TEC-g cell and TEC-g mixture usable in the TEC-g cell

Abstract

TEC-G concepts have hardly any practical application; established TEC-G cells disadvantageously require an external temperature gradient or external temperature fluctuations. The aim of the invention was to overcome this disadvantage. The solution is carried out using an electrolyte which comprises synthetic and / or natural humic substances, H2SO4 and iron salts. Hydrophilic, aqueous oil extracts are proposed as synthetic humic substances, said oil extracts providing, for the first time, a practicable TECG-G mixture which offers broad usable power densities at standard temperatures. It is already possible to produce independent, regenerating energy sources for microwatt power in the button cell format; flat cells for waste heat recovery can also be made and expediently supplement modern heat management systems. Devices that replace electrical components are thus accessible and can be used in more complex products. Thermo-electric-chemical generator cells can be produced and provided industrially particularly favourably on the basis of waste oils and favourable, technically pure chemicals. Generators, thermal switches and cooling units enable, individually and in combination, the concept of diverse TECG heat management, which can effectively supplement current energy concepts in the field of waste heat and reduce the previous thermal rejection rates of 30% and more.

Description

[0001] HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 1 of 64

[0002] TEC-G cell and TEC-G mixture usable in the TEC-G cell

[0003] SCIENTIFIC AREA

[0004] TEC-G cells have been known for some time and are described, for example, by Burmistrow et al. in 20220802 in “Advances in Thermo-Electrochemical (TEC) Cell Performances for Harvesting Low-Grade Heat Energy: A Review” (Sustainability 2022, 14, 9483;

[0005] (https: / / doi.org / 10.3390 / sul4159483) explains this in more detail. A disadvantage is that the concepts discussed there require a thermal gradient to generate electric current.

[0006] 20211221 disclose Heubner et al. in “Intercalation electrochemistry for thermoelectric energy harvesting from temperature fluctuations” (Chem. Commun., 2022, 58, 1203; DOI:

[0007] 10.1039 / dlcc06121f) a concept that harvests electrical energy from temperature fluctuations using a suitable energy harvesting circuit. However, this is only capable of providing a peak power output in the microwatt range.

[0008] Regenerative concepts that could independently harvest energy from waste heat in cycles are discussed by Maldifassi et al. in 20241014 in “Evaluation of redox pairs for low-grade heat energy harvesting with a thermally regenerative cycle” (Energy Adv. , 2024 , 3 , 2877 ; DOI : 10 . 1039 / d4ya00368c ).

[0009] In 20251021, Li et al. describe endothermic and exothermic ion exchange reactions in which Fe2+ and Ca2+ mutually replace each other in complexes; if a more stable, exothermic complex is converted into a less stable complex, this reaction will absorb heat / lower the temperature of the mixture according to Hess's law; this is detected by isothermal titration calorimetry, abbreviated ITC.

[0010] The question was whether a hydrophilic decomposition product produced with sulfuric acid from natural raw materials could be used without contradiction. HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 2 of 64

[0011] Thermally regenerative TEC-G properties can be attributed to this. This document answers this question based on relevant research and compiled literature, and aims to derive specific product concepts.

[0012] GENERAL BACKGROUND

[0013] The present invention relates to an electrolyte for a current-supplying TEC-G cell, the fundamentals of which are described in WO 2025 / 040254 A and WO 2025 / 040759 A. The information disclosed and the documents cited in those documents define the starting point of the present document and are hereby fully incorporated by reference into the present disclosure.

[0014] During the conditioning and processing of liquid oils at room temperature with oxygen and water, hydrophilic phases were obtained as a byproduct from industrial waste. These phases could then be used to construct thermo-electrochemical generator cells. Further research, testing, and analysis using laboratory chemicals to more precisely parameterize the underlying chemical reactions subsequently led to further innovations and scientific insights. Both mineral oils and biogenic oils, as well as waste materials based on such oils, were successfully confirmed as suitable for this synthesis approach. Liquid TEC-G mixtures provided high energy densities in devices compared to other TEC-G systems. Innovative devices and applications were developed based on this concept.

[0015] TO TEC-G cells

[0016] Thermo-electrochemical generator cells are not very intensive. HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 3 of 64

[0017] researched. The online publication 'Electrochemical Redox Refrigeration', nature scientific reports, 2019-09-26, ( ( 2019) 9 : 139 https : / / doi . org / 10. 1038 / s41598-019-50118-y) reveals the possible use of iron-cyanide complexes as TEC-G components in a cooling application with a power density of around 0.5 W / cubic centimeter with a dU / dT coefficient of around 1.5 mV / K.

[0018] Additionally disclosed 'Intercalation Chemistry for thermoelectric energy harvesting from temperature fluctuations'; Chem. Commun . , 2022 , 58 , 1203-1206; DOI: 10. 1039 / dlcc06121f ; rsc. li / chemcomm;

[0019] Electrode structures that are in equilibrium via Li ions, which can provide up to 30 microwatts per cubic centimeter from typical temperature fluctuations.

[0020] A scientific plausibility check of the inventors' explanatory model was initiated and has since been published as a script at a university ("Thermo-electrochemical generator cells (TEC-G / TREC) ; Fundamentals, Heiontec structure, cycle, energy balances and measurement methods" Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jens Bockstette, Düsseldorf University of Applied Sciences, January 29, 2026). The significant scientific hurdle of plausibly supporting a system capable of converting room temperature into electrical energy in cycles without an external temperature gradient with a consistent explanatory model can now be addressed. Furthermore, additional innovative features can be reported and claimed within the scope of this application.

[0021] Furthermore, the components of the invented TEC-G mixture could be classified as fluvic and humic acids. More on this below.

[0022] DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF THE TECHNOLOGY

[0023] Practical applications of TEC-G are scarce. The inventors attribute this to the acute toxicity of attractive cyanide systems. HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 4 of 64

[0024] On the one hand, and on the other hand, the lower power densities of more manageable systems based on solid-state intercalation concepts. Unfortunately, to date, no practical systems have been made available to industry that could easily and directly provide the potentially attractive theoretical TECG potential in the microwatt range for typical ambient temperatures; practical applications are therefore scarce or could serve as inspiration.

[0025] TEC-G cells of the genus contain a hydrophilic electrolyte, which was obtained from a natural substance by decomposition with sulfuric acid.

[0026] The task was to specify a system with which the theoretical power potential in the range of mW / cubic centimeter can be achieved at typical temperatures, to specify a suitable cell, and to identify practical applications that are thus made possible.

[0027] The solution to this problem is achieved according to the features of the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments are described in the dependent claims and the following description.

[0028] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0029] A TEC-G cell according to the invention comprises two electrodes which are arranged in a continuous, membrane-free cell space, wherein the cell space is filled with an electrolyte mixture and the electrolyte mixture comprises natural and / or synthetic fulvic and / or humic acids.

[0030] The synthetic fulvic and / or humic acids comprise a TEC-G mixture according to the invention, comprising the main components of hydrophilic oil extract, at least one metal salt of at least one metal, and water. The mixture exhibits at least the following properties at 5 °C to 100 °C: HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 5 of 64

[0031] exhibits thixotropic flowability and, after contact with a first electrode made of at least one metal or, through metal deposition and contact with a second electrode made of a different metal or material than the at least one metal, provides a dU / dT coefficient of at least 1 mV / K as a contacted TEC-G mixture in the temperature range 5 °C to 100 °C.

[0032] DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND ADVANTAGEOUS FEATURES

[0033] A TEC-G cell according to the invention comprises two electrodes which are arranged in a continuous, membrane-free cell space, wherein the cell space is filled with an electrolyte mixture comprising the TEC-G mixture and the electrolyte mixture comprises natural and / or synthetic fulvic and / or humic acids.

[0034] Natural decomposition products of cellulose, wood, or even plants take on an earthy appearance after some time and comprise cross-linked macromolecules with the main component CHO, also known as humic substances. Dispersible and soluble carbon-based macromolecules of this mixture are called humic and fulvic acids, respectively, and can also be produced from sugars or cellulose by decomposition with H₂SO₄ using established methods. Comparison of the available data on these humic and fulvic acids with the properties of the present electrolyte revealed consistent agreement: The observed properties can be reconciled with the known properties. The use of these substances in a TEC-G cell is novel and is therefore claimed for the first time in this document.

[0035] The synthetic fulvic and / or humic acids comprise a TEC-G mixture according to the invention. The TEC-G mixture according to the invention, comprising the main components hydrophilic oil extract, at least one metal salt of at least one metal, and water, exhibits HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 6 of 64

[0036] at least thixotropic flowability at temperatures from 5 °C to 100 °C and, after contact with a first electrode made of the at least one metal or, after metal deposition and contact with a second electrode made of a different metal or material than the at least one metal, provides a dU / dT coefficient of at least 1 mV / K as a contacted TEC-G mixture in the temperature range from 5 °C to 100 °C.

[0037] Suitable oils include biogenic and fossil oils, as well as oils that are no longer usable or classified as waste; 'Ö1' refers here to oils with longer-chain main components and reducing elements in their composition, as is known from edible oils such as rapeseed oil or fuels such as diesel. The extract can be obtained by intimate mixing with water, optionally with the addition or subsequent addition of a polyalcohol, preferably triethylene glycol. A sulfate, preferably iron(II) sulfate hydrate, can be used as the metal salt, optionally supplemented with a proportion of iron and technical-grade sulfuric acid, which form further sulfate with the evolution of hydrogen. The inventors assume that the hydrogen evolution, particularly in mineral, fossil oils, can partially hydrogenate the oil and reduce oxygens in carbon skeletons to alcohol groups.

[0038] This can explain the extract's ability to complex the metal and / or the cations.

[0039] Preferably, an aqueous extract of biodiesel is prepared, mixed with Fe(II) sulfate hydrate and some sulfuric acid, and optionally some iron, and concentrated by adding a polyalcohol, preferably triethylene glycol, with the release of water, until a honey-like flowability is achieved. The inventors assume that this inherent flowability allows for good liquid-based diffusion, which significantly increases ion and current flow and ensures high performance values ​​within the required temperature range.

[0040] The temperature range of 5°C to 100°C generally covers the typical range of waste heat and heat loss effects; see HTG-01 / 25-PCT, page 7 of 64

[0041] In both domestic and industrial settings, a significant portion of waste heat, both unusable and utilized, is generated. Metal deposition on the first electrode determines its electrochemical potential. A second electrode, made of a different material, does not contain the metal. The extract's ability to form metal / cation complexes within the redox equilibrium explains why the chemical system does not react directly: the complexes can only be opened and reacted at one of the two electrodes. Combined complexes with differing electrode selectivities offer advantageous alternatives. C-based electrodes preferably allow for additional or complementary intercalation processes that can supplement, increase, or even raise the energy density to energy storage levels.Against this background, the present application also reveals a potential, complementary electrolyte for current Li-ion batteries.

[0042] A counter-reaction, balancing charge via the liquid and compounds, is correspondingly possible at the counter electrode. The strong thermal effect indicates a strong entropic component. The free energy of reaction within equilibrium is significantly different for the complexed and non-complexed reactants depending on the temperature. This can explain why the polarity of a TEC-G cell can reverse when passing through a temperature range characteristic of the respective TEC-G substance: The stabilities and enthalpies are reversed in the newly reached temperature range, and the system will operate in reverse according to the underlying mechanism. Against this background, a TEC-G mixture can also be preferably used as a limit temperature sensor or – combined with a blocking diode – as a switch or controlled current source.A chromium-based TEC-G compound is particularly preferred for use as a switch / sensor in the 5°C to 15°C range. With these TEC-G cells, it is possible to directly convert room and ambient temperature into electricity after cooling. Conversely, see HTG-01 / 25-PCT, page 8 of 64.

[0043] Forced charging releases heat. Once a cell has cooled down and returned to ambient temperature, the same amount of energy can be extracted again. A particular advantage is that the system does not require a semipermeable membrane. Despite the liquid TEC-G mixture, no direct reaction occurs. A stable, high-performance cell design can be achieved with a simple mechanical spacer.

[0044] Recycling, component separation, and also repair or maintenance of such systems becomes possible, simpler, and more efficient as a result.

[0045] Preferably, the TEC-G mixture exhibits a power density of at least O , 1W per cubic centimeter at typical, preferably domestic, loss and / or waste heat temperatures.

[0046] Preferably, the at least one metal salt comprises at least iron as the metal.

[0047] Preferably, this includes at least one metal salt as the metal chromium.

[0048] Preferably, this includes at least one metal salt as the metal nickel.

[0049] A device comprising a contacted TEC-G mixture and / or a TEC-G cell according to the invention, selected from a group of devices comprising an energy generator, a cooling element, an energy storage device, a limit temperature sensor, and a thermal switch, is preferred.

[0050] Preferably, the device comprises a contacted TEC-G mixture and / or a TEC-G cell according to the invention, selected from a group of devices, the group of devices further comprising discharge compensators, clock, wristwatch, table lamp, Christmas tree LED, radio switch, radio sensor, energy storage discharge compensator, cell assembly surface module, construction film, drywall elements, separable drywall HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 9 of 64

[0051] Elements, LED warning flashers, LED warning flashers for overtemperature, emergency light LEDs, night light LEDs, coupled voltage source-sensor assembly, fire alarm, smoke detector, heating meter, heat quantity meter, wristwatch, luminescent jewelry, flat waste heat converter for wastewater, waste heat converter for pipes, waste heat converter with heat storage, power supply

[0052] Large-area cell, power supply for building sensors, cooling film, cooling film in a cooling unit, TEC-G cooling element in CPU coolers, TEC-G cooling element in computer cases, TEC-G cooling element in IT shelving systems, TEC-G cooling element in IT racks, self-starting and self-sustaining cooling unit with at least two cooling mechanisms, power source for PoE applications, toys, greeting card, large cell for bathroom wastewater, waste heat recovery systems, waste heat converters for pipelines, waste heat storage systems, boiler heat recovery systems, heat exchangers with integrated waste heat converter, devices for electrochemical thermal management, catalysts with integrated waste heat recovery, control and regulation modules for process optimization in manufacturing plants including energy recuperation, self-sufficient sensors, self-sufficient industrial sensors, self-sufficient sensors for the home, self-sufficient sensors that can be integrated in smart home concepts, energy recuperators for hot liquids,Temperature sensors, humidity sensors, motion sensors, light intensity sensors, CO2 sensors, occupancy sensors, water sensors, air quality sensors, pressure sensors, sound sensors, gas detectors, energy consumption sensors, energy generating panels, energy generators for sensors, flat web materials, textiles, flat curtains, wall coverings, fabric webs, printed web materials, metal composite panels, aluminum composite panels, aluminum-PE composite panels, facade panels, exhibition stand panels, decorative panels, surface modules, air conditioning systems, cooling units, building cooling systems, devices for cooling buildings, self-sufficient power sources, PoE power sources, emergency lights, night lights, warning lights, orientation lights, portable digital Internet HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 10 of 64

[0053] Wearable IoT devices, digital communication-enabled wristwatches, motion detectors, security systems, medical devices, blood glucose meters, blood pressure monitors, implantable medical devices, pacemakers, cardiovascular devices, diabetes and metabolic devices, insulin pumps, neurological implants, hearing implants, visual implants, pain therapy devices, muscle stimulation devices, remote controls, self-charging batteries, flow meters, heating meters, heat meters, water meters, fire alarms, smoke detectors, gas detectors, building sensors, switches, low-voltage sensors, smart home devices, scales, household scales, personal scales, passenger cars, timekeeping devices, clock movements, clocks, light sources, LEDs, LED strings, fairy lights, rechargeable devices, accumulators, self-charging accumulators, razors, epilators, toothbrushes, fans, PC fans, small fans, ventilators, air distribution systems, blowers, airflow generatorsMicrocoolers for machines, self-starting and self-powered microcooler fans, radar detectors, cabinet lighting, cabinet lighting with sensor, cabinet lighting with motion sensor, retrofittable self-sufficient cabinet lighting, smartwatches, fitness trackers, wireless table lamps, USB power sources, self-charging USB power sources, independent USB power sources, portable air conditioners, chargers, portable chargers, emergency chargers, audio equipment, music equipment, electric instruments, music systems, audio systems, multimedia systems, electrical media systems, clothing, PV cells, PV modules, PV panels, solar thermal panels, geothermal systems, heat pumps, domestic energy management systems, industrial energy management systems, home automation, building automation, storage discharge compensators.

[0054] Preferably, one device is combined with at least one other of the devices disclosed herein. HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 11 of 64

[0055] Preferably, a device is operated such that the TEC-G cell and / or TEC-G mixture is operated and / or loaded intermittently with interspersed pauses, whereby the measurable voltage is kept between a maximum value and 0.3 times the maximum value.

[0056] Preferably, the electrolyte mixture was obtained by

[0057] - partial carbonization of at least one polyol, fat, oil or carbohydrate with H2SO4 ,

[0058] preferably rapeseed oil and / or at least one sugar selected from the group consisting of fructose,

[0059] Psicose, Tagatose,

[0060] Partial charring of rancid rapeseed oil is particularly preferred.

[0061] Carbonization is the preferred method.

[0062] - with successive addition of concentrated H2SO4

[0063] - in the presence of a metal sulfate ,

[0064] preferably of iron sulfate ,

[0065] FeSO4*7H2O is particularly preferred;

[0066] - with final dilution with H2O and / or a polyol, preferably H2O and polyethylene glycol,

[0067] Dilution with H2O and PEG400 is particularly preferred.

[0068] - to a pH value < 7, preferably 0 <pH<3 ,

[0069] especially preferred <0 , 1.

[0070] Preferably all starting materials have a technical purity of 95% to 99%, the remainder being accompanying substances and impurities.

[0071] Preferably, the first electrode is a C-based electrode.

[0072] preferably a graphitized film or fiber of technical purity;

[0073] - the second electrode is an iron-based electrode, preferably made of low-carbon steel with a carbon content of <1%, HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 12 of 64

[0074] particularly preferably in the form of an unalloyed steel sheet and / or steel fabric of technical purity with a carbon content of <0.2%.

[0075] Preferably, the TEC-G cell exhibits an open cell voltage in the range of 0.5V to IV at a constant room temperature in the range of 15 °C to 30 °C.

[0076] Preferably, the electrolyte comprises at least one adjusting agent and auxiliary substance, comprising up to 25% by weight of the total composition. The adjusting agent and auxiliary substance is selected from the group consisting of buffers, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, organic acids, acetic acid, acid buffers, acetic acid acetate buffers, humectants, xanthan gum, sorbitol, xylitol, fructose, sugars, conductivity additives, NaCl, LiCl, KCl, halogen salt mixtures of alkali metals, alkali metal sulfates, anthrones, flavones, metal soaps, fatty acid salts, sugar anthraquinone-based food colorings, carminic acid, siderophores, amino acids, ethanol, glycerol, thickeners, defoamers, complexing agents, starch extract, sodium salt mixtures, sodium salts, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium acetate, molasses, beet juice, cane sugar syrup, syrup, alkaline earth salts, aluminum salts, potato starch, sugar beet pulp, flour, and silicates. Glass powder, molecular sieves, framework silicates, powdered separators, paper separators, paper scraps, electrode powders,Electrode packings .,

[0077] Preferably, the TEC-G cell is designed as a button cell comprising a two-part steel housing with an airtight seal with tightly inserted graphite foil, electrolyte sponge with electrolyte, metal disc and internally contacting pressure spring.

[0078] Preferably, the TECG cell is designed as a flexible, flat cell with a total thickness in the range of 0.3 mm to 4 mm, comprising a light- and airtight enclosing HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 13 of 64

[0079] Outer film and at least two electrodes in film and / or fabric form with an electrolyte sponge containing electrolyte arranged between them.

[0080] Preferably, the TEC-G cell is integrated as a generator, preferably a self-discharge compensator, into an energy management system, preferably a clocked energy management system.

[0081] Further advantages arise from the exemplary embodiments. The features and advantages described above and the following exemplary embodiments are not to be considered limiting. The independent claims define the scope of protection of the invention. Additional advantageous features and combinations of features, as explained in the description and disclosed in the documents cited in the application and referenced therein, can be implemented within the scope of the independent claims in the subject matter of the invention, both individually and in different combinations, without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0082] DETAILED EXPLANATION OF THE INVENTION USING LITERATURE AND EXAMPLES OF EXECUTION

[0083] HUMIC ACIDS

[0084] 19590501 - Lecture notes “SOIL ORGANIC MATTER”, Visiting Prof. Dr. W. Flaig of the Department of Agronomy, Iowa State College, Arnes, Iowa, USA, at the Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Braunschweig; reveals that organic decomposition products have been present since the 18th century.

[0085] Research into this topic dates back to the 19th century; the carbon content of humic acids and fulvic acids is described here as 58% and >55%, respectively; it was assumed early on that these decomposition products are essentially formed by the dehydration of CHO compounds and can be produced similarly by reaction with strong acids (such as H2SO4) (p. 18, 20HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 14 of 64).

[0086] and 22 ).

[0087] In 1975, the article "Kinetics and Equilibrium of binding Fe3+ by a fulvic acid" revealed that, for a dissolved humic acid of natural origin—referred to here as fulvic acid—the complex formation constants for the fulvic acid-Fe3H complex increased with decreasing pH, while the amount of bound Fe3+ changed little. The reverse reaction, which would release Fe3+, is slow and, in light of the heterogeneous composition of humic acids, could explain the inhibited migration of Fe3+ ions within the macromolecule. The authors assume that with increasing pH, more Fe3H ions are present, but also more protonatable groups within the fulvic acid accept charge, making rapid complexation via many suitable, uncharged structures increasingly difficult. A slow, continuous uptake / migration of Fe3+ during natural complexation and migration in soil layers over days / months would also be consistent with these results.

[0088] 19921223 “Proton and metal ion binding to humic

[0089] The section on "substances" on page 22 reveals typical functional groups found in humic fractions and develops various models for the complexation of cations in correspondingly diverse macromolecules, comparing them with available data. Secondary reactions within the macromolecules are also analyzed. The analysis concludes that considering competing binding sites within the macromolecule and the migration / slow distribution of cations to the optimal binding sites is a necessary component for future models.

[0090] 20050630 reveals “Characterization of humic substances by fractionation and determination of metal content…” in the introduction, showing a higher stability for Fe3+ complexes than for Fe2+ complexes; a possible classification and characterization is presented in light of known concepts; humic substance structural models and possible binding sites are illustrated in schematic diagrams.

[0091] 20070315 reveals “Thermal Stability of solid and aqueous solutions HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 15 of 64

[0092] of humic acid" in the abstract, irreversible structural changes occur for biogenic humic acids above 70 °C and decomposition processes above 110 °C. In 20071015, "Buffer capacity of humic acid: Thermodynamic approach" in the abstract, it was disclosed that an industrial humic acid can act as an effective buffer in the range 5.5 < pH < 8, accepting and donating protons, which is attributed to chemisorptive hydroxyl groups. In 20100702, "Reduction and Reoxidation of Humic Acid:

[0093] Influence on spectroscopic properties and proton binding" added that 0.54 mol / kg electrons could be introduced or removed via electrochemical redox processes without showing significant changes in the spectroscopic properties.

[0094] Thus, humic acid was used here as an electrochemically redox-reactive element without significantly altering the essential bonding states and the associated spectroscopic properties.

[0095] In 20130101, Boguta et al., in "Interactions of humic acids with metals," provide a comprehensive overview of biogenic humic substances, their classification, and properties with regard to metal complexes. Iron complexes based on chlorides, nitrates, or sulfates are mobile and readily formable (Table 4); at low pH, an Fe3H complex is more stable than an Fe2+ complex (p. 24), and complexation occurs gradually, with changes in binding sites and mechanisms (p. 39), and can include radical redox processes and chelate complexations (Fig. 11).

[0096] Protons and / or hydrogen may be involved. Complexes can be further stabilized by additional complexing agents and / or redox-active additives and auxiliary substances (p. 40). According to page 42, more energy is released by the complexation of Fe3+ than by the complexation of Fe2+; conversely, the release of Fe3+ will require more energy than the release of Fe2+. This is consistent with the complex formation constants of the parallel data sources. Fe3+ forms more stable complexes with hydroxyl and carbonyl groups than Fe2+. According to page 50, Fe ions promote the coagulation of humic acids; with decreasing pH, the HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 16 of 64

[0097] Coagulation via hydrogen bonds is increasingly inhibited, as Fe3H ions no longer form sparingly soluble hydroxides that could serve as a coagulation nucleus (p. 51). At low pH, humic acids arrange themselves in more compact aggregates and fibrous structures, and the sites available for complexation and coagulation are sterically blocked. Elevated salt concentrations also alter the three-dimensional conformation of humic acids (p. 66). Methods for the classification and characterization of biogenic humic acids are presented and analyzed.

[0098] In their publication "Entropy-enthalpy compensation: Role and ramifications in biomolecular ligand recognition and design" (20140806), Chodera et al. further explain isothermal titration calorimetry for processes in which macromolecules form complexes and / or compounds with much smaller partners. Examples are given for conformational reactions with a strong entropic contribution (p. 21, Fig. 1b).

[0099] In their article "Influence of humic acid complexation with metal ions on extracellular electron transfer activity" published on November 23, 2015, Zhou et al. describe the investigation of the function of humic acid complexes as electron shuttles; increased activity was observed for Fe complexes, while Cu- or Al-based complexes reduced the activity. This indicates that Fe-humic acid complexes should be considered highly redox-reactive and can participate more effectively in redox equilibria.

[0100] In the introduction published on August 19, 2017, Mol et al. reveal various ways in which humic substances can be synthetically obtained through simple, water-based decomposition of sugars; for methanol-based syntheses, models and optimal reaction conditions for the synthesis of HMF are described; a reaction at 100 °C can be completed within 40 minutes.

[0101] On August 1, 2018, Björnerbäck et al. revealed in "Microporous Humins Synthesized in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Using 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural" how microporous, structurally amorphous humins with high HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 17 of 64

[0102] Surfaces can be synthesized from sugars via HMF as an intermediate.

[0103] In 20180901, Yang reveals in “Synthesis and Use of Synthetic Humic-like Acid (SHLA) for The Remediation of Metal-Contaminated Water and Soil” how humic substances can be specifically produced from precursors through abiotic degradation processes.

[0104] On January 1, 2019, Rosenberg et al. revealed in “Organic redox-flow-batteries using compounds out of bark and peat as well as humic acids” in the graphical abstract battery systems in which humic acids serve as a redox component and exhibit constant, battery-typical performance characteristics in the lOmW range.

[0105] On January 1, 2020, Yang et al. describe known synthesis and production routes for humic substances in "The Sleeping Giant: A Polymer View on Humic Matter in Synthesis and Applications"; in section 4.4, they describe possible charge densities of 80 Ah / kg for redox-active humic acids; furthermore, they describe humic acids as a component for anti-corrosive coatings and as electron shuttles in electrolytes.

[0106] As a result, the yellow to black, dark, aqueous mixtures produced from a natural substance – preferably rapeseed oil – by decomposition with H2SO4 can be consistently assigned the properties known for humic substances: An iron electrode is passivated and enables a redox buffer for H+ / H2 to undergo an electrochemical reaction; the release of Fe3+ from the humic complex by reduction to Fe2+ at a graphite electrode and recomplexation is, according to the literature, a heat-absorbing, slow, electrode-selective process, the reverse reaction of which can gradually restore an original starting state by absorbing ambient temperature.

[0107] THE TRIGLYCERIDE-H2 SO4 SYSTEM

[0108] The question was whether the decomposition of oil produces components that contradict the previous one.

[0109] 19340918 - US1 , 973 , 79O A discloses a process for purifying vegetable oils, wherein the splitting of vegetable oils with H2SO4 inHTG-01 / 25-PCT page 18 of 64

[0110] The presence of metal salts for the production of pigment color bases is described as established; after separation from a sediment and aqueous washing, an oil mixture with an increased proportion of free fatty acids and an indeterminate proportion of H2SO4 and sulfonic acids is obtained; these partly colored mixtures show increasing discoloration from 120 °C until they become opaque, black liquids with increasing viscosity; with 75% phosphoric acid at a proportion of a few percent by weight, a cleavage of the triglycerides can be achieved even from 30 °C.

[0111] 19501114 - US 2 , 529, 539 A discloses a process for the sulfonation of unsaturated esters, in which sulfonation is most successful at 40°C with equal mass parts of acid and allyl ester at SO3 content of 30% to 60%, while anhydrous reaction with lower SO3 content forms more byproducts such as acid esters.

[0112] 19660201 Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils, Volume 2, pages 92-95, Antonishin et al.; “Sulfonation of residual oils and utilisation of the oil sulfonation product” discloses in the abstract that the reaction of H2SO4 and SO3-containing H2SO4 with oil also involves oxidation and condensation of the oil components; in oils with aromatic components, side chains and cycloalkyls are cleaved off to form carboxyl groups and phenolic hydroxyl groups, releasing CO2 and H2O;

[0113] Aromatization of ring systems and oxidative condensation occur simultaneously under water removal; the condensed products with sulfone groups exhibit clay exchanger properties.

[0114] 20050101 discloses “Interactions between rapeseed oil fuel and engine oil” as typical aging reactions of rapeseed oil: fat splitting, saponification, auto-oxidation and polymerization with an increase in viscosity up to the point of resinification; heating to 280°C with exposure to air causes polymerization, while at up to 110°C in a closed container, mainly short-chain fatty acids are enriched; oxygen or an oxygen-rich compound such as water or acetic acid is responsible for the increase in viscosity. HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 19 of 64

[0115] Significantly; the neutralization number increases and the iodine number drops rapidly to zero; the addition of sulfuric acid accelerates crosslinking / viscosity increase in oil-fuel mixtures, indicating slightly accelerated aging; however, the addition of soot, iron powder, and / or sulfuric acid did not cause solidification; only the presence of copper catalyzed a

[0116] Polymerization / thickening significantly.

[0117] 20070630 reveals “Influence of Iron Oleate Complex Structure on Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Formation” similarly shows that iron oleates release water at 70 °C but only decompose at T>380 °C to form iron oxide nanoparticles.

[0118] The release of passivating fatty acids, the generation of OH functionalities, and the cross-linking of the fragments into macromolecules are consistent with information from the field of humic substances. Similarly, the production of humins from oil extraction residues is also known. Therefore, humins can also be produced from natural oil through polymerization and cross-linking.

[0119] IRON ELECTRODES, ESPECIALLY IN H2SO4

[0120] 19300726 reveals a letter in the journal 'Nature' that uniformly anodically pretreated iron anodes can be stable in acidic solution.

[0121] 19620516 “passivity of iron and nickel”, J. H. Bartlett et al. ; reveals for the anodic conditioning of Fe electrodes that these, after formation of an IO -6The cm thick layer shows no further corrosion in the acid; furthermore, an acetate buffer can contribute to stabilization as a complexing agent; from an anodic potential of 0.175 V, iron can be kept stable in H2SO4 acidic solutions; higher acid concentrations reduce the thickness of the passivating layer.

[0122] 19670301, “Electrode Passivation Studies”, reveals an overvoltage for the dissolution of Fe electrodes in H2SO4 battery systems and the possibility of this reaction, for example, in 6NHTG-01 / 25-PCT, page 20 of 64

[0123] To prevent HC1O4 corrosion by forming a passivating oxide layer. With a uniform oxide layer, the corrosion of an iron electrode can be limited to less than 0.05 millimeters per year in strongly acidic solution. Without passivation, typical corrosion currents are around IO -3Amperes per square centimeter are equated to a dissolution rate of 1.25 mm per quarter (5 mm per year). For the Fe-H2SO4 system, an initial dissolution process involving the formation of sulfates and the formation of a frequently inhomogeneous, locally further acid-reactive, oxygen-rich, passivating layer is considered established.

[0124] 19810101 reveals “The influence of the polarisation time on the passivation of iron in sulfuric acid” as a passivating layer for iron electrodes at varied H2SO4 concentrations the salts FeSO4*7H2O and FeSO4*H2O .

[0125] In the abstract of 19930301, “Anodic passivity of iron in sulfuric acid”, the formation of a passivating layer with the release of SO2 and the presence of different oxidation states of iron and sulfur are revealed for concentrations >40 wt% (from 5M), which is interpreted as an indication of defective chemical and / or combined, partially reduced compounds with stabilizing transition regions.

[0126] In their study "Modeling of H2SO4-FeSO4-H2O....", Kobylin et al. (20070321) unanimously reveal that FeSO4*H2O is a stable crystal modification starting at a wt% H2SO4 content in aqueous, dilute solution, whereby FeSO4*7H2O can also be formed at increased salt concentrations; from approximately 70 wt% H2SO4, the sulfate exists as FeSO4.

[0127] In their 20120202 study, Panossian et al., in "Corrosion of carbon steel pipes and tanks by concentrated sulfuric acid: A review," revealed significant corrosion rates for carbon-containing steels due to H₂SO₄: At least 10 g of H₂SO₄ dissolve per day and square decimeter in 6.5 M H₂SO₄; the corrosion rate increases drastically with increasing carbon content. Only at an H₂SO₄ content of 8 mol / L or 75 wt% is the solubility of the resulting FeSO₄ sufficiently restricted, and the crystal structure of the HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 21 of 64

[0128] The resulting salt should be homogeneous enough to allow the formation of passivating layers. Polarization tests can be helpful in verifying / identifying these passivating layers. Anodic conditioning to form a passivating layer composed of different compounds of the Fe-SOH system is recommended.

[0129] In their publication "Optimization of the iron-ion / hydrogen redox flow cell with iron chloride catholyte salt" on January 1, 2014, Tucker et al. revealed a redox flow battery for the cell combination Fe2+ / Fe3+ with H2 / H+; a porous carbon electrode with an HCl-acidic Fe-Cl solution is combined with a hydrogen electrode via a membrane and, with optimized concentrations, allows peak powers of up to 257 mW / cm². 2 with optimized self-discharge.

[0130] In 20171228, Zhou et al. revealed in “Phase transition of FeSO4*7H2O to FeSO4*H2O in the H2SO4-HCl-H2O-System by modeling solubility” that iron (IT) sulfate undergoes a transition from heptahydrate to monohydrate depending on temperature and H2SO4 concentration: At around 70 °C, recrystallization occurs in 20% sulfuric acid with the release of water; the solubility of the sulfate can be increased by adding HCl.

[0131] In 20180414, D. Mitra et al. (J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 F392) revealed how a porous iron electrode can be manufactured and equipped with Ni nanoparticles for alkaline cells.

[0132] In their publication "Improvements to the Coulombic Efficiency of the Iron Electrode for an All-Iron Redox-Flow Battery" published on June 2, 2018, B. S. Jayathilake et al. revealed how the efficiency of an iron-based redox flow battery can be improved and optimized through adjustments and auxiliary substances and optimized operating parameters.

[0133] In 20181001, Bhawsar et al. reveal in "Investigation of Mentha spicata extract as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 2M Sulphuric Acid Medium" how with an aqueous extracted HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 22 of 64

[0134] Adding vegetable oil to a 2M H2SO4 solution can limit corrosion; this indicates that with better film-forming, passivating substances, preparatory passivation of an Fe-based electrode could even be dispensed with: Sufficiently reactive substances should be directly applicable with an electrolyte during cell construction.

[0135] 20181001 disclose Khanra et al. in “Application of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Molecules Derived from Microalgae toward Mild Steel Corrosion Inhibition in HC1 Solution: A Novel Approach for

[0136] The Metal Inhibitor Association reports that biogenic, free fatty acids can directly form a thin, passivating layer on unalloyed steel and protect it from corrosion; this indicates that free fatty acids can effectively contribute to the passivation of iron electrodes.

[0137] In their graphical abstract of 20210722, Dutton et al. reveal that under reducing conditions / in the presence of H2 Fe2+ may be the thermodynamically most stable compound; Fe3+ would then only be stable within complexes and / or as a mixed oxide, which again agrees with the data from the field of humic substances and the properties of the cell studied here.

[0138] GRAPHITE ELECTRODE

[0139] Graphite electrodes are combined with Fe-based electrodes in electrochemical cells for wastewater treatment and the removal of organic contaminants via the Fenton reaction. For example, Zhai et al., in ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, Vol. 9, Issue 9, “Surface Modification of graphite support as an effective strategy to enhance the electro-fenton activity of Fe304-graphite composites in situ fabricated from acid mine drainage using an air cathode fuel cell,” explain in their abstract how a combined electrode can be directly generated in an Fe(II)-containing wastewater stream and used for the removal of organic contaminants. (HTG-01 / 25-PCT, page 23 of 64)

[0140] Similarly, Gao et al. in “Electrocatalytic Activity of Modified Graphite Felt in Five Anthraquinone Derivative Solutions for Redox Flow Batteries” describe how a graphite-based felt electrode can be optimized and modified.

[0141] In their abstract of 20201201, Song et al. “Performance of graphite felt as anodes in the electro-fenton oxidation systems : changes in catalysis, conductivity and adsorption properties” reveal how the surface structure and wettability of C-based fibers can be optimized.

[0142] Peltier-like contributions

[0143] EP 3 428 984 Bl describes a TEC-G system that generates electricity based on a temperature gradient. Given the heat consumption of the TEC-G cell, which was qualitatively detectable in initial tests, the question arises whether a gradient could be generated and contribute to the overall power output in a conventional manner. To clarify this, a cell was constructed according to EP 3 428 984 Bl Figure 10 and symmetrically equipped with identical electrodes. Gold sheets, graphite foils, iron sheets, and carbon fibers served as electrode materials with an iron-based electrolyte according to the invention. In all cases, a potential difference in the range of 1 to a maximum of 5 mV could be measured at a temperature difference of 20 degrees; however, no measurable power could be extracted based on this potential difference when a load was connected. The system's power output was therefore below the detection limit of the measuring instruments (microamperes; microvolts).Therefore, it can be assumed that thermal gradients in the system claimed here do not make a parallel contribution to the available power.

[0144] TECHNOLOGY IN COMPARISON

[0145] Low-temperature waste heat recovery is an HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 24 of 64

[0146] A crucial goal for meeting the demands of modern energy production is reducing dependence on fossil fuels and critical raw materials, utilizing existing energy potential, and opening up new technological possibilities. For years, researchers worldwide have been trying to efficiently generate electricity from available low-temperature heat, but so far with limited success, as conventional materials achieve only very low efficiencies. Currently, room temperature and waste heat sources below 90 °C cannot be used for profitable energy production, even though there is enormous potential here: In Germany alone, the potential of industrial and commercial waste heat amounts to approximately 243 TWh per year, with around 77% occurring at temperatures below 90 °C (Source: Federal Office for Energy Efficiency (BfEE; as of July 29, 2025)).

[0147] "Waste heat potential" encompasses thermal energy generated as a byproduct of industrial, commercial, or technical processes—such as manufacturing, data centers, or energy conversion—and which is typically released directly into the environment. This heat is not part of any further process and can be captured and converted into usable energy, such as electricity, provided suitable, cost-effective technologies are available.

[0148] Low-temperature waste heat below 90 °C is particularly widespread and remains largely unused due to technological and economic limitations.

[0149] The claimed electrolyte offers an innovative technology platform to meet this challenge and efficiently convert waste heat and ambient heat into electrical energy at temperatures as low as 10 °C, without requiring an external power source or cable connection. The concept relies solely on ambient temperature to repeatedly recharge itself and continuously generate electricity. This provides, for the first time, a sustainable, economical, and self-contained energy source. The manufacturing process preferentially utilizes industrially available, non-fossil raw materials and hydrophilic decomposition products derived from HTG-01 / 25-PCT (page 25 of 64).

[0150] The TEC-G cell utilizes the energy that can be extracted from organic waste and / or oil. This makes the concept scalable and leverages established production processes, thereby unlocking enormous market potential in the field of green energy technologies. It opens up new possibilities in the energy sector and in the utilization of previously unused waste heat. The TEC-G cell converts ambient heat into electricity at temperatures as low as 10°C, without requiring a temperature gradient. The key component is the electrolyte, made from metal salts and commercially available organic materials, such as rapeseed oil. Production is based on locally available, commercially accessible raw materials and requires no rare earth elements or exclusive additives, which represents a significant geopolitical advantage: The concept ensures improved supply chain resilience by avoiding critical raw materials and enabling the use of local resources.

[0151] Thus, a sustainable, economical, and renewable electricity supply can be provided. Scalable, mechanically flexible, and chemically robust energy harvesting units that can be directly integrated into industrial systems such as pipes, containers, tanks, heat exchangers, or process surfaces represent the further development of this basic principle.

[0152] As a product proof, reproducible validation and characterization platform, a standardized CR2032 button cell based on the proprietary electrolyte was developed.

[0153] While this button cell format enables controlled performance tests, long-term stability studies, and feasibility studies in electronics, it primarily serves as a technology demonstrator. The core objective of this project is to transfer the validated electrochemical system to large-area, industrially manufacturable HARVEST modules for use in industry, construction, and building design to recover significant amounts of waste heat; these will be simultaneously patented with further claims. HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 26 of 64

[0154] The TEC-G cell, analogous to a Fenton cell, consists of two electrodes (Fe and graphite) between which the electrolyte mixture is placed. Ambient heat acts as the driving force to induce chemical reactions in this material. When a load is switched on, the external circuit is closed, and a current begins to flow due to the Fe3H complexes within the liquid electrolyte and their selective reactivity with the carbon-based graphite electrode. By releasing electrical energy and recomplexing Fe3+ as Fe2+, the cell cools down, causing the current to gradually decrease until the circuit is opened. After discharge, ambient heat is absorbed, and the initial state is restored. The process can be restarted by closing the circuit with the load, resulting in an iterative charge and discharge cycle involving at least two complex equilibria (Fe3+ / Fe2+ and H2 / H+).

[0155] Since the complex compounds are electrode-selective, no membrane is required. Therefore, the processing possibilities for the electrolyte mixture are diverse, ranging from printed circuit board solutions to printing on textiles and liquid tanks. This offers a wide range of applications. Whether for discharge compensation, waste heat recovery, self-sufficient power supply, or innovative cooling – the technology opens up a multitude of application possibilities in industry, construction, and everyday life.

[0156] Laboratory cells based on the TEC-G electrolyte exhibit peak power outputs in the milliwatt range and continuous power outputs in the microwatt range, and can already power electronic devices such as watches or sensors. Even though further optimizations are needed, the current TEC-G cells already deliver 1000 times higher peak power combined with a cost-effective and simple cell design (no membrane required; significant voltage from 0.3 V to 0.8 V directly available; for the likely chemical reactions, see XuHTG-01 / 25-PCT, page 27 of 64).

[0157] and Tsang, Carbon Research (2022) 1: 9; https: / / doi.org / 10.1007 / s44246-022-00010-8). This can be seen as a groundbreaking innovation that opens up the previously commercially inaccessible area of ​​low-temperature waste heat.

[0158] This has been neglected so far because the industry simply did not have any established, profitable solutions for it.

[0159] This unusual concept is unique worldwide and sets a new standard for energy generation. Feasibility tests in external laboratories using low-energy devices such as charge compensators, wall clocks, kitchen thermometers, and LED lights have already been successfully completed. In the field of low-power electronics and IoT devices, the need for batteries can be effectively eliminated.

[0160] By utilizing unused heat on an industrial scale, for example in data centers, buildings, and production facilities, significant amounts of thermal energy could be unlocked that are currently released unused into the environment. The solution would convert this waste heat into a reliable, locally available energy source for electricity generation, thus transforming an unavoidable byproduct—waste heat—into a productive asset.

[0161] The electrolyte currently functions even at ambient temperatures as low as 10 °C and requires no temperature difference (temperature difference between two points), thus overcoming a fundamental limitation of conventional thermoelectric technologies. The technology can therefore be used in locations where conventional heat recovery or thermoelectric solutions are not feasible.

[0162] This approach reduces overall energy losses, improves the energy efficiency of energy management in factories and buildings such as data centers, and reduces dependence on grid power, fail-safe generators and auxiliary batteries, thereby also reducing maintenance costs.

[0163] In parallel, further applications on an industrial scale are being developed. HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 28 of 64

[0164] become accessible, including self-powered building sensors, infrastructure monitoring, control systems and auxiliary power supply for digital and automated energy management devices.

[0165] Unique selling points

[0166] Unique features of the TEC-G cell:

[0167] - It even works at ambient temperatures as low as 10 °C. - No temperature gradient is required.

[0168] - Self-regenerating cycle through thermochemical, electrode-selective reactions of metal complexes.

[0169] - Cost-effective raw materials of technical purity can be used for the synthesis.

[0170] - Abundantly available core materials (vegetable oil, H2SO4, iron salts) enable local synthesis, effectively reducing the CO2 footprint and logistics effort.

[0171] - Simple cell design leads to a scalable, highly adaptable technology.

[0172] - Ready-to-use voltage in the range of 0.5 V to 1 V per cell. - Peak power from button cell-sized samples already in the mW range without optimization.

[0173] - Supports Europe's strategic autonomy and ESG goals. Economic benefits.

[0174] The production process is energy-efficient, requiring only a few hours at 140°C and using water as the primary solvent for the electrolyte, making the chemistry easy to handle and climate-friendly. Cost-effective products that can be manufactured industrially and locally eliminate the need for expensive, specialized, or imported raw materials and the associated risks within supply chains. Furthermore, this significantly reduces production costs and logistics (CO2 footprint of raw materials) and minimizes the risks associated with geopolitical influences and tariffs.

[0175] Industrial waste heat and waste heat from buildings represent an underutilized energy sector; despite the identification and assessment of this HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 29 of 64

[0176] Regarding energy (e.g., the EU's EnABLES project), there is currently no concept that has led to significant energy recovery. The TEC-G electrolyte has the potential to profitably meet this demand.

[0177] Planar electrodes are known from lithium-ion pouch cells. The introduction of flexible / permeable large-area elements into waste heat mass flows is known from filter applications in exhaust air systems.

[0178] Complementary devices based on this technology do not require a conventional energy source, thus incurring no operating costs. Once installed, these systems continuously produce free electricity / data at room temperature.

[0179] sustainability

[0180] Production: The electrolyte mixture is manufactured using an energy-efficient production process that does not require high temperatures or pressures, thus shortening supply routes and avoiding imports. Iron salts, H₂SO₄, and oils such as rapeseed oil are available from local manufacturers in industrialized countries. This enables local production with optimized logistics and a low carbon footprint.

[0181] Concept: The concept utilizes existing waste heat from the environment for energy generation, thereby reducing energy demand and the consumption of fossil fuels in industrial production and operation. Short transport routes and local procurement make the concept a sustainable and future-oriented solution that significantly enhances energy management on an industrial scale.

[0182] Self-sufficiency

[0183] The TEC-G cells require only ambient heat as the driving force for power generation. Combined with a simple cell design, they are therefore well-suited for customized, large-scale deployment in factories, buildings, data centers, and general industrial environments where heat is continuously generated and currently goes unused. By using proven panels and plates in combination with established bag electrodes, the systems (HTG-01 / 25-PCT, page 30 of 64)

[0184] adapted to surfaces and installations, enabling flexible waste heat recovery ranging from local auxiliary power supply to decentralized energy generation in larger infrastructures.

[0185] The electrolyte mixture has achieved feasibility as an electronic component in an operational environment (TRL 5). This level of maturity is demonstrated by the validated development of the proprietary electrolyte and its successful transfer to other production sites (USA), as well as the confirmation of the data in independent measurement setups (DE; USA). The use of the electrolyte in a standardized button cell format provides a directly integrable component for the definition and validation of indoor electronics. The use of the electrolyte in large-area cells enables scaling up to industrial harvest applications.

[0186] Using the button cell as a standardized test platform, we have already achieved power outputs in mW / cm². 2 -range reached.

[0187] Industrial device under test (DUT) and climate chamber tests have confirmed a constant, self-contained, and repeatable power output and the corresponding product feasibility. Furthermore, there is potential for further efficiency improvements through continuous enhancement of the electrolyte, electrode conditioning, electrode arrangement, operating mode, and cell architecture. The button cell format provides a starting point and exhibits reproducible electrochemical behavior. The transition from this scalable reference architecture to large-area heat recovery modules is planned for the medium term. The button cell confirms that the core functional components (electrolyte + electrodes) can serve as building blocks for the next product stage.

[0188] With Mark-One electrolyte chemistry and a basic cell architecture based on TRL 5, further and continuous HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 31 of 64

[0189] Industrial improvements will focus on optimizing synthesis, additives and excipients for higher efficiency, adapting the respective cell architectures and scaling up to large-area cells, as well as certifying these functional demonstrators for defined HARVEST application cases, such as...

[0190] Power sources in buildings and industrial waste heat recovery systems.

[0191] In an advantageous embodiment, an iron-based TEC-G mixture is integrated into a thermal management system as a cell and / or part of a TEC-G cell according to the invention. The cell can contribute effectively to efficient thermal management at various locations and in different areas. Internally, the umbrella term "HEIONTEC" has become established for the possible devices and their combinations. "HEIONTEC" and "HEIONTEC technology" thus refer to the claimed TEC-G mixture with and in devices within an energy management system. The advantageous areas and devices are explained below:

[0192] 1. Waste heat recovery systems

[0193] a. Waste heat converters for pipelines (e.g., for wastewater or exhaust air) equipped with HEIONTEC technology efficiently convert unused waste heat into electrical energy, even at low temperatures below 80° Celsius, making it usable. This reduces energy costs by eliminating the need to purchase grid electricity and decreases dependence on external power sources and fossil fuels. Particularly in industrial plants and buildings with high heat sources, the technology contributes to efficiency in two ways: it utilizes waste heat for electricity generation and simultaneously reduces the heat load, thereby decreasing cooling requirements. This saves additional costs and increases sustainability. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. SelfHTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 32 of 64

[0194] During periods without wind or solar energy, HEIONTEC devices remain reliably operational. Sustainability is paramount: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0195] b. Waste heat storage systems equipped with HEIONTEC technology efficiently convert unused waste heat into electrical energy, even at low temperatures below 80° Celsius, making it usable. This reduces energy costs by eliminating the need to purchase grid electricity and decreases dependence on external power sources and fossil fuels. Particularly in industrial plants and buildings with high heat output, the technology contributes to efficiency in two ways: it utilizes waste heat for electricity generation while simultaneously reducing the heat load, thus lowering cooling requirements. This saves additional costs and increases sustainability. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar energy, HEIONTEC devices remain reliably operational.Sustainability is key: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0196] c. Boiler heat recovery systems equipped with HEIONTEC technology efficiently convert unused waste heat into electrical energy, even at low temperatures below 80° Celsius, making it usable. This reduces energy costs by eliminating the need to purchase grid electricity and decreases dependence on external power sources and fossil fuels. Particularly in industrial plants and buildings with high heat sources, the HTG-01 / 25-PCT (page 33 of 64)

[0197] The technology contributes to efficiency in two ways: it utilizes waste heat for power generation while simultaneously reducing the heat load, thus lowering cooling requirements. This saves additional costs and increases sustainability. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar energy, HEIONTEC devices remain reliably operational. Sustainability is paramount: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0198] d. Heat exchangers with integrated waste heat converters, equipped with HEIONTEC technology, efficiently convert unused waste heat into electrical energy, even at low temperatures below 80° Celsius, making it usable. This reduces energy costs by eliminating the need to purchase grid electricity and decreases dependence on external power sources and fossil fuels. Particularly in industrial plants and buildings with high heat output, this technology contributes to efficiency in two ways: it utilizes waste heat for power generation while simultaneously reducing the heat load, thus lowering cooling requirements. This saves additional costs and increases sustainability. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar energy, HEIONTEC devices remain reliably operational.Sustainability is key: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0199] e. Devices for electrochemical thermal management, which comply with HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 34 of 64

[0200] Equipped with HEIONTEC technology, unused waste heat, even at low temperatures below 80° Celsius, is efficiently converted into electrical energy, making it usable. This reduces energy costs by eliminating the need to purchase grid electricity and decreases dependence on external power sources and fossil fuels. Particularly in industrial plants and buildings with high heat output, the technology contributes to efficiency in two ways: it utilizes waste heat for power generation while simultaneously reducing the heat load, thus lowering cooling requirements. This saves additional costs and increases sustainability. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar energy, HEIONTEC devices remain reliably operational. Sustainability is paramount: the production of HEIONTEC TEC-G cells is carried out without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions.By using local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0201] f. Catalysts with integrated waste heat recovery, equipped with HEIONTEC technology, efficiently convert unused waste heat into electrical energy, even at low temperatures below 80° Celsius, making it usable. This reduces energy costs by eliminating the need to purchase grid electricity and decreases dependence on external power sources and fossil fuels. Particularly in industrial plants and buildings with high heat sources, the technology contributes to efficiency in two ways: it utilizes waste heat for power generation and simultaneously reduces the heat load, thereby decreasing cooling requirements. This saves additional costs and increases sustainability. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar energy, HEIONTEC devices remain reliably operational. Sustainability is paramount: Production HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 35 of 64

[0202] The HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0203] Process optimization in manufacturing plants equipped with HEIONTEC technology efficiently converts unused waste heat, even at low temperatures below 80° Celsius, into electrical energy, making it usable. This reduces energy costs by eliminating the need to purchase grid electricity and decreases dependence on external power sources and fossil fuels. Particularly in industrial plants and buildings with high heat output, the technology contributes to efficiency in two ways: it utilizes waste heat for power generation while simultaneously reducing the heat load, thus lowering cooling requirements. This saves additional costs and increases sustainability. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar energy, HEIONTEC devices remain reliably operational.Sustainability is key: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0204] h. Energy-autonomous sensors for industrial applications equipped with HEIONTEC technology efficiently convert unused waste heat into electrical energy, even at low temperatures below 80° Celsius, making it usable. This reduces energy costs by eliminating the need to purchase grid electricity and decreases dependence on external power sources and fossil fuels. Particularly in industrial plants and buildings with high heat sources, the technology contributes to efficiency in two ways: it utilizes waste heat for power generation and simultaneously reduces the heat load, thus HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 36 of 64

[0205] Cooling requirements are reduced. This saves additional costs and increases sustainability. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar energy, HEIONTEC devices remain reliably operational. Sustainability is paramount: The production of HEIONTEC TEC-G cells takes place without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0206] 2. Use of waste heat and space heating

[0207] a. Liquid materials as a substrate for TEC-G cells enable the utilization of waste heat from household wastewater (e.g., shower and bath water, water from washing machines or dishwashers) and in industry. The warm wastewater is heated to up to 90° Celsius through containers such as tanks and converted into electrical energy using HEIONTEC technology. This self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar energy, electricity continues to be generated. Sustainability is paramount: The production of HEIONTEC TEC-G cells takes place without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0208] b. Panels as power suppliers for building sensors (e.g.

[0209] Temperature sensors, humidity sensors, motion sensors, light intensity sensors, CO2 sensors, occupancy sensors, water sensors, air quality sensors, pressure sensors, sound sensors, gas detectors, energy consumption sensors), which are compliant with HTG-01 / 25-PCT, page 37 of 64

[0210] HEIONTEC technology enables the conversion of ambient heat into electrical energy. With reduced maintenance, these systems can operate continuously, even at room temperature, independent of wired power supplies. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted operation, and eliminates recurring costs for grid electricity, replacement batteries, and personnel and maintenance expenses in commercial applications (e.g., building services, external service providers). Furthermore, it reduces dependence on external power sources and fossil fuels. This self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar energy, electricity continues to be generated. Sustainability is paramount: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions.By using local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0211] c. HEIONTEC technology can be integrated into textiles (carrier material) for interior design (e.g., carpets, curtains, wall coverings, fabric panels). This enables the conversion of ambient heat into electrical energy, even at room temperature, which can then be fed into the electrical grid. This reduces costs, as the purchase of additional grid electricity is no longer necessary, and decreases dependence on external power sources and fossil fuels. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar energy, electricity continues to be generated. Sustainability is paramount: The production of HEIONTEC TEC-G cells takes place without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided.Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 38 of 64.

[0212] energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0213] d. HEIONTEC technology in surface modules (foil, textiles, and / or drywall panels) enables the conversion of ambient heat into electrical energy, even at room temperature, which can then be fed into the power grid. This reduces costs, as the purchase of additional grid electricity is eliminated, and decreases dependence on external power sources and fossil fuels. The self-sufficient, decentralized energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar energy, electricity continues to be generated. Sustainability is paramount: The production of HEIONTEC TEC-G cells takes place without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0214] HEIONTEC technology can also be used for building cooling. The TEC-G cells extract heat energy from the environment, even at room temperature, and convert it into electrical energy, which can then be fed into the power grid. This technology contributes to efficiency in two ways: it generates electricity and simultaneously reduces the heat load, thus achieving the desired cooling effect. This lowers costs because, on the one hand, the purchase of additional grid electricity to operate air conditioning systems is eliminated, and on the other hand, electricity is generated. This reduces dependence on external power sources and fossil fuels. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar power, electricity continues to be generated.Sustainability is key: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. Valuable resources are conserved through the use of local residual materials and waste. HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 39 of 64.

[0215] and avoids long transport routes and imports. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0216] 3. Self-sufficient energy supply

[0217] a. Devices that are normally powered via Power over Ethernet (PoE) can alternatively be powered wirelessly using HEIONTEC technology. The TEC-G cells convert ambient heat into electricity, ensuring a continuous power supply. This enables the flexible installation of network devices in areas where a power supply would otherwise be difficult to implement. This also reduces costs, as the purchase of additional grid power is eliminated, and reduces dependence on external power sources and fossil fuels. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar energy, electricity continues to be generated. Sustainability is a key focus: The production of HEIONTEC TEC-G cells takes place without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions.By using local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0218] b. Emergency lights with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using ambient heat – thus completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted operation, and reduces recurring costs, both for replacement batteries and for personnel and maintenance in commercial applications (e.g., fire stations, fire departments, etc.).

[0219] Building technology, external service providers). The self-sufficient energy supply also offers maximum security, ensuring that HEIONTEC devices remain reliably ready for use at all times and eliminating the need to always have spare batteries on hand. Sustainability is a key focus. HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 40 of 64

[0220] The key focus is that HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. Additionally, the elimination of disposable batteries reduces waste.

[0221] c. Wristwatches with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using ambient heat – thus completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted use, and reduces recurring costs, both for replacement batteries and for personnel and maintenance in commercial applications (e.g.,...).

[0222] Building services, external service providers). The self-sufficient energy supply also offers maximum security, ensuring HEIONTEC devices remain reliably ready for use at all times and eliminating the need to always have spare batteries on hand. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. The elimination of disposable batteries also reduces waste.

[0223] d. Motion detectors and security systems with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using ambient heat – thus completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted operation, and reduces recurring costs, both for replacement batteries and for personnel and maintenance in commercial applications (e.g., building technology, external service providers). The self-sufficient power supply also offers HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 41 of 64

[0224] Maximum safety is ensured, as HEIONTEC devices remain reliably ready for use at all times, eliminating the need to always have spare batteries on hand. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. The elimination of disposable batteries also reduces waste.

[0225] Medical devices such as blood glucose meters and blood pressure monitors with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using ambient heat – thus completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted use, and reduces recurring costs, both for replacement batteries and for personnel and maintenance in commercial applications (e.g., hospitals, clinics, etc.).

[0226] Building services, external service providers). The self-sufficient energy supply also offers maximum security, ensuring HEIONTEC devices remain reliably ready for use at all times and eliminating the need to always have spare batteries on hand. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. The elimination of disposable batteries also reduces waste.

[0227] f. Implanted medical devices (e.g., pacemakers and other cardiovascular devices, diabetes and metabolic devices such as insulin pumps, neurological implants, hearing and vision implants, devices for pain therapy and muscle stimulation) with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to HTG-01 / 25-PCT, page 42 of 64

[0228] Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using body heat. These self-charging devices eliminate the need for battery replacements, thus reducing the number of surgical procedures. This increases patient safety while simultaneously lowering costs. HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced sustainably without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0229] Remote controls with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using ambient heat – thus completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted use, and reduces recurring costs, both for replacement batteries and for personnel and maintenance in commercial applications (e.g.,...).

[0230] Building services, external service providers). The self-sufficient energy supply also offers maximum security, ensuring HEIONTEC devices remain reliably ready for use at all times and eliminating the need to always have spare batteries on hand. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. The elimination of disposable batteries also reduces waste.

[0231] Heating meters, heat quantity meters, water meters, and other metering devices with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells recharge continuously using ambient heat – thus completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted operation, and saves [HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 43 of 64].

[0232] recurring costs include both replacement batteries and personnel and maintenance costs for commercial use (e.g.

[0233] Building services, external service providers). The self-sufficient energy supply also offers maximum security, ensuring HEIONTEC devices remain reliably ready for use at all times and eliminating the need to always have spare batteries on hand. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. The elimination of disposable batteries also reduces waste.

[0234] i. LED flashers that warn of hot surfaces, featuring HEIONTEC technology, no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using ambient heat – completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted operation, and reduces recurring costs for both replacement batteries and personnel and maintenance in commercial applications (e.g., building services, external service providers). The self-sufficient power supply also offers maximum safety, ensuring HEIONTEC devices remain reliably ready for use at all times and eliminating the need to keep spare batteries on hand. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions.By using local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. Additionally, the elimination of disposable batteries reduces waste.

[0235] j. Fire alarms, smoke detectors, gas detectors and other building sensors with HEIONTEC technology do not require HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 44 of 64

[0236] no longer requires conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using ambient heat – thus completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted use, and reduces recurring costs, both for replacement batteries and for personnel and maintenance in commercial applications (e.g.,...).

[0237] Building services, external service providers). The self-sufficient energy supply also offers maximum security, ensuring HEIONTEC devices remain reliably ready for use at all times and eliminating the need to always have spare batteries on hand. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. The elimination of disposable batteries also reduces waste.

[0238] Switches and sensors with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using ambient heat – completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted operation, and reduces recurring costs for both replacement batteries and personnel and maintenance in commercial applications (e.g., building technology, external service providers). The self-sufficient power supply also offers maximum security, ensuring HEIONTEC devices remain reliably ready for use at all times and eliminating the need to keep spare batteries on hand. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided.Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. See also HTG-01 / 25-PCT, page 45 of 64.

[0239] Eliminating disposable batteries reduces waste.

[0240] Low-current sensors with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using ambient heat – completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted operation, and reduces recurring costs for both replacement batteries and personnel and maintenance in commercial applications (e.g., building technology, external service providers). The self-sufficient power supply also offers maximum security, ensuring that HEIONTEC devices remain reliably ready for use at all times and eliminating the need to keep spare batteries on hand. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided.Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. Additionally, the elimination of disposable batteries reduces waste.

[0241] Smart home devices with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using ambient heat – completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted use, and reduces recurring costs, both for replacement batteries and for personnel and maintenance in commercial applications (e.g., building technology, external service providers). The self-sufficient energy supply also offers maximum security, ensuring HEIONTEC devices remain reliably ready for use at all times and eliminating the need to always have spare batteries on hand. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided. HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 46 of 64

[0242] This is avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. Additionally, the elimination of disposable batteries reduces waste.

[0243] Toys and greeting cards with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using ambient heat – completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted use, and reduces recurring costs, both for replacement batteries and for personnel and maintenance in commercial applications (e.g., building technology, external service providers). The self-sufficient energy supply also offers maximum security, ensuring HEIONTEC devices are always reliably ready for use and eliminating the need to keep spare batteries on hand. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided.Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. Additionally, the elimination of disposable batteries reduces waste.

[0244] Household and personal scales with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells recharge continuously using ambient heat – completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted use, and reduces recurring costs, both for replacement batteries and for personnel and maintenance in commercial applications (e.g., building services, external service providers). The self-sufficient energy supply also offers maximum security, ensuring that HEIONTEC devices are always reliably ready for use and eliminating the need to keep spare batteries on hand. Sustainability is a key focus: The production of HEIONTEC TEC-G cells is carried out without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. (HTG-01 / 25-PCT, page 47 of 64)

[0245] Emissions. By using local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. Waste is also reduced by eliminating disposable batteries.

[0246] Watches with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using ambient heat – thus completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted use, and reduces recurring costs, both for replacement batteries and for personnel and maintenance in commercial applications (e.g.,...).

[0247] Building services, external service providers). The self-sufficient energy supply also offers maximum security, ensuring HEIONTEC devices remain reliably ready for use at all times and eliminating the need to always have spare batteries on hand. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. The elimination of disposable batteries also reduces waste.

[0248] Clocks and timekeeping devices with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using ambient heat – thus completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted operation, and reduces recurring costs, both for replacement batteries and for personnel and maintenance in commercial applications (e.g., building technology, external service providers). The self-sufficient power supply also offers maximum security, ensuring that HEIONTEC devices remain reliably ready for use at all times and eliminating the need to always have spare batteries on hand. HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 48 of 64

[0249] Sustainability is key: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. Waste is also reduced by eliminating single-use batteries.

[0250] String lights, Christmas tree LEDs, and similar products with HEIONTEC technology no longer require conventional batteries. Thanks to innovative technology, the integrated TEC-G cells continuously recharge using ambient heat – completely eliminating the need to replace disposable batteries. This saves time, ensures uninterrupted use, and reduces recurring costs for replacement batteries as well as personnel and maintenance expenses in commercial applications (e.g., building technology, external service providers). The self-sufficient energy supply also offers maximum reliability, ensuring HEIONTEC devices are always ready for use and eliminating the need to constantly carry spare batteries. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions.By using local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. Additionally, the elimination of disposable batteries reduces waste.

[0251] 4. Rechargeable devices

[0252] a. Electric shavers and epilators with HEIONTEC technology recharge themselves – without a wall socket or charger. The integrated TEC-G cells use ambient heat for a continuous energy supply, making manual charging unnecessary. This saves costs, as no external charger is required. HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 49 of 64

[0253] Local power sources are used. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security, ensuring HEIONTEC devices remain reliably ready for use at all times. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0254] b. Electric toothbrushes with HEIONTEC technology recharge themselves – without a wall socket or charger. The integrated TEC-G cells use ambient heat for a continuous energy supply, eliminating the need for manual charging. This saves costs, as no external power sources are used. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum reliability, ensuring HEIONTEC devices are always ready for use. Sustainability is a key focus: The production of HEIONTEC TEC-G cells is carried out without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0255] c. Mini fans with HEIONTEC technology recharge themselves – without a power outlet or charger. The integrated TEC-G cells use ambient heat for a continuous energy supply, eliminating the need for manual charging. This saves costs, as no external power sources are used. The self-sufficient power supply offers maximum reliability, ensuring HEIONTEC devices are always ready for use.

[0256] Sustainability is key: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 50 of 64

[0257] d. Radar detectors with HEIONTEC technology recharge themselves – without a power outlet or charger. The integrated TEC-G cells use ambient heat for a continuous energy supply, making manual charging unnecessary. This saves costs, as no external power sources are used. The self-sufficient power supply offers maximum safety, ensuring HEIONTEC devices are always reliably ready for use.

[0258] Sustainability is key: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0259] Wireless cabinet lighting with HEIONTEC technology recharges itself – without a power outlet or charger. The integrated TEC-G cells use ambient heat for a continuous energy supply, eliminating the need for manual charging. This saves costs, as no external power sources are used. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum reliability, ensuring HEIONTEC devices are always ready for use. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0260] f. Smartwatches and fitness trackers with HEIONTEC technology recharge themselves – without a wall socket or charger. The integrated TEC-G cells use ambient heat for a continuous energy supply, making manual charging unnecessary. This saves costs, as no external power sources are used. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security, ensuring HEIONTEC devices are always reliably ready for use. Sustainability is a key focus: HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 51 of 64

[0261] HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0262] HEIONTEC wireless table lamps recharge themselves – without a power outlet or charger. The integrated TEC-G cells utilize ambient heat for a continuous energy supply, eliminating the need for manual charging. This saves costs, as no external power sources are required. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum reliability, ensuring HEIONTEC devices are always ready for use. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0263] Mobile air conditioners with HEIONTEC technology recharge themselves – without a power outlet or charger. The integrated TEC-G cells use ambient heat for a continuous energy supply, eliminating the need for manual charging. This saves costs, as no external power sources are used. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum reliability, ensuring HEIONTEC devices are always ready for use.

[0264] Sustainability is key: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0265] i. Mobile emergency chargers with HEIONTEC technology recharge themselves – without a power outlet or charger. The integrated TEC-G cells use ambient heat for a HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 52 of 64

[0266] Continuous energy supply eliminates the need for manual charging. This saves costs, as no external power sources are required. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security, ensuring HEIONTEC devices are always reliably ready for use. Sustainability is a key focus: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0267] Mobile music and audio systems with HEIONTEC technology recharge themselves – without a power outlet or charger. The integrated TEC-G cells utilize ambient heat for a continuous energy supply, eliminating the need for manual charging. This saves costs, as no external power sources are required. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum reliability, ensuring HEIONTEC devices are always ready for use. Sustainability is a key focus: The production of HEIONTEC TEC-G cells is carried out without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0268] 5. Energy niches and atypical application areas

[0269] a. HEIONTEC technology can be integrated into textiles (carrier material) for clothing production. The conversion of body heat into electrical energy allows the clothing itself to act as a wireless charger. This enables a supplement to, or even independence from, conventional chargers and external power supplies. This increases flexibility for the user and saves costs, as the purchase of mains electricity is no longer necessary. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 53 of 64

[0270] Security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar energy, electricity continues to be generated. Sustainability is paramount: HEIONTEC TEC-G cells are produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0271] b. HEIONTEC technology can be used to cool photovoltaic systems. The TEC-G cells extract unwanted heat energy from the PV modules and convert it into electrical energy, which can then be fed back into the power grid. This technology contributes to efficiency in two ways: it generates electricity while simultaneously reducing the heat load, thus achieving the desired cooling and improving the efficiency of the PV modules. The self-sufficient energy supply offers maximum security – independent of grid fluctuations, power outages, or natural disasters. Even during periods without wind or solar energy, electricity continues to be generated. Sustainability is a key focus: the production of HEIONTEC TEC-G cells is carried out without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved, and long transport routes and imports are avoided.Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0272] c. Storage discharge compensators with HEIONTEC technology extend the lifespan of energy storage devices, such as batteries, without using external energy sources. Ambient heat is converted into electrical energy, which is continuously supplied to a storage device to compensate for energy losses. The device is therefore always ready for use, without interruptions or waiting times due to discharged storage. This saves costs, as no external power sources are used. Sustainability is a key focus: The production of the HEIONTEC TEC-G cells HTG-01 / 25-PCT (page 54 of 64)

[0273] It is produced without fossil fuels and without CO2 emissions. By utilizing local residual materials and waste, valuable resources are conserved and long transport routes and imports are avoided. Furthermore, the manufacturing process is particularly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

[0274] INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

[0275] TEC-G concepts have little practical application; established TEC-G cells disadvantageously require an external temperature gradient or external temperature fluctuations.

[0276] The task was to overcome this disadvantage.

[0277] The solution is obtained using an electrolyte comprising synthetic and / or natural humic substances, H2SO4 and iron salts.

[0278] Hydrophilic aqueous oil extracts are proposed as synthetic humic substances, which for the first time provide a practical TECG-G mixture that offers more widely usable power densities at typical temperatures.

[0279] Independent, regenerative energy sources for microwatt power in button cell format are already manufacturable; flat cells for waste heat recuperation are also feasible and complement modern heat management systems in a meaningful way.

[0280] Devices that replace electrical components become accessible and can be used in more complex products. Thermo-electrochemical generator cells can be manufactured and supplied industrially at particularly low cost using waste oils and inexpensive, technically pure chemicals.

[0281] Generators, thermal switches, and cooling units, used individually or in combination, enable the design of a comprehensive TECG thermal management system, which effectively complements current energy concepts in the area of ​​waste heat and can reduce previous thermal rejection rates of 30% and more. HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 55 of 64

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[0293] 19930301 "Anodic passivity of iron in sulfuric acid" ; Electrochemica Acta; Vol. 38 ; Issue 4 ; March 1993 ; p495-502 ; abstract ; MazurkiewiczHTG-01 / 25-PCT page 56 of 64

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[0295] 20050101 “Interactions between rapeseed oil fuel and engine oil”; Reports from the TFZ; Thuneke et al.; Straubing; 2005; ISSN 1614-1008;

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Claims

HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 61 of 64 REQUIREMENTS 01. TEC-G cell comprehensive - two electrodes arranged in a continuous, membrane-free cell space, wherein - the cell space is filled with an electrolyte mixture, - and the electrolyte mixture comprises natural and / or synthetic fulvic and / or humic acids.

2. Synthetic humic and / or fulvic acid usable according to the preceding claim, which as a TEC-G mixture comprises the main components hydrophilic oil extract, at least one metal salt of at least one metal and water, characterized in that the TEC-G mixture is at least thixotropic and preferably viscous at temperatures from 5 °C to 100 °C and according to - Contacting with a first electrode made of at least one metal or under metal deposition; - Contact with a second electrode which consists of a different metal or material than the at least one metal; in the temperature range 5 °C to 100 °C, as a contacted TEC-G mixture, has a dU / dT coefficient of at least 1 mV / K.

03. TEC-G cell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrolyte mixture was obtained through - partial carbonization of at least one polyol, fat, oil or carbohydrate with H2SO4 , preferably rapeseed oil and / or at least one sugar selected from the group consisting of fructose, psicose, tagatose, Particularly preferred partial carbonization of HTG-01 / 25-PCT Page 62 of 64 rancid rapeseed oil.

04. TEC-G cell according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the carbonization - with successive addition of concentrated H2SO4 - in the presence of a metal sulfate , preferably of iron sulfate , FeSO4*7H2O is particularly preferred; - with final dilution with H2O and / or a polyol, preferably H2O and polyethylene glycol, Particularly preferably dilution with H2O and PEG400 to a pH value < 7, preferably 0 <pH<3 , especially preferred <0 , 1 ; This was done.

05. TEC-G cell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that all reactants have a technical purity of 95 to 99 by weight.

06. TEC-G cell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that - the first electrode is a C-based electrode, preferably a graphitized foil or fiber of technical purity; - the second electrode is an iron-based electrode, preferably made of low-carbon steel with a carbon content < weight! particularly preferably in the form of an unalloyed steel sheet and / or steel fabric of technical purity with a carbon content of <0.2%.

07. TEC-G cell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that - the TEC-G cell at a constant room temperature in HTG-01 / 25-PCT page 63 of 64 In the temperature range of 15 °C to 30 °C, the open cell voltage is in the range of 0.5V to IV.

08. TEC-G cell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that the TEC-G cell is used as The button cell comprises a two-part steel housing with an airtight seal, tightly inserted graphite foil, electrolyte sponge with electrolyte, metal disc and internally contacting pressure spring.

09. TEC-G cell according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the TECG cell is designed as a flexible, planar flat cell with a total thickness in the range of 0.3 mm to 4 mm, comprising a light- and air-tight enclosing outer film and at least two electrodes in film and / or fabric form with an electrolyte sponge with electrolyte arranged between them.

10. TEC-G cell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the TEC-G cell is integrated as a generator, preferably a self-discharge compensator, into an energy management system, preferably a clocked energy management system.