Building integrated photo voltaic (BIPV) glass assembly and method of fabricating the same

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a Building Integrated Photo Voltaic (BIPV) glass assembly and method of fabricating the same The BIPV glass assembly comprises a PV layer comprising a plurality of PV cells placed on a glass substrate. The PV layer is configured to generate an electrical power by converting solar energy into electrical energy. The BIPV glass assembly further comprises a plurality of sensors mounted on the glass substrate and communicatively coupled to the PV layer for generating sensor signals to perform panel level or module level or cell level or module monitoring of the plurality of PV cells. Furthermore, the BIPV glass assembly comprises a master electronic unit and a slave electronic unit placed on the glass substrate. The master electronic unit and the slave electronic unit are coupled with 15 the plurality of sensors to enable the monitoring of operational or performance parameters of the plurality of PV cells for further action.[Fig. 1b]

Description

BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTO VOLTAIC (BIPV) GLASS ASSEMBLY AND METHOD OF FABRICATING THE SAME TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates to the field of building integrated glass systems, and more particularly relates to a building integrated photovoltaic glass system and a method of fabricating the same.BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] The following description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present disclosure. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed disclosure, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.

[0003] Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) glass offers a promising solution for combining energy generation with architectural design. However, existing BIPV systems face several limitations that hinder efficiency, reliability, and usability. One major issue is the lack of integrated sensors and electronics, which restrict real-time cell monitoring or panel-level monitoring. Damage or malfunctions within panels often go undetected, resulting in power generation losses. Additionally, external sensors and communication channels increase power consumption, while bulky external control panels contribute to significant transmission and energy inefficiencies.

[0004] Shading losses further reduce efficiency, especially in urban or building applications, where varying sunlight intensity impacts the performance of serially connected panels. Similarly, external placement of filtering circuits and voltage converters introduces energy losses due to eddy currents during voltage fluctuations. Current systems are also limited by the high cost of customization, as commercially available control panels are designed for fixed high-power levels, such as IkW or 3kW, which are often unsuitable for low- or intermediate-power needs. For instance, homeowners requiring 100W systems or applications needing multiple 200W units must invest in oversized, costly alternatives. Moreover, thecomplexity of installation often requires skilled labor, making these systems less accessible for broader adoption.

[0005] Thus, there exists a need to provide an improved BIPV glass assembly, thereby overcoming the above-mentioned limitations of the conventional techniques.

[0006] The above-mentioned drawbacks / difficulties / disadvantages of the conventional techniques are explained just for exemplary purpose and this disclosure and description mentioned below would never limit its scope only to such problems. A person skilled in the art may understand that this disclosure and below mentioned description may also solve other problems or overcome the other drawbacks / disadvantages of the conventional arts, which are not explicitly captured above.SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0007] The present disclosure overcomes one or more shortcomings of the prior art and provides additional advantages discussed throughout the present disclosure. Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniques of the present disclosure. Other embodiments and aspects of the disclosure are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed disclosure.

[0008] In one non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure, a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) glass assembly is disclosed. The BIPV glass assembly comprises a Photo Voltaic (PV) layer comprising a plurality of PV cells placed on a glass substrate. The PV layer is configured to generate an electrical power by converting solar energy into electrical energy. The BIPV glass assembly further comprises a plurality of sensors mounted on the glass substrate and communicatively coupled to the PV layer for generating sensor signals to perform panel level or module level or cell level monitoring of the plurality of PV cells. Furthermore, the BIPV glass assembly comprises a master electronic unit and a slave electronic unit placed on the glass substrate. The master electronic unit and the slave electronic unit are coupled with the plurality of sensors to enable the monitoring of operational or performance parameters of the plurality of PV cells for further action.

[0009] In another non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure, a plurality of electronic filters placed on the PV layer. The plurality of electronic filters is coupled with the plurality of sensors and the slave electronic unit for conditioning signals during the generation of the sensor signals and the electrical power.

[0010] In another non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure, the plurality of electronic filters is configured to act as a protective element against voltage transients, voltage surges and overload conditions during the conversion of the solar energy into the electrical energy.

[0011] In another non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure, the master electronic unit and the slave electronic unit are provided in a laminated glazing unit or Insulated glazing unit (IGU).

[0012] In another non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure, the plurality of sensors enables segment level monitoring and inter panel monitoring of the plurality of PV cells.

[0013] In another non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure, the BIPV glass assembly is one of: a single glazing unit, a double-glazing unit (DGU), a triple glazing unit, and a vacuum glazing unit.

[0014] In another non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of fabricating a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) glass assembly is disclosed. The method comprises providing a Photo Voltaic (PV) layer comprising a plurality of PV cells on a glass substrate. The PV layer is configured to generate an electrical power by converting solar energy into electrical energy. Thereafter, the method comprises mounting a plurality of sensors on the glass substrate. The plurality of sensors are communicatively coupled to the PV layer for generating sensor signals for performing panel level or module level or cell level monitoring of the plurality of PV cells. The method comprises providing a master electronic unit and a slave electronic unit on the glass substrate such that the master electronic unit and the slave electronic unit are operationally coupled with the plurality of sensors to enable the monitoring of operational or performance parameters of the plurality of PV cells for further action.

[0015] In another non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure, the method comprising providing a plurality of electronic filters on the PV layer. The plurality of electronic filters is coupled with the plurality of sensors and the slave electronic unit for conditioning signals during the generation of the sensor signals and the electrical power.

[0016] In another non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure, the plurality of electronic filters acts as a protective element against voltage transients, voltage surges and overload conditions during the conversion of the solar energy into the electrical energy.

[0017] In another non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure, the method further comprises providing the master electronic unit and the slave electronic unit in a laminated glazing unit or Insulated glazing unit (IGU).

[0018] In another non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure, the plurality of sensors enables segment level monitoring and inter panel monitoring of the plurality of PV cells.

[0019] In another non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure, the BIPV glass assembly is one of: a single glazing unit and a double-glazing unit (DGU), a triple glazing unit, an insulated glazing unit (IGU) and a vacuum glazing unit.

[0020] The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by reference to the drawings and the following detailed description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0021] The embodiments of the disclosure itself, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. One or more embodiments are now described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0022] Fig. 1 illustrates an exemplary system architecture of an integrated electronic BIPV assembly, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0023] Figs. 2a-2c show various BIPV assembly configurations with integrated BIPV assembly, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

[0024] Fig. 3 shows a flowchart depicting a method of fabricating a BIPV assembly, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0025] The figures depict embodiments of the disclosure for purposes of illustration only. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following description that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principles of the disclosure described herein.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] The foregoing has broadly outlined the features and technical advantages of the present disclosure in order that the detailed description of the disclosure that follows may be better understood. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure.

[0027] The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the disclosure, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying Figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the Figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present disclosure.

[0028] As described earlier, the BIPV systems are increasingly adopted in commercial and residential buildings to harness solar energy and promote sustainable living. Unlike conventional photovoltaic systems that rely on separatesolar panels, junction boxes, and external inverter / converter units, BIPV systems integrate the PV modules directly into the building’s structure or envelope. With the growing diversity of BIPV requirements and solutions in the market, there is a rising demand for advanced solutions capable of interfacing with smart glass assembly and integrating seamlessly with Building Management Systems (BMS) (e.g., Building Automation and Communication Network (BACnet)).

[0029] The present invention addresses the need for improved Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) glass systems by proposing an advanced glass assembly with integrated sensors and customizable features to enhance functionality and extend the lifespan of BIPV glass assembly. Furthermore, the invention incorporates a method for partially embedding electronics onto the glass surface, thereby minimizing electrical losses and optimizing overall system efficiency. This innovative approach delivers a more reliable, efficient, and versatile solution for BIPV applications. A detailed explanation of the proposed technique(s) is disclosed in the forthcoming paragraphs.

[0030] Figs, la and lb illustrates an exemplary system architecture 100 of an integrated electronic BIPV assembly (hereinafter referred to as BIPV glass assembly), in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The description of Fig. la is provided in conjunction with Fig. lb for clarity purposes. The system may refer to a complete set of components that enable the BIPV glass 101 to function as both an energy-generating and building-integrated element. The system may encompass various interconnected components necessary for efficient energy harvesting, monitoring, and integration into the building’s infrastructure. The architecture may be depicted in a scenario where the BIPV glass assembly may be incorporated into commercial or residential buildings, rooftop systems, or similar applications. The BIPV glass assembly may integrate multiple components including, but not limited to, a plurality of photovoltaic (PV) cells 103 in a PV layer, a plurality of sensors 105 and a plurality of electronic filters 107 in a sensing layer, a main electronics unit 109, a slave electronic unit 111, and printed connectors 113, all directly mounted onto the glass surface or glass substrate 101a (i.e., first glass layer) as shown in Fig. lb.

[0031] The BIPV glass assembly may comprise a photovoltaic (PV) layer, which includes the plurality of PV cells 103, commonly referred to as solar cells. The plurality of PV cells 103 may generate electrical power by converting solar energy (sunlight) into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect, a process that occurs at the atomic level within the cell’s material. The PV cells 103 may be constructed from semiconducting materials, including but not limited to, silicon. When sunlight strikes the PV cells 103, photons (light particles) are absorbed by the semiconductor material. This energy excites electrons within the semiconductor, causing them to break free from their atoms. As a result, free electrons are generated, leaving behind “holes” (positive charges where the electrons were originally located).

[0032] The PV cell 103 incorporates a built-in electric field, which is created by doping the semiconductor material with impurities. Specifically, one layer is doped with a material that provides excess electrons (n-type layer), while the other layer is doped to create a deficit of electrons (p-type layer), forming holes. This n-p junction creates an electric field that drives the free electrons toward the n-type layer and the holes toward the p-type layer. The movement of the electrons and holes generates an electric current. When an external circuit connects the n-type and p-type layers, electrons flow through the circuit, resulting in the generation of usable electrical energy. The combination of the current (the flow of electrons) and the voltage (created by the electric field) produces electrical power, which can either be used directly, stored in a battery 117, or fed into the grid via inverters.

[0033] The BIPV glass assembly 100 may further comprise a sensing layer, which includes the plurality of sensors 105 mounted directly on the glass substrate 101a. The plurality of sensors 105 may comprise but not limited to, a RFID, a RFID based sensor, a resistive sensor / open circuit sensor, optical sensors (IR, camera), magnetic position sensor, vibration sensor, acoustic sensor, temperature sensor, humidity sensor, . The plurality of sensors 105 may be configured to measure and monitor electrical parameters, such as current, voltage, and power output from the photovoltaic (PV) cells. Such measurements enable the tracking of energy conversion efficiency and the identification of anomalies, including reduced performance due to shading or panel degradation. Additionally, the plurality of sensors 105 integrated within the BIPV glass assembly 101 may continuouslymonitor the system for potential faults, such as short circuits, overheating, or damaged cells. This real-time monitoring facilitates early detection of issues, thereby reducing system downtime and minimizing maintenance costs.

[0034] In some embodiments, a combination of multiple sensors may be integrated onto the glass substrate 101a, and the sensors may monitor both the condition of the glass and the environmental conditions (both indoors and outdoors). The plurality of sensors 105 may provide input data required for the window or glass state detection. That is, the plurality of sensors 105 may detect variations in sunlight intensity (lux levels) across the surface of the panel, which can affect the energy generation of the photovoltaic cells. By detecting these variations and processing the collected data, the sensors 105 may optimize the performance of the BIPV glass assembly, enabling adjustments to mitigate shading losses. Additionally, the plurality of sensors 105 may measure environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and other conditions that may influence the performance of the PV cells 103. This ensures that the system operates under optimal conditions and can adapt to changing environmental factors. The data collected by the plurality of sensors 105 may be transmitted to the BMS 115, facilitating seamless integration with other building systems, such as lighting and energy storage systems like the battery 117. Furthermore, the collected data can be used to analyze long-term performance trends, supporting predictive maintenance and continuous optimization of the system over time.

[0035] The plurality of sensors 105 may be integrated onto the glass substrate 101a through direct circuit printing or layered printing techniques, such as flexible path printing or the use of transparent dielectric layers composed of materials like Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polyimide (PI), or similar polymers. These dielectric layers, being non-conductive insulating materials, may store and transmit electrical energy without conducting electricity.

[0036] The plurality of sensors 105 may be distributed across each glass panel, enabling broader monitoring coverage for individual panels as well as multiple connected panels. That is, the plurality of sensors 105 may enable segment level monitoring and inter panel monitoring of the plurality of PV cells 103. The plurality of sensors 105 integrated onto the glass substrate 101a plays a crucial role inmonitoring and optimizing the performance of the system. The strategical placement of sensors 105 between the segment or the panel allows to measure various parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and light levels across the glass surface, this continuously monitoring the condition of the PV cells 103. This enables real-time adjustments and efficient management of the power generation process. For example, when one or more segments of the PV panel are underperforming or disconnected, the sensors 105 may detect this variation in performance and provide immediate feedback to the system. Instead of disconnecting the entire panel, the BIPV glass assembly may selectively disconnect only the underperforming segment or section, as identified by the sensors 105. This targeted approach allows the system to maintain optimal voltage and power output from the remaining segments, reducing the loss caused by underperforming panels.

[0037] Furthermore, the plurality of sensors 105 integrated into the glass substrate 101a may help in monitoring environmental factors such as light intensity, temperature, and shading, enabling more accurate adjustments to maintain consistent power generation. This monitored data may be used to control the operation of the power converters or to adjust the system dynamically, ensuring that even with varying panel performance, the overall efficiency of the BIPV glass assembly 101 is maximized. This method of segment-based monitoring and adjustment, powered by the sensors 105 embedded in the glass, ultimately leads to a more efficient and reliable BIPV system. Advantageously, the direct integration of the plurality of sensors 105 onto the glass substrate 101a may further contribute to reducing sensor power consumption.

[0038] In some embodiments, the plurality of sensors 105 may be integrated into the glass pane and may sense the light levels or light intensity. In another embodiment, the glass substrate 101a may have radar-based sensor or antenna printed on surface of the glass for detecting occupancy in a room (i.e., sensing when a person enters or leaves a room) and monitor objects or movements externally. These types of sensors 105 may help with energy efficiency and may also play a role in security or monitoring the surroundings of the building.

[0039] In some implementation, the BIPV glass assembly 101 may include a plurality of electronic filters 107 that are directly integrated onto the glass substrate101a through single-layer printing during the fabrication of a PV conductive layer. The PV conductive layer in a PV cell refers to a layer of conductive material that is responsible for collecting and conducting the electrical current generated by the photovoltaic process. When sunlight strikes the PV cells 103, it excites electrons within the semiconductor material (such as silicon), and the conductive layer helps to transport these electrons as an electrical current. During the power generation cycle, especially when the PV cells are converting solar energy into electrical power, unwanted harmonics (high-frequency distortions in the electrical signal) may be generated. These harmonics can degrade the quality of the electrical output. The electronic filters 107 in the BIPV glass assembly 101 help remove the harmonics, ensuring the generated electrical power is smooth and stable. Further, in photovoltaic systems, fluctuations in the generated signal may occur due to factors such as shading, environmental conditions, or changes in sunlight intensity. Thus, the electronic filters 107 may help in minimizing these unwanted fluctuations, thereby ensuring the stability and quality of the electrical power output. Additionally, the electronic filters 107 may act as protective elements for the more sensitive electronics that follow in the system, such as the slave electronics unit 111 and power converters. By filtering out harmful signals and fluctuations, the electronic filters 107 may prevent damage to these components, ensuring their proper functioning and prolonging their operational life.

[0040] Further, the BIPV glass assembly 101 may comprise the slave electronics unit 111 integrated directly onto the glass substrate 101a. The slave electronics unit 111 may include, but is not limited to, components such as resistors, inductors, capacitors, and sensor integrated circuits (ICs) that are soldered onto the glass substrate 101a. This integration facilitates direct monitoring of various environmental parameters, including temperature, humidity, and moisture levels, during the regular operation of the BIPV glass assembly. The slave electronics unit 111 may process signals from the plurality of sensors and transmit the signals to the main electronics unit 109 for further analysis and system optimization. The slave electronics unit 111 may operate in conjunction with the plurality of electronic filters 107 and other components to regulate power before transmitting it to the main electronics unit. Additionally, the slave electronic unit 111 may manage power routing within the glass assembly, including segment-wise control. The slaveelectronics unit 111 may isolate underperforming segments or redistribute power efficiently to maintain optimal voltage and power output.

[0041] The BIPV glass assembly 101 further comprises a main electronics unit 109 positioned beyond the active surface, as illustrated in Figure 1. The main electronics unit 109 may include active components such as integrated circuits (ICs), transistors, diodes, and opto-electronic devices. These components are responsible for power conversion, as well as the handling of data and power signals. The main electronics unit 109 of the BIPV panels may be connected to a single main power handling unit, if required, for the purpose of charging the battery 117. Additionally, the main electronics unit 109 may be configured to communicate with the BMS 115 in commercial buildings, as depicted in Figure 1, enabling seamless integration of the BIPV system with the building’s overall energy management infrastructure.

[0042] Additionally, the BIPV glass assembly 101 may include conductive elements such as printed connectors 113 that may be printed directly onto the glass substrate 101a, facilitating communication between the sensors 105, the plurality of electronic filters 107, the slave electronics unit 111 and the main electronics unit 109 by establishing electrical connections. These conductive elements may be formed from the same material as the conductive layer of the PV layer, thereby ensuring compatibility and efficient signal transmission between the integrated components. Moreover, by printing connectors directly onto the glass, the need for additional wiring or bulky connections is eliminated, making the BIPV more compact and streamlined.

[0043] The main electronics unit 109 may further include provisions for communication with neighboring panels within the same building structure, thereby reducing the number of power-carrying lines required to reach the BMS 115 or the battery 117. Additionally, the BIPV glass assembly 101 may incorporate printed or integrated functional layers 203 directly onto the glass, which enables two possible methods of integration. In the first method, functional layers 203 such as the PV layer, the plurality of sensors 105, and the plurality of electronic filters 107 may be printed directly onto the glass substrate 101b (i.e., the second glass layer). This integration reduces the number of layers by eliminating the need for an encapsulating layer between the glass and the PV layer, thereby simplifying thestructure. The configuration includes a transparent conductive layer, followed by the PV layer, another conductive layer, and a protective layer. In the second method, printing occurs on top of a standard BIPV unit. In this case, all layers, other than the PV layer, are printed on the glass or on top of the PV layer assembly, with provisions for enabling electrical contact with the encapsulant layer. These methods provide a more streamlined and efficient design for the BIPV system.

[0044] Figs. 2a-2d show various BIPV assembly configurations with integrated electronics, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Specifically, Fig. 2a depicts an integrated single glazing unit that may be used as part of a laminated glass assembly. The single glazing unit may comprise a glass substrate 101a, the PV layer, the sensing layer and the electronic filters 107, the slave electronics unit 111, the printed connectors 113, the main electronics unit 109. For the sake of brevity, the description of the components of the single glazing unit or DGU is omitted.

[0045] Fig. 2b illustrates a Double-Glazing Unit (DGU) with the integrated single glazing unit. In this configuration, the main electronics unit 109 may be positioned between two glass layers, specifically beyond a spacer region 201 and may be aligned flush with edges of the outer glass layer. This arrangement may allow for the direct soldering of electrical contact points onto the glass substrate 101a, thereby reducing the electrical losses associated with transmission lines. Furthermore, the positioning of the main electronics unit 109 within the DGU improves heat dissipation by leveraging the surrounding metal spacer and the external frame 205, thereby enhancing the thermal management of the system.

[0046] In an exemplary embodiment, in the context of the BIPV glass assembly 101, printed inductors and printed capacitors play a critical role in the integration of electronic components directly onto the glass surface, enabling the efficient management of electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cells. The use of printed inductors, particularly in their planar configurations, allows for the creation of compact, low-profile inductive components that can be embedded or printed directly on the glass substrate 101a, which is advantageous for BIPV glass assembly where space and design integration are key considerations. For example, doublelayer spiral inductors may be used for power management within the BIPV glassassembly 101, enabling higher inductance values per unit of wire length while minimizing resistive losses in the power conversion circuits. This would be particularly beneficial for handling the electrical output from the photovoltaic cells, ensuring efficient power flow with minimal energy loss. The hollow or tapered spiral designs may also help in reducing losses and improving the overall performance of the BIPV system, especially under varying environmental conditions such as temperature fluctuations or sunlight intensity changes.

[0047] Further, the single-layer planar inductors, such as meander or fractal types, may be incorporated to handle lower power requirements or as part of filtering and power conditioning circuits integrated into the BIPV system. These inductors could be directly printed on the glass or within the system’s conductive layers, providing seamless integration without the need for additional bulky components. This integration helps reduce the overall footprint of the BIPV glass assembly 101 and improves the system’s energy efficiency by ensuring effective power regulation and conditioning.

[0048] Thus, the need for internal metal via contacts, in two-layer spiral inductors, may be eliminated by utilizing meander inductors. In meander inductors, the current vectors of adjacent tracks may be oppositely directed, which results in negative mutual inductance. Consequently, the inductance value of a meander inductor may be approximately three to eight times lower, depending on the dimensions, when compared to a spiral inductor with the same effective track length. However, the meander inductors may be suitable for applications within BIPV glass assembly 101, especially when compactness and direct integration onto the glass surface are critical. Furthermore, non-spiral inductors offer advantages in terms of energy efficiency. These inductors exhibit lower resistance than spiral inductors due to their short-circuited turns configuration, which leads to a non-homogeneous magnetic field distribution. This configuration helps reduce energy loss and improves the overall energy consumption efficiency in the BIPV glass assembly 101, making it an ideal choice for power regulation and conditioning within the integrated electronics of the system.

[0049] Further, the integration of capacitive elements involves printing two capacitive elements on the glass substrate 101a, one for the positive terminal andthe other for the negative terminal, positioned apart to create a capacitive field when powered. In single-layer designs, these capacitive elements may be arranged in a comb-like structure or a parallel line configuration. This configuration allows for efficient energy storage and management within the BIPV system, contributing to the overall functionality of the integrated electronics by enhancing power conditioning and optimizing energy harvesting.

[0050] Figs. 2c illustrate another BIPV glass assembly 101 configuration incorporating printed or integrated functional layers 203 (such as (Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal) PDLC, Electrochromic (EC), lighting, wireless coil) directly onto the glass substrate 101b. The PDLC may be referred to as a type of smart glass technology that may change its transparency or opacity in response to an electric current. In a BIPV glass assembly, PDLC may be used to control the amount of light and heat entering a building by adjusting the transparency of the glass. This helps with energy efficiency and comfort by regulating sunlight and providing privacy. Further, the EC may be referred to as smart glass technology that changes its tint or color when an electrical voltage is applied. This allows the BIPV glass to reduce glare or heat gain from the sun. EC glass may be used in buildings to dynamically control the amount of sunlight entering the space, enhancing energy efficiency and occupant comfort. Furthermore, lighting may refer to the integration of light-emitting elements within the glass, such as Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). In some designs, the glass unit itself might have built-in lighting capabilities that may be powered by the electricity generated by the PV cells. Moreover, the wireless coils in a BIPV glass unit may refer to a printed or embedded coil used for wireless power transfer. This technology allows energy to be transferred wirelessly to devices or systems within the building, such as sensors, mobile devices, or other low-power electronics. The coil may be typically embedded in or printed on the glass or frame, allowing it to provide power without the need for physical connections.

[0051] Further, Fig. 2d illustrates the main electronics unit 109 and supporting electronics 207 integrated into the glass frame 205 of the BIPV unit according to different configurations. The slave electronics unit 111 and the main electronics unit 109 may be embedded in a laminated glazing unit or Insulated glazing unit (IGU). This type of configuration may limit the type of electronic circuits, powerand voltage conversions within the assembly due to size restriction and thermal load from the electronics unit. In a non-limiting embodiment, a second glazing frame may have a cut in the inner glazing to enable larger electronic components integration. This type of configuration also helps with easy connection to an external sub-system as it is easy to access via glass surface. In this type of configuration, the BIPV assembly may be equipped with a port for connecting to the BMS 115 via the BACnet protocol, enabling seamless integration into standard building automation systems. The electronics of the BIPV assembly may comprise external sub-system such as a memory unit (now shown explicitly) responsible for storing data and / or intermediate control instructions. The memory unit may be used to store event-based information related to the operation and performance of the system. Additionally, the electronics of the BIPV assembly may comprise a controller unit such as the main processor (or microcontroller) (not shown in Figure), which is tasked with managing the operation of all other units within the BIPV assembly. The said units may include the power supply unit, the memory unit, and interface units. The controller unit may also be responsible for efficient power management across the various sections of the system to optimize overall performance.

[0052] The design of the glass frame 205 allows for ease of manufacturing and modification, facilitating the integration or embedding of versatile electronics units within the hollow section of the frame 205. Additionally, the thermal and the electrical conductive properties, along with the structural robustness of the glass frame 205, may be utilized to support the electronics by providing efficient heat dissipation for components such as transistors, switching units, and transformers involved in power conversion processes (e.g., DC-DC, AC -DC, and DC-AC conversions). Furthermore, the glass frame 205 may also provide necessary grounding, particularly in scenarios where high voltages are involved, ensuring enhanced safety and, in some instances, meeting regulatory requirements. In some embodiments, the glass frame 205 may have cutouts to enable quick replacement of the electronics without hampering the glass or the mechanical structure of the BIPV glass assembly 101.

[0053] In certain embodiments, the supporting electronics 207 may include, but are not limited to, a wireless powering interface, a battery charging unit with the battery117, and socket / interface points. In the wireless powering interface, the electronics may be embedded in the periphery of the glass or frame 205, with coils printed onto the surface of a glass substrate 101b (i.e., the second glass layer). This configuration enables wireless powering of devices within the building, such as sensors 105 or simple lighting devices.

[0054] The battery charging unit, coupled with the battery 117, allows the BIPV glass assembly 101 to function as a self-powering system. The stored power may be used to supply either AC or DC power, depending on the specific needs, with the assistance of appropriate power converters. Additionally, socket / interface points may be located on the exterior surface of the frame 205, making them accessible from outside the building, similar to conventional sockets or plug points in building walls. In some embodiments, the BIPV glass assembly of the present invention may be implemented as a triple glazing unit, or a vacuum glazing unit.

[0055] In addition, the present disclosure may employ the following embodiments in the context of BIPV glass assembly 101:• First embodiment: Multilayer Inductive Filters- The design of inductive and capacitive circuits, with the required resistance, on the glass surface may be achieved by successive deposition or coating of conductive and dielectric layers onto the glass surface. Suitable materials for the conductive layers may include metal, transparent conductive oxides (such as ITO), carbon powder, graphene, conductive polymers, multi-layer silver coatings, and the like. An inductive coil structure may be created by alternate layers of printing. Specifically:o Layers may be printed in successive steps to form a loop structure on the glass surface.o The inductive loop structure may enable precise control over inductance with a low form factor design, thereby enhancing the performance and efficiency of the BIPV system.• Second embodiment: Multi-layer Capacitive Filters: The capacitance stability may be improved if the overlapping regions of the capacitor layers are parallel to each other, which may be achieved through an alternate layer design with a flatter section. Suitable materials for the conductive layers may include metal, transparent conductive oxides (such as ITO), carbon powder, graphene, conductivepolymers, multi-layer silver coatings, and the like. The capacitive structure may also be created by alternate layers of printing:o Layers may be printed in successive steps to create a capacitor across layers on the glass surface.o The flatter structure design provides precise control over capacitance with a low form factor, enabling efficient energy management and signal filtering in the BIPV glass assembly 101.• Third embodiment: Powering Lighting Systems (LED, EL): Energy generated by the photovoltaic cells in the daytime may be used to power lighting units, such as LEDs or electroluminescent (EL) systems, during the evening and nighttime. The main electronics unit 109 of the BIPV glass assembly 101 may include an inverter circuit designed for EL and PDLC lighting systems. This configuration may also require a localized battery unit and charging circuit to store excess energy generated during the day for later use, enabling self-sustained lighting within the building. Additionally, the system may use a common ECU (Electronic Control Unit) for managing power distribution and controlling the lighting functions.

[0056] Fig. 3 depicts a method 300 of fabricating a BIPV assembly, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The description of Fig.3 is provided in conjunction with Figs. 1-2 for clarity purposes. The method 300 may be described in the general context of computer executable instructions. Generally, computer executable instructions may include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, procedures, modules, and functions, which perform specific functions or implement specific abstract data types.

[0057] The order in which the method 300 is described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the method blocks described may be combined in any order to implement the method. Additionally, individual blocks may be deleted from the methods without departing from the spirit and scope of the subject matter described.

[0058] At block 301, the method 300 may comprise providing a Photo Voltaic (PV) layer comprising a plurality of PV cells 103 on a glass substrate 101a. The PV layer may generate an electrical power by converting solar energy into electrical energy.

[0059] At block 303, the method may comprise mounting a plurality of sensors 105 on the glass substrate 101a. The plurality of sensors 105 may be communicatively coupled to the PV layer for generating sensor signals for performing panel level or module level or cell level monitoring of the plurality of PV cells 103. Additionally, the plurality of sensors 105 may enable segment level monitoring and inter panel monitoring of the plurality of PV cells 103.

[0060] Thereafter, at block 305, the method may comprise providing a master electronic unit and a slave electronics unit 111 on the glass substrate 101a. The master electronic unit and the slave electronics unit 111 are operationally coupled with the plurality of sensors 105 to enable the monitoring of operational or performance parameters of the plurality of PV cells 103 for further action.

[0061] Further, the method may comprise providing a plurality of electronic filters 107 on the PV layer. In an embodiment, the plurality of electronic filters 107 may be coupled with the plurality of sensors 105 and the slave electronics unit 111 for conditioning signals during the generation of the sensor signals and the electrical power. In another embodiment, the plurality of electronic filters 107 may act as a protective element against voltage transients, voltage surges and overload conditions during the conversion of the solar energy into the electrical energy.

[0062] In some embodiments, the method may comprise providing the master electronic unit and the slave electronics unit 111 in a laminated glazing unit or Insulated glazing unit (IGU). In another embodiment, the BIPV glass assembly may be one of: a single glazing unit and a double-glazing unit (DGU), a triple glazing unit, and a vacuum glazing unit.

[0063] A description of an embodiment with several components in communication with each other does not imply that all such components are required. On the contrary, a variety of optional components are described to illustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the disclosure.

[0064] When a single device or article is described herein, it will be clear that more than one device / article (whether they cooperate) may be used in place of a single device / article. Similarly, where more than one device or article is described herein (whether they cooperate), it will be clear that a single device / article may be used in place of the more than one device or article or a different number of devices / articles may be used instead of the shown number of devices or programs. The functionality and / or the features of a device may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices which are not explicitly described as having such functionality / features. Thus, other embodiments of the disclosure need not include the device itself.

[0065] Finally, the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and it may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. It is therefore intended that the scope of the disclosure be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by any claims that issue on an application based here on. Accordingly, the embodiments of the present disclosure are intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the disclosure, which is set forth in the following claims.

[0066] While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A Building Integrated Photo Voltaic (BIPV) glass assembly, comprising:a Photo Voltaic (PV) layer comprising a plurality of PV cells placed on a glass substrate, wherein the PV layer is configured to generate an electrical power by converting solar energy into electrical energy;a plurality of sensors mounted on the glass substrate and communicatively coupled to the PV layer for generating sensor signals to perform panel level or module level or cell level monitoring of the plurality of PV cells; anda master electronic unit and a slave electronic unit placed on the glass substrate; wherein the master electronic unit and the slave electronic unit are operationally coupled with the plurality of sensors to enable monitoring of operational or performance parameters of the plurality of PV cells for further action.

2. The Building Integrated Photo Voltaic (BIPV) glass assembly of claim 1, further comprising:a plurality of electronic filters placed on the PV layer, wherein the plurality of electronic filters is coupled with the plurality of sensors and the slave electronic unit for conditioning signals during the generation of the sensor signals and the electrical power.

3. The Building Integrated Photo Voltaic (BIPV) glass assembly of claim 1, wherein the plurality of electronic filters is configured to act as a protective element against voltage transients, voltage surges and overload conditions during the conversion of the solar energy into the electrical energy.

4. The Building Integrated Photo Voltaic (BIPV) glass assembly of claim 1, wherein the master electronic unit and the slave electronic unit are provided in a laminated glazing unit or Insulated glazing unit (IGU).

5. The Building Integrated Photo Voltaic (BIPV) glass assembly of claim 1, wherein the plurality of sensors enables segment level monitoring and inter panel monitoring of the plurality of PV cells.

6. The Building Integrated Photo Voltaic (BIPV) glass assembly of claim 1, wherein the BIPV glass assembly is one of: a single glazing unit, a double-glazing unit (DGU), a triple glazing unit, and a vacuum glazing unit.

7. A method of fabricating a Building Integrated Photo Voltaic (BIPV) glass assembly, comprising:providing a Photo Voltaic (PV) layer comprising a plurality of PV cells on a glass substrate, wherein the PV layer is configured to generate an electrical power by converting solar energy into electrical energy;mounting a plurality of sensors on the glass substrate, wherein the plurality of sensors are communicatively coupled to the PV layer for generating sensor signals for performing panel level or module level or cell level monitoring of the plurality of PV cells; andproviding a master electronic unit and a slave electronic unit on the glass substrate such that the master electronic unit and the slave electronic unit are operationally coupled with the plurality of sensors to enable the monitoring of operational or performance parameters of the plurality of PV cells for further action.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:providing a plurality of electronic filters on the PV layer, wherein the plurality of electronic filters is coupled with the plurality of sensors and the slave electronic unit for conditioning signals during the generation of the sensor signals and the electrical power.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the plurality of electronic filters acts as a protective element against voltage transients, voltage surges and overload conditions during the conversion of the solar energy into the electrical energy.

10. The method of claim 7, further comprising:providing the master electronic unit and the slave electronic unit in a or Insulated glazing unit (IGU) glazing unit or Insulated glazing unit (IGU).

11. The method of claim 7, further comprising:providing the master electronic unit and the slave electronic unit in a Insulated glazing unit (IGU).

12. The method of claim 7, wherein the plurality of sensors enables segment level monitoring and inter panel monitoring of the plurality of PV cells.

13. The method of claim 7, wherein the BIPV glass assembly is one of: a single glazing unit and a double-glazing unit (DGU), a triple glazing unit, and a vacuum glazing unit.

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