations. It is to be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art that the first chamber of the housing can include these and other configurations in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0042] At the housing, the second chamber includes the energy source. The energy source can be an ultraviolet (“UV”) lamp configured to output UV radiation in the form of UV light onto the fluid in the first chamber. To expose the fluid to the UV radiation, the second chamber may be a second housing member made of a material configured to enable the UV radiation emitted by the UV lamp to pass through the second housing and to the fluid in the first chamber. In some embodiments, the second chamber can be made of a material transparent to UV radiation. In other embodiments, the second chamber can be made of a material partially transparent to UV radiation and configured to allow a certain wavelength of UV radiation therethrough, in accordance with the present disclosure. In some embodiments, suitable materials can include quartz, synthetic quartz, fused silica, synthetic fused silica, combinations thereof, or the like.

[0043] It is to be appreciated that the size and dimensions of the housing, the components in the housing, and the components connected thereto, are not intended to be limiting, and they can include any suitable sizes and dimensions to accommodate different volumes of fluid depending on factors such as, for example, the application, sampling volume, sampling time, flow rate, oxidation parameters, measurement parameters, available dimensions where the TOC measurement system or one or more portions thereof are being installed, total dimensions of the system including the TOC measurement system, other like factors, or any combinations thereof.

[0044] The TOC measurement system may include one or more pumps and one or more valves that can be operated to regulate the flow of fluid for testing through the system. The pumps and valves can also be configured to direct fluid from the one or more subsystems such as, for example, the water purification system, WFI system, and other external subsystems of a peritoneal dialysis system, to the TOC management system for testing. The pumps and valves can be operated toAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)regulate the flow of the fluid to one or more components of the TOC measurement system including the inlet sensor, the flow cell, and the outlet sensor for measurement. The inlet sensor measures the one or more first properties of the fluid prior to the fluid passing into the flow cell, the flow cell performs the oxidation process on the fluid in the flow cell, and the outlet sensor measures the one or more second properties of the volume of fluid received from the flow cell.

[0045] By controlling an operation of the pumps and valves in the TOC measurement system, the flow rate through the flow cell (and the sensors) can be maintained at a constant or near constant flow rate. Having a known flow rate of the fluid through the sensors and the flow cell eliminates a variable during testing, and thereby enables the TOC measurement system to be configured to perform complete oxidation of the organic compounds in the fluid. Controlling the flow rate and allowing for complete oxidation of the organic compounds also improves determining the TOC based on the measurements by the sensors of the properties of the fluid. In some embodiments, partial oxidation of the organic compounds may be allowed when using a constant or near constant flow rate.

[0046] Complete oxidation of the organic compounds in the fluid is performed because organic compounds do not directly oxidize to carbon dioxide (CO2). Instead, during the photo-oxidation process, intermediate oxidation products like organic acids can be created, which make a greater contribution to conductivity measurements of the fluid than carbon dioxide. To enable installation into different lines of different plants or systems, traditional TOC systems are designed to work in different conditions and at different flow rates depending on the system. However, the variable flow rates are a limitation to such traditional systems and limits achieving complete oxidation of the organic compounds in the fluid for determining the TOC of the fluid based on electrical conductivity. By fixing the flow rate, the embodiments of the present disclosure provide one or more other improvements including, but not limited to, faster analysis response, smaller sampling volume, smaller flow cells, and less powerful lamps.

[0047] The UV energy source located in the flow cell can be selected based on the UV energy source being able to output sufficient UV radiation to oxidize the organicAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)compounds in the fluid in the flow cell during testing based on the flow rate. In some embodiments, the UV energy source can be selected based on being able to completely oxidize the organic compounds in the fluid in the flow cell during testing based on the flow rate. By operating at a near constant flow rate, the UV energy source selected for utilization in the TOC measurement system can have a lower power demand than compared with a UV lamp located in other TOC measurement systems. That is, due to the other TOC measurement systems having to account for different flow rates, the other TOC measurement systems typically include a more powerful UV lamp to achieve complete oxidation of the fluid. Accordingly, these more powerful UV lamps are less efficient and require more power to operate, which increases the total electrical demand of the system and the costs associated with operation.

[0048] The embodiments of the TOC measurement system as described herein can be configured to operate in one or more different modes. The different modes can include a first mode and a second mode. The first mode can be an inline mode where complete oxidation may not be performed to the fluid in the flow cell. The second mode can be a batch measurement mode, where complete oxidation is performed to the organic compounds in the fluid in the flow cell. The different modes can correspond to differences in the TOC measurement system including, but not limited to, different flow rates, different UV energy source intensity, fluid temperature, sampling time, other differences, or any combinations thereof.

[0049] The TOC measurement system is also configured to measure and oxidize organic compounds in the fluid at a nearly constant flow rate. By directing the fluid through the sensors and the flow cell of the TOC measurement system at the flow rate, the flow cell can complete the oxidization of the organic compounds in the fluid prior to the fluid being directed out the flow cell and to the outlet sensor for sensing. The TOC is a function of the carbon dioxide present in the fluid after undergoing oxidation determined based on the sensing by the inlet sensor and the outlet sensor. The fluid in the flow cell can be exposed to UV radiation having a first reference peak wavelength and a second reference peak wavelength, according to some embodiments. The first reference peak wavelength can be used to oxidizeAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)chemical compounds present in the fluid and the second reference peak wavelength can be used to kill bacteria present in the fluid. In some embodiments, the organic residual of the killed bacteria can be oxidized by the radiation having the first reference peak wavelength.

[0050] The inlet sensor can measure one or more properties of the fluid before it enters the flow cell to determine a baseline of the one or more first properties of the fluid, and the outlet sensor can measure the one or more second properties the fluid exiting the flow cell after being irradiated by the UV energy source. Based on the properties sensed by the respective inlet sensor and outlet sensor, the TOC of the fluid resulting from exposing the fluid to the UV radiation at the flow cell can be determined. In some embodiments, the system can include a controller configured to determine the TOC of the fluid based on the measurement of the one or more respective properties by the one or more sensors. In some embodiments, the controller can control the sensors, the one or more valves, the one or more pumps, other components of the TOC measurement system, or any combinations thereof.

[0051] According to some embodiments, the inlet sensor and the outlet sensor can measure an electrical conductivity of the fluid. In some embodiments, the inlet sensor can include a first conductivity sensor for monitoring electrical conductivity of the fluid at the inlet and the outlet sensor can include a second conductivity sensor for monitoring the electrical conductivity of the fluid at the outlet, and the TOC of the fluid can be determined based on the respective electrical conductivity measurements of the first conductivity sensor and the second conductivity sensor.

[0052] According to some embodiments, the inlet sensor and the outlet sensor can measure a pH of the fluid to enable determining intermediate oxidation products such as, for example, organic acids in the fluid. In some embodiments, the inlet sensor can include a first pH sensor for monitoring a pH of the fluid at the inlet and the outlet sensor can include a second pH sensor for monitoring the pH of the fluid at the outlet, and the TOC of the fluid can be determined based on the respective pH level measurements of the first pH sensor and the second pH sensor.

[0053] According to some embodiments, the inlet sensor and the outlet sensor can measure a temperature of the fluid to compensate for temperature effects on theAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)electrical conductivity, pH, UV, or any combinations thereof, in some embodiments, the inlet sensor can further include a first temperature sensor for monitoring a temperature of the fluid at the inlet and the outlet sensor can include a second temperature sensor for monitoring the temperature of the fluid at the outlet, and the TOC of the fluid can be further determined based on the respective temperature measurements of the first temperature sensor and the second temperature sensor. In some embodiments, the inlet sensor can include one or more of the first conductivity sensor, first pH sensor, and first temperature sensor; and the outlet sensor can include one or more of the second conductivity sensor, second pH sensor, and second temperature sensor. In other embodiments, the inlet sensor can include the first conductivity sensor, first pH sensor, first temperature sensor, or any combinations thereof; and the outlet sensor can include the second conductivity sensor, second pH sensor, second temperature sensor, or any combinations thereof.

[0054] According to some embodiments, the flow cell can include a UV sensor. The UV sensor can monitor the UV light source to confirm that the appropriate UV energy is being applied and the UV light source is functioning properly.

[0055] In some embodiments, the flow cell can include an inlet and an outlet sensor configured to monitor an amount of infrared (IR) radiation that is absorbed by the carbon dioxide in the fluid in the channels. The sensors can emit IR radiation from a emitter and sense an amount of IR radiation received via a receiver. This can be indicative of the carbon dioxide molecules in the fluid that can absorb a portion of the IR radiation energy emitted by the sensor corresponding to the vibrational frequency of the carbon dioxide molecule multiplied by Planck’s constant. The difference between the amount of radiation emitted by the emitter and the amount of radiation received by the receiver of the IR sensor after having passed through the fluid in the channels can be an index representative of the amount of carbon dioxide produced by oxidation and thus an amount of total organic carbon in the fluid. In such embodiments, the measurement systems can include an IR sensor at the fluid inlet and at the fluid outlet to enable comparison of the measurements before and after application of the UV light source.Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)

[0056] The TOC measurement systems provides one or more improvements over other systems and methodologies for TOC measurement including, for example, needing smaller volumes of fluid for testing, thereby decreasing the amount of waste products created and the amount of pure water needed for testing, the smaller volumes also improve the photo-oxidation of the fluid in the flow cell. Furthermore, the smaller volumes in combination with the near constant flow rates means that less radiation can be output by the energy source to complete oxidation, allowing for use of energy sources having lower electrical power demands and that can operate at lower surface temperatures compared with conventional TOC measurement systems.

[0057] In addition, the sensors utilized in the TOC measurement system have a smaller form factor. The smaller sensor size, combined with the near constant flow rate, enables the TOC measurement system to have a smaller overall form factor, and the TOC management system therefore has higher versatility in both design and implementation into different dialysis systems.

[0058] The TOC measurement system is also capable of more accurate determinations of TOC by being capable of measuring one or more properties of the fluid including conductivity, pH, temperature, and UV absorption, depending on the types of sensors being utilized, the mode of operation, and the application. The system can regulate flow throughout the system to improve the organic compound oxidation and TOC measurement accuracy and to allow for multiple and differential analysis of fluid from different subsystems. The system thereby provides improved versatility and adaptability to different testing parameters and system architectures and simplifies modification of the system to adapt to the different flows, volumes, and architectures of other systems.

[0059] Among those benefits and improvements that have been disclosed, other objects and advantages of this disclosure will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures. Detailed embodiments of the present disclosure are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely illustrative of the disclosure that may be embodied in various forms. In addition, each of the examples givenAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)regarding the various embodiments of the disclosure which are intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive.

[0060] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a dialysis system 100, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the dialysis system 100 can be representative of a peritoneal dialysis system including point of use dialysis fluid production. Peritoneal dialysis systems are one example of a dialysis system. It is to be appreciated that the systems and methods described in this disclosure can be applied to other dialysis systems such as, but not limited to, hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration, or the like.

[0061] The illustrated embodiment includes a water purification system 102. A controller 104 is configured to be in electronic communication with the water purification system 102 to send and receive communications relating to sensed parameters, control of valves, or the like. The water purification system 102 can be fluidly connected to a cycler 106. The cycler 106 can be fluidly connected with a patient to perform the dialysis treatments. The cycler 106 can be configured to inject the dialysis fluid into the patient and drain the dialysis fluid when the treatment is complete. The cycler 106 can be in electronic communication with the controller 104 to accomplish the necessary treatments for the patient.

[0062] The water purification system 102 includes a Total Organic Carbon (“TOC”) measurement system 112. The TOC measurement system 112 is configured to determine a TOC concentration of a fluid in the water purification system 102. The water purification system 102 may utilize the TOC measurement system to prepare the purified water, prepare the fresh dialysis fluid using the purified water, at other points in the water purification system 102, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, another device in the water purification system 102 may prepare the fresh dialysis fluid using purified water output from the water purification system 102. For example, the water purification system 102 may include a preparator for mixing the fresh dialysis fluid using purified water. The preparator can be in electronic communication with the controller 104 and the cycler 106 to accomplish the necessary treatments for the patient. In some embodiments, the preparator can be in electronic communication with the cycler 106 to accomplish theAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)necessary treatments for the patient. In some embodiments, the TOC measurement system 112 can be located in one or more other systems of the water purification system 102 such as, for example, the preparator. It is to be appreciated that the cycler 106 can include one or more additional features such as, but not limited to, a user interface configured to receive user inputs, display outputs for the user, or any combination thereof.

[0063] The controller 104 can be in wired or wireless communication with the water purification system 102. In some embodiments, the controller 104 can be in wired or wireless communication with one or more modules in the water purification system 102 including, but not limited to, the TOC measurement system 112. The controller 104 can include a memory 108 and at least one processor 110. It is to be appreciated that the controller 104 can include one or more additional features such as, but not limited to, a display with a user interface configured to receive user inputs, display outputs for the user, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a separate user input can also be included so the user can interact with the dialysis system 100.

[0064] FIG. 2 is a sectional side view of a non-limiting example of a flow cell 114 of a TOC measurement system 112, according to some embodiments.

[0065] The flow cell 114 includes a housing 116 including a fluid inlet 118, a fluid outlet 120, and a first chamber 122. The fluid inlet 118 is configured to receive a fluid. The fluid outlet 120 is configured to output the fluid. The flow cell 114 also includes an energy source 124 and a second chamber 126.

[0066] The first chamber 122 has a first end 128 and a second end 130 opposite the first end 128. The first chamber 122 is fluidly connected to the fluid inlet 118 and the fluid outlet 120. In the flow cell 114, the fluid is configured to flow into the flow cell 114 through the fluid inlet 118 and into the first chamber 122. The fluid is configured to flow out of the flow cell 114 through the fluid outlet 120 after being irradiated by UV radiation from the energy source 124. In some embodiments, the fluid inlet 118 can be located adjacent the first end 128. In other embodiments, the fluid inlet 118 can be located at the first end 128. In some embodiments, the fluid outlet 120 canAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)be located adjacent the first end 128. In other embodiments, the fluid outlet 120 can be located at the first end 128.

[0067] The energy source 124 is configured to output energy to the fluid in the first chamber 122 when the fluid is passing from the fluid inlet 118 to the fluid outlet 120 in the first chamber 122. The energy source 124 may have a size and dimensions that are suitable to radiate the inside of the first chamber 122. In some embodiments, the energy source 124 is a UV lamp and the energy output by the energy source 124 is UV radiation. In some embodiments, the energy source 124 is a mercury UV lamp. In some embodiments, the energy source 124 is a low- pressure UV lamp.

[0068] In addition, the energy source 124 can be suitable to radiate the fluid in the first chamber 122 with energy having emission peaks at a suitable wavelength range. In some embodiments, the energy source 124 can radiate the fluid in the first chamber 122 with energy having emission peaks at a wavelength range of 100 nm to 400 nm, or any range or subrange therebetween. In some embodiments, the energy source 124 can radiate the fluid in the first chamber 122 with energy having emission peaks at a wavelength range of 100 nm to 400 nm, 150 nm to 400 nm, 200 nm to 400 nm, 250 nm to 400 nm, 300 nm to 400 nm, 350 nm to 400 nm, 100 nm to 350 nm, 150 nm to 350 nm, 200 nm to 350 nm, 250 nm to 350 nm, 300 nm to 350 nm, 100 nm to 300 nm, 150 nm to 300 nm, 200 nm to 300 nm, 250 nm to 300 nm, 100 nm to 250 nm, 150 nm to 250 nm, 200 nm to 250 nm, 100 nm to 200 nm, 150 nm to 200 nm, 100 nm to 150 nm, other ranges, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the energy source 124 can radiate the fluid in the first chamber 122 with energy having emission peaks at a wavelength range of 150 nm to 300 nm, 150 nm to 250 nm, or 150 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments, the energy source 124 can radiate the fluid in the first chamber 122 with energy having emission peaks at a wavelength range 150 nm to 200 nm, 160 nm to 200 nm, 170 nm to 200 nm, 180 nm to 200 nm, or 180 nm to 190 nm. In some embodiments, the energy source 124 can radiate the fluid in the first chamber 122 with energy having emission peaks at a wavelength of about 185 nm.Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)

[0069] In some embodiments, the energy source 124 may output energy at a first emission peak. In some embodiments, the first emission peak is 186 nm. In other embodiments, the first emission peak is 186 nm ± 10 nm. In some embodiments, the energy source 124 may output energy at a second emission peak. In some embodiments, the second emission peak is 254 nm. In other embodiments, the second emission peak is 254 nm ± 10 nm.

[0070] In some embodiments, the energy source 124 is configured to output an infrared radiation. In some embodiments, the energy source 124 is an infrared lamp.

[0071] The second chamber 126 is fluidly separated from the first chamber 122. The second chamber 126 is disposed within the first chamber 122. In addition, the energy source 124 is disposed within the second chamber 126. The second chamber 126 can be made of a material that is partially transparent to UV radiation. In some embodiments, the second chamber 126 can be made of a material that is transparent to UV radiation. In other embodiments, the second chamber 126 can be made of a material that allows for energy output by the energy source 124 to pass through the second chamber 126 and onto the fluid. In some embodiments, the second chamber 126 can be a housing 136 including the energy source 124 therein. In some embodiments, the second chamber 126 can be made of quartz. That is, the housing 136 can be a quartz housing configured to contain the energy source therein. In some embodiments, the housing 136 of the second chamber 126 can be a synthetic silica housing configured to contain the energy source therein.

[0072] The second chamber 126 can extend from one end of the flow cell 114 and towards the opposite end of the flow cell 114. The second chamber 126 can extend along a central axis of the flow cell 114, the central axis extending in a longitudinal direction through the housing 116 of the flow cell 114. In some embodiments, the second chamber 126 can extend along an axis that is parallel with the central axis of the flow cell 114. For example, the second chamber 126 can be offset in the first chamber 122 so that the second chamber 126 is closer to one of the first side 132 or the second side 134 relative the opposite side.Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)

[0073] In some embodiments, the second chamber 126 extends from one of the first end 128 and second end 130 and towards the other of the first end 128 and the second end 130. In some embodiments, the second chamber 126 extends from the first end 128 towards the second end 130. In other embodiments, the second chamber 126 extends from the second end 130 towards the first end 128. In some embodiments, the second chamber 126 extends from the first end 128 to the second end 130, and the energy source 124 is located therein. In some embodiments, the energy source 124 can also extend from the first end 128 to the second end 130.

[0074] The housing 116 can define a first bore 152 at the first end 128 and a second bore 154 at the second end 130. Each of the first bore 152 and the second bore 154 can extend into the interior space defined by the first chamber 122 and place the interior region in fluid communication with the exterior of the flow cell 114. At least one of the first bore 152 and the second bore 154 can allow for access to the interior of the second chamber 126 and to the energy source 124 therein. For example, the energy source 124 can be replaced by accessing the energy source 124 through one of the first bore 152 and the second bore 154.

[0075] The second chamber 126 can extend through the first chamber 122 and can be colinear with the first bore 152 and second bore 154. In some embodiments, the second chamber 126 can also extend, at least partially, through at least one of the first bore 152 and the second bore 154. The second chamber 126 extends through the first chamber 122 and partially into the respective channels formed by the first bore 152 and the second bore 154.

[0076] The flow cell 114 can further include one or more caps 156. Each of the caps 156 can be located on a corresponding one of the first bore 152 and second bore 154. The caps 156 may be used to cover the openings formed by the first bore 152 and the second bore 154. In some embodiments, the flow cell 114 can include a first cap 156a located on the first bore 152, a second cap 156b located on the second bore 154, or both the first bore 152 and the second bore 154.

[0077] The one or more caps 156 may also engage the housing 116 to form a seal so as to prevent fluid from inside the flow cell 114 escaping the flow cell 114 through oneAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)of the first bore 152 or second bore 154. In some embodiments, the one or more caps 156 can include threads configured to engage corresponding threads formed on an exterior 402 of the housing 116 surface. In other embodiments, the one or more caps 156 can form a seal with the housing 116 using one or more sealing members including, but not limited to, epoxies, resins, gaskets, O-rings, adhesives, tapes, threads, clips, solder, wraps, pressure fittings, mechanical fittings, other sealing members, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more caps 156 can be made of a polymer material configured to engage the housing 116 at the respective first bore 152 or second bore 154 and retain itself at the respective first bore 152 or second bore 154 using friction forces. In some embodiments, these friction forces can also serve to seal the respective first bore 152 or second bore 154 to prevent or reduce a likelihood of the fluid from leaking from the flow cell 114 at the first bore 152 or the second bore 154.

[0078] The flow ceil 114 can include one or more seals 138 located between the inner surface of the housing 116, or the inner surface of the first chamber 122, and the outer surface of the second chamber 126. The one or more seals 138 can be utilized to maintain fluid isolation between the first chamber 122 and the second chamber 126, according to some embodiments. The one or more seals 138 can also be utilized to reduce a likelihood of the fluid from leaking out from the flow cell 114 through the corresponding first bore 152 or second bore 154. The flow cell 114 can include a first seal 138a located between an inner surface of the first chamber 122 and an outer surface of the second chamber 126 adjacent the first end 128. In some embodiments, the first seal 138a can be located between the inner surface of the channel of the first bore 152 and the outer surface of the second chamber 126. The flow cell 114 can also include a second seal 138b located between the inner surface of the first chamber 122 and an outer surface of the second chamber 126 adjacent the second end 130 and opposite the first end 128. In some embodiments, the second seal 138b can be located between the inner surface of the channel of the second bore 154 and the outer surface of the second chamber 126.Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)

[0079] In some embodiments, at least one of the housing 116, the inner surface of the first chamber 122, and the outer surface of the second chamber 126 can include one or more grooves 144 for receiving the respective seal of the one or more seals 138. In some embodiments, the flow cell 114 can include a first groove 144a located adjacent the first end 128 and a second groove 144b located adjacent the second end 130 to seal and fluidly isolate the first chamber 122 and the second chamber 126 to prevent intrusion of fluid from the first chamber 122 to the second chamber 126 and to prevent coming into contact with the energy source 124 or any electrical components of the flow cell 114.

[0080] The flow cell 114, and the components therein, can have one of a plurality of different configurations, as will be further described herein. That is, the arrangement of the fluid inlet 118, fluid outlet 120, first chamber 122, energy source 124, and second chamber 126 in the flow cell 114 can have one or more different configurations. The configuration of the flow cell 11, and the components located therein, can depend on, for example, the system into which the TOC measurement system 112 including the flow cell 114 is being installed. In another example, the configuration can depend on characteristics of the flow cell 114 such as, for example, flow rate, available space, oxidation performance, sampling volume, other characteristics, or any combinations thereof. The flow cell 114 configurations can include, but are not limited to, an S-configuration, a U-configuration, or an L- configuration, as will be further described herein. It can also be appreciated that the flow cell 114 can have these and other configurations suitable for the fluid to flow from the fluid inlet 118 into the first chamber 122 and out of the first chamber 122 through the fluid outlet 120 and for the energy source 124 to output the UV radiation energy to the fluid to oxidize the organic compounds in the fluid.

[0081] In a non-limiting example, the first chamber 122 of the flow cell 114 includes an S- configuration in which a fluid is configured to flow into the fluid inlet 118 adjacent to the first end 128 on a first side 132 of the housing 116 and configured to flow out from the fluid outlet 120 adjacent to a second end 130 on a second side 134 of the housing 116, the first end 128 being opposite the second end 130 and the first side 132 being opposite the second side 134.Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)

[0082] In some embodiments, one or more surfaces 158 of the first chamber 122 that are in contact with the fluid can be provided with a coating. In some embodiments, the coating can be a catalyzer that is configured to accelerate the oxidation process. In some embodiments, the coating can be a reflective coating configured to prevent dispersion or absorption of the UV energy from the energy source 124, which can increase an efficiency of the radiation. In some embodiments, the one or more surfaces 158 can be coated with or modified to include a micropattern or corrugated feature that can modify a flow of the fluid to increase exposure to the UV energy and thus to increase the oxidation efficiency.

[0083] FIG. 3A is a sectional side view of a non-limiting example of the flow cell 114, according to some embodiments.

[0084] The first chamber 122 of the flow cell 114 includes a U-configuration in which the fluid is configured to flow into the fluid inlet 118 adjacent to a first end 128 on a first side 132 of the housing 116 and configured to flow out from the fluid outlet 120 adjacent to a second end 130 on the first side 132 of the housing 116, the first end 128 being opposite the second end 130.

[0085] FIG. 3B is a perspective view of the non-limiting example of the flow cell 114 shown in FIG. 3A, according to some embodiments. The first chamber 122 of the flow cell 114 includes a U-configuration in which a fluid is configured to flow into the fluid inlet 118 adjacent to a first end 128 on a first side 132 of the housing 116 and configured to flow out from the fluid outlet 120 adjacent to a second end 130 on a first side 132 of the housing 116, the first end 128 being opposite the second end 130. In some embodiments, the fluid is configured to flow out of the fluid inlet 118 adjacent to a first end 128 on a first side 132 of the housing 116 and configured to flow into the fluid outlet 120 adjacent to a second end 130 on a first side 132 of the housing 116, the first end 128 being opposite the second end 130. In some embodiments, the fluid outlet 120 is located at the second end 130 and distally extends outward. In some embodiments, the fluid flowing from the fluid outlet 120 flows in a direction parallel to the flow into the fluid inlet 118. The U-shaped configuration can be designed to enhance system compactness, thereby offering increased positional flexibility within diverse integration environments. ForAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)example, the U-shaped configuration can be advantageous in space-constrained applications or modular system architectures.

[0086] In some embodiments, the first chamber 122 can be relatively thin compared to the energy source 124. The first chamber 122 being relatively thin, compared to the energy source 124, can permit the radiation to travel through the fluid disposed within the first chamber 122. For example, having a thin first chamber 122 can maximize the oxidation process of the fluid by the energy source 124. In some embodiments, the first chamber 122 can be about 3 mm thick. For example, the first chamber 122 can accommodate about 3 mm of water around the energy source 124. In some embodiments,

[0087] In some embodiments, the one or more caps 156 can be disposed on either the second end 130 or the first end 128. In some embodiments, the one or more caps 156 includes the first cap 156a, the second cap 156b, or both the first cap 156a and the second cap 156b.

[0088] FIG. 4A is a sectional side view of a non-limiting example of the flow cell 114, according to some embodiments.

[0089] The first chamber 122 of the flow cell 114 includes an L-configuration in which a fluid is configured to flow into the fluid inlet 118 adjacent to a first end 128 on a first side 132 of the housing 116 and configured to flow out from the fluid outlet 120 adjacent to a second end 130 of the housing 116, the first end 128 being opposite the second end 130. In some embodiments, the fluid outlet 120 is located at the second end 130 and distally extends outward. In some embodiments, the fluid flowing from the fluid outlet 120 flows in a direction perpendicular to the flow into the fluid inlet 118.

[0090] In some embodiments, the second chamber 126 can extend through the housing 116 from one of the first end 128 and the second end 130 towards the other of the first end 128 and second end 130. In some embodiments, one of the first end 128 and the second end 130 can have a corresponding bore for installing the second chamber 126 and the energy source 124 into the flow cell 114, and the other of the first end 128 and second end 130 can have one of the fluid inlet 118 or the fluid outlet 120 located thereon. In this regard, in some embodiments, the flow cell 114Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)can include only one bore extending through the housing 116 for the second chamber 126 and energy source 124 and a corresponding cap 156.

[0091] The housing 116 of the flow cell 114 includes a first bore 152 extending into the first chamber 122 at the first end 128. The second chamber 126 is partially located in the inner channel of the first bore 152 and the second chamber 126 extends towards the second end 130 partially into the first chamber 122. The energy source 124 is located in the second chamber 126. The flow cell 114 includes at least one support member 162. The at least one support member 162 extends from a respective side of the first chamber 122 interior surface to the second chamber 126, and mechanically supports the second chamber 126. In some embodiments, the at least one support member 162 can include a first support member 162a and a second support member 162b located at opposite sides of the energy source 124 and second chamber 126.

[0092] In some embodiments, the at least one support member 162 can be fixedly coupled to the housing 116. That is, in some embodiments, the housing 116 can include the at least one support member 162. In some embodiments, the at least one support member 162 can be integrally formed with the housing 116. In other embodiments, the at least one support member 162 can be fixedly coupled to the second chamber 126 and can engage the interior surface of the first chamber 122 to mechanically support the second chamber 126. In yet other embodiments, the at least one support member 162 can be a separate component that can be installed onto an end of the second chamber 126 in the first chamber 122 so as to provide mechanical support to the second chamber 126 in the first chamber 122.

[0093] FIGS. 4B-4C are various views of the flow cell 114 embodiment described in FIG.4A.

[0094] Turning to FIG. 4B, an exterior 402 of the housing 116 of the flow cell 114 can be shown, according to some embodiments. As described above, the flow cell 114 can have, in some embodiments, the L-configuration, in which a fluid is configured to flow into the fluid inlet 118 adjacent to a first end 128 of the housing 116 and configured to flow out from the fluid outlet 120 adjacent to a second end 130 of the housing 116, the first end 128 being opposite the second end 130. In someAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)embodiments, the fluid outlet 120 is located at the second end 130 and distally extends outward. In some embodiments, the fluid flowing from the fluid outlet 120 flows in a direction perpendicular to the flow into the fluid inlet 118. In some embodiments, the L-shaped configuration increases fluid dynamic performance and exposure efficiency, thereby improving flow distribution and reducing pressure losses. In some embodiments, this can make the L-shaped configuration suitable for applications where fluid handling and increased thermal exchange are desired.

[0095] In some embodiments, the second end 130 can include a cone shaped end 404.In some embodiments, the cone shaped end 404 can be designed to promote efficient flow discharge from the fluid outlet 120. For example, in some embodiments, the cone shaped end 404 can prevent the formation of stagnation zones. In some embodiments, the cone shaped end 404 can reduce the formation of turbulent regions within the flow cell 114, thereby ensuring a smooth transition of the fluid. The cone shaped end 404 can, in some embodiments, enhance the fluid flow throughout the flow cell 114, thereby creating a more uniform and directed flow path through the flow cell 114, enhancing the performance of the flow cell 114.

[0096] In some embodiments, the first chamber 122 can extend through the housing 116 between the first end 128 and the second end 130. For example, the first chamber 122 can, in some embodiments, extend between the fluid inlet 118 and the fluid outlet 120. In some embodiments, the first chamber 122 can extend beyond the fluid inlet 118 (as shown in FIG. 4A). In some embodiments, the flow cell 114 can include a corresponding cap 156a which can be configured to be installed on the first end 128.

[0097] In reference to FIG. 4C, a radial cross section of a non-limiting example of the flow cell 114, according to some embodiments, is shown. In some embodiments, the energy source 124 is located In the second chamber 126. In some embodiments, the energy source 124 can be located within the housing 136 of the second chamber 126 to maintain fluid separation between the first chamber 122 and the second chamber 126. In some embodiments, the energy source 124 is a 185 nm UV lamp. In some embodiments, flow cell 114 can accommodate about 25 ml ofAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)fluid volume to about 40 ml. In some embodiments, flow cell 114 can accommodate about 25 ml of fluid volume to about 35 ml. In some embodiments, flow cell 114 can accommodate about 20 ml of fluid volume to about 40 ml.

[0098] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first chamber 122 can be about 3 mm.In some embodiments, the thickness of the first chamber 122 can be about 2 mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the first chamber 122 can be from about 1.5 mm to about 4.5 mm. The thickness of the first chamber 122 enhances the oxidation efficiency due to the relatively thinner thickness, relative to the energy source 124, allowing the radiation from the energy source 124 to better permeate the fluid within the first chamber 122.

[0099] In some embodiments, the flow cell 114 can include the at least one support member 162. As discussed above, the at least one support member 162 extends from a respective side of the first chamber 122 interior surface to the second chamber 126, and mechanically supports the second chamber 126. In some embodiments, the at least one support member 162 can include a plurality of support members 406 which can extend from the housing 116, through the first chamber 122, towards the second chamber 126 to provide structural support for the second chamber 126 within the housing 116 of the flow cell 114. In some embodiments, the plurality of support members 406 can include at least three separate protrusions extending from the housing 116 towards the second chamber 126. In some embodiments, the plurality of support members 406 can extend the width of the first chamber 122 to the housing 136 of the second chamber 126. In some embodiments, the plurality of support members 406 can extend from an interior surface of the housing 116 to the housing 136 of the second chamber 126.

[0100] In some embodiments, the plurality of support members 406 can be fixedly coupled to the housing 116. That is, in some embodiments, the housing 116 can include the plurality of support members 406. In some embodiments, the plurality of support members 406 can be integrally formed with the housing 116. In some embodiments, the plurality of support members 406 can be fixedly coupled to the second chamber 126 and can engage the interior surface of the first chamber 122 to mechanically support the second chamber 126. In some embodiments, theAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)plurality of support members 406 can include at least one support member 162 integrally formed on the housing 116 and at least one support member 162 integrally formed on the housing 136 of the second chamber 126. For example, the plurality of support members 406 can be on both the housing 116 extending radially inward and the housing 136 extending radially outward such that the second chamber 126 is supported within the flow cell 114.

[0101] In some embodiments, the flow cell 114 can include at least one support member 408 disposed within the second end 130. In some embodiments, the at least one support member 408 can be disposed within the first end 128. The at least one support member 408 can be configured to guide an end of the first bore 152 as the first bore 152 is inserted into the flow cell 114. Additionally, the at least one support member 408 can be configured to stabilize an end of the first bore 152, the housing 136 of the second chamber 126, the second chamber 126, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the at least one support member 408 can be disposed on both sides of the housing 116. For example, the at least one support member 408 can include a second support member 408 disposed on the opposite side of the housing 136 (which is blocked from view in FIG. 4G by the plurality of support members 406).

[0102] FIG. 5 is a sectional side view of a non-limiting example of the flow cell 114, according to some embodiments.

[0103] The flow cell 114 can further include a coiled sleeve 164. The coiled sleeve 164 can be a hollow coiled sleeve having an inner channel extending therethrough. The coiled sleeve 164 can be located in the first chamber 122, the coiled sleeve 164 being in fluid connection with the fluid inlet 118 at one end and being in fluid connection with the fluid outlet 120 at the opposite end. The coiled sleeve 164 circumferentially extends through the first chamber 122 from the fluid inlet 118 to the fluid outlet 120.

[0104] The fluid can flow through the coiled sleeve 164 from the fluid inlet 118 to the fluid outlet 120. The coiled sleeve 164 can be configured so that the U V radiation energy output by the energy source 124 can oxidize the organic compounds in the fluid as the fluid flows through the coiled sleeve 164 channel. In this regard, in someAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)embodiments, the coiled sleeve 164 can be partially transparent to UV radiation and the UV radiation energy from the energy source 124 can be directed to the fluid in the coiled sleeve 164 through the coil.

[0105] The coiled sleeve 164 can be made of a material partially transparent to UV radiation allowing the UV radiation energy from the energy source 124 to reach the fluid and oxidize organic compounds in the fluid. In some embodiments, the coiled sleeve 164 can be made of a transparent material to UV radiation. In some embodiments, the coiled sleeve 164 can be made of quartz. In other embodiments, the coiled sleeve 164 can be made of synthetic silica. In some embodiments, the coiled sleeve 164 can be made of fused quartz. In other embodiments, the coiled sleeve 164 can be made of fused synthetic silica.

[0106] In some embodiments, instead of the flow cell 114 including the second chamber 126 and housing the energy source 124, the energy source 124 can be located in the first chamber 122, the energy source 124 extending in a longitudinal direction through the first chamber 122 from the first end 128 to the second end 130 and the coiled sleeve 164 can circumferentially extend around the energy source 124 in the first chamber 122. In some embodiments, the coiled sleeve 164 can accommodate about 35 mL of fluid. In some embodiments, the coiled sleeve 164 can accommodate up to 35 mL of fluid.

[0107] In some embodiments, an inner surface 166 of the first chamber 122 can include a reflective coating. For example, the reflective coating can be provided to avoid dispersion or absorption of the UV energy from the energy source 124. In some embodiments, the reflective coating can increase a radiative efficiency of the energy source 124 for oxidation.

[0108] FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of a system 200, according to some embodiments.

[0109] The system 200 can include one or more subsystems including the TOC measurement system 112. The system 200 can be, for example, a peritoneal dialysis system, WFI system, or a water purification system. In some embodiments, the system 200 can be a dialysis system including a water purification systemAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)configured to purify water for use in dialysis, and a total organic carbon sensing system corresponding to TOC measurement system 112.

[0110] The TOC measurement system 112 can further include a first conduit 180, an inlet sensor 182, a second conduit 184, and an outlet sensor 186. The first conduit 180 can be in fluid communication with the fluid inlet of the flow cell 114. The second conduit 184 can be in fluid communication with the fluid outlet of the flow cell 114. The inlet sensor 182 Is configured to sense a first property of water flowing through the first conduit to the flow cell 114. The outlet sensor 186 Is configured to sense a second property of the water as received from the flow cell 114 and disposed downstream of the flow cell 114, which flows through the second conduit 184.

[0111] The system 200 can further include a controller 190. In some embodiments, the controller 190 can be the controller 104 as shown in FIG. 1. In other embodiments, the TOC measurement system 112 can include the controller 190. The controller 190 is configured to enable the energy source 124 to oxidize organic compounds within the fluid in the flow cell 114. In some embodiments, the controller 190 can control the switching on-and-off of the energy source 124 to oxidize the organic compounds within the fluid in the flow cell 114.

[0112] The controller 190 is configured to receive the first property, receive the second property, and determine a TOC within the water using a difference between the first property as sensed and the second property as sensed by the respective inlet sensor 182 and outlet sensor 186. In some embodiments, the as sensed values can be adjusted or compensated using another property such as, but not limited to, a temperature of the fluid. In some embodiments, the inlet sensor 182 can be a first conductivity sensor and the outlet sensor 186 can be a second conductivity sensor, and the first property sensed by the inlet sensor 182 is a first conductivity and the second property sensed by the outlet sensor 186 is a second conductivity. In this regard, in some embodiments, the controller 190 can determine the TOC within the fluid based on the first conductivity and second conductivity.

[0113] According to some embodiments, the inlet sensor 182 can be configured to sense one or more first properties and the outlet sensor 186 can be configured to sense one or more second properties. In this regard, the controller 190 can be configuredAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)to receive the one or more first properties measured by the inlet sensor 182, receive the one or more second properties measured by the outlet sensor 186, and can determine the TOC within the fluid based on the one or more first properties and one or more second properties. In some embodiments, the as- sensed values can be adjusted or compensated using another property such as, but not limited to, a temperature of the fluid.

[0114] The inlet sensor 182 and the outlet sensor 186 can include, in some embodiments, one or more different types of sensors. The inlet sensor 182 can include a first conductivity sensor, a first pH sensor, a first temperature probe, or any combinations thereof. The outlet sensor 186 can include a second conductivity sensor, a second pH sensor, a second temperature probe, or any combinations thereof. The inlet sensor 182 and the outlet sensor 186 can have the same types of sensors as the other of the inlet sensor 182 and outlet sensor 186. For example, the inlet sensor 182 can include the first conductivity sensor and the first pH sensor, the outlet sensor 186 can include the second conductivity senor and the second pH sensor, and the controller 190 can determine the TOC based on the conductivity and pH levels sensed by the respective inlet sensor 182 and outlet sensor 186. In another example, the inlet sensor 182 can include the first conductivity sensor and the first temperature probe, the outlet sensor 186 can include the second conductivity senor and the second temperature probe, and the controller 190 can determine the TOC based on the conductivity and temperature levels sensed by the respective inlet sensor 182 and outlet sensor 186. In yet example, the inlet sensor 182 can include the first pH sensor and the first temperature probe, the outlet sensor 186 can include the second pH sensor and the second temperature probe, and the controller 190 can determine the TOC based on the pH and temperature levels sensed by the respective inlet sensor 182 and outlet sensor 186.

[0115] Carbon dioxide in the water from oxidation of the organic compounds within the water can be electrically conductive. That is, an electrical current can be directed along a current path of the water in the respective conduit. The conductivity of the water can therefore be sensed by conductivity sensors measuring the differencesAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)in the electrical current that is directed through the water, and the TOC can be determined using the conductivity measurements. The inlet sensor 182 can include a first conductivity sensor and the outlet sensor 186 can include a second conductivity sensor, and the one or more first properties sensed by the inlet sensor 182 includes a first conductivity of the water and the one or more second properties sensed by the outlet sensor 186 includes a second conductivity of the water. In this regard, the controller 190 can determine the TOC within the water based on the first conductivity and second conductivity. In some embodiments, the as- sensed values can be adjusted or compensated using another property such as, but not limited to, a temperature of the fluid.

[0116] The system 200 can perform continuous monitoring of the fluid (e.g., water) passing through the TOC measurement system 112. Although completion of the photo-oxidation process on the organic compounds within the fluid results in creating carbon dioxide, during the photo-oxidation process, intermediate products such as, for example, organic acids may be created. These intermediate products can affect the electrical conductivity of the water. To compensate for these intermediate products, the system 200 can sense the pH of the water. The inlet sensor 182 can include a first pH sensor and the outlet sensor 186 can include a second pH sensor, and the one or more first properties sensed by the inlet sensor 182 includes a first pH of the water and the second property sensed by the outlet sensor 186 includes a second pH of the water. In this regard, the controller 190 can determine the TOC within the water based on the first pH and second pH. In some embodiments, the as-sensed values can be adjusted or compensated using another property such as, but not limited to, a temperature of the fluid.

[0117] Temperature of the water can affect the electrical conductivity level of the water as sensed by the inlet sensor 182 and outlet sensor 186. The inlet sensor 182 can include a first temperature probe and the outlet sensor 186 can include a second temperature probe, and the one or more first properties sensed by the inlet sensor 182 includes a first temperature and the second property sensed by the outlet sensor 186 includes a second temperature, in this regard, the controller 190 can adjust or compensate the property or properties sensed to determine TOC withinAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)the water based on the first temperature and second temperature as sensed by the respective inlet sensor 182 and outlet sensor 186.

[0118] FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of the system 200, according to some embodiments.

[0119] The system 200 can be a system for purifying water for use in dialysis, the system 200 including a TOC measurement system 112 including first conduit 180, heater 181, inlet sensor 182 configured to sense a first property of the water flowing through the first conduit 180, flow cell 114, second conduit 184, and outlet sensor 186 configured to sense a second property of the water as received from the flow cell 114 and disposed downstream of the flow cell 114.

[0120] In some embodiments, the heater 181 may be optional. In some embodiments, the heater 181 can be used to heat the water prior to flowing into the flow cell 114. In some embodiments, heating the water can advantageously increase a radiative efficiency of the energy source 124.

[0121] The inlet sensor 182 can be configured to sense a first property corresponding to the conductivity of the water in the first conduit 180. In some embodiments, the inlet sensor 182 can sense the conductivity of the water while maintaining water isolation with the water in the first conduit 180. The outlet sensor 186 can be configured to sense a second property corresponding to the conductivity of the water in the second conduit 184. In some embodiments, the outlet sensor 186 can sense the conductivity of the water while maintaining water isolation with the water in the second conduit 184.

[0122] Temperature of the water can affect the electrical conductivity level of the water as sensed by the inlet sensor 182 and outlet sensor 186. In some embodiments, the system 200 can include a first temperature probe 192 and a second temperature probe 194. The first temperature probe 192 is located at the first conduit 180 to measure a temperature of the water in the first conduit 180 and the second temperature probe 194 is located at the second conduit 184 to measure the temperature of the water in the second conduit 184 leaving the flow cell 114. In some embodiments, the first temperature probe 192 can be located upstream of the inlet sensor 182. In other embodiments, the first temperature probe 192 canAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)be located downstream of the inlet sensor 182 between the inlet sensor 182 and the flow cell 114. In some embodiments, the second temperature probe 194 can be located downstream of the outlet sensor 186. In other embodiments, the second temperature probe 194 can be located upstream of the outlet sensor 186 between the outlet sensor 186 and the flow cell 114. The controller 190 can compensate for the temperature effects on electrical conductivity using the temperature measurements from the first temperature probe 192 and second temperature probe 194.

[0123] The system 200 can further include one or more pumps 196 and one or more valves (not shown). In some embodiments, the system 200 can include a pump 196 to pump the water from a water source 202, through the TOC measurement system 112, and to a water tank 204. In some embodiments, the system 200 can include a drain line as the oxidized water may be chemically altered and thus drained from the system 200. The pump 196 can be located on the first conduit 180. In some embodiments, the pump 196 can be located upstream of the inlet sensor 182. In other embodiments, the pump 196 can be located downstream of the inlet sensor 182, between the inlet sensor 182 and the flow cell 114. In other embodiments, the pump 196 can be located on the second conduit 184. In some embodiments, the pump 196 can be located downstream of the outlet sensor 186. In other embodiments, the pump 196 can be located upstream of the outlet sensor 186 between the outlet sensor 186 and the flow cell 114.

[0124] The controller 190 can control an operation of the one or more pumps 196 and one or more valves to regulate the flow of the water at a near constant flow rate through the TOC measurement system 112. In some embodiments, the controller 190 can control the operation of the one or more pumps 196 and one or more valves based on the selected mode of operation of the TOC measurement system 112. That is, the controller 190 can control the one or more pumps 196 and one or move valves to control the flow rate through the TOC measurement system 112 based on the TOC measurement system 112 being operated in a first mode for complete oxidation or a second mode for incomplete oxidation of the water.Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)

[0125] All prior patents and publications referenced herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0126] Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The phrases “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” and “in some embodiments” as used herein do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment(s), though it may. Furthermore, the phrases “in another embodiment” and “in some other embodiments” as used herein do not necessarily refer to a different embodiment, although it may. All embodiments of the disclosure are intended to be combinable without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure.

[0127] As used herein, the term “based on” is not exclusive and allows for being based on additional factors not described, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, throughout the specification, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references. The meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.”

[0128] As used herein, the term “between” does not necessarily require being disposed directly next to other elements. Generally, this term means a configuration where something is sandwiched by two or more other things. At the same time, the term “between” can describe something that is directly next to two opposing things. Accordingly, in any one or more of the embodiments disclosed herein, a particular structural component being disposed between two other structural elements can be:disposed directly between both of the two other structural elements such that the particular structural component is in direct contact with both of the two other structural elements;disposed directly next to only one of the two other structural elements such that the particular structural component is in direct contact with only one of the two other structural elements;disposed indirectly next to only one of the two other structural elements such that the particular structural component is not in direct contact with only one of the two other structural elements, and there is another elementAttorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)which juxtaposes the particular structural component and the one of the two other structural elements;disposed indirectly between both of the two other structural elements such that the particular structural component is not in direct contact with both of the two other structural elements, and other features can be disposed therebetween; orany combination(s) thereof.

Claims

Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A device comprising:a housing comprising:a fluid inlet configured to receive a fluid;a fluid outlet configured to output the fluid;a first chamber fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet; an energy source configured to output energy when a fluid is passing from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet; anda second chamber fluidly separated from the first chamber, wherein the second chamber is disposed within the first chamber;wherein the energy source is disposed within the second chamber.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the energy source is configured to output an ultraviolet radiation, wherein the energy source is an ultraviolet lamp.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein the energy source is configured to output an infrared radiation, wherein the energy source is an infrared lamp.

4. The device of claim 1, wherein the first chamber is configured to have a first end and a second end, wherein the fluid inlet is disposed adjacent the first end and the fluid outlet is disposed adjacent the second end.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein the first chamber comprises an S-configuration in which a fluid is configured to flow into the fluid inlet adjacent to a first end on a first side of the housing and configured to flow out from the fluid outlet adjacent to a second end on a second side of the housing, the first end being opposite the second end and the first side being opposite the second side.Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)6. The device of claim 1, wherein the first chamber comprises a U-configuration in which a fluid is configured to flow into the fluid inlet adjacent to a first end on a first side of the housing and configured to flow out from the fluid outlet adjacent to a second end on the first side of the housing, the first end being opposite the second end.

7. The device of claim 1, wherein the first chamber comprises an L-configuration in which a fluid is configured to flow into the fluid inlet adjacent to a first end on a first side of the housing and configured to flow out from the fluid outlet adjacent to a second end of the housing, the first end being opposite the second end, the fluid configured to flow out from the fluid outlet adjacent to the second end in a direction perpendicular to the flow into the fluid inlet.

8. The device of claim 1, wherein the second chamber includes a quartz housing configured to contain the energy source therein.

9. A system comprising:a first conduit;an inlet sensor configured to sense a first property of a fluid flowing through the first conduit;a device comprising:a housing comprising:a fluid inlet configured to receive a fluid;a fluid outlet configured to output the fluid;a first chamber fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet;an energy source configured to output energy when a fluid is passing from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet; anda second chamber fluidly separated from the first chamber, wherein the second chamber is disposed within the first chamber;Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)wherein the energy source is disposed within the second chamber;a second conduit fluidly connected to the fluid outlet; andan outlet sensor configured to sense a second property of the fluid as received from the device and disposed downstream of the device.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein the energy source is configured to output an ultraviolet radiation, wherein the energy source is an ultraviolet lamp.

11. The system of claim 9, wherein the energy source is configured to output an infrared radiation, wherein the energy source is an infrared lamp.

12. The system of claim 9, further comprising a controller, wherein the controller is configured to:receive the first property,wherein the first property is a first conductivity;receive the second property,wherein the second property is a second conductivity; and determine a total organic carbon within the fluid using a difference between the first property as sensed and the second property as sensed.

13. A dialysis system comprising:a water purification system configured to purify water for use in dialysis; and a total organic carbon sensing system comprising:a first conduit;an inlet sensor configured to sense a first property of the water flowing through the first conduit;a device comprising:a housing comprising:a fluid inlet configured to receive the water;a fluid outlet configured to output the water;Attorney Docket No. 218079.023901 (IDF00023 PCT)a first chamber fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet;an energy source configured to output energy when the water is passing from the fluid inlet to the fluid outlet; and a second chamber fluidly separated from the first chamber,wherein the second chamber is disposed within the first chamber;wherein the energy source is disposed within the second chamber;a second conduit fluidly connected to the fluid outlet; andan outlet sensor configured to sense a second property of the water as received from the device and disposed downstream of the device.

14. The dialysis system of claim 13, further comprising a controller, wherein the controller is configured to:receive the first property,wherein the first property is a first conductivity;receive the second property,wherein the second property is a second conductivity; and determine a total organic carbon within the water using a difference between the first property as sensed and the second property as sensed.

15. The dialysis system of claim 14, wherein the controller is configured to enable the energy source to oxidize organic compounds within the water.

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