Photovoltaic module having an electrically conductive rear-side barrier as a bypass between two junction boxes

Abstract

The invention relates to a photovoltaic module (100) having photovoltaic cells (10), wherein the photovoltaic cells (10) are connected in series with one another, having a rear-side barrier (20) which is arranged on the rear side of the photovoltaic module (100) and has an electrically conductive layer (23), having a first busbar (32) and a second busbar (34), wherein the first busbar (32) is electrically conductively contacted with a first single-pole junction box (42) and the second busbar (34) is electrically conductively contacted with a second single-pole junction box (44) via a bypass diode (46), and wherein the electrically conductive layer (23) forms an electrically conductive bypass between the first single-pole junction box (42) and the second single-pole junction box (44).

Description

[0001] Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0002] 17.12.2025 1 / 27

[0003] Photovoltaic module with an electrically conductive back barrier as a bypass between two junction boxes

[0004] The invention relates to a photovoltaic module with photovoltaic cells connected in series, with a rear barrier arranged on the back of the photovoltaic module having an electrically conductive layer as a bypass between single-pole junction boxes with a bypass diode.

[0005] Photovoltaic modules, for example those integrated into a building structure or attached to a building, are sometimes shaded. When photovoltaic modules are connected in series, they are not always shaded to the same degree; some remain partially exposed to sunlight. Shaded or partially shaded photovoltaic modules connected in series with other photovoltaic modules generate a voltage opposite to that of unshaded photovoltaic modules, thus blocking or restricting the current flow from other photovoltaic modules through them.

[0006] A problem with series-connected photovoltaic modules when one of them is at least partially shaded is that the partially shaded module acts as a reverse-biased diode with respect to the unshaded or less shaded modules connected in series with it. The partially shaded module prevents the conduction of photogenerated current, negatively impacting the efficiency and power output of the series-connected modules. Furthermore, there is a risk of concentrated current flow in the shaded modules, which can lead to local overheating and ultimately irreversible degradation of the module's layered structure. Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0007] 17.12.2025 2 / 27

[0008] Known methods for circumventing the problem of partial shading of photovoltaic modules employ bypass diodes to ensure the continued current flow of series-connected photovoltaic modules and to prevent damage to the partially shaded modules. A bypass diode is connected in parallel to each photovoltaic module. If a photovoltaic module is at least partially shaded or partially defective, it generates no or a reduced voltage, and the current generated by upstream photovoltaic modules cannot pass through, damaging subsequent modules or their individual cells.In such a case, the bypass diode directs the generated current from upstream photovoltaic modules to downstream photovoltaic modules through the bypass diode, thereby preventing damage to a shaded photovoltaic module and / or a reduction in the efficiency of the unshaded photovoltaic module.

[0009] Split junction boxes, also known as split JBoxes, with bypass diodes are known from the prior art. A set of such split junction boxes can consist of three individual junction boxes, each with one diode. Each diode protects one string within a photovoltaic module, for example, a silicon photovoltaic module.

[0010] The outermost junction boxes are used to connect the photovoltaic module via connecting cables. Tinned copper strips are used for cross-connection between the divided junction boxes. Each string in the photovoltaic module is separately protected by a junction box with a diode.

[0011] Solar cells, especially organic solar cells or perovskite cells, exhibit a significantly reduced lifespan when exposed to moisture and / or atmospheric oxygen and therefore require adequate protection against these elements. Solar cells are used in the Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0012] 17.12.2025 3 / 27

[0013] Protection from external influences is achieved by applying a protective layer or encapsulating the cells. Solar cells often have a metal barrier on their back side to protect against moisture and / or atmospheric oxygen; this is known as a backside barrier.

[0014] US 2014 / 0261610 discloses a photovoltaic module with a back surface consisting of a multilayer structure. A conductive layer serves as a barrier against moisture and as a replacement for busbars to carry electrical current out of the photovoltaic module.

[0015] However, a disadvantage of the current state of the art is that junction boxes with a bypass diode require an additional cross-connection between the junction boxes within the module.

[0016] The invention is therefore based on the objective of providing a photovoltaic module with better efficiency and a better lifespan in the event of at least partial shading, without the aforementioned disadvantages occurring, and in particular without requiring any additional components for cross-connecting junction boxes in a photovoltaic module, so that in the event of at least partial shading the photovoltaic module is not damaged or no power loss occurs in further photovoltaic modules connected in series with it.

[0017] The problem is solved by the subject matter of the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments result from the dependent claims.

[0018] The problem is solved in particular by providing a photovoltaic module with a number n photovoltaic cells from a first photovoltaic cell to an nth photovoltaic cell, wherein the n photovoltaic cells are connected in series, with a rear barrier arranged on the back of the photovoltaic module, which Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0019] 17.12.2025 4 / 27

[0020] a rear barrier is formed over the entire back side of the photovoltaic cells, wherein the rear barrier has an electrically insulating outer layer on the side facing away from the photovoltaic cells, an electrically insulating inner layer on the side facing the photovoltaic cells, and at least one electrically conductive layer between the electrically insulating outer layer and the electrically insulating inner layer, with a first busbar and a second busbar, wherein the first busbar is electrically conductively contacted with the first photovoltaic cell and the second busbar is electrically conductively contacted with the nth photovoltaic cell, with a first single-pole junction box and a second single-pole junction box, wherein at least one of the single-pole junction boxes has a bypass diode,wherein the first busbar is electrically conductively contacted with the first single-pole junction box and the second busbar is electrically conductively contacted with the second single-pole junction box, wherein the first single-pole junction box and the second single-pole junction box are electrically connected to the bypass diode via the at least one electrically conductive layer, and the at least one electrically conductive layer forms an electrically conductive bypass between the first single-pole junction box and the second single-pole junction box. The back barrier is arranged, in particular, on a side of the photovoltaic module facing away from the sun as intended. The back barrier is electrically insulated from the outside, in particular the at least one electrically conductive layer surrounding it is electrically insulated.

[0021] The invention relates in particular to the protection of a photovoltaic module that is at least partially shaded by photovoltaic modules connected in series. This allows an electric current to flow through the photovoltaic module even when shaded.

[0022] According to the invention, in particular a potential of an electrode is applied to the electrically conductive layer of the Heliatek GmbH P121W0 by means of a short circuit.

[0023] 17.12.2025 5 / 27

[0024] A back barrier is installed. The bypass diode in at least one of the single-pole junction boxes separates the electrically conductive layer of the back barrier and, in the event of shading or module failure, can bypass the module, thus conducting the electrical current through the back barrier. The electrically conductive layer of the back barrier forms, in particular, an electrically conductive connection between the first single-pole junction box and the second single-pole junction box. This allows current to flow between the first single-pole junction box and the second single-pole junction box in the forward direction of the diode via the intervening bypass diode, especially in the case of shading. In the reverse direction, current flows through the photovoltaic cells when exposed to light, for example, during irradiation. Current flow through the electrically conductive layer is only permitted in the forward direction of the bypass diode.

[0025] Shading refers specifically to at least a partial reduction in the amount of light reaching a photovoltaic module, particularly when an object that is at least substantially opaque casts its shadow on the photovoltaic module or part of it. This reduction in light can result from a shadow, soiling, or damage to the photovoltaic module. In a shaded or at least partially shaded photovoltaic module, the potential difference under light conditions is particularly pronounced compared to an unshaded module, since no or a reduced current flow is generated within such a module itself. This can damage a partially shaded photovoltaic module connected in series with other unshaded modules.

[0026] A photovoltaic cell has in particular a layer system comprising an electrode, a counter electrode and a photoactive Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0027] 17.12.2025 6 / 27

[0028] The photovoltaic cells are arranged in a series such that the counter electrode of one photovoltaic cell is electrically conductively connected to the electrode of a directly following photovoltaic cell.

[0029] In a preferred embodiment, the photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic module are configured as CIS, GIGS, GaAs, Si, perovskite, or organic cells. An organic photovoltaic module is understood to be, in particular, a photovoltaic module with at least one organic photovoltaic cell.

[0030] In a preferred embodiment, the layer system is arranged on a substrate, preferably the substrate is on the side of the layer system that is intended to face the sun.

[0031] In a preferred embodiment, the backside barrier with the at least one electrically conductive layer and / or the at least one electrically conductive layer of the backside barrier forms a barrier against moisture and / or

[0032] Air contains oxygen.

[0033] In a preferred embodiment, the back barrier, in particular the electrically insulating inner layer and the electrically insulating outer layer of the back barrier, extends beyond the extent, in particular the horizontal extent, of the photovoltaic cells, i.e., it projects beyond the photovoltaic cells; in particular, the back barrier forms a projecting edge, in particular an edge region, in a horizontal extent all around the photovoltaic cells.

[0034] A horizontal extension refers in particular to an extension in a plane or parallel to a plane, especially a layer, of the photovoltaic cells. Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0035] 17.12.2025 7 / 27

[0036] understood .

[0037] In a preferred embodiment, the horizontal extent of the back barrier is larger than the horizontal extent of the photovoltaic cells.

[0038] In a preferred embodiment, the horizontal extent of the electrically insulating inner layer and the electrically insulating outer layer is greater than the horizontal extent of the at least one electrically conductive layer.

[0039] In a preferred embodiment, the at least one electrically conductive layer of the back barrier, in particular the back barrier itself, is electrically insulated. The back barrier is electrically contacted, in particular, through an electrically insulating layer.

[0040] In a preferred embodiment, the edge, in particular the edge region, of the back barrier, especially of the electrically insulating inner layer and the electrically insulating outer layer of the back barrier, is electrically insulated. Preferably, the electrically insulating outer layer and the electrically insulating inner layer are laminated together in the edge region, preferably in the edge region projecting beyond the electrically conductive layer, or the back barrier has an electrically insulating seal at its edge, in particular at its edges.

[0041] In a preferred embodiment, the at least one electrically conductive layer of the backside barrier has a layer thickness of 5 pm to 200 pm, preferably from 10 pm to 200 pm, preferably from 5 pm to 100 pm, preferably from 10 pm to 100 pm, preferably from 5 pm to 50 pm, or preferably from 10 pm to 50 pm. This is located under a front surface of a photovoltaic module, or correspondingly also under a front layer or a front surface.

[0042] 17.12.2025 8 / 27

[0043] The term "protective layer" refers to the side of a photovoltaic module that is intended to face sunlight. Conversely, the term "back side" of a photovoltaic module, also referred to as a "back layer" or "back protective layer," refers to the side of the photovoltaic module that is intended to face away from sunlight.

[0044] In a preferred embodiment, the first busbar is assigned to a first potential at the electrode and the second busbar to a second potential at the counter electrode of the photovoltaic cells connected in series.

[0045] In a preferred embodiment, the first busbar is arranged between the electrode and the back barrier, and the second busbar is arranged between the counter electrode and the back barrier. In particular, an electrically insulating layer is arranged between the electrode and the first busbar and between the counter electrode and the second busbar, wherein the electrode is electrically conductively contacted with the first busbar and the counter electrode with the second busbar through the electrically insulating layer.

[0046] A busbar, also known as a busbar, is understood to be, in particular, an element that serves as a central distributor of electrical energy to incoming and outgoing lines, preferably with at least one electrode and / or at least one counter electrode. The busbar is, in particular, planar, designed as a ribbon, strip, plate, or metal sheet.

[0047] In a preferred embodiment, the first busbar and / or the second busbar is arranged on a side of the photovoltaic module facing away from the sun. In a preferred embodiment, the photovoltaic cells are electrically conductive from the side facing away from the sun to the first busbar and the second busbar. Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0048] 17.12.2025 9 / 27

[0049] contacted .

[0050] A junction box is understood to be, in particular, an element for connecting a photovoltaic module to an external electrical circuit or to another photovoltaic module connected in series with it. The junction box serves, in particular, for the electrically conductive connection of an electrode and / or a counter electrode of the photovoltaic cells, or of a first busbar and / or a second busbar, to an electrical circuit. In a preferred embodiment, the junction box is arranged on the side of the photovoltaic module facing the sun. In an alternatively preferred embodiment, the junction box is arranged on the side of the photovoltaic module facing away from the sun.

[0051] A single-pole junction box is understood to be, in particular, a junction box for electrically conductive contact with a potential, especially to another photovoltaic module or with a cable to an external circuit, a so-called Split JBox or Split Junction Box.

[0052] To electrically connect to another potential, a further single-pole junction box is used. In particular, single-pole junction boxes collect current from separate sources.

[0053] Collector rails.

[0054] A bypass diode is understood to be a diode used in a photovoltaic module, particularly a solar cell, to regulate, or specifically bypass, the current flow within or between the photovoltaic module. The bypass diode serves to divert the current around the photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic module or between the modules themselves.

[0055] In a preferred embodiment, the first single-pole terminal box has a bypass diode. Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0056] 17.12.2025 10 / 27

[0057] The photovoltaic module according to the invention, with its rear barrier designed as an electrically conductive bypass between two single-pole junction boxes, offers advantages compared to the prior art. Advantageously, a photovoltaic module connected in series with other photovoltaic modules is not damaged by at least partial shading and / or a defect. If one of several series-connected photovoltaic modules is shaded, the current is routed through the bypass diode via the electrically conductive layer of the rear barrier of the shaded photovoltaic module without damaging the shaded photovoltaic module, and in particular, its photovoltaic cells.

[0058] Advantageously, a barrier layer is used simultaneously as a bypass between two single-pole junction boxes with a bypass diode, whereby the barrier function and the electrical conductivity of the electrically conductive layer of the back barrier enable two functions with one component.

[0059] This eliminates the need for an additional cross-connection between the single-pole junction boxes. Advantageously, no further component is required for cross-connecting the single-pole junction boxes within a photovoltaic module.

[0060] Advantageously, regardless of the number of photovoltaic cells connected in series, only two single-pole junction boxes are required to protect a photovoltaic module.

[0061] According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that the first busbar with the first photovoltaic cell and the second busbar with the nth photovoltaic cell are each electrically contacted through the electrically insulating inner layer with the at least one electrically conductive layer.

[0062] According to a further development of the invention, the bypass diode is connected antiparallel to the photovoltaic cells, and / or in the normal operation of the photovoltaic system. Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0063] 17.12.2025 11 / 27

[0064] In the case of shading of the photovoltaic module, the bypass diode is switched in reverse bias with respect to a voltage generated by the photovoltaic module, so that the current flows through the photovoltaic cells, and in the case of shading of the photovoltaic module, the bypass diode is switched in forward bias with respect to an externally applied voltage, so that the current flows through the at least one electrically conductive layer between the first single-pole junction box and the second single-pole junction box.

[0065] According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that one of the busbars is short-circuited with the at least one conductive layer and the other of the busbars is connected to the at least one electrically conductive layer via the bypass diode in between.

[0066] According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that the first busbar and / or the second busbar are arranged on the front of the photovoltaic cells, or on the back of the photovoltaic cells between the photovoltaic cells and the back barrier.

[0067] In a preferred embodiment, the layer thickness of the backside barrier is 10 pm to 1000 pm, preferably 20 pm to 500 pm, or preferably 50 pm to 500 pm.

[0068] In a preferred embodiment, the electrically insulating outer layer of the backside barrier has a layer thickness of 10 pm to 300 pm, preferably from 20 pm to 300 pm, preferably from 10 pm to 200 pm, preferably from 20 pm to 200 pm, preferably from 50 pm to 300 pm, preferably from 50 pm to 200 pm, or preferably from 20 pm to 100 pm.

[0069] In a preferred embodiment, the electrically insulating inner layer of the backside barrier has a layer thickness of 10 pm to 300 pm, preferably from 20 pm to 300 pm, preferably from 10 pm to 200 pm, preferably from 20 pm to 200 pm, preferably from 50 pm to 300 pm, preferably from 50 pm to 200. Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0070] 17.12.2025 12 / 27

[0071] pm, or preferably from 8 pm to 10 pm.

[0072] In a preferred embodiment, an electrically insulating outer layer or inner layer of the backside barrier made of glass has a layer thickness of 1 mm to 5 mm, preferably 2 mm to 5 mm, or preferably 2 mm to 3 mm.

[0073] In a preferred embodiment, the backside barrier is formed as a laminate of the electrically insulating inner layer, the electrically insulating outer layer, with at least one electrically conductive layer arranged between them.

[0074] In a preferred embodiment, the back barrier is applied to the first busbar and the second busbar by means of an adhesive layer.

[0075] In a preferred embodiment, the layers of the back barrier are glued together, in particular laminated, by means of an adhesive material, i.e. a material containing an adhesive.

[0076] In a preferred embodiment, the back barrier is applied to the photovoltaic cells, in particular the layer system with the electrode and the counter electrode, or the layer system, the first busbar and the second busbar, by means of an insulating adhesive or an adhesive layer.

[0077] According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that the electrically insulating outer layer and / or the electrically insulating inner layer are made of a polymer or glass, preferably of a polymer film.

[0078] In a preferred embodiment, the electrically insulating inner layer and / or the electrically insulating outer layer of the backside barrier comprises a material selected from the group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyacrylate. Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0079] 17.12.2025 13 / 27

[0080] (PA), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). In a preferred embodiment, the electrically insulating inner layer and / or the electrically insulating outer layer of the back barrier is formed from a film.

[0081] According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that the at least one electrically conductive layer of the back barrier is formed from a metal or an alloy thereof, preferably from aluminium, copper, silver or tin or an alloy thereof, and / or the first busbar and the second busbar are formed from a metal or an alloy thereof, preferably from aluminium, copper, silver or tin or an alloy thereof.

[0082] In a preferred embodiment, the photovoltaic cells, in particular the electrode, the counter electrode, and the photoactive layer, are structured, in particular laser-structured, such that the electrode and the counter electrode can each be electrically contacted from one side of the photovoltaic module, in particular with the first busbar and the second busbar. This makes it possible, in particular, to electrically connect different potentials on one plane of the photovoltaic module, in particular a plane parallel to the extent of the photovoltaic cells.

[0083] According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that the photovoltaic cells each have an electrode and a counter electrode, and that the first busbar is electrically conductively contacted with the electrode of the first photovoltaic cell and the second busbar with the counter electrode of the nth photovoltaic cell, wherein the photovoltaic cells are preferably structured, in particular Heliatek GmbH P121WO 17. 12.2025 14 / 27

[0084] are laser-structured so that the electrode and the counter electrode can each be electrically contacted from one side of the photovoltaic module.

[0085] In a preferred embodiment, the photovoltaic module has a front protective layer on the front side and / or a rear protective layer on the back side. In a preferred embodiment, the front protective layer and the rear protective layer are formed as an encapsulation of the photovoltaic module.

[0086] A protective layer is understood to be, in particular, a layer against external influences, especially atmospheric oxygen and / or moisture, and / or a layer to increase mechanical resistance, especially scratch resistance, and / or a filter layer, preferably a layer with a UV filter. This provides particularly good protection for the photovoltaic module with its back barrier against external influences. In a preferred embodiment, the front protective layer and / or the rear protective layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of polyacrylate (PA), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).

[0087] In a preferred embodiment, the front protective layer and / or the rear protective layer has a layer thickness of 100 pm to 1000 pm, preferably from 200 pm to 1000 pm, or preferably from 100 pm to 500 pm.

[0088] According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that the back barrier is an element of an encapsulation of the photovoltaic module, and / or the photovoltaic module with the back barrier has an encapsulation.

[0089] According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0090] 17.12.2025 15 / 27

[0091] The photovoltaic cells are organic photovoltaic cells or perovskite cells, and / or the photovoltaic module is flexible. A flexible photovoltaic module is specifically understood to be a photovoltaic module that is bendable and / or stretchable within a certain range.

[0092] The object of the present invention is also achieved by providing a photovoltaic system with at least two photovoltaic modules according to the invention, particularly according to one of the previously described embodiments, wherein the at least two photovoltaic modules are connected in series. This results in the photovoltaic system having the advantages already described in connection with the photovoltaic module.

[0093] The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawings. These show:

[0094] Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a photovoltaic module with a photovoltaic cell and a back barrier in a side view;

[0095] Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a photovoltaic module with a rear barrier and single-pole junction boxes on the front in a top view and a side view;

[0096] Fig. 3 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a photovoltaic module with a rear barrier and single-pole junction boxes on the rear in a top and a side view; and

[0097] Fig. 4 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a photovoltaic module with a rear barrier as a bypass in normal operation and under shading in a top view.

[0098] The figures do not represent the actual size ratios of the individual elements. Identical and functionally equivalent elements are each marked with the same reference symbols, so that Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0099] 17.12.2025 16 / 27

[0100] insofar as reference is made to the preceding description.

[0101] From leadership games

[0102] Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a photovoltaic module 100 with a photovoltaic cell 10 and a back barrier 20 in a side view. Fig. 1 shows the arrangement of the individual layers of the photovoltaic module 100.

[0103] The photovoltaic module 100 has a layer system 5 comprising an electrode 11, a photoactive layer 12, and a counter electrode 13, arranged on a substrate 30. The substrate 30 is transparent, e.g., a PET film. A backside barrier 20 is arranged on the back side of the layer system 5. The backside barrier 20 has an electrically insulating outer layer 21 on the side facing away from the photovoltaic cells 10, an electrically insulating inner layer 25 on the side facing the photovoltaic cells 10, and at least one electrically conductive layer 23 between the electrically insulating outer layer 21 and the electrically insulating inner layer 25.

[0104] Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a photovoltaic module 100 with a rear barrier 20 and single-pole junction boxes 42, 44 on the front in a top view (Fig. 2A) and a side view (Fig. 2B, 2C).

[0105] Figure 2A shows a top view of the front of the photovoltaic module 100 with the rear barrier 20. In this embodiment, the photovoltaic module 100 has the single-pole junction boxes 42, 44 on the front, and the busbars 32, 34 are arranged between the photovoltaic cells 10 and the rear barrier 20. Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0106] 17.12.2025 17 / 27

[0107] The photovoltaic module 100 has a number n of photovoltaic cells 10, from a first photovoltaic cell 10 to an nth photovoltaic cell 10, wherein the n photovoltaic cells 10 are connected in series, and a backside barrier 20 arranged on the back side of the photovoltaic module 100, which extends over the entire back side of the photovoltaic cells 10. The backside barrier 20 has an electrically insulating outer layer 21 on the side facing away from the photovoltaic cells 10, an electrically insulating inner layer 25 on the side facing the photovoltaic cells 10, and at least one electrically conductive layer 23 between the electrically insulating outer layer 21 and the electrically insulating inner layer 25.The photovoltaic module 100 has a first busbar 32 and a second busbar 34, wherein the first busbar 32 is electrically conductively contacted with the first photovoltaic cell 10 and the second busbar 34 is electrically conductively contacted with the nth photovoltaic cell 10. Furthermore, the photovoltaic module has a first single-pole junction box 42 and a second single-pole junction box 44, wherein at least one of the single-pole junction boxes 42, 44 has a bypass diode 46. The first busbar 32 is electrically conductively contacted with the first single-pole junction box 42 and the second busbar 34 is electrically conductively contacted with the second single-pole junction box 44.The first single-pole junction box 42 and the second single-pole junction box 44 are electrically connected to the bypass diode 46 via the at least one electrically conductive layer 23, wherein the at least one electrically conductive layer 23 forms an electrically conductive bypass between the first single-pole junction box 42 and the second single-pole junction box 44. The back barrier 20, in particular the electrically conductive layer 23 of the back barrier 20, is electrically insulated so that there is no unwanted electrically conductive contact to the outside. This is achieved by the electrically insulating outer layer 21 and the electrically conductive layer 23.

[0108] 17.12.2025 18 / 27

[0109] insulating inner layer 25 in the edge region of the electrically conductive layer 23 and are laminated together in this protruding edge region, or the back barrier 20 has an electrically insulating seal at its edges .

[0110] In this embodiment, the electrode 11, the photoactive layer 12, and the counter electrode 13 of the photovoltaic cells 10 are structured, in particular laser-structured, with the structuring each comprising a PL-type, a P2-type, and a P3-type structure, respectively. This allows the electrode 11 and the counter electrode 13 to be resistively connected to each other, and several photovoltaic cells 10 to be connected in series. In this embodiment, the photovoltaic module 100 has the single-pole terminal boxes 42, 44 on its front side. The electrode 11 and the counter electrode 13 are each electrically contacted from a side of the photovoltaic module 100 facing the sun.

[0111] In one embodiment of the invention, the bypass diode 46 is connected antiparallel to the photovoltaic cells 10. During normal operation of the photovoltaic module 100, the bypass diode 46 is reverse-biased with respect to a voltage generated by the photovoltaic module 100, so that current flows through the photovoltaic cells 10, and when the photovoltaic module 100 is shaded, the bypass diode 46 is forward-biased with respect to an externally applied voltage, so that current flows through the at least one electrically conductive layer 23 between the first single-pole terminal 42 and the second single-pole terminal 44.

[0112] In a further embodiment of the invention, the first busbar 32 with the first photovoltaic cell 10 and the second busbar 34 with the nth photovoltaic cell 10 are each separated by the electrically insulating inner layer 25Heliatek GmbH P121W0

[0113] 17.12.2025 19 / 27

[0114] through which it is electrically contacted with the electrically conductive layer 23.

[0115] In this embodiment, the first busbar 32 is short-circuited with the conductive layer 23, and the second busbar 34 is connected to the electrically conductive layer 23 via the bypass diode 46 in between.

[0116] In this embodiment, the first busbar 32 and the second busbar 34 are arranged on the back side of the photovoltaic cells 10 between the photovoltaic cells 10 and the back barrier 20. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the first busbar 32 and the second busbar 34 are arranged on the front side of the photovoltaic cells 10.

[0117] In a further embodiment of the invention, the electrically insulating outer layer 21 and / or the electrically insulating inner layer 25 are formed from a polymer or glass, preferably from a polymer film.

[0118] In Fig. 2B, in an exemplary embodiment, the photovoltaic module 100 is shown in a cross-section through the first single-pole junction box 42. The electrodes 11, 13 are not explicitly shown. The first busbar 32 is electrically conductively contacted with the potential of the first photovoltaic cell 10 and is short-circuited with the electrically conductive layer 23 via the first single-pole junction box 42.

[0119] The photovoltaic cells 10 each have an electrode 11 and a counter electrode 13. The first busbar 32 is electrically conductively contacted with the electrode 11 of the first photovoltaic cell 10, and the second busbar 34 is electrically conductively contacted with the counter electrode 13 of the nth photovoltaic cell 10.

[0120] In Fig. 2C, in addition to Fig. 2B, the photovoltaic module 100 is shown in a cross-section through the Heliatek GmbH P121W0 in an exemplary embodiment.

[0121] 17.12.2025 20 / 27

[0122] The second single-pole terminal box 44 with the bypass diode 46 is shown. The electrodes 11, 13 are not explicitly shown. The second busbar 34 is electrically contacted with the potential of the nth photovoltaic cell 10 and connected to the second single-pole terminal box 44 with the bypass diode 46, which regulates an electric current flow to the electrically conductive layer 23.

[0123] In this embodiment, the electrically conductive connection between the first busbar 32 and the first single-pole junction box 42, and between the second busbar 34 and the second single-pole junction box 44, is electrically insulated, for example by a trench or a trench filled with protective lacquer, through the layer system 5 with the photoactive layer 12 to the first single-pole junction box 42 and the second single-pole junction box 44, respectively. The electrically conductive connection between the first single-pole junction box 42 and the second single-pole junction box 44, respectively, and the back barrier 20, is electrically insulated, and runs through the layer system 5 with the photoactive layer 12, the first busbar 32 and the second busbar 34, respectively, and the electrically insulating inner layer 25 to the electrically conductive layer 23.

[0124] The electrically conductive layer 23 of the back barrier 20 is made of a metal or an alloy thereof, for example, aluminum. The first busbar 32 and the second busbar 34 are made of a metal or an alloy thereof, for example, aluminum.

[0125] The backside barrier 20 is an element of an encapsulation of the photovoltaic module 100. In a further embodiment of the invention, the photovoltaic cells 10 are organic photovoltaic cells or perovskite cells.

[0126] Several photovoltaic modules (100) can be connected in series to form a photovoltaic system (not Heliatek GmbH P121W0).

[0127] 17.12.2025 21 / 27

[0128] (shown) .

[0129] Fig. 3 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a photovoltaic module 100 with a rear barrier 20 and single-pole junction boxes 42, 44 on the rear in a top view (Fig. 3A) and a side view (Fig. 3B, 3C).

[0130] The photovoltaic module 100 according to Fig. 3 largely corresponds to that according to Fig. 2, wherein the photovoltaic module 100 in this embodiment has the single-pole junction boxes 42, 44 on the rear side.

[0131] Figure 3A shows a top view of the rear of the photovoltaic module 100 with the rear barrier 20. In this embodiment, the photovoltaic module 100 has the single-pole junction boxes 42, 44 on the rear side, and the busbars 32, 34 are arranged between the photovoltaic cells 10 and the rear barrier 20.

[0132] In Fig. 3B, an exemplary embodiment of the photovoltaic module 100 is shown in a cross-section through the single-pole junction box 44 with the bypass diode 46. The electrodes 11, 13 are not explicitly shown. The first busbar 32 is electrically contacted with the potential of the first photovoltaic cell 10 and connected to the single-pole junction box 44 with the bypass diode 46, which regulates an electric current flow to the electrically conductive layer 23.

[0133] In Fig. 3C, in addition to Fig. 3B, the photovoltaic module 100 is shown in a cross-section through the second single-pole junction box 44 in an exemplary embodiment. The electrodes 11, 13 are not explicitly shown. In this exemplary embodiment, the second busbar 34 is electrically conductively contacted with the potential of the nth photovoltaic cell 10 and with the electrically conductive layer 23 via the Heliatek GmbH P121W0

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[0135] second single-pole junction box 44 short-circuited.

[0136] Fig. 4 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a photovoltaic module 100 with a rear barrier 20 as a bypass between single-pole junction boxes 42, 44 in normal operation (Fig. 4A) and under shading (Fig. 4B) in a top view. The arrows indicate the current flow in each case.

[0137] Figure 4A shows the photovoltaic module 100 with its front side exposed during normal operation under full irradiation. The single-pole junction boxes 42, 44 are arranged on the front of the photovoltaic module 100, and the busbars 32, 34 are arranged between the photovoltaic cells 10 and the rear barrier 20. During normal operation, the bypass diode 46 blocks the current, and the current from another photovoltaic module 100 connected in series upstream of it flows through the series-connected photovoltaic cells 10 of the photovoltaic module 100, and then to another photovoltaic module 100 or to an external circuit. During normal operation, the photovoltaic cells 10 of the photovoltaic module 100 contribute to the generation of electricity.

[0138] In Fig. 4B, the photovoltaic module 100 according to Fig. 4A is shown under partial shading. In the case of partial shading or failure of a photovoltaic module 100, its photovoltaic cells 10 do not contribute fully to the generation of current. The bypass diode 46 of the photovoltaic module 100 switches on, and the current from another photovoltaic module 100 connected in series upstream of it in the photovoltaic system flows through the electrically conductive layer 23 located in the back barrier 20, without being diverted into the shaded photovoltaic module 100. This prevents damage to the photovoltaic module 100 or to individual photovoltaic cells 10 thereof.

Claims

Heliatek GmbH P121W0 17.12.2025 23 / 27 Patent claims 1. Photovoltaic module (100) with a number n of photovoltaic cells (10) from a first photovoltaic cell (10) to an nth photovoltaic cell (10), wherein the n photovoltaic cells (10) are connected in series, with a backside barrier (20) arranged on the back side of the photovoltaic module (100) and extending over the entire back side of the photovoltaic cells (10), wherein the backside barrier (20) comprises an electrically insulating outer layer (21) on the side facing away from the photovoltaic cells (10), an electrically insulating inner layer (25) on the side facing the photovoltaic cells (10), and at least one electrically conductive layer (23) between the electrically insulating outer layer (21) and the electrically having an insulating inner layer ( 25 ) with a first busbar ( 32 ) and a second busbar ( 34 ) ,wherein the first busbar (32) is electrically conductively contacted with the first photovoltaic cell (10) and the second busbar (34) is electrically conductively contacted with the nth photovoltaic cell (10), with a first single-pole junction box (42) and a second single-pole junction box (44), wherein at least one of the single-pole junction boxes (42, 44) has a bypass diode (46), wherein the first busbar (32) is electrically conductively contacted with the first single-pole junction box (42) and the second busbar (34) is electrically conductively contacted with the second single-pole junction box (44), wherein the first single-pole junction box (42) and the second single-pole junction box (44) are electrically connected to the bypass diode (46) via the at least one electrically conductive layer (23). are,and the at least one electrically conductive layer ( 23 ) forms an electrically conductive bypass between the first single-pole junction box ( 42 ) and the second single-pole junction box ( 44 ). Heliatek GmbH P121W0, 17.12.2025 24 / 27 2. Photovoltaic module (100) according to claim 1, wherein the bypass diode (46) is connected antiparallel to the photovoltaic cells (10), and / or in normal operation of the photovoltaic module (100) the bypass diode (46) is reverse-biased with respect to a voltage generated by the photovoltaic module (100) so that the current flows through the photovoltaic cells (10), and in the case of shading of the photovoltaic module (100) the bypass diode (46) is forward-biased with respect to an externally applied voltage so that the current flows through the at least one electrically conductive layer (23) between the first single-pole terminal (42) and the second single-pole terminal (44).

3. Photovoltaic module (100) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the first busbar (32) with the first photovoltaic cell (10) and the second busbar (34) with the nth photovoltaic cell (10) are each electrically contacted through the electrically insulating inner layer (25) with the at least one electrically conductive layer (23), and / or wherein one of the busbars (32, 34) is short-circuited with the at least one conductive layer (23) and the other of the busbars (32, 34) is connected to the at least one electrically conductive layer (23) via the bypass diode (46) in between.

4. Photovoltaic module (100) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first busbar (32) and / or the second busbar (34) are arranged on the front of the photovoltaic cells (10), or on the back of the photovoltaic cells (10) between the photovoltaic cells (10) and the back barrier (20).

5. Photovoltaic module (100) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrically insulating outer layer (21) Heliatek GmbH P121W0 17.12.2025 25 / 27 and / or the electrically insulating inner layer ( 25 ) is formed from a polymer or glass, preferably from a polymer film .

6. Photovoltaic module (100) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one electrically conductive layer (23) of the backside barrier (20) is formed of a metal or an alloy thereof, preferably of aluminium, copper, silver or tin or an alloy thereof, and / or the first busbar (32) and the second busbar (34) are formed of a metal or an alloy thereof, preferably of aluminium, copper, silver or tin or an alloy thereof.

7. Photovoltaic module (100) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the photovoltaic cells (10) each have an electrode (11) and a counter electrode (13), and the first busbar (32) is electrically conductively contacted with the electrode (11) of the first photovoltaic cell (10) and the second busbar (34) is electrically conductively contacted with the counter electrode (13) of the nth photovoltaic cell (10), wherein preferably the photovoltaic cells (10) are laser-structured such that the electrode (11) and the counter electrode (13) can each be electrically conductively contacted from one side of the photovoltaic module (100).

8. Photovoltaic module (100) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the backside barrier (20) is an element of an encapsulation of the photovoltaic module (100), and / or the photovoltaic module (100) with the backside barrier (20) comprises an encapsulation.

9. Photovoltaic module (100) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the photovoltaic cells (10) are organic photovoltaic cells or perovskite cells, and / or the Heliatek GmbH P121W0 17.12.2025 26 / 27 photovoltaic module (100) is flexible.

10. Photovoltaic system ( 200 ) with at least two photovoltaic modules ( 100 ) according to one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the at least two photovoltaic modules ( 100 ) are connected in series .

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