Solar cell apparatus, preparation method, photovoltaic module, power generation device, electric device, and carbazole passivation agent and use thereof

Abstract

The present application relates to a solar cell apparatus, a preparation method, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, an electric device, and a carbazole passivation agent and the use thereof. The solar cell apparatus comprises a first charge transport layer and a light-absorbing layer which are stacked, wherein the first charge transport layer comprises a metal oxide, and the light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite compound. A carbazole passivation agent is arranged between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer. The carbazole passivation agent comprises a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring that are directly bonded, wherein the 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; and the 6-position of the first carbazole ring and the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring are each independently connected to a group capable of binding to the metal oxide and / or connected to at least one of an oxygen-containing acid group and a silicate group.

Description

Solar cell devices, fabrication methods, photovoltaic modules, power generation devices, electrical devices, carbazole passivating agents and their applications

[0001] Related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to Chinese patent application filed on February 21, 2025, with application number CN2025101988539, entitled "Solar Cell Device, Preparation Method, Photovoltaic Module, Power Generation Device, Power Consumption Device, Carbazole Passivating Agent and Its Application", the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This application relates to the field of solar cell technology, and further to solar cell devices, preparation methods, photovoltaic modules, power generation devices, power consumption devices, carbazole passivating agents and their applications. Background Technology

[0004] With the development of photovoltaic technology, solar cells are increasingly widely used in various electronic products such as smartphones, tablets, smart wearables, power tools, and electric vehicles. Among them, perovskite solar cells are devices that convert solar energy into electrical energy using the photoelectric conversion mechanism of perovskite crystal materials. They are currently the third generation of solar cells, possessing advantages such as high energy conversion efficiency, simple manufacturing process, and low production cost, and have been extensively studied in recent years. Improving the device stability of solar cells is one of the key factors restricting their industrial application. Summary of the Invention

[0005] According to various embodiments and examples of this application, this application provides a solar cell device, a fabrication method, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, an electrical device, a carbazole passivating agent, and their applications. This solar cell device exhibits significantly improved device stability.

[0006] In some embodiments of the first aspect of this application, a solar cell device is provided, which includes a first charge transport layer and a light-absorbing layer stacked together; wherein, the first charge transport layer includes a metal oxide, and the light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite compound; a carbazole passivating agent is disposed between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer, and the carbazole passivating agent includes a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together.

[0007] The 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring is substituent Q. 11 The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by a substituent Q. 21 Replaced;

[0008] The carbazole-based passivating agent satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0009] (t1)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes a group capable of binding the metal oxide;

[0010] (t2)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes an oxyacid group or a silicate ester group.

[0011] The aforementioned solar cell device has a carbazole-based passivating agent disposed between a first charge transport layer comprising a metal oxide and a light-absorbing layer comprising a perovskite compound. The core structure of the carbazole-based passivating agent includes a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring, wherein the first carbazole ring and the second carbazole ring are bonded to the 3' position of the first carbazole ring and the 3' position of the second carbazole ring, and anchoring groups (e.g., groups capable of binding to the metal oxide in the charge transport layer or at least one of oxyacid groups and silicate groups) are respectively attached to the 6' position of the first carbazole ring and the 6' position of the second carbazole ring. The two anchoring groups can bind to the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer. When the two anchoring groups at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring and the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring are anchored to the first charge transport layer, the metal oxide of the first charge transport layer can be passivated. Furthermore, by utilizing the positional relationship between the 6- and 6'- positions relative to the 9- and 9'- positions, the 9-position of the first carbazole ring and the 9'-position of the second carbazole ring can be simultaneously exposed to the light-absorbing layer. This allows the carbazole passivating agent to provide a good field passivation effect along its dipole moment direction, enhancing the passivation effect on perovskite compounds in the light-absorbing layer and delaying ion migration in the light-absorbing layer after photothermal aging. Thus, the structural stability of the light-absorbing layer can be significantly improved, and the stability of the device can be significantly enhanced, but this is not limited to the above theory.

[0012] In some embodiments, the hydrogen atom at the 9-position of the first carbazole ring is substituent Q. 12 Whether substituted or not, the hydrogen atom at the 9'-position of the second carbazole ring is substituent Q. 22 Whether it is replaced or not, Q 12 and Q 22 Each of these groups independently includes one of the following: thienyl, furanyl, pyridyl, and alkyl.

[0013] By controlling the 9-position of the first carbazole ring and the 9'-position of the second carbazole ring to be independently hydrogen atoms (i.e., unsubstituted) or including one of thiophene, furanyl, or pyridine, N, S, and O atoms can be used to effectively passivate the perovskite-type compounds in the light-absorbing layer. This can delay ion migration in the light-absorbing layer after photothermal aging, improve the structural stability of the light-absorbing layer, and enhance device stability.

[0014] By controlling the 9-position of the first carbazole ring and the 9'-position of the second carbazole ring to be alkyl groups independently, it is beneficial to improve the solubility of carbazole passivating agents in organic solvents (such as alcohol solvents), thereby improving processability.

[0015] In some embodiments, the structure of the carbazole passivating agent is shown in formula (I):

[0016] Among them, R 11 and R 21 Each is independently an oxyacid group or a silicate ester group, R 12 and R 22 Each is independently one of H atom, furanyl, thiopheneyl, pyridyl and alkyl, B 11 B 12 B 21 and B 22 Each independently constitutes a covalent single bond, alkylene group, alkenylene group, Or phenylene, any * independently represents a single bond linking site pointing to the carbazole ring, any Independently represent the pointer to the corresponding end base R 11 R 21 R 12 Or R 22 Single bond connection sites.

[0017] For the carbazole passivating agent shown in formula (I), the carbazole passivating agent provides a good field passivation effect, which is beneficial to improving the passivation effect on the perovskite-type compound in the light-absorbing layer. It can delay the ion migration of the light-absorbing layer after photothermal aging and improve the structural stability of the light-absorbing layer. In addition, when the two anchoring groups at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring and the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring are anchored to the first charge transport layer, the metal oxide of the first charge transport layer can be passivated, reducing the attack of the first charge transport layer on the metal ions of the light-absorbing layer, which is also beneficial to improving the structural stability of the light-absorbing layer. Based on the aforementioned multiple effects (but not limited to these), the device stability can be significantly improved.

[0018] The core structure of the carbazole passivator shown in formula (I) includes two relatively independent carbazole rings. The two carbazole rings are not fused together, but are directly linked through the 3- and 3'-positions. This carbazole passivator molecule provides two-level donor units. Its energy level has good compatibility with the energy level of the perovskite compound in the light-absorbing layer and good conjugation, which is beneficial to improving carrier extraction and transport. In addition, the carbazole passivator enhances the passivation effect of the light-absorbing layer and anchors and passivates the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer. This is beneficial to enable the solar cell device to have significantly improved device stability and high energy conversion efficiency.

[0019] In the carbazole passivating agent shown in formula (I), the two carbazole rings are respectively connected to anchoring groups that can bind to the first charge transport layer. Compared with a passivating agent molecule with a single anchoring point, the binding energy between the carbazole passivating agent and the metal oxide can be increased, which is beneficial to improving the stability of the device.

[0020] For example, by setting B 11 B 12 B 21 and B 22 Each is independently an alkenyl or aromatic linker (e.g. (e.g., phenylene), which is beneficial to enhance the conjugation of carbazole passivating agents, improve carrier extraction and transport, and increase energy conversion efficiency.

[0021] In some embodiments, the carbazole passivating agent satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0022] (a1)R 11 and R 21 Each of the following groups can be independently identified: Among them, R 01 R 02 and R 03 Each independently is C 1-3 alkyl;

[0023] (a2)R 12 and R 22 Each independently constitutes a H atom, Or C 1-6 alkyl;

[0024] (a3)B 11 B 12 B 21 and B 22 Each is an independent covalent single bond, (CH2) n , Or 1,4-phenylene, any * indicates a single bond linking site, and n is an integer selected from 1 to 6.

[0025] In some embodiments, the carbazole passivating agent satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0026] (b1)R 11 and R 21 Each independently B 11 and B 21 Each is independently -(CH2) n1 -、 Or 1,4-phenylene; where n1 is an integer selected from 1 to 6;

[0027] (b2)R 12 and R 22 Each is independently a H atom and a C atom. 1-6 alkyl, B 12 and B 22 Each is an independent covalent single bond;

[0028] (b3)-B 11 -R 11 and -B 21 -R 21 Each independently -(CH2) n2 -COOH, -(CH2) n3 -(O=)P(OH)2、 Where n2 and n3 are each an integer selected from 1 to 6;

[0029] (b4)-B 12 -R 12 and -B 22 -R 22 Each is independently a H atom and a C atom. 1-6 alkyl,

[0030] In some embodiments, the carbazole passivating agent satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0031] (c1) The HOMO energy level of the carbazole passivating agent is -5.0 eV to -5.6 eV;

[0032] (c2) The molecular weight of the carbazole passivating agent is 380 Da to 1500 Da.

[0033] In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the carbazole passivating agent is 420 Da to 1200 Da.

[0034] By controlling the HOMO energy level of carbazole passivators within the aforementioned range, it is beneficial to improve the compatibility with the HOMO energy level of semiconductor materials (such as perovskite compounds) in the light-absorbing layer, which is beneficial for hole extraction and transport.

[0035] By controlling the molecular weight of carbazole passivating agents within the aforementioned range, it is beneficial to not only exert the anchoring and passivation effects on the first charge transport layer and the passivation effect on the light-absorbing layer, but also to make the position of the carbazole passivating agents more stably between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer, thereby better improving the device stability of solar cell devices; in addition, it is also beneficial to achieve high energy conversion efficiency more stably.

[0036] In some embodiments, the carbazole passivating agent includes one or more of the following compounds: Where Me is a methyl group.

[0037] In some embodiments, the solar cell device further includes a passivation layer located between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer, the passivation layer comprising the carbazole-based passivating agent.

[0038] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer is less than or equal to 10 nm.

[0039] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm to 10 nm.

[0040] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer is 1 nm to 5 nm.

[0041] By setting a passivation layer containing a carbazole-based passivating agent between the first charge transport layer and the light absorption layer, and controlling the thickness of the passivation layer within the aforementioned thickness range, it is beneficial to achieve good carrier transport performance while exerting the anchoring and passivation effect on the first charge transport layer and the passivation effect on the light absorption layer. This is beneficial to improve device stability while achieving high energy conversion efficiency.

[0042] In some embodiments, the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer includes one or more metal elements selected from Ni, Mo, and Cu.

[0043] In some embodiments, the solar cell device satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0044] (d1) The perovskite-type compounds include perovskite-type metal halides;

[0045] (d2) The light-absorbing layer comprises a semiconductor material, wherein the perovskite compound accounts for 80% to 100% of the mass of the semiconductor material in the light-absorbing layer.

[0046] In some embodiments, the solar cell device satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0047] (e1) The solar cell device further includes a second charge transport layer, which is located on the side of the light-absorbing layer away from the first charge transport layer;

[0048] (e2) The solar cell device further includes a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the first electrode is located on the side of the first charge transport layer away from the light-absorbing layer, and the second electrode is located on the side of the light-absorbing layer away from the first charge transport layer.

[0049] In some embodiments, the first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer.

[0050] In some embodiments, the solar cell includes a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, and a second electrode stacked sequentially, wherein the first electrode is a transparent electrode and the second electrode is a metal electrode.

[0051] In some embodiments of the second aspect of this application, a method for fabricating a solar cell device is provided, comprising the following steps: spin-coating a passivation solution containing a carbazole passivating agent onto a first charge transport layer, drying, and continuing to form a light-absorbing layer;

[0052] The first charge transport layer comprises a metal oxide; the carbazole passivating agent comprises a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together; the 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; and the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring is substituented with a Q group. 11 The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by a substituent Q. 21 Replaced;

[0053] The carbazole-based passivating agent satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0054] (t1)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes a group capable of binding the metal oxide;

[0055] (t2)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group.

[0056] In some embodiments, the resulting solar cell device is as defined in the first aspect of this application.

[0057] In some embodiments of the third aspect of this application, a photovoltaic module is provided, comprising a substrate layer, a solar cell device, and an encapsulating adhesive layer stacked sequentially; wherein the solar cell device is the solar cell device described in the first aspect of this application.

[0058] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect of this application, a power generation device is provided, which includes at least one of the solar cell device described in the first aspect of this application, the solar cell device prepared by the method for preparing the solar cell device described in the second aspect of this application, and the photovoltaic module described in the third aspect of this application.

[0059] In some embodiments of the fifth aspect of this application, an electrical device is provided, comprising at least one of the solar cell device described in the first aspect of this application, a solar cell device prepared by the method for preparing the solar cell device described in the second aspect of this application, and a photovoltaic module described in the third aspect of this application.

[0060] In some embodiments of the sixth aspect of this application, the use of carbazole-based passivating agents in the fabrication of solar cell devices, photovoltaic modules, or solar cells is provided, wherein the carbazole-based passivating agent comprises a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together; the 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; and the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring is substituted with a Q group. 11 The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by a substituent Q. 21 Replaced;

[0061] The carbazole-based passivating agent satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0062] (t1)Q 11 and Q 21 Each component independently comprises a group capable of binding a metal oxide; the metal oxide is a charge transport material;

[0063] (t2)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group;

[0064] The solar cell device, the photovoltaic module, or the solar cell includes a first charge transport layer and a light-absorbing layer. The first charge transport layer includes a metal oxide, and the light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite compound. The carbazole passivating agent is disposed between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer.

[0065] In some embodiments of the seventh aspect of this application, a carbazole-based passivating agent is provided, comprising a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together; the 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; and the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring is substituented with a Q group. 11 The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by a substituent Q. 21 Replaced;

[0066] The carbazole-based passivating agent satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0067] (t1)Q 11 and Q 21 Each component independently includes a group capable of binding a metal oxide; the metal oxide is a charge transport material.

[0068] (t2)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group.

[0069] Details of one or more embodiments or examples of this application are set forth in the following drawings and description. Other features, objects, and advantages of this application will become apparent from the specification, drawings, and claims. Attached Figure Description

[0070] To better describe and illustrate the embodiments, examples, or models provided in this application, reference may be made to one or more accompanying drawings. Additional details or examples used to describe the drawings should not be considered as limiting the scope of any of the disclosed applications, the currently described embodiments, examples, or models, or the best mode of these applications as currently understood. Furthermore, the same reference numerals denote the same parts throughout the drawings. It should also be noted that the drawings are drawn in a simplified form and are only intended to facilitate and clarify the illustration of this application. The various dimensions of each part shown in the drawings are arbitrarily shown and may be precise or not drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of parts are appropriately exaggerated in some places in the drawings to make the illustration clearer. Unless otherwise specified, the parts in the drawings are not drawn to scale. This application does not limit every dimension of every part.

[0071] In the attached diagram:

[0072] Figure 1 is a partial structural schematic diagram of a solar cell device in one embodiment of this application, showing a first charge transport layer and a light-absorbing layer stacked together, with a carbazole passivating agent disposed between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer.

[0073] Figure 2 is a partial structural schematic diagram of a solar cell device in one embodiment of this application, showing a first charge transport layer, a passivation layer and a light-absorbing layer stacked sequentially, wherein the passivation layer includes a carbazole-based passivating agent.

[0074] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell device in one embodiment of this application. The solar cell device includes a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode stacked in sequence. A carbazole passivating agent is disposed between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer.

[0075] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell device in one embodiment of this application. The solar cell device includes a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a passivation layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and a second electrode stacked in sequence. The passivation layer includes a carbazole passivating agent.

[0076] Figure 5 is a partial structural schematic diagram of a solar cell device in one embodiment of this application, showing a first charge transport layer, a passivation layer, a light-absorbing layer, and a second charge transport layer.

[0077] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic module in one embodiment of this application. The photovoltaic module includes a substrate layer, a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a passivation layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, a second electrode, and an encapsulating adhesive layer stacked sequentially.

[0078] Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic module according to an embodiment of this application; the photovoltaic module is provided with a first etched area, a second etched area and a third etched area.

[0079] Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of an electrical device according to an embodiment of this application, in which a solar cell device is used as a power generation device.

[0080] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: 100 is a solar cell device; 200 is a photovoltaic module; 110 is a substrate layer; 120 is a first electrode; 130 is a first charge transport layer; 34 is a carbazole passivating agent; 340 is a passivation layer; 140 is a light-absorbing layer; 150 is a second charge transport layer; 160 is a second electrode; 170 is an encapsulating adhesive layer; P1 is a first etched area; P2 is a second etched area; P3 is a third etched area; 6 is an electrical device. Detailed Implementation

[0081] The following describes in detail, with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings, some embodiments and examples of the solar cell device, fabrication method, photovoltaic module, power generation device, power consumption device, carbazole passivating agent, and their applications. However, some unnecessary details may be omitted. For example, detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repetitive descriptions of practically identical structures may be omitted. This is to avoid unnecessarily lengthy descriptions and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided to enable those skilled in the art to fully understand this application and are not intended to limit the subject matter of the claims.

[0082] The "range" disclosed in this application can be defined in the form of a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of a particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints. Any endpoint can be included or excluded independently and can be combined arbitrarily; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is expected that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also included. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​1 and 2 are listed, and maximum range values ​​3, 4, and 5 are also listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "ab" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0" and "5" have been listed in this article; "0-5" is simply a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when describing a parameter as an integer ≥ 2, it is equivalent to listing integers such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 for that parameter. For instance, when describing a parameter as an integer selected from "2-10", it is equivalent to listing the integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

[0083] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "about" means within a reasonable range above and below the stated number, and the range of fluctuation may vary depending on the type and value of the stated number. For example, a range of ±10%, ±5%, ±2%, ±1%, etc., may be allowed. For example, taking "about 20°C" and its approximation as ±1°C, approximate values ​​such as 19°C, 19.5°C, etc., within the approximation range indicated by "about 20°C" should also be included in the range indicated by "about 20°C".

[0084] In this application, the term "numerical value" includes the number itself and its reasonable approximations. The definition of "numerical value" can apply to discrete numerical points or to the endpoints of a numerical range. Unless otherwise specified, the term "approximation" covers a numerical interval based on a reasonable range of fluctuations of the number itself. This reasonable range of fluctuations can vary depending on the type and magnitude of the number. This reasonable range of fluctuations can be reasonably determined based on the accuracy of the testing or measurement method. Therefore, when referring to a numerical value or a numerical range, unless otherwise specified, it should be understood that the numerical value includes its reasonable approximation, and the numerical range includes reasonable approximations at both endpoints. Those skilled in the art will understand that acceptable fluctuation ranges of the relevant approximations can be included within the definition of the numerical value or the numerical range. In this application, unless otherwise specified, "N1" can be reasonably understood as "about N1," and "N1~N2" can be reasonably understood as "about N1 to about N2," where N1 and N2 are two unequal numerical values. For example, in some cases, it is reasonable to include approximate values ​​within an approximate range into the range defined by that range, due to one or more factors such as reasonable deviations allowed in the art and the precision of instrument control; for example, "temperature of 20℃ to 30℃" can be understood as "approximately 20℃ to approximately 30℃"; furthermore, taking "20℃" as the endpoint and its approximation as ±1℃, approximate values ​​such as 19℃ and 19.5℃ within the approximation range corresponding to "approximately 20℃" should also be included in the range indicated by 20℃ to 30℃. As a non-limiting example, a percentage content of "10%" can be reasonably understood as "approximately 10%". As another non-limiting example, a percentage content of "80% to 100%" can be reasonably understood as "approximately 80% to 100%".

[0085] In this application, the terms "multiple," "various," "multiple items," "several," etc., unless otherwise specified, refer to a quantity greater than or equal to 2. For example, "one or more" means one or more (≥, greater than or equal to) two. It can be understood that when "any number of" items are involved, it refers to any suitable combination of multiple items, that is, a combination of "any number of" items in a manner that does not conflict and enables the implementation of this application.

[0086] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0087] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment or implementation of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a separate or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments. The term "implementation" as used herein has a similar understanding.

[0088] Those skilled in the art will understand that the order in which the steps are written in the various implementations or embodiments does not imply a strict execution order and does not constitute any limitation on the implementation process. The detailed execution order of each step should be determined by its function and possible internal logic. Unless otherwise specified, all steps in this application may be performed sequentially or randomly, but are preferably performed sequentially. For example, if method M includes steps (a) and (b), it means that method M may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. As another example, method M may also include step (c), meaning that step (c) can be added to method M in any order. For example, method M may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0089] In this application, open-ended technical features or solutions described using terms such as "containing," "including," or "comprising" do not exclude additional members beyond those listed unless otherwise specified. They can be considered as providing both closed-ended features or solutions comprised of the listed members and open-ended features or solutions that include additional members beyond the listed members. For example, if A includes a1, a2, and a3, it may also include other members or exclude additional members unless otherwise specified. This can be considered as providing both features or solutions where "A consists of a1, a2, and a3" or "A is selected from a1, a2, and a3," and features or solutions where "A includes not only a1, a2, and a3, but also other members."

[0090] In this application, unless otherwise specified, M (e.g., m1) means that m1 is a non-limiting example of M, and it is understood that M is not limited to m1.

[0091] In this application, "optionally," "optionally," and "optional" mean that something is optional, that is, it means that it is selected from either "with" or "without." If there are multiple "optional" entries in a technical solution, unless otherwise specified and there are no contradictions or mutual constraints, each "optional" entry shall be independent.

[0092] In this application, unless otherwise specified, the features or solutions corresponding to "and / or" include any one of two or more of the related listed items, as well as any and all combinations of the related listed items. These arbitrary and all combinations include any two related listed items, any more related listed items, or a combination of all related listed items. For example, "A and / or B" represents a group consisting of A, B, and "a combination of A and B". "Containing A and / or B" can mean "containing A, containing B, and containing A and B", or "containing A, containing B, or containing A and B", and can be appropriately understood according to the context.

[0093] The terms “combinations of,” “any combination of,” and “any combination of” used in this article include all suitable combinations of any two or more of the listed items.

[0094] In this document, the term "suitable" as used in "suitable combination", "suitable method", "any suitable method", etc., refers to the technical solution that enables the implementation of this application.

[0095] In this document, terms such as "preferred," "better," "more suitable," "ideal," "good," and "superior" are merely descriptions of more effective implementation methods or embodiments, and should be understood not to limit the scope of protection of this application. If multiple "preferred" terms appear in a technical solution, unless otherwise specified and there are no contradictions or mutual constraints, each "preferred" term shall be independent.

[0096] In this application, terms such as "further," "even more," "especially," "for example," "as," "example," and "exemplary" are used for descriptive purposes to indicate differences in content, but should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of this application.

[0097] In this application, the terms "first aspect," "second aspect," "third aspect," "fourth aspect," etc., are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or quantity, nor should they be construed as implicitly indicating the importance or quantity of the indicated technical features. Moreover, "first," "second," "third," "fourth," etc., serve only as a non-exhaustive enumeration and should be understood not to constitute a closed limitation on quantity.

[0098] In this application, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the terms "connected," "linked," etc., in device or mechanical structures should be interpreted broadly, for example, as a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part. Those skilled in the art can understand the meaning of the above terms in this application according to the context. In molecular structures, unless otherwise specified, "connected" means linked by chemical bonds.

[0099] In this application, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, in a device structure or mechanical structure, the first feature being "on" or "under" a second feature can mean that the first and second features are in direct contact, or that the first and second features are in indirect contact through an intermediate medium. In this application, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the first feature being "on" or "under" a second feature can indicate a horizontal positional relationship, or it can simply indicate the existence of an attachment relationship without specifying a horizontal positional relationship.

[0100] In this application, the term "room temperature" generally refers to 4℃ to 35℃, and may refer to 20℃ ± 5℃. In some embodiments of this application, room temperature refers to 20℃ to 30℃.

[0101] In this application, if the unit for a data range is only followed by the right endpoint, it indicates that the units for the left and right endpoints are the same. For example, 3~5h or 3-5h both mean that the unit for the left endpoint "3" and the right endpoint "5" is h (hours), and both have the same meaning as 3h~5h. Furthermore, similar descriptions of other parameters such as temperature and size are interpreted in the same way.

[0102] In this application, "greater than or equal to", "greater than or equal to", and "≥" have the same meaning and can be used interchangeably; "less than or equal to", "less than or equal to", and "≤" have the same meaning and can be used interchangeably; "greater than" can be equivalently represented as ">", and "less than" can be equivalently represented as "<". In this application, unless otherwise specified, "greater than or equal to" and "≥" can be considered as providing two additional solutions: "greater than" and "equal to". In this application, unless otherwise specified, "less than or equal to" and "≤" can be considered as providing two additional solutions: "less than" and "equal to".

[0103] In this application, the exemplary descriptions such as "in some implementations (or embodiments)" and "in one implementation (or embodiment)" may cover, but are not limited to, the following meanings: these solutions can be combined with other solutions in a suitable manner to form new technical solutions.

[0104] Unless otherwise stated herein, there are no spacer atoms between two sites connected by a "covalent single bond". In this application, unless otherwise stated, a "spacer atom" is a linker that connects different structures with a single non-hydrogen atom, from which two or more linking sites can be derived.

[0105] In this document, unless otherwise specified, "alkyl" refers to a monovalent residue formed by the loss of a hydrogen atom from a saturated hydrocarbon containing a primary (normal) carbon atom, or a secondary carbon atom, or a tertiary carbon atom, or a quaternary carbon atom, or a combination thereof. Phrases containing this term, such as "C", are also included. 1-6"Alkyl" refers to an alkyl group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and each time it appears, it can be independently C1 alkyl, C2 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, or C6 alkyl. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to: methyl (Me, -CH3), ethyl (Et, -CH2CH3), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, -CH2CH2CH3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH3)2), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-methyl-1-propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, -CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, -C(CH3)3), 1-pentyl (n -pentyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3), 3-pentyl (-CH(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-2-butyl (-C(CH3)2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-butyl (-CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-1-butyl (-CH2CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-methyl-1-butyl (-CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 1-hexyl (-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-hexyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3), 3-hexyl (-CH(CH2CH3)(CH2CH2CH3)), 2-methyl-2-pentyl (-C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH3).

[0106] Unless otherwise stated herein, "C" in any implementation method refers to... 1-6 "alkyl" can be C 1-4 Alkyl groups, which can further be C16-264 ... 1-3 Alkyl groups, as non-limiting examples, include methyl, ethyl, propyl (e.g., n-propyl) or butyl (e.g., n-butyl).

[0107] In this application, unless otherwise specified, the term "aryl" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group derived from an aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon compound by losing one hydrogen atom, that is, forming a monovalent linking site directly on the ring. It can be a monocyclic aryl, a fused-ring aryl, or a polycyclic aryl; for polycyclic rings, at least one is an aromatic ring system. For example, "C 6-10 "Aryl" refers to an aryl group containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Each time it appears, it can be independently C6 aryl, C8 aryl, C9 aryl, or C6 aryl. 10 Aryl. For example, "C 6-20"Aryl" refers to an aryl group containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms. Each time it appears, it can be independently, but is not limited to, C6 aryl (such as phenyl), C8 aryl (such as benzocyclobutenyl), C9 aryl (such as indenyl), C6 aryl, C8 aryl, C9 ... 10 Aryl (such as naphthyl), C 12 Aryl (such as acenaphthene, biphenyl), C 13 Aryl (such as fluorene), C 14 Aryl (such as anthracene, phenanthrene), C 18 Aryl (such as phenylene) or C 20 Aryl (e.g., dinaphthalene-based phenyl). Examples of suitable aromatic cyclic hydrocarbons that can be derived to form aryl groups include, but are not limited to: benzene, benzocyclobutene, biphenyl, indene, naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, anthracene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, dinaphthalene-based phenylene and their derivatives.

[0108] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "alkylene" refers to a divalent hydrocarbon group with two monovalent groups, derived from an alkane by removing two hydrogen atoms (or derived from an alkyl group by losing one more hydrogen atom), and can be a saturated branched structure or a saturated straight-chain structure. For example, "C1-C6 alkylene" or "C..." 1-6 "Alkylene" refers to an alkylene moiety containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and each time it appears, it can be independently C1 alkylene, C2 alkylene, C3 alkylene, C4 alkylene, C5 alkylene, or C6 alkylene. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to: methylene (-CH2-), 1,1-ethylene (-CH(CH3)-), 1,2-ethylene (-CH2CH2-), 1,1-propylene (-CH(CH2CH3)-), 1,2-propylene (-CH2CH(CH3)-), 1,3-propylene (-CH2CH2CH2-), and 1,4-butylene (-CH2CH2CH2CH2-).

[0109] In this document, unless otherwise specified, "alkenyl" refers to a divalent hydrocarbon group derived from an alkenyl group by removing one hydrogen atom, forming two monovalent group centers. This can be an unsaturated branched structure or an unsaturated straight-chain structure. For example, "C2-C6 alkenyl" means that the alkenyl moiety contains 2-6 carbon atoms, and each occurrence can be independently C2 alkenyl, C4 alkenyl, C5 alkenyl, or C6 alkenyl. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, 1,2-vinylene (-CH=CH-).

[0110] Unless otherwise specified, the two single bond sites in "phenylene" can be ortho (1,2-phenylene), meta (1,3-phenylene), or para (1,4-phenylene, with the structure shown below). ).

[0111] In this application, unless otherwise specified, for group residues participating in the formation of covalent bonds, "valence" refers to the sum of the valences of all linkage sites of the group participating in the formation of the covalent bond. For example, alkyl groups (such as -CH3) have a monovalent valence, while alkylene groups (such as -CH2-) have a divalent valence. Similarly, groups such as -OH and -COOH have a monovalent valence, while -CH=CH- has a divalent valence. Those skilled in the art will understand the difference between this "valence" and the charge valence of an ion.

[0112] In the application, "the charge valence state of an ion" refers to the charge number of the ion, which can carry either a positive or negative charge. For example, divalent lead ions (Pb... 2+ The positive charge valence state of iodide anion (I) is 2. - The negative charge valence state of ) is 1.

[0113] In this application, Arabic numerals can be used to indicate the number of atoms, for example, C 8-20 Hydrocarbon group refers to a hydrocarbon group having 8 to 20 carbon atoms.

[0114] In this application, unless otherwise specified, the term "group" encompasses both "atomic group" and "base," and unless otherwise specified, a "group" may consist of one atom or contain multiple atoms. Non-limiting examples of monatomic groups include the hydrogen group (-H), etc.

[0115] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "group" refers to a group having one or more covalently bondable sites. Based on the sum of the covalently bondable valence states, "groups" can be classified as monovalent groups, divalent groups, etc. Groups with a valence state greater than 1 can be collectively referred to as "polyvalent groups." When the valence state of a "group" is greater than 1 and the number of linking sites of a polyvalent group is greater than 1, it can also be called a "linking group," which can bridge two or more groups; similarly, based on the valence state of the "linking group," it can be classified as divalent linking groups, trivalent linking groups, tetravalent linking groups, etc. Non-limiting examples of divalent linking groups include alkylene groups, phenylene groups, etc.

[0116] Unless otherwise specified in this application, “substituted” refers to “non-substituted”.

[0117] Unless otherwise stated, the improvements described in this application are not intended to be limited to any theoretical constraints.

[0118] For any test method for a certain parameter described in this application, as long as the test result of at least one test method is within the described range, it can be included in the protection scope of this application.

[0119] Device stability is one of the key factors restricting the industrial application of perovskite solar cells. Taking traditional inverted perovskite solar cells as an example, the commonly used hole transport layer (HTL) is nickel oxide (NiOx). After photothermal aging, metal ions generated by the hole transport layer can easily attack the perovskite layer, potentially leading to the dissociation of the perovskite material. The formation of dangling bonds at the bottom of the perovskite layer causes faster ion migration and accelerates phase separation, resulting in crystal damage and more defects. The resulting structural instability of the perovskite layer affects device stability. Theoretically, the hole transport layer can be passivated with a layer of self-assembled small molecules (SAMs) to improve device stability. For example, it can reduce metal ion attacks from the hole transport layer and passivate perovskite layer defects. However, most existing self-assembled small molecules (such as Me-4Pacz) are only anchored to the hole transport layer and have no passivation effect or an unsatisfactory passivation effect on the perovskite layer.

[0120] According to various embodiments and examples of this application, this application provides a solar cell device, a fabrication method, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, an electrical device, a carbazole passivating agent, and their applications. This solar cell device exhibits significantly improved device stability.

[0121] In some embodiments, a solar cell device is provided, comprising a first charge transport layer and a light-absorbing layer; a carbazole-based passivating agent is disposed between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer. Further, the carbazole-based passivating agent is capable of bonding to the first charge transport layer and passivating the light-absorbing layer. Even further, the carbazole-based passivating agent is capable of bonding to the first charge transport layer via anchoring groups. Exemplarily, the carbazole-based passivating agent can bond to the first charge transport layer via groups capable of bonding to metal oxides and / or via at least one of oxyacid groups and silicate ester groups.

[0122] In some embodiments, a solar cell device is provided, comprising a first charge transport layer and a light-absorbing layer; wherein the first charge transport layer comprises a metal oxide, and the light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite compound; a carbazole-based passivating agent is disposed between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer. Further, the carbazole-based passivating agent can bind to the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer and passivate the perovskite compound in the light-absorbing layer.

[0123] In some embodiments, the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer are stacked.

[0124] In some embodiments, the carbazole passivating agent comprises a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together; the 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; the 6-position of the first carbazole ring and the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring are each independently connected to a group capable of binding the first charge transport layer and / or to at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group. Further, the group capable of binding the first charge transport layer is a group capable of binding metal oxides in the first charge transport layer. In some embodiments, the 6-position of the first carbazole ring and the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring are each independently connected to a group capable of binding metal oxides in the first charge transport layer and / or to at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group.

[0125] In some embodiments of the first aspect of this application, a solar cell device is provided, comprising a first charge transport layer 130 and a light-absorbing layer 140 stacked together, wherein a carbazole-based passivating agent 34 is disposed between the first charge transport layer 130 and the light-absorbing layer 140, as shown in FIG1. ​​This solar cell device has significantly improved device stability.

[0126] In some embodiments, a solar cell device is provided, which includes a first charge transport layer 130, a passivation layer 340 and a light-absorbing layer 140 stacked sequentially, wherein the passivation layer 340 includes a carbazole-based passivating agent 34, as shown in FIG2.

[0127] Unless otherwise stated, in this application, a "solar cell device" is a device that converts solar energy into electrical energy using a photoelectric conversion mechanism. Unless otherwise stated, the solar cell device provided in this application includes a light-absorbing layer.

[0128] In this application, unless otherwise specified, the "light-absorbing layer" can generate electron-hole pairs under the excitation of incident photons, and generate current through the flow of electrons and holes, thereby realizing the conversion from light energy to electrical energy. The light-absorbing layer can use any suitable mechanism to convert solar energy into electrical energy, and correspondingly, the light-absorbing layer can use any suitable semiconductor material. In this application, unless otherwise specified, a light-absorbing layer including a perovskite compound can be referred to as a "perovskite layer". A solar cell device with a perovskite layer as the light-absorbing layer can be called a perovskite solar cell device. Non-limitingly, in the perovskite layer, the perovskite compound can include perovskite metal halides.

[0129] In some embodiments, the solar cell device includes a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the first electrode is located on the side of the first charge transport layer away from the light-absorbing layer, and the second electrode is located on the side of the light-absorbing layer away from the first charge transport layer.

[0130] In this application, unless otherwise specified, a "carbazole passivating agent" is an organic compound comprising a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together. In the carbazole passivating agent, the first carbazole ring may be designated Cz1, and the second carbazole ring may be designated Cz2. In this application, unless otherwise specified, the 1- to 9-positions of the first carbazole ring and the 1- to 9-positions of the second carbazole ring are respectively represented by the following formulas. The carbazole passivating agent contains an anchoring group; the "anchoring group" in the carbazole passivating agent refers to a group capable of binding to the first charge transport layer. Unless otherwise specified, the 6-position of the first carbazole ring and the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring are each independently connected to a group capable of binding to the first charge transport layer. Exemplarily, the anchoring group in the carbazole passivating agent can be an oxygen-containing group, and may further include at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate ester group. Unless otherwise specified, the binding interaction between the "anchoring group" and the first charge transport layer may include, but is not limited to, chemical bonding, coordination, hydrogen bonding, etc. For example, when the first charge transport layer comprises a metal oxide, the anchoring group can be a group capable of binding to the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer. Furthermore, the binding interaction between the anchoring group and the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer can include, but is not limited to, chemical bonding, coordination, and hydrogen bonding. Unless otherwise specified, in carbazole passivating agents, the nitrogen atom or 9-substituent at the 9-position of the first carbazole ring and the nitrogen atom or 9'-substituent at the 9'-position of the second carbazole ring can passivate crystal defects in the light-absorbing layer.

[0131] In some embodiments, a solar cell device is provided, comprising a first charge transport layer and a light-absorbing layer; wherein the first charge transport layer comprises a metal oxide, and the light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite compound; a carbazole-based passivating agent is disposed between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer. The definition of a carbazole-based passivating agent can be found in the context of this application. In some embodiments, the carbazole-based passivating agent comprises a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded; the 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; the 6-position of the first carbazole ring and the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring are each independently connected to a group capable of binding the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer and / or to at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate ester group. This solar cell device exhibits significantly improved device stability.

[0132] In this application, "a group capable of binding to a metal oxide in the first charge transport layer" can also be written as "a group capable of binding to a metal oxide".

[0133] In some embodiments, a solar cell device is provided, comprising a first charge transport layer and a light-absorbing layer stacked together; wherein the first charge transport layer comprises a metal oxide, and the light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite compound; a carbazole-based passivating agent is disposed between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer, the carbazole-based passivating agent comprising a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together; the 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; the 6-position of the first carbazole ring and the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring are each independently connected to a group capable of binding a metal oxide and / or to at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate ester group. This solar cell device exhibits significantly improved device stability.

[0134] In some embodiments, the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring is substituent Q. 11 The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by the substituent Q. 21 Replaced by, Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes a group capable of binding a metal oxide and / or includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group.

[0135] In some embodiments of the first aspect of this application, a solar cell device is provided, which includes a first charge transport layer and a light-absorbing layer stacked together; wherein, the first charge transport layer includes a metal oxide, and the light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite compound; a carbazole passivating agent is disposed between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer, the carbazole passivating agent including a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together.

[0136] The first carbazole ring is bonded at the 3-position to the second carbazole ring at the 3'-position; the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring is substituent Q. 11 The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by the substituent Q. 21 Replaced;

[0137] Carbazole passivating agents satisfy one or more of the following characteristics:

[0138] (t1)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes a group capable of binding metal oxides;

[0139] (t2)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group.

[0140] In some embodiments, the 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring is substituent Q. 11The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by the substituent Q. 21 Replaced by; Q 11 and Q 21 Each of them independently includes groups capable of binding to metal oxides in the first charge transport layer.

[0141] In some embodiments, the 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring is substituent Q. 11 The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by the substituent Q. 21 Replaced by; Q 11 and Q 21 Each group independently comprises at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group. In this case, the oxygen (O) atoms in the oxyacid group and / or silicate group can be used to achieve bonding with the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer.

[0142] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "oxyacid group" refers to an acidic group containing an oxygen atom and having an ionizable hydrogen atom attached to it. Examples of oxyacid groups without limitation include -COOH, -PO(OH)2, -PHO(OH), -SO2(OH), -B(OH)2, or -Si(OH)3.

[0143] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "silicate group" may be represented as Among them, R 01 R 02 and R 03 Each is independently connected to the oxygen atom in Si-O through a carbon atom; optionally, R 01 R 02 and R 03 Each independently is C 1-3 Alkyl groups, which may further be methyl groups, are used in some embodiments. The methyl group is -Si(OCH3)3. In this application, the methyl group can be described as Me.

[0144] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "layered arrangement" describes the method of stacking layered structures and does not constitute a limitation on the structural composition of the stacked body. Multiple layered structures may have the same or substantially the same thickness direction. For example, "including stacked structural layer A and structural layer B" means that the stacking direction of structural layer A and structural layer B is along their respective thickness directions; that is, the thickness direction of structural layer A and structural layer B is the same or substantially the same. It is understood that other intermediate structural layers are permitted between structural layer A and structural layer B. In this application, "layered structure" can also be described as "structural layer".

[0145] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "sequentially stacked" describes the sequential arrangement of multiple structural layers, allowing for the provision of other structural layers between the described structural layers. For example, for a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, and a light-absorbing layer stacked sequentially, it is permissible to provide other suitable structural layers between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer. In some embodiments, a passivation layer comprising a carbazole-based passivating agent is further provided between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer. Furthermore, in some embodiments describing "a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, and a second electrode stacked sequentially," a second charge transport layer may be provided between the light-absorbing layer and the second electrode, but this is not a limitation.

[0146] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "layered sequentially" means that multiple layered structures are stacked sequentially in the order described. For example, "layer A, layer B, and layer C stacked sequentially" means that layer B is between layer A and layer C. For example, "layer A, layer B, layer C, and layer D stacked sequentially" means that layer B is between layer A and layer C, and layer C is between layer B and layer D.

[0147] Unless otherwise specified, in carbazole passivating agents, the substituent Q 11 The substituent Q is attached to the 6-position of the first carbazole ring. 21 Q is attached to the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring. 11 and Q 21 Each group independently includes a group capable of binding the first charge transport layer and / or includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group.

[0148] For example, Q 11 and Q 21 Each group independently includes a group capable of binding to the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer, and may further be a group capable of binding to the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer.

[0149] For example, Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group, and may further be an oxyacid group or a silicate group.

[0150] It can be understood that the "metal oxide" in the first charge transport layer is a charge transport material, which can be a hole transport material or an electron transport material.

[0151] In embodiments where the light-absorbing layer is a perovskite layer, in carbazole-based passivating agents, the 9-position nitrogen atom or 9-position substituent in the first carbazole ring and the 9'-position nitrogen atom or 9'-position substituent in the second carbazole ring can passivate crystal defects in the perovskite layer.

[0152] In this application, unless otherwise stated, "perovskite-type compounds" include both cation and anion sites. Some exemplary perovskite-type compounds include a monovalent cation A, a divalent cation B, and a monovalent anion X.

[0153] When a solar cell device is operating, after the light-absorbing layer is exposed to light, the electrons inside gain energy and break free from the binding force of the light-absorbing layer to form negatively charged electron carriers and positively charged hole carriers, thus creating electron-hole pairs. These free electrons and holes travel in opposite directions through their respective transport layers, causing them to flow and forming an external current, thus converting light energy into electrical energy. Furthermore, after the light-absorbing layer absorbs photons, it is excited to generate electron-hole pairs. These pairs further dissociate to form free carriers with opposite charges. The free electrons travel through the electron transport layer to the negative electrode, while the free holes travel through the hole transport layer to the positive electrode. Both types of free carriers are collected by their respective electrodes, further forming a photocurrent in the circuit of the solar cell device.

[0154] The electron transport layer can extract and transport electron carriers and block free holes from passing through.

[0155] The hole transport layer can extract and transport hole carriers and block free electrons from passing through.

[0156] It is understandable that solar cell devices also include two electrodes. One of these electrodes serves as the negative electrode, collecting electron carriers transported via the electron transport layer, while the other serves as the positive electrode, collecting hole carriers transported via the hole transport layer.

[0157] The aforementioned solar cell device has a carbazole-based passivating agent disposed between a first charge transport layer comprising a metal oxide and a light-absorbing layer comprising a perovskite compound. The core structure of the carbazole-based passivating agent includes a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring, wherein the first carbazole ring and the second carbazole ring are bonded to the 3' position of the first carbazole ring and the 3' position of the second carbazole ring, and anchoring groups (e.g., groups capable of binding to the metal oxide in the charge transport layer or at least one of oxyacid groups and silicate groups) are respectively attached to the 6' position of the first carbazole ring and the 6' position of the second carbazole ring. The two anchoring groups can bind to the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer. When the two anchoring groups at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring and the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring are anchored to the first charge transport layer, the metal oxide of the first charge transport layer can be passivated. Furthermore, by utilizing the positional relationship between the 6- and 6'- positions relative to the 9- and 9'- positions, the 9-position of the first carbazole ring and the 9'-position of the second carbazole ring can be simultaneously exposed to the light-absorbing layer. This allows the carbazole passivating agent to provide a good field passivation effect along its dipole moment direction, enhancing the passivation effect on perovskite compounds in the light-absorbing layer and delaying ion migration in the light-absorbing layer after photothermal aging. Thus, the structural stability of the light-absorbing layer can be significantly improved, and the stability of the device can be significantly enhanced, but this is not limited to the above theory.

[0158] Unless otherwise stated in this application, the composition and structure of the "carbazole passivating agent" in the solar cell device can be detected and analyzed by one or more of the following methods: Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, etc. 1 Methods include 1H NMR, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry.

[0159] Unless otherwise specified in this application, conventional methods in the art can be used to detect and analyze the composition of perovskite compounds in the light-absorbing layer, such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

[0160] In some embodiments, the hydrogen atom at the 9-position of the first carbazole ring is substituent Q. 12 Whether substituted or not, the hydrogen atom at the 9'-position of the second carbazole ring is substituent Q. 22 Whether it is replaced or not, Q 12 and Q 22 Each of these groups independently includes one of the following: thienyl, furanyl, pyridyl, and alkyl.

[0161] By controlling the 9-position of the first carbazole ring and the 9'-position of the second carbazole ring to be independently hydrogen atoms (i.e., unsubstituted) or including one of thiophene, furanyl, or pyridine, N, S, and O atoms can be used to effectively passivate the perovskite-type compounds in the light-absorbing layer. This can delay ion migration in the light-absorbing layer after photothermal aging, improve the structural stability of the light-absorbing layer, and enhance device stability.

[0162] By controlling the 9-position of the first carbazole ring and the 9'-position of the second carbazole ring to be alkyl groups independently, it is beneficial to improve the solubility of carbazole passivating agents in organic solvents (such as alcohol solvents), thereby improving processability.

[0163] In some implementations, Q 12 and / or Q 22 In this context, furanyl is...

[0164] In some implementations, Q 12 and / or Q 22 In this context, the thiophene group is...

[0165] In some implementations, Q 12 and / or Q 22 In this context, the pyridyl group is 4-pyridyl, that is...

[0166] In some implementations, Q 12 and / or Q 22 In this context, the alkyl group is C10. 1-6 Alkyl, optionally C 1-4 Alkyl, further optionally C 1-3 Alkyl, and may further be methyl.

[0167] In some implementations, Q 12 and / or Q 22 In this context, the alkyl group is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, and may be methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, or 1-hexyl.

[0168] In some implementations, Q 12 and Q 22 Each is independently one of thienyl, furanyl, pyridyl, and alkyl, and each can be independently selected as... Or C 1-6 alkyl.

[0169] In some embodiments, the 9-position of the first carbazole ring and the 9'-position of the second carbazole ring are each independently a hydrogen atom. Or C 1-6 alkyl.

[0170] In some embodiments, the structure of the carbazole passivating agent is shown in formula (I):

[0171] Among them, R 11 and R 21 Each independently includes a group capable of binding to the first charge transport layer (the group capable of binding to the first charge transport layer may further be a group capable of binding to metal oxides in the first charge transport layer) and / or includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group; R 12 and R 22 Each is independently an H atom or includes one of furanyl, thiophene, pyridinyl, and alkyl groups; B 11 B 12 B 21 and B 22 Each is independently a covalent single bond or a divalent linker (non-limiting examples of divalent linkers include alkylene, alkenylene, etc.). Or phenylene, any * independently represents a single bond linking site pointing to the carbazole ring, any Independently represent the pointer to the corresponding end base R 11 R 21 R 12 Or R 22 (single-bond linker sites).

[0172] For the carbazole passivating agent shown in formula (I), the carbazole passivating agent provides a good field passivation effect, which is beneficial to improving the passivation effect on the perovskite-type compound in the light-absorbing layer. It can delay the ion migration of the light-absorbing layer after photothermal aging and improve the structural stability of the light-absorbing layer. In addition, when the two anchoring groups at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring and the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring are anchored to the first charge transport layer, the metal oxide of the first charge transport layer can be passivated, reducing the attack of the first charge transport layer on the metal ions of the light-absorbing layer, which is also beneficial to improving the structural stability of the light-absorbing layer. Based on the aforementioned multiple effects (but not limited to these), the device stability can be significantly improved.

[0173] The core structure of the carbazole passivator shown in formula (I) includes two relatively independent carbazole rings. The two carbazole rings are not fused together, but are directly linked through the 3- and 3'-positions. This carbazole passivator molecule provides two-level donor units. Its energy level has good compatibility with the energy level of the perovskite compound in the light-absorbing layer and good conjugation, which is beneficial to improving carrier extraction and transport. In addition, the carbazole passivator enhances the passivation effect of the light-absorbing layer and anchors and passivates the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer. This is beneficial to enable the solar cell device to have significantly improved device stability and high energy conversion efficiency.

[0174] In the carbazole passivating agent shown in formula (I), the two carbazole rings are respectively connected to anchoring groups that can bind to the first charge transport layer. Compared with a passivating agent molecule with a single anchoring point, the binding energy between the carbazole passivating agent and the metal oxide can be increased, which is beneficial to improving the stability of the device.

[0175] The closer the energy level of the carbazole passivator is to the energy level of the semiconductor material (such as perovskite compounds) in the light-absorbing layer, the better the energy level matching, which is more conducive to carrier extraction and transport, more conducive to increasing the open-circuit voltage, and more conducive to improving energy conversion efficiency. The energy level (such as the HOMO level) of the carbazole passivator can be tested using methods known in the art, such as, but not limited to, photoelectron spectroscopy (e.g., ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS)).

[0176] Taking the HOMO level as an example, the closer the HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbit) level of the carbazole passivator is to the HOMO level of the semiconductor material (such as perovskite compounds) in the light-absorbing layer, the better the fit, which is more conducive to hole extraction and transport. For example, the HOMO level of the carbazole passivator can be from -5.0 eV to -5.6 eV. For example, when the first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer, the good fit and conjugation between the HOMO level of the carbazole passivator and the HOMO level of the perovskite compound are beneficial for improving hole extraction and transport, and increasing energy conversion efficiency.

[0177] Unless otherwise specified, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) can be used to test the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy levels of carbazole passivators: spin-coat the material to be tested onto a glass slide, anneal it to obtain a thin film of the material, perform UPS testing, and obtain the HOMO and LUMO energy levels from the Fermi edge and secondary electron cutoff, respectively.

[0178] In some embodiments, the HOMO level of compound 4 is approximately -5.34 eV (-5.33937 eV), and the HOMO level is in the range of -5.0 eV to -5.6 eV.

[0179] In some implementations, R 11 and R 21 Each can be an oxyacid group or a silicate ester group.

[0180] In some implementations, R 12 and R 22 Each is independently one of H atom, furanyl, thiophene, pyridyl, and alkyl. In some embodiments, R 12 and / or R 22 In this context, the alkyl group is C10.1-6 Alkyl, optionally C 1-4 Alkyl, further optionally C 1-3 Alkyl, and may further be methyl.

[0181] In some implementations, R 12 and / or R 22 In this context, the alkyl group is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, and may be methyl, 1-ethyl, 1-propyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, or 1-hexyl.

[0182] In some implementations, B 11 B 12 B 21 and B 22 Each is an independent covalent single bond or a divalent linker.

[0183] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "divalent linker" refers to a group with a valence of 2 that serves as a bridging structure.

[0184] In some implementations, B 11 B 12 B 21 and B 22 Each is an independent covalent single bond, (CH2) n , Or 1,4-phenylene, any * indicates a single bond linking site; n is an integer selected from 1 to 6, further, n can be selected as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and can also be selected from any of the aforementioned two numerical ranges.

[0185] In some implementations, B 11 B 12 B 21 and B 22 In one or more of them, the divalent linker includes one or more structures of alkenyl groups and aromatic linkers.

[0186] In some implementations, B 11 B 12 B 21 and B 22 In one or more of them, the divalent linker includes -CH=CH-, One or more structures of the phenylene group; optionally, the divalent linker is -CH=CH-, Or phenylene.

[0187] In some implementations, B 11 B 12 B21 and B 22 Each is an independent covalent single bond.

[0188] In some implementations, B 11 B 12 B 21 and B 22 Each independently represents -CH=CH-. Or phenylene.

[0189] In some embodiments, the structure of the carbazole passivating agent is shown in formula (I), wherein R 11 and R 21 Each is independently an oxyacid group or a silicate ester group, R 12 and R 22 Each is independently one of H atom, furanyl, thiopheneyl, pyridyl and alkyl, B 11 B 12 B 21 and B 22 Each independently constitutes a covalent single bond, alkylene group, alkenylene group, Or phenylene, any * independently represents a single bond linking site pointing to the carbazole ring, any Independently represent the pointer to the corresponding end base R 11 R 21 R 12 or R 22 Single bond connection sites.

[0190] For example, by setting B 11 B 12 B 21 and B 22 Each is independently an alkenyl or aromatic linker (e.g. (e.g., phenylene), which is beneficial to enhance the conjugation of carbazole passivating agents, improve carrier extraction and transport, and increase energy conversion efficiency.

[0191] In some embodiments, carbazole passivating agents satisfy one or more of the following characteristics (any of the following characteristics or options may also be defined in other ways in the context of this application):

[0192] (a1)R 11 and R 21 Each of the following groups can be independently identified: Among them, R 01 R 02 and R 03 Each independently is C 1-3Alkyl groups; see also other descriptions in the context of this application;

[0193] (a2)R 12 and R 22 Each is an independent H atom, Or C 1-6 Alkyl groups, which may also be described in other contexts of this application;

[0194] (a3)B 11 B 12 B 21 and B 22 Each is an independent covalent single bond, (CH2) n , Or 1,4-phenylene, any * indicates a single bond linking site; n is an integer selected from 1 to 6, further, n can be selected as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and can also be selected from any of the aforementioned two numerical ranges.

[0195] In some embodiments, carbazole passivating agents satisfy one or more of the following characteristics (any of the following characteristics or options may also be defined in other ways in the context of this application):

[0196] (b1)R 11 and R 21 Each independently B 11 and B 21 Each is independently -(CH2) n1 -、 Or 1,4-phenylene; wherein, n1 is an integer selected from 1 to 6, and further, n1 can be selected as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and can also be selected from any of the aforementioned two numerical values;

[0197] (b2)R 12 and R 22 Each is independently a H atom and a C atom. 1-6 alkyl, B 12 and B 22 Each is an independent covalent single bond;

[0198] (b3)-B 11 -R 11 and -B 21 -R 21 Each independently -(CH2) n2 -COOH, -(CH2) n3 -(O=)P(OH)2、 Wherein, n2 and n3 are each independently an integer selected from 1 to 6. Further, n2 and n3 can each be independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and can also be independently selected from the range of any two of the aforementioned values.

[0199] (b4)-B 12 -R 12 and -B 22 -R 22 Each is independently a H atom and a C atom. 1-6 alkyl, In some embodiments, carbazole passivating agents satisfy one or more of the following characteristics (any of the following characteristics or options may also be defined in other ways in the context of this application):

[0200] (c1) The HOMO energy level of carbazole passivating agents is -5.0 eV to -5.6 eV, and may also be any of the following values ​​or a range selected from any two of the following values: -5.0 eV, -5.02 eV, -5.04 eV, -5.05 eV, -5.06 eV, -5.08 eV, -5.1 eV, -5.12 eV, -5.14 eV, -5.15 eV, -5.16eV, -5.18eV, -5.2eV, -5.25eV, -5.3eV, -5.35eV, -5.4eV, -5.45eV, -5.5eV, -5.55eV, -5.6eV, etc.; the HOMO energy levels of carbazole passivators can also be selected from any of the following ranges: -5.2eV to -5.5eV, -5.3eV to -5.4eV, etc.

[0201] (c2) The molecular weight of the carbazole passivating agent is 380 Da to 1500 Da, optionally 420 Da to 1200 Da, further optionally 500 Da to 1000 Da, and may also be any of the following molecular weights or selected from any two of the following molecular weights: 380 Da, 385 Da, 390 Da, 400 Da, 405 Da, 410 Da, 415 Da, 420 Da, 425 Da, 430 Da, 435 Da, 440 Da, 450 Da, 460 Da, 470 Da, 480 Da, 490 Da, 500 Da, 510 Da. , 520Da, 540Da, 550Da, 560Da, 580Da, 600Da, 650Da, 700Da, 750Da, 800Da, 850Da, 900Da, 950Da, 1000Da, 1010Da, 1020Da, 103 0Da, 1040Da, 1050Da, 1060Da, 1070Da, 1080Da, 1100Da, 1150Da, 1200Da, 1250Da, 1300Da, 1350Da, 1400Da, 1450Da, 1500Da, etc.

[0202] In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the carbazole passivating agent is 420 Da to 1200 Da, more preferably 500 Da to 1000 Da, and may also be any of the following molecular weights or selected from any two of the following molecular weights: 420 Da, 425 Da, 430 Da, 435 Da, 440 Da, 450 Da, 460 Da, 470 Da, 480 Da, 490 Da, 500 Da, 510 Da, 520 Da. , 540Da, 550Da, 560Da, 580Da, 600Da, 650Da, 700Da, 750Da, 800Da, 850Da, 900Da, 950Da, 1000Da , 1010Da, 1020Da, 1030Da, 1040Da, 1050Da, 1060Da, 1070Da, 1080Da, 1100Da, 1150Da, 1200Da, etc.

[0203] By controlling the HOMO energy level of carbazole passivators within the aforementioned range, it is beneficial to improve the compatibility with the HOMO energy level of semiconductor materials (such as perovskite compounds) in the light-absorbing layer, which is beneficial for hole extraction and transport.

[0204] In this application, unless otherwise specified, the terms "molecular weight," "average molecular weight," "relative atomic mass," or "relative molecular mass" of compounds are measured in Daltons (Da), where 1 Dalton equals... 12 One-twelfth of the mass of a carbon atom.

[0205] By controlling the molecular weight of carbazole passivating agents within the aforementioned range, it is beneficial to not only exert the anchoring and passivation effects on the first charge transport layer and the passivation effect on the light-absorbing layer, but also to make the position of the carbazole passivating agents more stably between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer, thereby better improving the device stability of solar cell devices; in addition, it is also beneficial to achieve high energy conversion efficiency more stably.

[0206] In some embodiments, the carbazole passivating agent includes one or more of the following compounds:

[0207] ; where Me is a methyl group.

[0208] In some embodiments, the solar cell device further includes a passivation layer located between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer. The passivation layer includes a carbazole-based passivating agent, as shown in Figure 2.

[0209] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer is less than or equal to 10 nm, and can be selected from 0.1 nm to 10 nm, further selected from 1 nm to 5 nm, or can be any of the following thicknesses or a range selected from any two of the following thicknesses: 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.7 nm, 0.8 nm, 0.9 nm, 1 nm, 1.2 nm, 1.4 nm, 1.5 nm, 1.6 nm, 1.8 nm, 2 nm, 2.1 nm, 2.2 nm, 2.4 nm, 2.5 nm, 2.6 nm, 2.8 nm, 3 nm, 3.2 nm, 3.4 nm, 3.5 nm, 3.6 nm, 3.8 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, etc.

[0210] In some implementations, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm to 10 nm.

[0211] In some implementations, the thickness of the passivation layer is 1 nm to 5 nm.

[0212] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer may also be any of the following ranges: 0.1nm to 8nm, 0.1nm to 6nm, 0.2nm to 10nm, 0.1nm to 5nm, 0.2nm to 8nm, 0.2nm to 6nm, 0.2nm to 5nm, 0.5nm to 10nm, 0.5nm to 8nm, 0.5nm to 6nm, 0.5nm to 5nm, 1nm to 10nm, 1nm to 8nm, 1nm to 6nm, etc.

[0213] The thickness of the passivation layer can be tested using methods suitable for testing the thickness of structural layers in solar cell devices, including but not limited to the ellipsometry method.

[0214] By setting a passivation layer containing a carbazole-based passivating agent between the first charge transport layer and the light absorption layer, and controlling the thickness of the passivation layer within the aforementioned thickness range, it is beneficial to achieve good carrier transport performance while exerting the anchoring and passivation effect on the first charge transport layer and the passivation effect on the light absorption layer. This is beneficial to improve device stability while achieving high energy conversion efficiency.

[0215] In some embodiments, the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer includes one or more metal elements selected from Ni, Mo, Cu, V, and W.

[0216] In some embodiments, the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer includes one or more metal elements selected from Ni, Mo, and Cu.

[0217] In some embodiments, the perovskite compound includes a perovskite metal halide.

[0218] In some embodiments, the perovskite metal halide may include at least one of ABX3 and A2CDX6; wherein A is a monovalent cation, B is a divalent cation, X is a monovalent anion, C is a monovalent cation, and D is a trivalent cation.

[0219] In a non-limiting sense, in perovskite-type metal halides, A can be an inorganic cation, an organic cation, or a mixed organic-inorganic cation.

[0220] In some embodiments, in the perovskite-type metal halide, A is a monovalent inorganic cation; optionally, A includes Li. + Na + K + 、Rb + and Cs + One or more of them.

[0221] In some embodiments, in the perovskite-type metal halide, A is a monovalent organic cation, and optionally, A includes at least one selected from methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, butylamino, pentamino, hexamino, formamidinyl, and imidazolyl.

[0222] Without limitation, the A in perovskite-type metal halides may include Cs. + K + 、Rb + Li + It can be one or more of the following: organic amine cations, etc. Organic amine cations can include one or more of monovalent amine cations and monovalent amidine cations.

[0223] Non-limiting examples of monovalent amine cations include (NR) 31 R 32 R 33 R 34 ) + 、(R 31 R 32 N=CR 33 R 34 ) + 、(R 31 R 32 NC(R 35 ) = NR 33 R 34 ) + or (R) 31 R 32 NC(NR 35 R 36 ) = R 33 R 34 ) + , where R 31 R 32 R 33 R 34 R 35 and R 36 Each is independently selected from H and C. 1-20 Alkyl, aryl, substituted C 1-20 Alkyl or substituted aryl; wherein, C 1-20 Alkyl and substituted C 1-20 The "C" in alkyl 1- 20 Each alkyl group can be independently selected as C. 1-15 Alkyl, further optionally C 1-10 Alkyl, and further optionally C 1-8 Alkyl, and further optionally C 1-6 Alkyl, and further optionally C 1-4 Alkyl, and further optionally C 1-3 Alkyl, and further optionally methyl. The "aryl" in aryl and substituted aryl groups can each independently be C10. 6-20 Aryl, further optionally C 6-12 Aryl, and further alternatively C 6- 10 Aryl, further optionally phenyl or naphthyl, and further optionally phenyl. Substituted C 1-20 In alkyl and substituted aryl groups, each substituent is independently C1. 1-10 Hydrocarbon group, further optionally C 1-6 Alkyl or C 6-10 Aryl, and may further be methyl or phenyl.

[0224] Non-limiting examples of monovalent amine cations include CH3NH3 + (methylamine, MA) + ), ammonium (NH4) + Non-limiting examples of monovalent amidine cations include NH₂CH=NH₂. + (Amitraz, which can be denoted as FA) + ).

[0225] In some embodiments, in the perovskite-type metal halide, A includes an organic amine cation and Cs. + One or more of them.

[0226] Without limitation, in perovskite-type metal halides, B can be an inorganic cation, an organic cation, or a mixed organic-inorganic cation.

[0227] In some embodiments, in the perovskite-type metal halide, B comprises a divalent cation. Optionally, B comprises a divalent cation of one or more of the following elements: lead, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, bismuth, nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, copper, gallium, germanium, magnesium, calcium, indium, aluminum, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, europium, etc.

[0228] Without limitation, B in perovskite-type metal halides may include Pb. 2+ Sn 2+ Fe 2+ Mn 2+ Ni 2+ 、Ge 2+ Co 2+ and Sb 2+ One or more of them.

[0229] In perovskite-type metal halides, X can be an inorganic anion, an organic anion, or a mixture of organic and inorganic anions.

[0230] In some embodiments, in the perovskite metal halide, X is a halide anion; optionally, X includes F. - Cl - ,Br - and I - One or more of them, and optionally, X includes Cl - ,Br - and I - One or more of the following. In some embodiments, X in the perovskite metal halide can be I. - ,Br - and Cl - One or more of them.

[0231] Without limitation, X in perovskite-type metal halides may include I. -,Br - One or two of them. X can be I. - ,Br - Or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, X is I. - .

[0232] Non-limitingly, in perovskite metal halides, C can be an inorganic cation, an organic cation, or a mixed organic-inorganic cation. In some embodiments, C is a monovalent inorganic cation; optionally, C includes Cs. + Ag + K + and Ru + One or more of the following. In some embodiments, C can be silver ions (Ag). + ).

[0233] In a non-limiting sense, in perovskite metal halides, D can be an inorganic cation, an organic cation, or a mixed organic-inorganic cation.

[0234] In some embodiments, D is a trivalent metal cation; optionally, D includes Bi. 3+ Ni 3+ Fe 3+ Sb 3+ In 3+ , and Cu 3+ One or more of them, and further optionally, D includes In 3+ Bi 3+ Sb 3+ One or more of these. In some embodiments, D is a bismuth cation (Bi). 3+ ), antimony cation (Sb) 3+ ) and indium cations (In 3+ At least one of the following.

[0235] For example, perovskite-type compounds may include (FA) 0.98 MA 0.02 ) 0.95 Cs 0.05 Pb(I 0.98 Br 0.02 3. CH8I3N2Pb(FAPbI3), Cs 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 )3, CsPbBr3, CsPbI3, Cs 0.05 FA 0.95 PbI3 and MA 0.85 FA 0.15One or more of PbI3.

[0236] It is understood that the light-absorbing layer includes a semiconductor material. In some embodiments, the perovskite compound accounts for 80% to 100% of the mass of the semiconductor material in the light-absorbing layer, optionally 90% to 100%, or any of the following percentages or a range selected from any two of the following percentages: 80%, 82%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, etc.

[0237] In some embodiments, the solar cell device satisfies one or more of the following features (any of the features or options described below may also be defined in other ways within the context of this application):

[0238] (d1) Perovskite compounds include perovskite metal halides;

[0239] (d2) The light-absorbing layer includes semiconductor materials, and the perovskite compound accounts for 80% to 100% of the mass of the semiconductor materials in the light-absorbing layer.

[0240] In some implementations, the solar cell device satisfies one or more of the following characteristics:

[0241] (e1) The solar cell device further includes a second charge transport layer located on the side of the light-absorbing layer away from the first charge transport layer; in some embodiments, the solar cell device includes a first electrode and a second electrode, the first electrode being located on the side of the first charge transport layer away from the light-absorbing layer, and the second electrode being located on the side of the second charge transport layer away from the light-absorbing layer.

[0242] (e2) The solar cell device further includes a first electrode and a second electrode, the first electrode being located on the side of the first charge transport layer away from the light-absorbing layer, and the second electrode being located on the side of the light-absorbing layer away from the first charge transport layer; in some embodiments, the solar cell device further includes a second charge transport layer, the second charge transport layer being located between the light-absorbing layer and the second electrode.

[0243] In this application, the first charge transport layer may also be referred to as the first carrier transport layer, and the second charge transport layer may also be referred to as the second carrier transport layer.

[0244] In some embodiments, one of the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is a hole transport layer, and the other is an electron transport layer. In some embodiments, the first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer. In other embodiments, the first charge transport layer is an electron transport layer.

[0245] In some implementations, the first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer.

[0246] It is understood that the hole transport layer includes hole transport materials. Without limitation, the hole transport materials in the hole transport layer may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following materials and their derivatives: hole transport organic materials and hole transport inorganic materials.

[0247] In some embodiments, the hole transport material includes hole transport organic compounds. Without limitation, the hole transport organic compounds may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene, poly-3-hexylthiophene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, triphenylene-based triphenylamine, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, phosphonic acid monomers, carboxylic acid monomers, carbazole monomers, sulfonic acid monomers, triphenylamine monomers, and aromatic monomers.

[0248] In some embodiments, the hole transport material includes a hole transport inorganic material. Non-limitingly, the hole transport inorganic material may include, but is not limited to, one or more of a metal oxide (which may be referred to as a first metal oxide), cuprous iodide and cuprous thiocyanate, molybdenum sulfide, etc.; wherein the metal oxide in the hole transport material may include, but is not limited to, one or more of nickel oxide, molybdenum oxide, cuprous oxide, vanadium oxide, and tungsten oxide. As a non-limiting example, in the hole transport material, the metal element in the first metal oxide may include one or more of nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), copper (Cu), vanadium (V), and tungsten (W).

[0249] It is understood that the electron transport layer includes an electron transport material. Non-limitingly, the electron transport material in the electron transport layer may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials and their derivatives, impurities, and passivated materials: methyl [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyrate, methyl [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyrate, fullerene C60, fullerene C61, fullerene C70, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), metal oxides (which may be referred to as second metal oxides), perylene imide materials, naphthalene imide materials, etc. The metal oxide in the electron transport material may include one or more of tin oxide, zinc oxide, etc. As a non-limiting example, in the electron transport material, the metal element in the second metal oxide may include one or more of tin (Sn) and zinc (Zn).

[0250] Without limitation, the metal oxide in the first charge transport layer may refer to a first metal oxide (in which case the first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer) or a second metal oxide (in which case the first charge transport layer is an electron transport layer).

[0251] In some embodiments, the first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer. In this case, in addition to the first metal oxide, the first charge transport layer may also include one or more other types of hole transport materials, as described above.

[0252] In some embodiments, the first charge transport layer is an electron transport layer. In this case, in addition to the second metal oxide, the first charge transport layer may also include one or more other types of electron transport materials, as described above.

[0253] In this application, the terms "first metal oxide" and "second metal oxide" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or quantity, nor should they be construed as implicitly indicating the importance or quantity of the indicated technical features.

[0254] In a solar cell device, one of the first electrode and the second electrode is the positive electrode, and the other is the negative electrode.

[0255] In a solar cell device, at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode. Either transparent electrode can be used for light incident.

[0256] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, one of the "first electrode" and the "second electrode" is a transparent electrode for light incident. In some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode.

[0257] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the second electrode is a metal electrode.

[0258] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode and the second electrode is a metal electrode.

[0259] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the solar cell includes a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer and a second electrode stacked sequentially, wherein the first electrode is a transparent electrode and the second electrode is a metal electrode.

[0260] Non-limitingly, the first electrode and the second electrode may each independently include a conductive material. The conductive material in the first electrode and the conductive material in the second electrode may each independently include organic conductive materials, inorganic conductive materials, and organic-inorganic mixed conductive materials. As an example, the organic-inorganic mixed conductive material includes both organic and inorganic conductive components. As a non-limiting example, the organic conductive material may include a conductive polymer, wherein non-limiting examples of the conductive polymer may include one or more of PEDOT, polythiophene, and polyacetylene. As a non-limiting example, the inorganic conductive material may include one or more of transparent conductive oxides, metallic conductive materials, and carbon conductive materials, wherein non-limiting examples of transparent conductive oxides may include one or more of FTO, ITO, and AZO. In some embodiments, non-limiting examples of inorganic conductive materials include metallic conductive materials; further, the metallic conductive material may include any one of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), bismuth (Bi), platinum (Pt), and magnesium (Mg), or any suitable mixture of the aforementioned elements.

[0261] It is understood that transparent electrodes include transparent conductive materials. In some embodiments, the transparent conductive material contained in the transparent electrode may include conductive oxides. Non-limitingly, the conductive oxide in the transparent electrode may include one or more of indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium-doped tungsten oxide, indium-doped zinc oxide, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide. In some embodiments, the transparent conductive material in the transparent electrode may be exemplified, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials: FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (tin-doped indium oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), IWO (tungsten-doped indium oxide), etc.

[0262] In some embodiments, one of the first and second electrodes is a metal electrode. The metal electrode may include one or more of the following: gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), bismuth (Bi), platinum (Pt), magnesium (Mg), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W).

[0263] In some embodiments, the electrode material of the first electrode includes one or more of organic conductive materials, inorganic conductive materials, or organic-inorganic mixed conductive materials. Optionally, it includes one or more of transparent conductive metal oxides, carbon, metals and their alloys. Further optionally, it includes at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO), lanthanide-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), zinc aluminum oxide (AZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc gallium oxide (GZO), indium tungsten oxide (IWO), Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Ni, Cr, Bi, Pt, Mg, Mo, W and their alloys, graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Optionally, it includes at least one of Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO, AZO, BZO, or IZO. Further optionally, it includes at least one of Cu, Ag, and Au.

[0264] In some embodiments, the second electrode is a back electrode. The back electrode may include one or more of transparent conductive oxides, metals, etc. The transparent conductive oxides include one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), lanthanide-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), gallium zinc oxide (GZO), and indium tungsten oxide (IWO). The metals include one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Ni, Cr, Bi, Pt, and Mg.

[0265] The following is a description of the structure of solar cell devices.

[0266] In some embodiments, the solar cell device 100 includes a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a light-absorbing layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160 stacked sequentially. A carbazole passivating agent 34 is disposed between the first charge transport layer 130 and the light-absorbing layer 140, as exemplarily shown in FIG3.

[0267] In some embodiments, the solar cell device 100 includes a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a passivation layer 340, a light-absorbing layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160 stacked sequentially. The passivation layer 340 includes a carbazole-based passivating agent 34, as exemplarily shown in FIG4.

[0268] In some embodiments, the solar cell device includes a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, and a second charge transport layer stacked sequentially, with a carbazole-based passivating agent disposed between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer.

[0269] In some embodiments, the solar cell device 100 includes a first charge transport layer 130, a passivation layer 340, a light-absorbing layer 140, and a second charge transport layer 150 stacked sequentially, as exemplarily shown in FIG5. Further, the passivation layer 340 includes a carbazole-based passivating agent 34.

[0270] The solar cell device provided in this application can be a formal structure or an inverted structure.

[0271] Based on any suitable implementation of this application, in some embodiments, the solar cell device is an inverted pin structure or a formal nip structure.

[0272] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, for the formal structure, the solar cell device includes a transparent electrode (as a first electrode) and an electron transport layer (as a first charge transport layer), a light-absorbing layer, a hole transport layer (as a second charge transport layer), and a second electrode, which are sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode.

[0273] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, for the inverted structure, the solar cell device includes a transparent electrode (as a first electrode) and a hole transport layer (as a first charge transport layer), a light-absorbing layer, an electron transport layer (as a second charge transport layer), and a second electrode sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode. The transparent electrode is used for light incident.

[0274] In some implementations, the solar cell device has a pin structure.

[0275] It is understood that the structure of the solar cell device involved in this application is not limited to the structural layers listed above. Other functional layers, such as buffer layers and insertion layers, can also be introduced as needed. In some embodiments, the solar cell device can be provided with a buffer layer of appropriate energy level, which can play one or more roles such as reducing the energy level barrier, promoting energy level matching, improving carrier extraction efficiency, passivating interface defect states, protecting the light-absorbing layer, suppressing the oxidation and decomposition of the cell by water molecules and oxygen, improving photoelectric conversion efficiency, and improving device stability. Depending on the location of the buffer layer, the type of buffer layer can include four types: a buffer layer between the hole transport layer and the anode, a buffer layer between the electron transport layer and the cathode, a buffer layer between the hole transport layer and the light-absorbing layer, and a buffer layer between the electron transport layer and the light-absorbing layer. Materials that can be used for buffer layers in solar cell devices can include, but are not limited to, Cu2O, NiO, AZO, TiO2, etc. In some embodiments, an insertion layer can be provided between the electron transport layer and the second electrode, and an example of a material for the insertion layer is bath copper phosphate (BCP).

[0276] In some embodiments of the second aspect of this application, a method for fabricating a solar cell device is provided, which can be used to fabricate the solar cell device of the first aspect of this application.

[0277] In some embodiments, a method for fabricating a solar cell device is provided, which includes the following steps: introducing a carbazole-based passivating agent onto a first charge transport layer, and then forming a light-absorbing layer.

[0278] In some embodiments, a method for fabricating a solar cell device is provided, which includes the following steps: spin-coating a passivation solution containing a carbazole-based passivating agent onto a first charge transport layer, drying, and continuing to form a light-absorbing layer.

[0279] In some embodiments, a method for fabricating a solar cell device is provided, which includes the following steps: forming a passivation layer comprising a carbazole-based passivating agent on a first charge transport layer, and then forming a light-absorbing layer; that is, forming a light-absorbing layer on the surface of the passivation layer away from the first charge transport layer.

[0280] In some embodiments, a method for fabricating a solar cell device is provided, comprising the following steps: spin-coating a passivation solution containing a carbazole passivating agent onto a first charge transport layer, drying, spin-coating a precursor solution containing a perovskite precursor raw material, and drying to form a light-absorbing layer.

[0281] The definition of carbazole passivating agents can be found in the first aspect of this application; in some embodiments therein, the first charge transport layer comprises a metal oxide; the carbazole passivating agent comprises a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together; the 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring is substituented with a Q group. 11 The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by the substituent Q. 21 Replaced;

[0282] Carbazole passivating agents satisfy one or more of the following characteristics:

[0283] (t1)Q 11 and Q 21 Each component independently comprises a group capable of binding metal oxides; the metal oxides are charge transport materials.

[0284] (t2)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group.

[0285] In some embodiments, the resulting solar cell device is as defined in the first aspect of this application.

[0286] In some embodiments, the solvent in the passivation solution containing the carbazole passivating agent is an organic solvent, more preferably an alcohol solvent, and more preferably C. 2-6 An alcohol solvent, which can further be ethanol.

[0287] Non-limitingly, the concentration of the carbazole passivating agent in the passivation solution can be from 0.3 mg / mL to 5 mg / mL, optionally from 0.5 mg / mL to 5 mg / mL, or any of the following concentrations or a range selected from any two of the following concentrations: 0.3 mg / mL, 0.4 mg / mL, 0.5 mg / mL, 0.6 mg / mL, 0.8 mg / mL, 1 mg / mL, 1.2 mg / mL, 1.4 mg / mL, 1.5 mg / mL, 1.6 mg / mL, 1.8 mg / mL, 2 mg / mL, 2.5 mg / mL, 3 mg / mL, 3.5 mg / mL, 4 mg / mL, 4.5 mg / mL, 5 mg / mL, etc., and further may be 1 mg / mL.

[0288] Non-limitingly, the light-absorbing layer and other structural layers in the solar cell device can be prepared using one or more of the following methods, including but not limited to: chemical bath deposition, electrochemical deposition, chemical vapor deposition, thermal evaporation, atomic layer deposition, magnetron sputtering, spin coating of precursor solution, slot coating of precursor solution, blade coating of precursor solution, and mechanical pressing. Appropriate methods can be selected to stack the structural layers with adjacent structural layers based on the material properties of each layer. In some embodiments, the structural layers in the solar cell device, excluding the light-absorbing layer, can be prepared using one or more of the following methods, including but not limited to: thermal evaporation, precursor solution coating, etc., wherein the precursor solution coating method can be a spin coating method.

[0289] In some embodiments of the third aspect of this application, a photovoltaic module 200 is provided, which includes a substrate layer 110, a solar cell device 100 and an encapsulating adhesive layer 170 stacked sequentially; wherein the solar cell device is the solar cell device described in the first aspect of this application.

[0290] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module 200 includes a substrate layer 110, a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a light-absorbing layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150, a second electrode 160, and an encapsulating adhesive layer 170 stacked sequentially, with a carbazole passivating agent 34 disposed between the first charge transport layer 130 and the light-absorbing layer 140.

[0291] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module 200 includes a substrate layer 110, a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a passivation layer 340, a light-absorbing layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150, a second electrode 160, and an encapsulating adhesive layer 170, which are stacked sequentially, as shown in Figure 6. Further, the passivation layer 340 includes a carbazole-based passivating agent 34.

[0292] The substrate layer involved in the embodiments or examples of this application can be, but is not limited to, a rigid substrate layer or a flexible substrate layer. A non-limiting example of a rigid substrate layer is a glass substrate layer. In some embodiments, the rigid substrate layer is transparent glass. In some embodiments, the substrate layer is provided by a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), and non-limiting examples of TCO include ITO, FTO, etc.

[0293] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the material of the flexible substrate layer may be, for example, but not limited to, organic polymer materials, and may be composed of one or more of the following materials mixed in different proportions: including but not limited to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), etc.

[0294] The encapsulating adhesive layer can be used to protect the stability of photovoltaic modules, for example, by isolating them from the corrosive effects of water, oxygen, etc.

[0295] Based on any suitable embodiment of this application, in some embodiments, the encapsulating adhesive layer includes one or more of epoxy encapsulating adhesives, silicone encapsulating adhesives, polyurethane encapsulating adhesives, UV-curable encapsulating adhesives, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyvinyl butyral, ethylene octene copolymers, polyisobutylene, and polyolefin encapsulating adhesives.

[0296] The encapsulating adhesive layer can be stacked using existing techniques in the field. After the solar cell device is fabricated, the encapsulating adhesive layer can be stacked at the final structural layer of the solar cell device. In some embodiments, the final structural layer can be a second electrode. For example, lamination technology can be used to laminate the arranged solar cell device or a module including the solar cell device with the encapsulating adhesive film, thereby setting the encapsulating adhesive layer on the side of the second electrode away from the light-absorbing layer. During lamination, protective layers are typically set on the solar cell device side and the encapsulating adhesive film side, respectively. For example, the substrate layer, solar cell device, encapsulating adhesive film, and backsheet layer arranged layer by layer can be laminated together. After lamination, the encapsulating adhesive film can constitute the encapsulating adhesive layer in the photovoltaic module.

[0297] Unless otherwise stated, the encapsulating film and encapsulating layer in this application are transparent materials.

[0298] In this application, unless otherwise specified, "transparent" in transparent substances or transparent materials refers to a high light transmittance, for example, a transmittance of ≥80% for visible light. The transmittance of a transparent substance or transparent material for visible light can be any of the following percentages, or greater than or equal to any of the following percentages, or selected from the range formed by any of the following percentages and 100%, or selected from the range between any two of the following percentages: 85%, 88%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 98%, 99%, etc.

[0299] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module 200 includes a substrate layer 110, a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a light-absorbing layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160, which are stacked sequentially. Further, the passivation layer 340 includes a carbazole-based passivating agent 34. Further, the photovoltaic module is provided with a first etched region P1, a second etched region P2, and a third etched region P3, as shown in Figure 7.

[0300] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module 200 is provided with three types of cross-layer etched regions, P1, P2, and P3. Using the etched region group consisting of P1, P2, and P3 etched regions, the solar cell device is divided into several sub-cells connected in series. Each sub-cell includes one P1 etched region, one P2 etched region, and one P3 etched region arranged sequentially, with the P2 etched region located between the P1 and P3 etched regions. The P1, P2, and P3 etched regions can connect the spaced-apart structural layers, thereby forming a circuit between the structural layers of the first electrode and the second electrode. P1, P2, and P3 can each be independently linear etched regions, also called etch lines. P1, P2, and P3 can each be independently laser-etched regions. The number of P1, P2, and P3 corresponds to the number of sub-cells. Non-limitingly, P1, P2, and P3 can be configured as follows: P1 is used to divide the first electrode, with its two ends connected to the first charge transport layer and the substrate layer, respectively; P2 is used to penetrate and divide the second charge transport layer, the light-absorbing layer, and the first charge transport layer, with the two ends of the etched area of ​​P2 connected to the second electrode and the first electrode, respectively; P3 is used to penetrate and divide the second electrode, the second charge transport layer, the light-absorbing layer, and the first charge transport layer, with one end of P3 connected to the surface of the first electrode and the other end extending out of the outer surface of the second electrode.

[0301] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module 200 includes the structure shown in FIG. 7 (a vertical cross-sectional view of the device), comprising a substrate layer 110, a first electrode 120, a first charge transport layer 130, a light-absorbing layer 140, a second charge transport layer 150, and a second electrode 160 stacked sequentially. It also includes three etching regions, P1, P2, and P3, to divide the solar cell device into several series-connected sub-cells. P1 is used to divide the first electrode, P2 is used to penetrate and divide the second charge transport layer, the light-absorbing layer, and the first charge transport layer, and P3 is used to penetrate and divide the second electrode, the second charge transport layer, the light-absorbing layer, and the first charge transport layer. Further, a carbazole-based passivating agent 34 is disposed between the first charge transport layer 130 and the light-absorbing layer 140.

[0302] In some embodiments, the substrate 110 in the structure shown in FIG7 is an incident glass substrate.

[0303] In some implementations, the filling material in the P1 etched region of the photovoltaic module may be consistent with the first charge transport layer.

[0304] In some implementations, the filling material in the P2 etched region of the photovoltaic module can be consistent with the second electrode.

[0305] In some implementations, the width of P1 is 10 μm to 50 μm, for example, 30 μm.

[0306] In some implementations, the width of P2 is 10 μm to 200 μm, for example, 150 μm. Further, the interval between P2 and P1 can be 20 μm to 80 μm, for example, 20 μm.

[0307] In some embodiments, the width of P3 is 10 μm to 50 μm, for example, 15 μm. Further, the interval between P3 and P2 can be 20 μm to 40 μm, for example, 20 μm.

[0308] There are no particular restrictions on the specifications of solar cell devices or photovoltaic modules. They can be, but are not limited to, 300mm × 300mm, measured in the direction perpendicular to the thickness of the solar cell device or photovoltaic module.

[0309] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect of this application, a power generation device is provided, which includes at least one of the solar cell device described in the first aspect of this application, the solar cell device prepared by the method of preparing the solar cell device described in the second aspect of this application, and the photovoltaic module described in the third aspect of this application.

[0310] In some embodiments of the fifth aspect of this application, an electrical device is provided, which includes at least one of the solar cell device described in the first aspect of this application, a solar cell device prepared by the method for preparing the solar cell device described in the second aspect of this application, and a photovoltaic module described in the third aspect of this application.

[0311] In some embodiments, the aforementioned solar cell device or photovoltaic module can be replaced by a power generation device or power generation apparatus. The type of power generation device or power generation apparatus may include, but is not limited to, integrated power generation. The location of the power generation device or power generation apparatus may include, but is not limited to, the roof or back panel of a vehicle.

[0312] Furthermore, the aforementioned electrical devices may include mobile devices, such as mobile phones and laptops, electric vehicles, electric trains, ships and satellites, power generation systems, etc., but are not limited to these.

[0313] Figure 8 shows an example of an electrical device. This electrical device 6 is a car, and can further be a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc.

[0314] Another example of an electrical device could be a mobile phone, tablet, laptop, calculator, etc.

[0315] Another example of an electrical device could be a wearable device, such as a watch.

[0316] In some embodiments of the sixth aspect of this application, the use of carbazole-based passivating agents in the fabrication of solar cell devices, photovoltaic modules, or solar cells is provided. The definition of carbazole-based passivating agents can be found in the first aspect of this application. In some embodiments, the carbazole-based passivating agent comprises a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together; the 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; and the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring is substituented with a Q group. 11 The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by the substituent Q. 21 Replaced;

[0317] Carbazole passivating agents satisfy one or more of the following characteristics:

[0318] (t1)Q 11 and Q 21 Each component independently comprises a group capable of binding metal oxides; the metal oxides are charge transport materials.

[0319] (t2)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group;

[0320] A solar cell device, photovoltaic module, or solar cell includes a first charge transport layer and a light-absorbing layer. The first charge transport layer includes a metal oxide, and the light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite compound. A carbazole passivating agent is disposed between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer.

[0321] In this application, unless otherwise stated, a "solar cell" is a component, device, apparatus, or apparatus that converts solar energy into electrical energy using a photoelectric conversion mechanism. Unless otherwise stated, the solar cell provided in this application includes a light-absorbing layer. According to some embodiments, a solar cell device with a perovskite light-absorbing layer may be referred to as a perovskite cell device.

[0322] In some embodiments of the seventh aspect of this application, a carbazole-based passivating agent is provided. The definition of a carbazole-based passivating agent can be found in the first aspect of this application. In some embodiments, the carbazole-based passivating agent comprises a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together; the 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; and the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring is substituented with a Q group. 11 The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by the substituent Q. 21 Replaced;

[0323] Carbazole passivating agents satisfy one or more of the following characteristics:

[0324] (t1)Q 11 and Q 21 Each component independently comprises a group capable of binding metal oxides; the metal oxides are charge transport materials.

[0325] (t2)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group.

[0326] For carbazole passivating agents with selected structures, those skilled in the art can be prepared using known organic synthesis methods in the art, and the structures of intermediate and target products can be identified and confirmed using existing methods in the field of organic synthesis. For example, see the preparation of compounds 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 below. For example, methods may include, but are not limited to, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, etc. 1 Methods include 1H NMR, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry.

[0327] The following describes some embodiments of this application. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are only used to explain this application, and should not be construed as limiting this application. Where the technology or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, they are performed according to the description above, or according to the technology or conditions described in the literature in this field, or according to the product instructions. Reagents or instruments whose manufacturers are not specified are all conventional products that can be obtained commercially, or can be synthesized from commercially available products using conventional methods.

[0328] In the following examples, unless otherwise specified, room temperature refers to 20°C to 30°C.

[0329] In the following examples, unless otherwise specified, "normal temperature" refers to 20°C to 30°C, and further to 25°C. Unless otherwise specified, "normal pressure" means without additional positive or negative pressure.

[0330] In the following examples, 1 The instrument used for the 1H NMR test was a Bruker AVANCE NEO 500. Taking the detection of compound 4 as an example, 1 The resonant frequency of H is 500.23MHz, the delay time D1 is 1s, the 90° pulse width P1 is 8μs, the acquisition time AQ is 3.2768s, and the number of cycles NS is 32.

[0331] In the following examples, CDCl3 represents deuterated chloroform, DMSO represents dimethyl sulfoxide, and DMF represents N,N-dimethylformamide.

[0332] The following examples use compounds 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 as carbazole-based passivating agents.

[0333] I. Preparation of Carbazole-based Passivating Agents

[0334] 1. Preparation of Compound 4

[0335] Synthesis of Compound 1: 1-Bromobutane (2.97 g, 20.33 mmol), carbazole (2 g, 11.96 mmol), sodium hydroxide (4 g, 104.60 mmol), and 30 mL of DMSO were added separately to 250 mL two-necked round-bottom flasks and reacted overnight at 110 °C. After confirming the reaction was complete, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and extracted with ethyl acetate and water. The resulting organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated by filtration. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography using n-hexane as the mobile phase to give compound 1 (2.46 g, 92%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (CDCl3, ppm): δ = 8.18 (d, 2H, J = 7.6Hz), 7.56–7.54 (m, 2H), 7.52–7.46 (m, 2H), 7.31 (t ,2H,J=7.2Hz),4.33(t,2H),1.96–1.89(m,2H),1.54–1.37(m,2H),0.96(d,J=6.8Hz,3H).

[0336] Synthesis of Compound 2: Compound 1 (2.59 g, 11.6 mmol) was dissolved in 50 mL of chloroform and circulated under vacuum with argon three times. Anhydrous ferric chloride (3.75 g, 23.2 mmol) was then immediately added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. After confirming the reaction was complete, the reaction solution was extracted with water. The resulting organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated by filtration. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography using dichloromethane:n-hexane (16:1 v / v) as the mobile phase to give compound 2 (1.72 g, 67%), a yellow-green solid. 1 H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3): δ = 10.51 (s, 2H), 8.32 (d, 2H, J = 1.6Hz), 8.07 (d, 2H, J = 8.4Hz, J = 1.6Hz), 7.92 (d, 2H, J = 8.4Hz, J = 1.6 Hz),7.77(d,2H),7.59(d,2H),7.54(d,2H),4.41(t,4H),1.93–1.98(m,4H),1.30–1.48(m,4H),0.90(t,6H,J=7.2Hz)ppm.

[0337] Synthesis of Compound 3: Phosphorus oxychloride (2.8 mL, 30 mmol) was dissolved in a two-necked round-bottom flask containing DMF at 0 °C and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Compound 2 (4.43 g, 10 mmol) was added to the reaction flask, and the reaction was carried out at 100 °C for 6 h. After confirming the completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and neutralized with sodium hydroxide in an ice bath. The solution was then extracted with dichloromethane, and the resulting organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated by filtration. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography using ethyl acetate:n-hexane (v / v) as the mobile phase to obtain compound 3 (3.37 g, 68%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (300MHz, CDCl3): δ=10.11(s,2H),8.89(s,2H),8.47(s,2H),8.05(d,J=6.3Hz,2H),7.91(d,J=6.3Hz,2H),7.57(d,J =6.3Hz,2H),7.51(d,J=6.3Hz,2H),4.37(t,J=5.4Hz,4H),1.89–1.97(m,4H),1.28–1.45(m,4H),0.88(t,J=5.1Hz,6H).

[0338] Synthesis of Compound 4: Compound 3 (0.074 g, 0.15 mmol) and rotannin-3-acetic acid (0.086 mg, 0.45 mmol) were dissolved in 15 mL of glacial acetic acid in a 100 mL two-necked round-bottom flask. Ammonium acetate (0.056 g, 0.74 mmol) was then added under reflux. After confirming the reaction was complete, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into ice water, filtered, and the filter cake was washed with water. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography using an ethyl acetate:n-hexane (v / v) mobile phase to give compound 4 (0.098 g, 79%) as a red solid. 1 H NMR (400MHz, DMSO): δ = 8.72 (s, 2H), 8.61 (s, 2H), 8.07 (s, 2H), 8.01 (d, 2H), 7.77–7 .85(m,6H),4.77(s,4H),4.51(t,4H),1.86(m,4H),1.25-1.38(m,4H)0.90(t,6H).

[0339] 2. Preparation of Compound 5

[0340] Compound 5 was prepared using essentially the same method as compound 4, except that the reaction substrate compound 1 was replaced with carbazole; the remaining steps remained unchanged. The final product, compound 5, was obtained. Compared to the proton NMR spectrum of compound 4, the characteristic peak at 0-2 ppm disappeared in the proton NMR spectrum of compound 5.

[0341] 3. Preparation of Compound 6

[0342] Compound 6 was prepared using essentially the same method as compound 4, except that the starting material carbazole was replaced with 9-(pyridin-4-yl)-9H-carbazole; the remaining steps remained unchanged. The final product, compound 6, was obtained. Compared to the proton NMR spectrum of compound 4, the characteristic peaks of 0-4.51 ppm in the proton NMR spectrum of compound 6 disappeared, and the following characteristic peaks were added: 7.50 (d, 4H) and 8.56 (d, 4H).

[0343] 4. Preparation of Compound 7

[0344] 1 mmol of compound CAS: 1260099-91-9 (which can be written as 1260099-91-9) and 2 mmol of compound Br-Ph-Si(OCH3)3 (CAS: 17043-05-9) were dissolved in 20 ml of 1,4-dioxane. Under nitrogen protection, 2% Pd(PPh3)4 (tetra(triphenylphosphine)palladium) and 0.5 mmol of cesium carbonate were added, and the mixture was stirred overnight at 85 °C to obtain compound 7. 1 H NMR (400MHz, DMSO): δ = 8.39 (d, 2H), 7.99 (d, 2H), 7.89 (m, 4H), 7.77 (m, 6H), 7.51 (s, 2H), 7.37 (d, 4H), 4.53 (q, 4H), 3.55 (s, 18H), 1.37 (t, 6H).

[0345] In this application, Ph represents a benzene ring.

[0346] 5. Preparation of Compound 8

[0347] Compound 8 was prepared using a method essentially the same as that used to prepare compound 7, except that compound Br-Ph-Si(OCH3)3 (CAS:17043-05-9) was replaced with Br-(CH2)4-PO(OH)2 (CAS:1190-14-3) to obtain compound 8. 1 H NMR (400MHz, DMSO): δ = 8.46 (s, 2H), 7.99 (d, 2H), 7.89 (s, 2H), 7.71 (m, 4H), 7.09 (d, 2H), 4.80 (s, 4H), 4.54 (q, 4H), 2.64 (t, 4H) 1.26-1.59 (m, 18H).

[0348] II. Fabrication methods of solar cell devices and photovoltaic modules (taking inverted perovskite solar cell devices as an example)

[0349] Step 1: Fabricate perovskite solar cell devices on a transparent substrate coated with a conductive layer;

[0350] Step 1 includes the following steps:

[0351] Step 1-1: Prepare a hole transport layer (as the first charge transport layer) on a transparent substrate coated with a conductive layer (as the first electrode);

[0352] Step 1-2: Prepare a passivation layer containing a carbazole-based passivating agent on the hole transport layer;

[0353] Steps 1-3: Prepare a perovskite layer on the passivation layer;

[0354] Steps 1-4: Prepare an electron transport layer (as a second charge transport layer) on the perovskite layer;

[0355] Steps 1-5: Fabricate an insertion layer on the electron transport layer;

[0356] Steps 1-6: Prepare a metal conductive layer (as a second electrode) on the insertion layer.

[0357] Step 2: Apply encapsulating adhesive to the edges of the perovskite solar cell device, cover the backsheet layer, and press and bond it together to form an encapsulating adhesive layer to obtain the perovskite solar cell; or, cover the entire solar cell device with encapsulating adhesive.

[0358] Example 1.

[0359] 1. Take a set of FTO conductive glass with a size of 1.5cm×1.5cm, protect 2 / 3 of it with M3 waterproof tape, etch away 1 / 3 of the FTO with Zn powder and 1mol / L hydrochloric acid; clean the etched FTO conductive glass sheet several times with acetone and isopropanol in sequence, and finally immerse it in deionized water and sonicate for 10 minutes.

[0360] 2. After drying the FTO conductive glass sheet in a forced-air drying oven, a precursor solution of nickel oxide (NiOx) nanoparticles (10 mg / mL, solvent: water) is spin-coated in a glove box (N2 atmosphere) at 4000 rpm-6500 rpm. The solution is then heated at 100°C for 15 min on a hot stage to obtain a nickel oxide hole transport layer with a thickness of approximately 20 nm.

[0361] 3. After spin-coating NiOx, the wafer is further spin-coated with an ethanol solution of carbazole passivating agent (1 mg / mL) at 3000 rpm-4500 rpm, and heated at 100℃ for 10 min on a hot plate to form a passivation layer on the nickel oxide hole transport layer.

[0362] In this example, the carbazole-based passivating agent is passivating material 1, which is compound 4. The passivation layer thickness is approximately 2 nm.

[0363] 4. Continue to spin-coat the perovskite precursor solution onto the film after spin-coating the passivation layer. Spin-coat the perovskite precursor solution at 5000 rpm for 30 seconds. In the last 5 seconds, drop 150 μL of anisole onto the center of the substrate. Anneal at 100 °C for 40 minutes and cool to room temperature to form a perovskite layer (as a light-absorbing layer with a thickness of about 500 nm) on the passivation layer.

[0364] The perovskite precursor raw material composition in the perovskite precursor solution is 1.6 mmol lead iodide, 1.52 mmol formamidinium iodide and 0.08 mmol cesium iodide, and the solvent is a mixed solvent of DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) and DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) in a volume ratio of 4:1.

[0365] 5. After spin-coating the perovskite film, place it in a vacuum thermal evaporation equipment on a fixture to sequentially deposit C60 (thickness 30nm), copper bath spirit BCP (thickness 7nm), and Cu (thickness 60nm) at a evaporation rate of 0.1A / s; the above steps yield the perovskite solar cell device.

[0366] 6. Apply a layer of encapsulating adhesive around and on the surface of the perovskite solar cell device. The encapsulating adhesive is a colorless and transparent epoxy resin adhesive. Cover the glass backing sheet layer on the encapsulating adhesive and press it together. Let it stand for 2 hours to cure the encapsulating adhesive and form an encapsulating adhesive layer, thus preparing the photovoltaic module.

[0367] The perovskite solar cell obtained through the above steps is labeled as cell 1.

[0368] Example 2.

[0369] Perovskite solar cell devices and photovoltaic modules were prepared using essentially the same method as in Example 1, except that the carbazole passivating agent used in step 3 was different, while the remaining operation steps were the same as in Example 1.

[0370] In this example, the carbazole passivating agent is passivating material 2, which is compound 5.

[0371] Example 3.

[0372] Perovskite solar cell devices and photovoltaic modules were prepared using essentially the same method as in Example 1, except that the carbazole passivating agent used in step 3 was different, while the remaining operation steps were the same as in Example 1.

[0373] In this example, the carbazole passivating agent is passivating material 3, which is compound 6.

[0374] Example 4.

[0375] Perovskite solar cell devices and photovoltaic modules were prepared using essentially the same method as in Example 1, except that the carbazole passivating agent used in step 3 was different, while the remaining operation steps were the same as in Example 1.

[0376] In this example, the carbazole passivating agent is passivating material 4, which is compound 7.

[0377] Example 5.

[0378] Perovskite solar cell devices and photovoltaic modules were prepared using essentially the same method as in Example 1, except that the carbazole passivating agent used in step 3 was different, while the remaining operation steps were the same as in Example 1.

[0379] In this example, the carbazole passivating agent is passivating material 5, which is compound 8.

[0380] Examples 6-8.

[0381] Perovskite solar cell devices and photovoltaic modules were prepared using a method essentially the same as in Example 1. The difference was that the amount of carbazole passivating agent used in step 3 was different, resulting in passivation layers of different thicknesses (see Table 1). The remaining steps were the same as in Example 1.

[0382] Comparative Example 1. The passivating agent consists of only one carbazole ring and one anchoring group.

[0383] Perovskite solar cell devices and photovoltaic modules were prepared using a method essentially the same as in Example 1, except that the passivating agent used in step 3 was different, while the remaining operation steps were the same as in Example 1.

[0384] In this example, the passivating agent is Me-4Pacz ([4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid, denoted as compound D1).

[0385] Comparative Example 2. The passivating agent consists of two fused carbazole rings.

[0386] Perovskite solar cell devices and photovoltaic modules were prepared using a method essentially the same as in Example 1, except that the passivating agent used in step 3 was different, while the remaining operation steps were the same as in Example 1.

[0387] In this example, the passivating agent is (Referred to as compound D2).

[0388] Under a nitrogen atmosphere, compound D2-1 (4,7-dibromo-benzothiadiazole) (2.94 g, 10 mmol), compound D2-2 (2-nitrophenylboronic acid) (5.01 g, 30 mmol), catalyst tetra-triphenylphosphine palladium (1.18 g, 1.02 mmol), 90 mL of K2CO3 aqueous solution (2 mol / L), and 100 mL of tetrahydrofuran were added sequentially to a reaction flask, and the reaction was carried out overnight at 50 °C. After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with dichloromethane. The operation of "pouring the extract into water and extracting with dichloromethane" was repeated twice. The extract was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to obtain the crude product. The crude product was separated by column chromatography using petroleum ether / ethyl acetate at a volume ratio of 4:1 as the eluent, and finally a gray solid compound D2a was obtained.

[0389] Et stands for ethyl group.

[0390] Compound D2a (1 g, 2.65 mmol), triethyl phosphite (14 mL), and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (5 mL) were added to a two-necked round-bottom flask. The reaction mixture was heated to 160 °C and refluxed for 24 h under nitrogen protection. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature, and the solvent was removed by vacuum distillation to obtain the crude product. The crude product was separated by column chromatography using petroleum ether / ethyl acetate at a volume ratio of 3:1 as the eluent to obtain a yellow solid compound D2b.

[0391] 1,3-Dibromopropane (51.19 g, 237 mmol) was added to a dry double-necked flask (250 mL), followed by the dropwise addition of triethyl phosphite (13.11 g, 79 mmol). The mixture was heated under reflux for 24 h and cooled to obtain a crude liquid product. The crude product was separated by column chromatography using petroleum ether / ethyl acetate at a volume ratio of 10:1 to give a pale yellow liquid compound D2c(Br(CH2)3PO(OCH2CH3)2).

[0392] Compound D2b (1.57 g, 5 mmol), NaH (360 mg, 15 mmol), and 50 mL of anhydrous DMF were added to a dry double-necked flask and stirred for 30 min. Under nitrogen protection, D2c (2.9 mL, 15 mmol) was added dropwise using a syringe. The reaction mixture was heated to 70 °C and stirred overnight. After the reaction solution cooled to room temperature, it was washed with brine and extracted with ethyl acetate. The process of "pouring the extract into water and extracting with dichloromethane" was repeated twice. The extract was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to obtain the crude product. The crude product was separated by column chromatography using ethyl acetate / methanol as the eluent (ethyl acetate / methanol volume ratio from 1:0 to 1:0.25 to 1:1), yielding a deep yellow oily liquid compound D2d.

[0393] Under nitrogen protection, compound D2d (670 mg, 1.0 mmol) and 25 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane were added to a two-necked flask. Trimethylbromosilane (1.53 g, 85.84 mmol) was slowly added dropwise at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation, and the reaction was quenched by adding 10 mL of anhydrous methanol. The mixture was stirred for 3 h, and finally 30 mL of deionized water was added and stirred for 24 h. The reaction solution was filtered and washed with water to obtain a pale yellow solid compound D2.

[0394] The structures of the intermediate product and the target product D2 were confirmed by proton NMR spectroscopy.

[0395] Comparative Example 3. The passivating agent consists of two carbazole rings, with two anchoring sites occupying the 9- and 9'- positions of the two carbazole rings.

[0396] Perovskite solar cell devices and photovoltaic modules were prepared using a method essentially the same as in Example 1, except that the passivating agent used in step 3 was different, while the remaining operation steps were the same as in Example 1.

[0397] In this example, the passivating agent is (Referred to as compound D3).

[0398] DCZ (3.00 g, 9.03 mmol), tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.87 g, 2.71 mmol), 1,4-dibromobutane (58.46 g, 270.75 mmol), and 50% KOH aqueous solution (10.13 g, 90.25 mmol) were added sequentially to a two-necked flask. The reaction mixture was heated to 60 °C and reacted for 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was washed with water and extracted with dichloromethane, repeated three times. The solution was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to obtain the crude product. The crude product was separated by column chromatography using petroleum ether / dichloromethane as eluent (3:1, v / v) to give a colorless oily liquid D3a.

[0399] Under nitrogen protection, D3a (4.25 g, 2.74 mmol) and triethyl phosphite (35.17 g, 211.65 mmol) were added sequentially to a two-necked flask, and the reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 24 h. After the reaction mixture cooled to room temperature, the solvent was removed by vacuum distillation to obtain the crude product. The crude product was separated by chromatographic column chromatography using petroleum ether / ethyl acetate as eluent (1:1, v / v) to obtain a pale yellow oily liquid, D3b.

[0400] Wherein, Et represents ethyl.

[0401] Under nitrogen protection, D3b (3.80 g, 5.30 mmol) and 45 mL of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran were added to a 100 mL two-necked flask. Trimethylbromosilane (16.23 g, 106.03 mmol) was slowly added dropwise at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred for 24 h. The reaction was quenched with 50 mL of anhydrous methanol and stirred for 3 h. Finally, 400 mL of deionized water was added and the mixture was stirred for 24 h. The reaction solution was filtered and washed with water. The filter cake was dissolved again in tetrahydrofuran, precipitated in petroleum ether, and filtered. This process was repeated three times to obtain a pale yellow solid compound, D3.

[0402] The structures of the intermediate product and the target product D3 were confirmed by proton NMR spectroscopy.

[0403] Comparative Example 4. In the passivating agent molecule, multiple carbazole rings form a fused ring.

[0404] Perovskite solar cell devices and photovoltaic modules were prepared using a method essentially the same as in Example 1, except that the passivating agent used in step 3 was different, while the remaining operation steps were the same as in Example 1.

[0405] In this example, the passivating agent is (Referred to as compound D4).

[0406] In a reaction tube, D4-1 (10,15-dihydro-5H-diindolo[3,2-a:3',2'-c]carbazole) (0.85 g, 2.46 mmol), 1,4-dibromobutane (8.8 mL), tetrabutylammonium bromide (479.0 mg, 1.48 mmol), and 50% KOH aqueous solution (4.2 mL) were added sequentially. The mixture was then heated to 70 °C and reacted overnight. After the reaction was completed by TLC, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, washed with water, and extracted with dichloromethane. The solution was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, evaporated to dryness, and purified by silica gel column chromatography (petroleum ether / dichloromethane, v / v, 1:1) to give a pale yellow solid compound D4a.

[0407] Reactant D4a (1.3 g, 1.73 mmol) and 15.0 mL of triethyl phosphite were added to a reaction tube. The tube was evacuated and purged with nitrogen several times. The mixture was then refluxed in an iron sand bath at 160 °C for 16 h. After the reaction was completed by TLC, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and introduced into 200 mL of petroleum ether. The mixture precipitated at low temperature, and the solid was obtained by filtration. The solid was then washed with petroleum ether to obtain product D4b.

[0408] D4b (1.1 g, 1.19 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere, and trimethylbromosilane (5.48 g, 35.48 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction was carried out at room temperature for 24 h. Then, methanol (about 1.5 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 3 h. Part of the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation, followed by the addition of 8 mL of methanol, and then the addition of distilled water (20 mL) until the solution became opaque. The mixture was stirred overnight. The product was filtered off, washed with water, and dried to give solid compound D4.

[0409] The structures of the intermediate product and the target product D4 were confirmed by proton NMR spectroscopy.

[0410] Et stands for ethyl group.

[0411] Comparative Example 5. In the passivating agent molecule, the two carbazole rings are connected through the 9- and 9'- positions.

[0412] Perovskite solar cell devices and photovoltaic modules were prepared using a method essentially the same as in Example 1, except that the passivating agent used in step 3 was different, while the remaining operation steps were the same as in Example 1.

[0413] In this example, the passivating compound is D5.

[0414] In a dry round-bottom flask, compound D5-1 (5 g, 13.08 mmol) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF, 25 mL). The solution was cooled to 0 °C, and then phosphoryl chloride POCl3 (18.36 g, 120.64 mmol) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture over 1 hour at 5 °C. After reacting at 90 °C for 24 hours, the reaction solution was neutralized with cold aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate to separate the desired organic layer, which was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (using ethyl acetate / n-hexane as eluent, v / v) to give compound D5a.

[0415] In a round-bottom flask, compound D5a (0.44 g, 1 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL of acetic acid. Then, in the presence of ammonium acetate (5 mol%) as a catalyst, rotannin-3-acetic acid (0.38 g, 2 mmol) was added. The mixture was refluxed thoroughly for 6 hours until the reaction was complete. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent was removed under vacuum using a rotary evaporator, and the precipitate was acidified with 0.1N hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. The solid was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The product was recrystallized from acetic acid / dioxane to give compound D5.

[0416] The structures of the intermediate product and the target product D5 were confirmed by proton NMR spectroscopy.

[0417] Comparative Example 6. The passivating agent molecule contains only one carbazole ring, and the amount of passivating agent spin-coated is increased when preparing the passivation layer.

[0418] Perovskite solar cell devices and photovoltaic modules were prepared using a method that was basically the same as that used in Comparative Example 1. The difference was that the amount of passivating agent (compound D1) used in step 3 was different, and the thickness of the passivation layer formed was different. The remaining operation steps were the same as those in Example 1.

[0419] In this example, the passivation layer thickness is approximately 10 nm.

[0420] III. Testing and Analysis

[0421] (I) Testing and Analysis Methods

[0422] 1. Thickness test of passivation layer: Ellipsometry method.

[0423] 2. Initial performance of the device

[0424] Under normal temperature and pressure (25℃, 1 atmosphere), a standard light source with AM1.5G sunlight simulation was used for testing, conforming to the national standard IEC61215. Crystalline silicon solar cells were used to correct the light intensity to achieve the intensity of one solar cell. A four-channel digital source meter (Keithley 2440) was used to measure the current-voltage characteristic curve of the solar cell under the illumination of the light source, and the open-circuit voltage Voc, short-circuit current density Jsc, fill factor FF, and energy conversion efficiency Eff of the solar cell were obtained.

[0425] The energy conversion efficiency is calculated as follows:

[0426] Eff = Pout / Pin

[0427] =Voc×Jsc×[(Vmpp×Jmpp) / (Voc×Jsc)] / Pin

[0428] =Voc×Jsc×FF / Pin

[0429] Wherein, Pout, Pin, Voc, Jsc, Vmpp, Jmpp, and FF represent the battery's operating output power, incident light power, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power point voltage, maximum power point current, and fill factor, respectively. The incident light power is 100 mW / cm². 2 .

[0430] 3. Device stability measurement

[0431] After the initial performance test of the device is completed, the cell under test is placed in an atmospheric environment (relative humidity of 65%-85%, ambient temperature of about 15℃-40℃) and left in the dark for 500 hours. The energy conversion efficiency is then tested again (each test continues until there is no hysteresis in both forward and reverse scans, and the energy conversion efficiency is recorded). The ratio of the solar cell efficiency after 500 hours of atmospheric placement to the initial efficiency is calculated as the normalized efficiency of the solar cell after 500 hours of placement.

[0432] Initial normalized efficiency = (retest efficiency / initial efficiency) × 100%. A higher initial normalized efficiency indicates better device stability.

[0433] The test results can be found in Table 1.

[0434] (II) Test Result Analysis

[0435] Examples 1-8, using inverted perovskite solar cell devices as examples, incorporate carbazole-based passivating agents between the first charge transport layer (hole transport layer) and the light-absorbing layer (perovskite layer). The resulting solar cell devices all exhibit significantly improved device stability. For example, the device stability of Examples 1-5 can be compared with that of Comparative Examples 1-5, and the device stability of Example 8 can be compared with that of Comparative Example 6. Furthermore, the solar cell devices prepared in Examples 1-8 all exhibit high power conversion efficiency. The carbazole-based passivating agents provided in Examples 1-8 each comprise two directly bonded carbazole rings (directly bonded at the 3- and 3' positions) and two anchoring groups located at the 6- and 6' positions, respectively. This molecular configuration enables the carbazole-based passivating agent to provide good field passivation along its dipole moment direction, thereby improving device stability, but is not limited to the above mechanism; for example, the two anchoring groups can passivate the metal oxides in the first charge transport layer, which also contributes to improved device stability. In addition, when carbazole passivating agents provide good field passivation, they also facilitate carrier transport, thereby contributing to higher energy conversion efficiency.

[0436] The passivating agent D1 in Comparative Example 1 carries only one carbazole ring and one anchoring group, resulting in relatively poor anchoring of the first charge transport layer and poor passivation of the light-absorbing layer. Consequently, the solar cell device prepared in Comparative Example 1 exhibits significantly lower stability compared to the devices in Examples 1-5. Furthermore, D1, containing only one carbazole ring, has poor energy level matching with perovskite compounds, leading to lower energy conversion efficiency in the solar cell device prepared in Comparative Example 1 compared to Examples 1-5. Even with increased passivating agent dosage or thicker passivation layer, as in Comparative Example 6, both the energy conversion efficiency (Eff) and device stability remain poor.

[0437] In Comparative Example 2, the distribution of heteroatoms on the fused cyclic core structure of passivator D2 prevents it from providing a good field passivation effect along the dipole moment direction. As a result, the stability of the solar cell device prepared in Comparative Example 2 is significantly lower than that of the devices in Examples 1-5. In addition, the change in field passivation effect leads to a deterioration in carrier transport performance. The energy level matching between passivator D2 and the perovskite compound in the light-absorbing layer is relatively low, resulting in a decrease in open-circuit voltage. Consequently, the energy conversion efficiency of the solar cell device prepared in Comparative Example 2 is significantly worse than that of Examples 1-5.

[0438] In Comparative Examples 3 and 5, the substitution positions of the two anchoring groups caused the passivator molecules to be unable to provide a good field passivation effect along the dipole moment direction after being anchored to the first charge transport layer. The device stability of Comparative Examples 3 and 5 was significantly worse than that of Examples 1-5. In addition, the change in field passivation effect led to a decrease in carrier transport performance, and the energy conversion efficiency of Comparative Examples 3 and 5 was also significantly lower than that of Examples 1-5.

[0439] In Comparative Example 4, the substitution position of the anchoring group in the passivator D4 causes the passivator molecule to be unable to provide a good field passivation effect along the dipole moment direction after being anchored to the first charge transport layer. The device stability of Comparative Example 4 is significantly worse than that of Examples 1-5. In addition, the different molecular stacking mode of the passivator leads to a decrease in carrier transport performance, and the energy conversion efficiency of Comparative Example 4 is also significantly lower than that of Examples 1-5.

[0440] Table 1.

[0441] The descriptions of the various implementation methods and embodiments above tend to emphasize the differences between them. Similarities or resemblances can be referenced interchangeably, and for the sake of brevity, they will not be repeated here. The technical features of the implementation methods and embodiments described above can be combined arbitrarily. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments have been described. However, as long as the combinations of these technical features do not contradict each other, they should be considered within the scope of this specification.

[0442] It should be noted that this application is not limited to the above-described embodiments and examples. The above-described embodiments and examples are merely examples, and any embodiments and examples that have the same structure and achieve the same effect as the technical concept within the scope of this application are included in the technical scope of this application. The embodiments and examples described above only illustrate several embodiments and examples of this application, and although the descriptions are relatively detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the patent. Furthermore, various modifications that can be conceived by those skilled in the art to the embodiments or examples, and other ways of constructing embodiments or examples by combining some of the constituent elements of the embodiments or examples, are also included in the scope of this application without departing from the spirit of this application.

Claims

1. A solar cell device, comprising a first charge transport layer and a light-absorbing layer stacked thereon; wherein, The first charge transport layer comprises a metal oxide, and the light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite compound; a carbazole passivating agent is disposed between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer, and the carbazole passivating agent comprises a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together. The 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring is substituent Q. 11 The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by a substituent Q. 21 Replaced; The carbazole-based passivating agent satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: (t1)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes a group capable of binding the metal oxide; (t2)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group.

2. The solar cell device according to claim 1, wherein, The hydrogen atom at the 9-position of the first carbazole ring is substituent Q. 12 Whether substituted or not, the hydrogen atom at the 9'-position of the second carbazole ring is substituent Q. 22 Whether it is replaced or not, Q 12 and Q 22 Each of these groups independently includes one of the following: thienyl, furanyl, pyridyl, and alkyl.

3. The solar cell device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, The structure of the carbazole passivating agent is shown in formula (I): Among them, R 11 and R 21 Each is independently an oxyacid group or a silicate ester group, R 12 and R 22 Each is independently one of H atom, furanyl, thiopheneyl, pyridyl and alkyl, B 11 B 12 B 21 and B 22 Each independently constitutes a covalent single bond, alkylene group, alkenylene group, Or phenylene, any * independently represents a single bond linking site pointing to the carbazole ring, any Independently represent the pointer to the corresponding end base R 11 R 21 R 12 Or R 22 Single bond connection sites.

4. The solar cell device according to claim 3, wherein, The carbazole-based passivating agent satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: (a1)R 11 and R 21 Each of the following groups can be independently identified: Among them, R 01 R 02 and R 03 Each independently is C 1-3 alkyl; (a2)R 12 and R 22 Each is an independent H atom, Or C 1-6 alkyl; (a3)B 11 B 12 B 21 and B 22 Each is independently a covalent single bond, (CH2) n , Or 1,4-phenylene, any * indicates a single bond linking site, and n is an integer selected from 1 to 6.

5. The solar cell device according to claim 3 or 4, wherein, The carbazole-based passivating agent satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: (b1)R 11 and R 21 Each independently B 11 and B 21 Each is independently -(CH2) n1 -、 Or 1,4-phenylene; where n1 is an integer selected from 1 to 6; (b2)R 12 and R 22 Each is independently a H atom and a C atom. 1-6 alkyl, B 12 and B 22 Each is an independent covalent single bond; (b3)-B 11 -R 11 and -B 21 -R 21 Each independently -(CH2) n2 -COOH、-(CH2) n3 -(O=)P(OH)2、 Where n2 and n3 are each an integer selected from 1 to 6; (b4)-B 12 -R 12 and -B 22 -R 22 Each is independently a H atom and a C atom. 1-6 alkyl, 6. The solar cell device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The carbazole-based passivating agent satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: (c1) The HOMO energy level of the carbazole passivating agent is -5.0 eV to -5.6 eV; (c2) The molecular weight of the carbazole passivating agent is 380 Da to 1500 Da.

7. The solar cell device according to claim 6, wherein, The molecular weight of the carbazole passivating agent is 420 Da to 1200 Da.

8. The solar cell device according to claim 1, wherein, The carbazole-based passivating agent includes one or more of the following compounds: Me represents a methyl group.

9. The solar cell device according to any one of claims 1 to 8 further includes a passivation layer, the passivation layer being located between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer, the passivation layer comprising the carbazole-based passivating agent.

10. The solar cell device according to claim 9, wherein, The thickness of the passivation layer is less than or equal to 10 nm.

11. The solar cell device according to claim 10, wherein, The thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm to 10 nm.

12. The solar cell device according to claim 10, wherein, The thickness of the passivation layer is 1 nm to 5 nm.

13. The solar cell device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein, In the first charge transport layer, the metal oxide includes one or more metal elements selected from Ni, Mo, and Cu.

14. The solar cell device according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein it satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: (d1) The perovskite-type compounds include perovskite-type metal halides; (d2) The light-absorbing layer comprises a semiconductor material, wherein the perovskite compound accounts for 80% to 100% of the mass of the semiconductor material in the light-absorbing layer.

15. The solar cell device according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein, The solar cell device satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: (e1) The solar cell device further includes a second charge transport layer, which is located on the side of the light-absorbing layer away from the first charge transport layer; (e2) The solar cell device further includes a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the first electrode is located on the side of the first charge transport layer away from the light-absorbing layer, and the second electrode is located on the side of the light-absorbing layer away from the first charge transport layer.

16. The solar cell device according to claim 15, wherein, The first charge transport layer is a hole transport layer, and the second charge transport layer is an electron transport layer.

17. The solar cell device according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein, The solar cell includes a first electrode, a first charge transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, and a second electrode stacked in sequence. The first electrode is a transparent electrode, and the second electrode is a metal electrode.

18. A method for fabricating a solar cell device, comprising the following steps: spin-coating a passivation solution containing a carbazole-based passivating agent onto a first charge transport layer, drying, and continuing to form a light-absorbing layer; in, The first charge transport layer comprises a metal oxide; the carbazole passivating agent comprises a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together; the 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring is substituented with a Q group. 11 The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by a substituent Q. 21 Replaced; The carbazole-based passivating agent satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: (t1)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes a group capable of binding the metal oxide; (t2)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group.

19. The method for fabricating a solar cell device according to claim 18, wherein the fabricated solar cell device is as defined in any one of claims 1 to 17.

20. A photovoltaic module, comprising a substrate layer, a solar cell device, and an encapsulating adhesive layer sequentially stacked; wherein, The solar cell device is the solar cell device according to any one of claims 1 to 17.

21. A power generation device comprising at least one of the solar cell device according to any one of claims 1 to 17, a solar cell device prepared by the method of preparing the solar cell device according to claim 18, and a photovoltaic module according to claim 20.

22. An electrical device comprising at least one of the following: a solar cell device according to any one of claims 1 to 17, a solar cell device prepared by the method of preparing the solar cell device according to claim 18, and a photovoltaic module according to claim 20.

23. The application of carbazole passivating agents in the preparation of solar cell devices, photovoltaic modules, or solar cells, among which, The carbazole passivating agent comprises a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together; the 3-position of the first carbazole ring is bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring is substituented with a Q group. 11 The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by a substituent Q. 21 Replaced; The carbazole-based passivating agent satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: (t1)Q 11 and Q 21 Each component independently includes a group capable of binding a metal oxide; the metal oxide is a charge transport material. (t2)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group; The solar cell device, the photovoltaic module, or the solar cell includes a first charge transport layer and a light-absorbing layer. The first charge transport layer includes a metal oxide, and the light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite compound. The carbazole passivating agent is disposed between the first charge transport layer and the light-absorbing layer.

24. A carbazole-based passivating agent comprising a first carbazole ring and a second carbazole ring directly bonded together; the 3-position of the first carbazole ring being bonded to the 3'-position of the second carbazole ring; and the hydrogen atom at the 6-position of the first carbazole ring being substituented with a Q group. 11 The hydrogen atom at the 6'-position of the second carbazole ring is replaced by a substituent Q. 21 Replaced; The carbazole-based passivating agent satisfies one or more of the following characteristics: (t1)Q 11 and Q 21 Each component independently comprises a group capable of binding a metal oxide; the metal oxide is a charge transport material; (t2)Q 11 and Q 21 Each independently includes at least one of an oxyacid group and a silicate group.

Images