Sports training system and methods thereof

Abstract

An adaptive sports training system and method are disclosed for automatically adjusting projectile delivery parameters in response to detected impact characteristics. The system comprises a projectile-throwing machine configured to launch projectiles in accordance with one or more delivery parameters, one or more sensor units configured to detect physical parameters associated with projectile impact, a scoring computation module configured to generate scoring data based on the detected physical parameters, and a control unit operatively coupled to the projectile-throwing machine and the sensor units. The control unit computes at least one player performance metric based on scoring data corresponding to one or more preceding projectile launches and determines modified projectile delivery parameters for subsequent launches. The system may further include automated projectile feeding and retrieval mechanisms establishing a closed-loop circulation cycle, a safety interlock subsystem, and a user interface for session control and payment processing. Projectile delivery parameters are automatically varied to provide adaptive, progressive training.

Description

Title: SPORTS TRAINING SYSTEM AND METHODS THEREOFFIELD OF DISCLOSURE

[0001] The present disclosure relates to sports training system and methods thereof, and more particularly, to the adaptive sports training system and method thereof with automated projectile circulation therein.BACKGROUND

[0002] Projectile-based training systems are widely used in sports such as cricket, baseball, softball, and other bat-and-ball or striking sports to simulate game conditions. Conventional projectile-throwing machines typically allow adjustment of delivery parameters such as speed, trajectory, and spin, either manually or through preset programs. However, such systems generally operate in a predetermined or open-loop manner, without dynamically adapting delivery characteristics based on measured player performance during a training session.

[0003] In many training environments, scoring and performance evaluation rely on manual observation, external supervision, or complex vision-based systems that attempt to track player movement or striking implement interaction. These approaches may increase system complexity, cost, and dependence on human intervention. Additionally, conventional installations often require manual collection and recirculation of projectiles, limiting continuous automated operation and reducing suitability for autonomous or commercial deployment.SUMMARY

[0004] This summary is provided to introduce aspects related to sports training system and methods thereof and the aspects are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify essential features of theclaimed subject matter nor is it intended for use in determining or limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0005] In a first embodiment of the present invention an adaptive sports training system is disclosed. The system comprising: (a) a projectile-throwing machine comprising at least one motor-driven projectile launching element and a delivery control module configured to control one or more projectile delivery parameters; (b) one or more sensor units configured to detect one or more physical parameters associated with impact of a projectile after launch by the projectile-throwing machine; (c) a scoring computation module configured to generate scoring data based on the detected physical parameters; and (d) a control unit operatively coupled to the sensor units and the delivery control module, wherein the control unit is configured to: (i) receive scoring data corresponding to a preceding projectile launch; (ii) compute at least one player performance metric based on scoring data from one or more preceding projectile launches; (iii) determine modified projectile delivery parameters based on the computed player performance metric; and (iv) transmit control signals to the delivery control module to adjust operation of the motor-driven projectile launching element prior to a subsequent projectile launch, such that projectile delivery parameters are automatically modified in response to physical parameters associated with impact detected after prior projectile launches.

[0006] In an embodiment of the present invention, the projectile-throwing machine comprises one or more motorised launching wheels configured to impart velocity to the projectile, at least one trajectory adjustment actuator configured to modify launch angle or direction, and a spin control mechanism configured to impart variable spin by differential wheel rotation, and wherein the control unit generates electronic control signals for rotational speed, actuator position, and differential rotation based at least in part on the scoring data, and wherein the control unit is configured to compute the player performance metric over a rolling window of preceding projectile launches, compare the player performance metric with one or more predefined difficulty thresholds stored in memory, and determine updated projectile delivery parameters including at least one of projectile speed, spin magnitude, trajectory angle, line of delivery, or inter-delivery timing interval, wherein the control unit is configured to increase one or more projectile deliveryparameters when the player performance metric exceeds an upper difficulty threshold and decrease one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric falls below a lower difficulty threshold, and wherein the control unit is configured to determine a scoring distribution across predefined impact zones and to modify projectile delivery parameters to target a zone associated with lower scoring frequency.

[0007] In an embodiment of the present invention, the system further comprising an automated projectile feeding mechanism including a hopper and a dispensing unit, and an automated projectile retrieval mechanism configured to collect projectiles and return them to the hopper to form a closed-loop circulation system, wherein the system further comprises a monitoring subsystem configured to detect projectile jamming, projectile absence, or discrepancy between dispensed and retrieved projectile counts, wherein the control unit is configured to suspend projectile launch upon detection of a fault condition, wherein upon detection of projectile jamming, the control unit is configured to initiate an automatic secondary dispensing cycle prior to suspending projectile launch, and wherein the control unit is configured to generate a maintenance alert when the number of projectiles in the hopper falls below a predefined inventory threshold.

[0008] In an embodiment of the present invention, the system further comprising a playing enclosure having boundary structures, wherein the sensor units are positioned on or within the boundary structures such that the boundary structures function as both projectile containment surfaces and impact detection surfaces, and wherein the sensor units comprise at least one of impact sensors, pressure sensors, piezoelectric sensors, optical cameras, radar modules, infrared sensor arrays, or acoustic sensors, and wherein the scoring computation module assigns score values based on predefined impact zones mapped to physical or virtual regions associated with the detected impact, and wherein shot classification is determined solely from physical parameters associated with projectile impact on the boundary structure without detecting interaction between the projectile and a player or external object prior to impact, and wherein sport selection causes remapping of predefined impact zones associated with the boundary structure.

[0009] In an embodiment of the present invention, the system further comprising a safety subsystem including one or more presence detection sensors, an accessstate sensor, and an electromechanical power interruption device configured to disable the projectile-throwing machine when a safety condition is detected, wherein the control unit executes a pre-delivery safety verification sequence prior to each projectile launch, an wherein the safety subsystem comprises both a software-based delivery command abort mechanism and a hardware-level electromechanical interlock configured to interrupt power supply to the projectile-throwing machine.

[0010] In an embodiment of the present invention, the system further comprising a user interface configured to receive configuration inputs and initiate operation, process electronic payment through at least one of RFID, NFC, QR code, or digital payment mechanisms, and transmit selected configuration parameters to the control unit for execution.

[0011] In an embodiment of the present invention, the control unit is further configured to store scoring data and projectile delivery parameters in local memory, generate a player performance profile from accumulated scoring data, transmit performance data to a remote server for longitudinal tracking, load sport-specific configuration profiles corresponding to a plurality of projectile-based sports, and initialise projectile delivery parameters based on a selected user profile, wherein the projectilethrowing machine further comprises one or more motor feedback sensors configured to detect actual motor operating parameters, and wherein the control unit is configured to compare the detected motor operating parameters with commanded projectile delivery parameters and adjust control signals to maintain delivery accuracy, wherein the control unit is configured to initiate operation using a predefined baseline set of projectile delivery parameters in the absence of prior scoring data and to modify the projectile delivery parameters after a first projectile launch based on scoring data generated from that launch, and wherein the control unit comprises a machine-learning module configured to: (a) receive accumulated scoring data and detected physical parameters associated with impact from a plurality of projectile launches; (b) generate a predictive model representing playerperformance characteristics; and (c) determine updated projectile delivery parameters using model inference based on the predictive model during operation.

[0012] In a second embodiment of the present invention, a method of operating an adaptive sports training system is disclosed. The method including a projectile-throwing machine having at least one motor-driven projectile launching element, one or more sensor units, and a control unit, the method comprising: (a) launching a projectile using the projectile-throwing machine in accordance with a set of projectile delivery parameters; (b) detecting, by the one or more sensor units, one or more physical parameters associated with impact of the projectile after launch; (c) generating scoring data based on the detected physical parameters; (d) computing, by the control unit, at least one player performance metric based on scoring data corresponding to one or more preceding projectile launches; (e) determining, by the control unit, modified projectile delivery parameters based on the computed player performance metric; and (f) transmitting control signals to the projectile-throwing machine to adjust operation of the motor-driven projectile launching element in accordance with the modified projectile delivery parameters prior to a subsequent projectile launch, wherein projectile delivery parameters are automatically modified in response to detected impact parameters from prior projectile launches.

[0013] In an embodiment of the present invention, the computing the player performance metric comprises aggregating scoring data over a rolling window of preceding projectile launches, comparing the player performance metric with one or more predefined difficulty thresholds stored in memory, and determining updated projectile delivery parameters including at least one of projectile speed, spin magnitude, trajectory angle, line of delivery, or inter-delivery timing interval, wherein determining the updated projectile delivery parameters comprises: (a) increasing one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric exceeds an upper difficulty threshold; and (b) decreasing one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric falls below a lower difficulty threshold, and further comprising: (i) determining a scoring distribution across predefined impact zones based on accumulated scoring data from a plurality of projectile launches; and (ii) modifying projectile delivery parameters to directa subsequent projectile launch toward an impact zone associated with a lower scoring frequency relative to other impact zones.

[0014] In an embodiment of the present invention, the method comprising: (a) processing accumulated scoring data and detected physical parameters using a machinelearning model to generate a predictive representation of player performance; and (b) determining the modified projectile delivery parameters using model inference based on the predictive representation.

[0015] In an embodiment of the present invention, the method further comprising automatically dispensing projectiles to the projectile-throwing machine from a hopper, collecting projectiles after launch, returning collected projectiles to the hopper to form a closed-loop circulation system, monitoring projectile flow for jamming or count discrepancies, and suspending projectile launch upon detection of a fault condition, wherein upon detection of projectile jamming, the control unit is initiating an automatic secondary dispensing cycle prior to suspending projectile launch, and wherein the control unit is generating a maintenance alert when the number of projectiles in the hopper falls below a predefined inventory threshold.

[0016] In an embodiment of the present invention, the detecting physical parameters associated with impact comprises detecting impact on a boundary structure that functions as both projectile containment and scoring detection surface, and generating scoring data based on predefined impact zones mapped to physical or virtual regions associated with the detected impact, wherein shot classification is determined solely from physical parameters associated with projectile impact on the boundary structure without detecting interaction between the projectile and a player or external object prior to impact, and wherein sport selection causes remapping of predefined impact zones associated with the boundary structure.

[0017] In an embodiment of the present invention, the method further comprising: a. executing a pre-delivery safety verification sequence prior to each projectile launch, including detecting human presence within predefined hazard zones and verifying an access-state sensor, and disabling the projectile-throwing machine when a safetycondition is detected, and wherein a safety subsystem comprises both a software-based delivery command abort mechanism and a hardware-level electromechanical interlock configured to interrupt power supply to the projectile-throwing machine; b. detecting actual motor operating parameters using one or more motor feedback sensors, comparing detected motor operating parameters with commanded projectile delivery parameters, and adjusting control signals to maintain delivery accuracy; c. storing scoring data and projectile delivery parameters in local memory, generating a player performance profile, transmitting performance data to a remote server for longitudinal tracking, loading sport-specific configuration profiles corresponding to a plurality of projectile-based sports, and initialising projectile delivery parameters based on a selected user profile; and d. initiating operation using a predefined baseline set of projectile delivery parameters in the absence of prior scoring data and modifying the projectile delivery parameters after a first projectile launch based on scoring data generated from that launch.

[0018] In a third embodiment of the present invention, an automated projectile circulation system for a sports simulator is disclosed. The system comprising: (a) a projectile-throwing machine configured to launch a projectile in accordance with one or more projectile delivery parameters; (b) a projectile feeding mechanism including a hopper and a dispensing unit configured to supply individual projectiles to the projectile-throwing machine; (c) a projectile retrieval mechanism configured to collect projectiles after launch and transport the collected projectiles to the hopper; (d) one or more sensor units configured to detect physical parameters associated with impact of the projectile after launch; (e) a scoring computation module configured to generate scoring data based on the detected physical parameters; and (f) a control unit operatively coupled to the projectile-throwing machine, the projectile feeding mechanism, the projectile retrieval mechanism, and the scoring computation module, wherein the control unit is configured to: (i) control dispensing of a projectile from the projectile feeding mechanism to the projectile-throwing machine; (ii) command the projectile-throwing machine to launch the projectile; (iii) receive scoring data corresponding to the projectile launch from the scoring computation module; (iv) activate the projectile retrieval mechanism to collect and return the projectile to the hopper; (v) verify availability of a projectile in the hopper and operational readinessof the projectile-throwing machine prior to a subsequent launch; and (vi) repeat steps (i) to (v) upon verification of projectile availability and operational readiness of the projectilethrowing machine, thereby establishing a coordinated closed-loop projectile circulation cycle.

[0019] In an embodiment of the present invention, the control unit is further configured to determine modified projectile delivery parameters based on scoring data corresponding to one or more preceding projectile launches and to transmit control signals to the projectile-throwing machine to adjust operation of the projectile-throwing machine prior to a subsequent projectile launch.

[0020] In an embodiment of the present invention, the control unit computes a player performance metric over a rolling window of preceding projectile launches, compares the player performance metric with one or more predefined difficulty thresholds stored in memory, and determines updated projectile delivery parameters including at least one of projectile speed, spin magnitude, trajectory angle, line of delivery, or inter-delivery timing interval, wherein determining the updated projectile delivery parameters comprises: (a) increasing one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric exceeds an upper difficulty threshold; and (b) decreasing one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric falls below a lower difficulty threshold, and wherein the control unit is configured to determine a scoring distribution across predefined impact zones and to modify projectile delivery parameters to target a zone associated with lower scoring frequency.

[0021] In an embodiment of the present invention, the projectile retrieval mechanism comprises at least one of a sloped floor and conveyor arrangement, a trackbased pusher mechanism, or a pneumatic transport mechanism, and wherein the system further comprises a monitoring subsystem configured to detect projectile jamming or discrepancy between dispensed and retrieved projectile counts, the control unit being configured to suspend projectile launch upon detection of a fault condition, wherein upon detection of projectile jamming, the control unit is configured to initiate an automatic secondary dispensing cycle prior to suspending projectile launch, wherein the control unitis configured to generate a maintenance alert when the number of projectiles in the hopper falls below a predefined inventory threshold, and wherein the control unit is configured to execute an automated diagnostic routine upon system startup to verify operational status of the projectile-throwing machine, the projectile feeding mechanism, the projectile retrieval mechanism, and the one or more sensor units prior to enabling projectile launch.

[0022] In an embodiment of the present invention, the sensor units are positioned on or within a boundary structure that functions as both projectile containment and impact detection surface, the sensor units comprising at least one of impact sensors, pressure sensors, piezoelectric sensors, optical cameras, radar modules, infrared sensor arrays, or acoustic sensors, and wherein the system further comprises a safety subsystem including presence detection sensors and an electromechanical power interruption device configured to disable the projectile-throwing machine upon detection of a safety condition, wherein shot classification is determined solely from physical parameters associated with projectile impact on the boundary structure without detecting interaction between the projectile and a player or external object prior to impact, wherein the safety subsystem comprises both a software- based delivery command abort mechanism and a hardware-level electromechanical interlock configured to interrupt power supply to the projectile-throwing machine, and wherein sport selection causes remapping of predefined impact zones associated with the boundary structure.

[0023] In an embodiment of the present invention, the system further comprising a user interface configured to: (i) receive configuration inputs including session initiation input; (ii) process electronic payment through at least one of RFID, NFC, QR code, or digital payment mechanisms; and (iii) transmit configuration data to the control unit, wherein the control unit is configured to: validate payment authorization prior to activating projectile launch; execute a safety verification procedure prior to initiating the coordinated closed-loop projectile circulation cycle; and output scoring data to the user interface after completion of a predetermined number of projectile launches.

[0024] In a fourth embodiment of the present invention, a method of managing projectile circulation in a sports simulator is disclosed. The method including aprojectile-throwing machine, a projectile feeding mechanism, a projectile retrieval mechanism, one or more sensor units, a scoring computation module, and a control unit, the method comprising: (a) dispensing, by the control unit, a projectile from the projectile feeding mechanism to the projectile-throwing machine; (b) commanding, by the control unit, the projectile-throwing machine to launch the projectile in accordance with one or more projectile delivery parameters; (c) detecting physical parameters associated with impact of the projectile after launch using the one or more sensor units; (d) generating scoring data using the scoring computation module based on the detected physical parameters; (e) activating, by the control unit, the projectile retrieval mechanism to collect and return the projectile to a hopper of the projectile feeding mechanism; (f) verifying availability of a projectile in the hopper and operational readiness of the projectile-throwing machine; and (g) repeating steps (a) to (f) upon verification of projectile availability and operational readiness, thereby establishing a coordinated closed-loop projectile circulation cycle.

[0025] In an embodiment of the present invention, the method further comprising determining modified projectile delivery parameters based on scoring data corresponding to one or more preceding projectile launches and transmitting control signals to adjust operation of the projectile-throwing machine prior to a subsequent projectile launch.

[0026] In an embodiment of the present invention, the method further comprising computing a player performance metric over a rolling window of preceding projectile launches, comparing the player performance metric with one or more predefined difficulty thresholds stored in memory, and determining updated projectile delivery parameters including at least one of projectile speed, spin magnitude, trajectory angle, line of delivery, or inter-delivery timing interval, and wherein determining the updated projectile delivery parameters comprises: (a) increasing one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric exceeds an upper difficulty threshold; and (b) decreasing one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric falls below a lower difficulty threshold, and further comprising: (i) determining a scoring distribution across predefined impact zones based on accumulated scoring datafrom a plurality of projectile launches; and (ii) modifying projectile delivery parameters to direct a subsequent projectile launch toward an impact zone associated with a lower scoring frequency relative to other impact zones.

[0027] In an embodiment of the present invention, the method further comprising transporting the projectile to the hopper using at least one of a sloped floor and conveyor arrangement, a track-based pusher mechanism, or a pneumatic transport mechanism, monitoring projectile flow for jamming or discrepancy between dispensed and retrieved projectile counts, and suspending projectile launch upon detection of a fault condition, wherein upon detection of projectile jamming, the control unit is initiating an automatic secondary dispensing cycle prior to suspending projectile launch, wherein the control unit is generating a maintenance alert when the number of projectiles in the hopper falls below a predefined inventory threshold, and wherein the control unit is executing an automated diagnostic routine upon system startup to verify operational status of the projectile-throwing machine, the projectile feeding mechanism, the projectile retrieval mechanism, and the one or more sensor units prior to enabling projectile launch.

[0028] In an embodiment of the present invention, the detecting physical parameters associated with impact comprises detecting impact on a boundary structure that functions as both projectile containment and impact detection surface, and further comprising detecting a safety condition using one or more presence detection sensors and disabling the projectile-throwing machine upon detection of the safety condition, wherein a safety subsystem comprises both a software-based delivery command abort mechanism and a hardware-level electromechanical interlock configured to interrupt power supply to the projectile-throwing machine, wherein shot classification is determined solely from physical parameters associated with projectile impact on the boundary structure without detecting interaction between the projectile and a player or external object prior to impact, and wherein sport selection causes remapping of predefined impact zones associated with the boundary structure.

[0029] In an embodiment of the present invention, the method further comprising: (a) receiving configuration inputs including a session initiation input througha user interface; (b) processing electronic payment through at least one of RFID, NFC, QR code, or digital payment mechanisms; (c) transmitting configuration data from the user interface to the control unit; (d) validating payment authorization by the control unit prior to activating projectile launch; (e) executing a safety verification procedure by the control unit prior to initiating the coordinated closed-loop projectile circulation cycle; and (f) outputting scoring data to the user interface after completion of a predetermined number of projectile launches.

[0030] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic perspective view of an adaptive sports training system.

[0031] FIG.2 illustrates a system-level block diagram of the adaptive sports training system.

[0032] FIG.3 illustrates a closed-loop projectile circulation system.

[0033] FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic view of an adaptive training system including a player (106).

[0034] FIG.5 illustrates an automatic sports simulator system configured for adaptive operation.

[0035] FIG. 6 illustrates a data flow diagram of a closed-loop projectile cycle.

[0036] FIG. 7 illustrates an adaptive difficulty mechanism showing computation of a player performance metric over a plurality of projectile launches and adjustment of delivery parameters based on predefined upper and lower difficulty thresholds.

[0037] FIG. 8 illustrates a session management state machine showing transitions between Idle, Payment, Safety Verification, Active Session, and Session Complete states.

[0038] FIG.9 illustrates an automated safety interlock system.

[0039] FIG. 10 illustrates a cage-integrated scoring system,

[0040] FIG. 11 illustrates an Al-based adaptive difficulty mechanism.

[0041] FIG. 12 illustrates a method of operating an adaptive sports training system.

[0042] FIG. 13 illustrates a method of managing projectile circulation in a sports simulator.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0043] Some embodiments of this disclosure, illustrating all its features, will now be discussed in detail. The words "comprising", “having”, and "including," and other forms thereof, are intended to be equivalent in meaning and be open ended in that an item or items following any one of these words is not meant to be an exhaustive listing of such item or items, or meant to be limited to only the listed item or items. It must also be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Although any devices similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the present disclosure, the exemplary devices are now described. The disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the disclosure, which may be embodied in various forms.

[0044] The embodiments herein and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained with reference to the non-limiting embodiments in the following description. Descriptions of well-known components and processing techniques are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the embodiments herein. The examples used herein are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the embodiments herein may be practiced and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the embodiments herein. Accordingly, the examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments herein.

[0045] Referring now to Figure 1, there is illustrated an overall system architecture of an adaptive sports training system (10) according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The system (10) comprises an enclosed game cage (100), a projectile-throwing machine (200), a projectile feeding mechanism (300), a projectile retrieval mechanism (400), one or more sensor units (510), a scoring computation module (520), a performance assessment module (710), and a control unit (700). In the present specification, the terms “control unit” and “central control unit” are used interchangeably and refer to the same functional computing apparatus (700).

[0046] The enclosed game cage (100) defines a confined playing volume within which a player performs training activities. The cage (100) comprises structuralframe members and boundary structures configured to contain projectiles within the playing area. In one embodiment, the boundary structures may comprise wire mesh panels, polymer netting, polycarbonate sheets, composite impact-resistant panels, or combinations thereof. The cage (100) may be dimensioned, for example, between 3-4 metres in width and height and between 15-25 metres in length for cricket training applications, although such dimensions may be varied depending upon the sport being simulated.

[0047] The projectile-throwing machine (200) is positioned at a delivery end of the enclosed game cage (100) and comprises at least one motor-driven projectile launching element and a delivery control module configured to regulate projectile delivery parameters. In an exemplary embodiment, the projectile-throwing machine (200) comprises one or more motorised launching wheels configured to impart velocity to a projectile, at least one trajectory adjustment actuator configured to vary a launch angle or direction, and a spin control mechanism configured to impart controlled spin through differential wheel rotation. The delivery control module receives electronic control signals from the control unit (700) and regulates motor rotational speed, actuator position, and spin parameters accordingly.

[0048] The projectile feeding mechanism (300) comprises a hopper (310) configured to store a plurality of projectiles and a dispensing unit (320) configured to release individual projectiles toward the projectile-throwing machine (200). The hopper (310) may be a gravity-fed storage container, while the dispensing unit (320) may comprise a motorised rotary feeder, solenoid-actuated gate, or equivalent controlled release mechanism. In one embodiment, feed sensors may be integrated to detect projectile presence in the delivery channel and to prevent over-dispensing or jamming.

[0049] The projectile retrieval mechanism (400) comprises a sloped floor (410), a conveyor (420), and a sorting unit (430). The sloped floor (410) is arranged with a predefined gradient to facilitate gravitational rolling of projectiles toward a collection region. The conveyor (420), which may be a belt conveyor, screw conveyor, or bucket conveyor, transports collected projectiles from the sloped floor (410) to the sorting unit (430). The sorting unit (430) may comprise size-based or weight-based filtering elementsto reject damaged or foreign objects before recirculating valid projectiles to the hopper (310), thereby forming a closed-loop circulation system.

[0050] One or more sensor units (510) are positioned on or within the boundary structures of the enclosed game cage (100). The sensor units (510) are configured to detect one or more physical parameters associated with impact of a projectile after launch. Such physical parameters may include impact location, impact force, impact height, projectile velocity prior to impact, acoustic signature, or combinations thereof. The sensor units (510) may comprise impact sensors, piezoelectric elements, pressure sensors, optical cameras, radar modules, infrared sensor arrays, acoustic sensors, or combinations thereof.

[0051] The sensor units (510) are operatively coupled to a scoring computation module (520). The scoring computation module (520) processes detected physical parameters to generate scoring data corresponding to a preceding projectile launch. The scoring data may include shot classification, score value, impact zone identification, shot direction, or other sport-specific metrics. The scoring computation module (520) may be implemented as software executed by the control unit (700) or as a discrete hardware module operatively coupled thereto.

[0052] The control unit (700), also referred to herein as the central control unit, is operatively coupled to the proj ectile-throwing machine (200), the sensor units (510), the scoring computation module (520), and the performance assessment module (710). The control unit (700) may comprise a microcontroller, programmable logic controller (PLC), industrial computer, system-on-chip, or other computing apparatus configured to execute stored program instructions. The control unit (700) is configured to receive scoring data corresponding to one or more preceding projectile launches, compute at least one player performance metric based on accumulated scoring data, determine modified projectile delivery parameters, and transmit corresponding control signals to the delivery control module of the projectile-throwing machine (200).

[0053] The performance assessment module (710) is configured to compute player performance metrics based on scoring data from one or more preceding projectile launches. In one embodiment, the performance assessment module (710) computes suchmetrics over a rolling window of deliveries, for example six consecutive deliveries in a cricket-based implementation. The computed performance metric may include scoring rate, boundary frequency, miss rate, or distribution of scoring across predefined impact zones. Based on comparison of the computed performance metric with predefined difficulty thresholds stored in memory, the control unit (700) determines whether projectile delivery parameters should be increased, decreased, or maintained.

[0054] A user interface (600) is operatively coupled to the control unit (700) and is configured to receive user configuration inputs and initiate system operation. The user interface (600) may comprise a touchscreen kiosk, mobile application interface, RFID reader terminal, NFC terminal, or web-based interface. In one embodiment, the user interface (600) is configured to process electronic payment using RFID, NFC, QR codebased digital payment, or equivalent mechanisms prior to session initiation.

[0055] A cloud server (800) is communicatively coupled to the control unit (700) via a wired or wireless communication interface. The communication interface may comprise Ethernet, Wi-Fi, cellular communication modules, or equivalent network connectivity. The control unit (700) may be configured to transmit scoring data, performance metrics, operational logs, and configuration parameters to the cloud server (800) for remote storage, longitudinal tracking, analytics processing, or remote system management. The cloud server (800) may further transmit updated configuration profiles or software updates to the control unit (700).

[0056] In operation, the projectile feeding mechanism (300) supplies a projectile to the projectile-throwing machine (200), which launches the projectile toward a player within the enclosed game cage (100). Following impact with the boundary structure, the sensor units (510) detect physical impact parameters and transmit corresponding signals to the scoring computation module (520). The scoring computation module (520) generates scoring data, which is processed by the performance assessment module (710) within the control unit (700). The control unit (700) determines modified projectile delivery parameters based on the computed performance metric and transmits control signals to the projectile-throwing machine (200) prior to a subsequent projectile launch. Simultaneously,the projectile retrieval mechanism (400) recirculates the projectile to the hopper (310), thereby maintaining continuous closed-loop operation.

[0057] Accordingly, Figure 1 illustrates an integrated adaptive sports training system in which physical projectile impact detection, electronic scoring computation, performance assessment, and machine control are functionally interconnected to provide automatic modification of projectile delivery parameters in response to detected physical impact characteristics.

[0058] In an exemplary embodiment, the following example values are provided to demonstrate the enablement of the invention. These values represent preferred embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims. A person skilled in the art would understand that the parameters may be adjusted within wide ranges depending on the sport, skill level, and deployment context.Example 1: Ball-Throwing Machine ParametersExample 2: Ball Feeding Mechanism ParametersExample 3: Ball Retrieval ParametersExample 4: Scoring System ParametersExample 5: Adaptive Difficulty ParametersExample 6: Safety System Parameters

[0059] Referring to Figure 2, there is illustrated a schematic representation of the adaptive closed-loop control architecture of the adaptive sports training system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The figure emphasises the functional interaction between the projectile-throwing machine (200), the sensor units (510), the scoring computation module (520), the performance assessment module (710), and the control unit (700), which collectively form an adaptive feedback control subsystem (HO).

[0060] The projectile-throwing machine (200) comprises at least one motor-driven projectile launching element configured to impart velocity to a projectile during launch. In one embodiment, the launching element comprises one or more motorised rotating wheels driven by electronically controlled motors. The projectile-throwing machine further comprises a delivery control module configured to receive electronic control signals from the control unit (700) and to regulate one or more projectile delivery parameters including, without limitation, projectile speed, spin magnitude, launch angle, horizontal direction, and inter-delivery timing interval.

[0061] Upon execution of a projectile launch, the projectile travels toward a player zone and, following interaction with a player, impacts a boundary structure of the playing enclosure. One or more sensor units (510) are configured to detect physical parameters associated with the impact of the projectile after launch. Such physical parameters may include impact location, impact force, and impact height. The sensor units may comprise impact sensors, piezoelectric sensors, optical cameras, radar modules, infrared sensor arrays, acoustic sensors, or combinations thereof. The sensor units generate electrical signals representative of the detected physical parameters and transmit corresponding data to the scoring computation module (520).

[0062] The scoring computation module (520) is configured to process the detected physical parameters and generate scoring data corresponding to the projectile launch. The scoring data may include a shot classification, a score value, and optionally additional performance indicators such as shot direction or impact zone identification. In one exemplary cricket implementation, an impact detected in a predefined upper boundary zone with high force may be classified as a six-run score, whereas an impact in a lower boundary zone with low force may be classified as a dot ball. However, the invention is not limited to any particular sport or scoring rule set, and sport selection may cause remapping of predefined impact zones.

[0063] The scoring data generated by the scoring computation module (520) is transmitted to the control unit (700). The control unit is operatively coupled to the sensor units and to the delivery control module of the projectile-throwing machine. The control unit is configured to receive scoring data corresponding to a preceding projectile launch and to compute at least one player performance metric based on scoring data from one or more preceding projectile launches. In one embodiment, the player performance metric is computed over a rolling window of N preceding launches, where N may correspond, for example, to six deliveries in a cricket over. The performance metric may include scoring rate, boundary frequency, miss rate, or distribution of scoring across predefined impact zones.

[0064] Based on the computed player performance metric, the control unit determines modified projectile delivery parameters. The control unit compares the computed performance metric with one or more predefined difficulty thresholds stored in memory. If the player performance metric exceeds an upper threshold, indicating superior performance, the control unit increases one or more projectile delivery parameters, such as increasing launch speed, increasing spin magnitude, adjusting trajectory angle, or targeting impact zones associated with lower scoring frequency. Conversely, if the player performance metric falls below a lower threshold, indicating player difficulty, the control unit decreases one or more projectile delivery parameters to reduce challenge. If the performance metric lies within an acceptable range between thresholds, the control unit may maintain the current parameter set.1

[0065] The modified projectile delivery parameters are transmitted as electronic control signals from the control unit (700) to the delivery control module of the projectile-throwing machine (200) prior to a subsequent projectile launch. The delivery control module accordingly adjusts operation of the motor-driven projectile launching element before executing the next launch. For example, the rotational speed of launching wheels may be increased by a defined increment, a trajectory adjustment actuator may reposition the launch angle, and differential wheel rotation may be altered to modify spin. The next projectile launch is therefore executed with parameters that have been automatically modified in response to physical parameters associated with impact detected after prior projectile launches.

[0066] Figure 2 thus illustrates a physical closed-loop control system in which sensor-detected impact parameters are electronically processed to generate adaptive control signals that modify subsequent physical projectile launches. The adaptive control subsystem (110) therefore establishes a continuous feedback loop between physical projectile impacts and subsequent machine actuation. In the absence of prior scoring data, the control unit may initiate operation using a predefined baseline set of projectile delivery parameters and thereafter modify parameters following the first detected scoring event.

[0067] In certain embodiments, the control unit further comprises a machinelearning module configured to receive accumulated scoring data and detected impact parameters from a plurality of projectile launches, generate a predictive model representing player performance characteristics, and determine updated projectile delivery parameters using model inference during operation. Additionally, motor feedback sensors within the projectile-throwing machine may provide actual motor operating parameters to the control unit, enabling comparison between commanded and actual parameters and closed-loop motor regulation to maintain delivery accuracy.

[0068] Accordingly, Figure 2 demonstrates the core inventive concept of the present system, namely the automatic modification of projectile delivery parameters in response to physically detected impact parameters through an adaptive electronic controlloop, thereby transforming the projectile-throwing machine from a passive launcher into an active adaptive training apparatus.

[0069] Referring to Figure 3, there is illustrated an automated projectile circulation system (20) forming part of a sports simulator, configured to establish a coordinated closed-loop projectile handling and control cycle. The system comprises a projectile-throwing machine (200), a projectile feeding mechanism including a hopper (310) and a dispensing unit (320), a projectile retrieval mechanism including a sloped floor (410), a conveyor (420), and a sorting unit (430), one or more sensor units (510), a scoring computation module (520), and a control unit (700) operatively coupled to each of the aforementioned components. The control unit (700) is configured to coordinate dispensing, launching, scoring, retrieval, verification, and repetition of projectile circulation, thereby forming an automated closed-loop cycle without manual intervention.

[0070] The projectile-throwing machine (200) is configured to launch a projectile in accordance with one or more projectile delivery parameters. Such delivery parameters may include projectile speed, spin magnitude, launch angle, horizontal line of delivery, and inter-delivery timing interval. In one embodiment, the projectile-throwing machine comprises motor-driven launching wheels whose rotational speeds are electronically controlled by the control unit (700). In an illustrative example for cricket training, the control unit may command the projectile-throwing machine (200) to deliver a cricket ball at 120 km / h with slight off-spin and a delivery angle corresponding to a goodlength trajectory. The projectile-throwing machine transmits operational status signals to the control unit, including ready state, fault state, and motor feedback parameters.

[0071] The projectile feeding mechanism comprises the hopper (310) configured to store a plurality of projectiles and the dispensing unit (320) configured to supply individual projectiles to the projectile-throwing machine (200). The hopper (310) may be a gravity-fed container holding, for example, twenty cricket balls. The dispensing unit (320) may comprise a motorised rotary gate or solenoid-actuated release mechanism configured to release exactly one projectile per dispensing command. The control unit (700) controls dispensing by transmitting a dispensing command to the dispensing unit(320) and verifying projectile availability within the hopper prior to release. In one example, upon receipt of a launch-ready signal from the projectile-throwing machine (200), the control unit actuates the dispensing unit (320) to release one ball into a feed channel aligned with the machine’s intake mechanism.

[0072] Upon launch, the projectile travels toward a boundary structure (not shown in Figure 3 but forming part of the playing enclosure) and subsequently impacts the boundary surface. One or more sensor units (510) positioned on or within the boundary structure detect physical parameters associated with the projectile impact. Such physical parameters may include impact location, impact force, and impact height. The sensor units (510) may comprise impact sensors, piezoelectric elements, pressure-sensitive films, radar modules, optical cameras, infrared arrays, acoustic sensors, or combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, impact sensors mounted behind zone-defined panels detect both the zone and magnitude of impact when the projectile strikes the enclosure.

[0073] The detected physical parameters are transmitted to the scoring computation module (520), which generates scoring data corresponding to the projectile launch. The scoring data may comprise a shot classification and an associated score value. By way of example, in a cricket implementation, impact within an upper boundary zone with force exceeding a predefined threshold may be classified as a “six,” while impact within a lower scoring zone may be classified as “two runs.” The scoring computation module (520) transmits the scoring data to the control unit (700).

[0074] The control unit (700), upon receiving the scoring data corresponding to the projectile launch, proceeds to activate the projectile retrieval mechanism. The projectile retrieval mechanism in the embodiment illustrated comprises a sloped floor (410) configured to guide the projectile by gravity toward a collection region, a conveyor (420) configured to transport collected projectiles, and a sorting unit (430) configured to return acceptable projectiles to the hopper (310). The sloped floor (410) may have a gradient of approximately 2-5 degrees to ensure reliable rolling of the projectile. After impact, the projectile falls to the sloped floor and rolls into a collection channel aligned with the conveyor (420). The conveyor transports the projectile to the sorting unit (430), which mayinclude size and weight filters to reject damaged or foreign objects. Accepted projectiles are deposited back into the hopper (310), thereby restoring inventory for subsequent launches.

[0075] The control unit (700) verifies projectile availability within the hopper (310) prior to initiating a subsequent launch. Verification may be performed using hopperlevel sensors, feed-channel sensors, or inventory counters comparing dispensed and retrieved projectile counts. The control unit also verifies operational readiness of the projectile-throwing machine (200) by confirming receipt of a ready status signal and, in certain embodiments, by comparing motor feedback signals with commanded delivery parameters. Only upon confirmation of projectile availability and operational readiness does the control unit repeat the sequence of dispensing, launching, scoring, and retrieval.

[0076] Accordingly, the coordinated execution of dispensing control, launch command, scoring reception, retrieval activation, and readiness verification establishes a closed-loop projectile circulation cycle. This cycle is repeated automatically for a predetermined number of launches or until session termination, thereby eliminating manual ball collection and enabling continuous automated operation.

[0077] In certain embodiments, the control unit (700) is further configured to determine modified projectile delivery parameters based on scoring data from one or more preceding projectile launches. The control unit may compute a player performance metric over a rolling window of preceding launches, such as the last six deliveries in a cricket session. The performance metric may include scoring rate, boundary frequency, miss rate, or scoring distribution across predefined impact zones. The control unit compares the computed performance metric with predefined difficulty thresholds stored in memory. If the performance metric exceeds an upper difficulty threshold, the control unit increases one or more delivery parameters, such as increasing projectile speed from 120 km / h to 130 km / h or increasing spin magnitude. Conversely, if the performance metric falls below a lower difficulty threshold, the control unit decreases one or more delivery parameters to reduce difficulty. Additionally, the control unit may determine a scoring distribution acrosspredefined impact zones and modify subsequent deliveries to target zones associated with lower scoring frequency, thereby adaptively challenging the player.

[0078] In certain embodiments, the projectile retrieval mechanism may alternatively comprise a track-based pusher mechanism or a pneumatic transport mechanism in place of, or in addition to, the sloped floor (410) and conveyor (420) arrangement. The system may further include a monitoring subsystem configured to detect projectile jamming or discrepancies between dispensed and retrieved projectile counts. Upon detection of projectile jamming within the dispensing unit (320), the control unit may initiate an automatic secondary dispensing cycle before suspending projectile launch. If the hopper inventory falls below a predefined threshold, the control unit generates a maintenance alert. The control unit may also execute an automated diagnostic routine upon system startup to verify operational status of the projectile-throwing machine (200), the projectile feeding mechanism, the projectile retrieval mechanism, and the sensor units (510) prior to enabling launch.

[0079] In embodiments, the sensor units (510) are positioned on or within a boundary structure that functions as both projectile containment and impact detection surface. Shot classification is determined solely from physical parameters associated with projectile impact on the boundary structure without detecting interaction between the projectile and the player prior to impact. The system may further comprise a safety subsystem including presence detection sensors and an electromechanical power interruption device configured to disable the projectile-throwing machine (200) upon detection of a safety condition. The safety subsystem may comprise both a software-based launch command abort mechanism implemented within the control unit (700) and a hardware-level electromechanical interlock configured to interrupt motor power supply.

[0080] In certain embodiments, the system further comprises a user interface configured to receive configuration inputs, process electronic payment through RFID, NFC, QR code, or other digital payment mechanisms, and transmit configuration data to the control unit (700). The control unit validates payment authorization prior to activating projectile launch and executes a safety verification procedure prior to initiating thecoordinated closed-loop projectile circulation cycle. Upon completion of a predetermined number of projectile launches, the control unit outputs scoring data to the user interface for display to the player.

[0081] Thus, Figure 3 illustrates a technically coordinated integration of projectile feeding, launching, sensing, scoring, retrieval, verification, adaptive control, and repetition under control of a central control unit (700), thereby establishing a fully automated closed-loop projectile circulation system suitable for unattended operation in a sports simulator environment.

[0082] In another exemplary embodiment, an automated projectile circulation system forming part of a sports simulator installation may focus on coordinated projectile feeding, launching, impact detection, retrieval, and recirculation, thereby establishing a continuous closed-loop projectile handling cycle.

[0083] In the illustrated embodiment, a projectile-throwing machine is configured to launch a projectile in accordance with predetermined projectile delivery parameters. The projectile-throwing machine may comprise one or more motor-driven launching elements such as counter-rotating wheels, compressed-air launch assemblies, or equivalent projectile acceleration mechanisms. The machine receives a projectile from a dispensing unit and propels it toward a player zone within an enclosed playing structure.

[0084] The projectile feeding mechanism comprises a hopper and the dispensing unit. The hopper functions as a storage reservoir for a plurality of projectiles sufficient for at least one complete session cycle. In one non-limiting example involving cricket simulation, the hopper may hold between 12 and 30 cricket balls. In a baseball embodiment, the hopper may store regulation baseballs or training balls of modified composition. The hopper may be cylindrical, conical, or rectangular in configuration and may include a gravity-fed outlet positioned above the dispensing unit.

[0085] The dispensing unit is configured to release individual projectiles from the hopper in a controlled manner. In one embodiment, the dispensing unit comprises a motor-driven rotary disc having ball-sized apertures arranged circumferentially. As thedisc rotates, a single projectile aligns with an outlet channel and is released toward the projectile-throwing machine. In an alternative embodiment, the dispensing unit may comprise a solenoid-actuated gate or a linear feeder mechanism. The control unit is operatively coupled to the dispensing unit and regulates release timing to ensure that only one projectile is supplied per launch cycle.

[0086] The circulation system may operate independently of any adaptive delivery modification, such that projectile launch, retrieval, and recirculation continue irrespective of performance-based parameter adjustment.

[0087] After impact, the projectile falls under gravity toward a sloped floor. The sloped floor forms part of a projectile retrieval mechanism and is configured with a gradient sufficient to cause the projectile to roll toward a collection region. In one embodiment, the floor may be inclined at approximately 2-5 degrees relative to horizontal. The surface may be formed of concrete, polymer-coated metal, composite panels, or other impact-resistant material with low rolling resistance characteristics.

[0088] The projectile, upon reaching the low point of the sloped floor (410), enters a conveyor. The conveyor may be a belt conveyor, bucket conveyor, screw conveyor, or other mechanical transport assembly capable of moving projectiles from the collection region to a sorting unit. In one embodiment, the conveyor operates continuously during active circulation; in another embodiment, the conveyor is activated intermittently following each projectile impact.

[0089] The sorting unit is positioned between the conveyor and the hopper. The sorting unit is configured to inspect and recirculate projectiles to the hopper. In one embodiment, the sorting unit comprises a size-based screening aperture that permits only projectiles within a predefined diameter tolerance to pass. In a further embodiment, a weight verification mechanism such as a load cell may be used to detect anomalous objects. Projectiles meeting predefined criteria are directed back into the hopper, thereby completing the circulation loop. Objects that fail inspection may be diverted to a rejection bin.

[0090] The control unit coordinates the overall projectile circulation cycle. Specifically, the control unit controls dispensing of a projectile from the hopper to the projectile-throwing machine, commands the projectile-throwing machine to launch the projectile, receives scoring data from the scoring computation module, activates the retrieval mechanism to collect and return the projectile, verifies projectile availability within the hopper, and confirms operational readiness of the projectile-throwing machine prior to authorizing a subsequent launch.

[0091] Operational readiness verification may include confirmation that the dispensing unit has successfully released a projectile, that no jam condition is detected within the feed path, that the conveyor is functional, and that the hopper contains at least one available projectile. If verification fails, the control unit may suspend launch operations until the condition is cleared.

[0092] In operation, the closed-loop projectile circulation cycle proceeds as follows: a projectile is dispensed from the hopper through the dispensing unit to the projectile-throwing machine (200); the projectile is launched; impact is detected by the sensor units; the projectile falls to the sloped floor; the conveyor transports the projectile to the sorting unit; and the projectile is returned to the hopper. The control unit then repeats the cycle upon confirming projectile availability and machine readiness.

[0093] This coordinated sequence establishes a continuous automated projectile circulation system capable of sustained operation without manual ball collection or manual feeding, thereby enabling uninterrupted sports simulation sessions.

[0094] Referring to Figure 4, there is illustrated a schematic perspective view of an adaptive sports training system (10) in an operational configuration, depicting a player (106) positioned within an enclosed game cage (100) and interacting with a projectile (102) delivered by a projectile-throwing machine (200) under control of a control unit (700). The embodiment shown in Figure 4 represents an example of the system in active use during a training session.

[0095] The enclosed game cage (100) defines a physically bounded playing volume configured to contain the projectile (102) during and after launch. The cage (100) comprises structural frame members supporting boundary structures on lateral sides, rear side, front side, and optionally overhead regions. The boundary structures may comprise wire mesh panels, nylon netting, impact-resistant polymer sheets such as polycarbonate panels, or composite layered panels incorporating sensor elements. The enclosure functions both as a projectile containment structure and, in certain embodiments, as an impact detection surface when integrated with sensor units (510). In a preferred cricket embodiment, the internal dimensions of the enclosure may be approximately 3 to 4 metres in width, 3 to 4 metres in height, and 15 to 25 metres in length, although other dimensions may be selected depending on the sport being simulated.

[0096] The projectile-throwing machine (200) is positioned at a delivery end of the enclosure (100) and is configured to launch the projectile (102) toward a player zone occupied by the player (106). The projectile-throwing machine (200) may comprise one or more motor-driven launching elements, such as counter-rotating wheels, together with a delivery control module configured to regulate projectile delivery parameters including speed, trajectory angle, line of delivery, spin magnitude, and delivery timing interval. In an illustrative cricket example, the projectile (102) may comprise a regulation cricket ball weighing approximately 156 to 163 grams, and the machine (200) may be configured to deliver the projectile at speeds ranging from 60 km / h to 140 km / h, with adjustable spin characteristics to simulate pace bowling or spin bowling conditions.

[0097] The projectile (102) is shown in Figure 4 in flight between the proj ectile-throwing machine (200) and the player ( 106) . The proj ectile ( 102) may comprise any ball suitable for a projectile-based sport, including but not limited to a cricket ball, baseball, softball, tennis ball, foam training ball, or rubber training projectile. The selection of projectile type may be determined by a sport-specific configuration profile stored within the control unit (700).

[0098] The player (106) is illustrated in a batting stance within the player zone. The player (106) holds a striking implement (104), which in the illustratedembodiment comprises a cricket bat. The striking implement (104) may alternatively comprise a baseball bat, softball bat, tennis racket, or any other suitable implement corresponding to the selected sport. The player zone may be marked physically on the floor of the enclosure (100) to define a safe and optimal striking region relative to the projectilethrowing machine (200). In one embodiment, the floor may incorporate a sloped configuration to assist in projectile retrieval after impact.

[0099] Sensor units (510) are positioned on or within the boundary structures of the enclosure (100). In the embodiment shown, sensor units (510) are mounted on side boundary panels to detect physical parameters associated with impact of the projectile (102) after being struck by the player (106). The sensor units (510) may comprise impact sensors, piezoelectric elements, pressure-sensitive panels, optical cameras, radar modules, infrared arrays, acoustic sensors, or combinations thereof. When the projectile (102) strikes a boundary surface, the sensor units (510) generate electrical signals corresponding to impact location, impact force, and impact height. These physical parameters are subsequently processed by a scoring computation module (not separately shown in this figure but functionally associated with the control unit (700)) to determine scoring data.

[0100] The control unit (700) is operatively coupled to the projectilethrowing machine (200) and to the sensor units (510). The terms “control unit” and “central control unit” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a computing apparatus configured to execute control logic associated with projectile delivery, scoring computation, safety verification, and adaptive parameter modification. The control unit (700) may comprise a microcontroller, programmable logic controller (PLC), single-board computer, industrial PC, system-on-chip device, or any equivalent computing architecture including associated memory and communication interfaces. In one example embodiment, the control unit (700) may comprise an embedded ARM-based processor running a real-time operating system and executing software instructions stored in non-volatile memory.

[0101] In operation, the control unit (700) transmits electronic control signals to the projectile-throwing machine (200) to initiate a delivery in accordance with predefined or dynamically computed delivery parameters. After the projectile (102) isstruck by the player (106) and impacts a boundary surface of the enclosure (100), the sensor units (510) detect physical impact parameters and transmit corresponding signals to the control unit (700) for processing. Based on the detected parameters, scoring data is generated and may be used to update a player performance metric, modify subsequent delivery parameters, and present real-time scoring information on an associated display unit (not shown in this figure).

[0102] For example, if the projectile (102) is struck by the player (106) and impacts an upper boundary zone at high force, the sensor units (510) may detect a high-magnitude impact signal corresponding to a predefined “boundary six” scoring event in cricket. The control unit (700) may record this scoring data, update a rolling performance metric, and automatically increase delivery difficulty for a subsequent projectile by increasing launch speed or introducing additional spin.

[0103] Figure 4 thus illustrates the physical integration of the projectile-throwing machine (200), the enclosure (100), the sensor units (510), the control unit (700), and the player (106) in an operational configuration. The embodiment demonstrates how the enclosure functions not merely as a containment structure but as an interactive scoring interface responsive to physical projectile impacts, thereby enabling adaptive and automated sports training within a self-contained system.

[0104] Referring now to Figure 5, there is illustrated an exemplary embodiment of an integrated adaptive sports training system (10) comprising a coordinated arrangement of mechanical, electronic, sensing, computational, and safety subsystems configured to operate in a unified closed-loop manner.

[0105] In the illustrated embodiment, the system comprises a central control unit (700) operatively coupled to a safety module (720), a session manager (730), a performance assessment module (710), and a scoring computation module (520). The terms “control unit” and “central control unit” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a computing apparatus capable of executing stored instructions and coordinating system components. In one embodiment, the control unit (700) comprises an industrial PC orembedded controller including a processor, memory, communication interfaces, and input / output circuitry.

[0106] The central control unit (700) is operatively connected to a ball-throwing machine (200) disposed within an enclosed game cage (100). The ballthrowing machine (200) includes a delivery control module (210) configured to receive electronic control signals from the control unit (700) and to actuate motor-driven launching elements accordingly. By way of example, the ball-throwing machine may comprise two counter-rotating motorised wheels driven by brushless DC motors, with rotational speed and relative differential speed controlled to determine projectile velocity and spin.

[0107] The enclosed game cage (100) defines a contained playing volume including a player zone positioned between the delivery end and boundary enclosures. A projectile launched from the ball-throwing machine (200) travels through the player zone and may be struck by a player. Upon impact with a boundary structure of the cage (100), one or more sensor units (510) mounted on or integrated within the boundary enclosures detect physical parameters associated with the impact.

[0108] In one exemplary embodiment, the sensor units (510) comprise distributed impact sensors positioned behind rigid panels, optionally supplemented by acoustic sensors or radar modules for cross-validation. The sensor units generate raw electrical signals proportional to impact location, force, and height. These signals are transmitted to the scoring computation module (520), which processes the detected physical parameters to generate scoring data. The scoring data may include, for example, shot classification, numeric score value, shot direction, and impact zone identification.

[0109] The scoring data is transmitted to the control unit (700), which may forward scoring outputs to a display unit (900) for real-time visual feedback to the player. In one embodiment, the display unit (900) comprises an LCD or LED panel positioned within the cage (100) or externally adjacent thereto, configured to present cumulative score, delivery count, and performance indicators.

[0110] Following impact, the projectile falls under gravity to a sloped floor (410) forming part of a projectile retrieval mechanism. The sloped floor (410) is configured with a gradient sufficient to cause the projectile to roll toward a collection region. In one embodiment, the slope is between 2° and 5°, and the surface comprises a low-friction coated panel to facilitate rolling of regulation-weight cricket balls weighing approximately 156-163 grams.

[0111] Projectiles reaching the collection region are transported by a conveyor (420) forming part of a ball-handling subsystem. The conveyor may be a motorised belt conveyor, bucket conveyor, or screw conveyor configured to elevate and transport projectiles toward a sorting unit (430). The sorting unit (430) inspects the projectiles prior to recirculation. In one example, the sorting unit comprises a diameter gate and a weight- based screening mechanism to reject damaged balls or foreign objects. Accepted projectiles are directed to a hopper (310) forming part of a projectile feeding mechanism.

[0112] The hopper (310) stores a plurality of projectiles for subsequent dispensing. A dispensing unit (320), optionally incorporating feed sensors (330), controls release of individual projectiles from the hopper (310) to the ball-throwing machine (200). Feed sensors (330) may comprise optical or photoelectric sensors configured to detect projectile presence within a delivery channel. The control unit (700) monitors signals from the feed sensors to verify projectile availability prior to commanding launch.

[0113] In the illustrated embodiment, the control unit (700) executes a coordinated operational sequence managed by the session manager (730). Upon session initiation via a self-service user interface (600), configuration data and payment authorization are transmitted to the control unit (700). The safety module (720) performs a pre-delivery safety verification sequence prior to enabling projectile launch. Such safety verification may include confirmation that an access door is closed, that no human presence is detected in hazard zones, and that an electromechanical interlock circuit is energised.

[0114] The safety module (720) may control a hardware-level electromechanical contactor configured to interrupt power supply to the ball-throwing machine (200) upon detection of a safety condition. Thus, even if software commands are issued, physical power interruption prevents unintended launch.

[0115] During operation, the control unit (700) coordinates the following cycle: commanding the dispensing unit (320) to release a projectile, verifying projectile availability, commanding the ball-throwing machine (200) to launch the projectile, receiving scoring data from the scoring computation module (520), activating the retrieval mechanism to collect and return the projectile to the hopper (310), and verifying readiness for subsequent launch. This sequence establishes a coordinated closed-loop projectile circulation system.

[0116] The control unit (700) further comprises a performance assessment module (710) configured to compute one or more player performance metrics based on accumulated scoring data. In one embodiment, the performance metric comprises a rolling average scoring rate computed over the previous six deliveries. The control unit may adjust subsequent projectile delivery parameters based on such metrics, although the fundamental circulation cycle remains operable independently of adaptive feedback.

[0117] The control unit (700) is further configured to communicate with a cloud server (800) via a wired or wireless communication interface, such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or cellular modem. Session data, scoring history, performance metrics, and system health data may be transmitted to the cloud server (800) for longitudinal storage and remote analytics. For example, a player's performance profile may be accessed later through a web application connected to the cloud server.

[0118] Thus, Figure 5 illustrates a fully integrated system architecture in which mechanical projectile handling, sensor-based scoring, computational analysis, safety verification, user interface interaction, and remote communication operate as coordinated subsystems under control of the central control unit (700). The system establishes both a physical closed-loop projectile circulation pathway and an electronic control pathway for scoring, monitoring, and session management.

[0119] Referring now to Figure 6, there is illustrated a schematic operational flow diagram of the adaptive sports training system depicting a coordinated closed-loop projectile circulation and adaptive scoring mechanism in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0120] In the embodiment shown, the projectile circulation sequence commences at the hopper (310), which stores a plurality of projectiles prior to launch. The hopper (310) may comprise a gravity-fed container fabricated from metal, polymer, or composite material and dimensioned to hold a predetermined number of projectiles sufficient for at least one complete session cycle. In a cricket implementation, for example, the hopper may hold between twelve and thirty cricket balls.

[0121] From the hopper (310), an individual projectile is transferred to the dispensing unit (320). The dispensing unit (320) is configured to release a single projectile per actuation cycle. In one embodiment, the dispensing unit comprises a motor-driven rotary disc having one or more projectile-receiving apertures. In an alternative embodiment, the dispensing unit comprises a solenoid-actuated gate mechanism. The dispensing operation ensures that only one projectile at a time is supplied to the ballthrowing machine (200), thereby preventing overfeeding or mechanical jamming.

[0122] Upon dispensing, the projectile is delivered to the ballthrowing machine (200). The ball-throwing machine (200) comprises at least one motor-driven projectile launching element configured to impart velocity to the projectile in accordance with one or more projectile delivery parameters. These delivery parameters may include projectile speed, trajectory angle, line of delivery, spin magnitude, and interdelivery timing interval.

[0123] In a cricket example, the projectile may be launched at speeds ranging from 60 km / h to 140 km / h with configurable spin imparted through differential rotation of counter-rotating wheels. The machine may further include actuator-controlled tilt and azimuth mechanisms for adjusting vertical and horizontal launch orientation.

[0124] Following launch, the projectile enters the player zone, where it may be struck by a player using a striking implement. After being hit by the player, the projectile impacts the cage boundary structure. The boundary structure functions simultaneously as a containment surface and an impact detection surface.

[0125] Sensor units (510) positioned on or within the boundary structure detect physical parameters associated with projectile impact. These physical parameters may include impact location, impact force, impact height, and in certain embodiments projectile velocity immediately prior to impact. The sensor units (510) may comprise impact sensors, piezoelectric sensors, pressure-sensitive panels, optical cameras, radar modules, infrared sensor arrays, acoustic sensors, or combinations thereof.

[0126] Upon detection of impact, raw sensor signals are transmitted to the scoring computation module (520). The scoring computation module (520) processes the detected physical parameters and generates scoring data. The scoring data may include shot classification, numeric score value, shot direction, and additional derived metrics.

[0127] For example, in a cricket implementation, a high-force impact in a top boundary zone may be classified as six runs, whereas a medium-force impact in a side boundary zone may be classified as four runs. A low-force impact in a non-scoring region may be classified as a dot ball. In baseball, impact parameters may be mapped to single, double, triple, or home run classifications based on predefined zone mapping rules.

[0128] After impact, the projectile falls under gravity to the sloped floor (410). The sloped floor (410) is configured with a gradient sufficient to cause the projectile to roll toward a collection region. In one embodiment, the floor slopes at an angle between two and five degrees relative to horizontal. The floor surface may comprise low-friction material such as coated steel or polymer composite to facilitate rolling.

[0129] The projectile then enters the conveyor (420). The conveyor (420) may comprise a motorized belt conveyor, bucket conveyor, or screw conveyor configured to transport the projectile from the sloped floor collection point to the sortingunit (430). In a preferred embodiment, the conveyor operates continuously during a session to maintain uninterrupted projectile circulation.

[0130] The sorting unit (430) receives transported projectiles and performs inspection and filtering operations. The sorting unit may include size filters, weight sensors, optical inspection modules, or debris rejection gates. In one embodiment, the sorting unit rejects foreign objects or damaged projectiles based on dimensional or weight thresholds. Accepted projectiles are recirculated to the hopper (310), thereby completing the physical closed-loop circulation pathway.

[0131] Simultaneously with the physical circulation pathway, the scoring data generated by the scoring computation module (520) is transmitted to the performance assessment module (710). The performance assessment module (710) computes at least one player performance metric based on scoring data corresponding to one or more preceding projectile launches.

[0132] In one embodiment, the player performance metric is computed over a rolling window of preceding projectile launches. For example, in a cricket scenario, the performance metric may represent runs scored per over, boundary frequency percentage, miss rate percentage, or zone distribution pattern across six deliveries. In baseball, the metric may represent hit rate or slugging performance across a predefined number of pitches.

[0133] Based on the computed performance metric, the performance assessment module (710) determines updated projectile delivery parameters. When the player performance metric exceeds a predefined upper threshold, delivery difficulty may be increased by increasing projectile speed, spin magnitude, or directional variation. Conversely, when the performance metric falls below a predefined lower threshold, delivery difficulty may be reduced.

[0134] The updated delivery parameters are transmitted back to the ball-throwing machine (200) as control signals, as indicated in Figure 6 by the updateddelivery parameter pathway. The ball-throwing machine then executes the subsequent projectile launch using the modified parameters.

[0135] The entire operational cycle may therefore be summarized as follows: hopper (310) — dispensing unit (320) — ball-throwing machine (200) — player zone — boundary impact — sensor detection (510) — scoring computation (520) — performance assessment (710) — updated delivery parameters — next launch — projectile retrieval via sloped floor (410) — conveyor (420) — sorting unit (430) — hopper (310).

[0136] This coordinated physical and computational loop establishes a closed-loop adaptive projectile circulation system in which projectile delivery characteristics evolve dynamically in response to detected physical impact parameters, thereby achieving synchronized mechanical, sensing, and computational interaction.

[0137] The embodiment illustrated in Figure 6 therefore demonstrates an integrated adaptive sports training system wherein projectile handling, scoring detection, and delivery parameter modification operate in continuous coordination without manual intervention.

[0138] Referring to Figure 7, there is illustrated a schematic flow diagram of an Al-based adaptive difficulty mechanism implemented within the adaptive sports training system. The mechanism forms part of the closed-loop control architecture between the sensor units (510), the scoring computation module (520), the performance assessment module (710), the control unit (700), and the projectile-throwing machine (200). The purpose of the mechanism is to dynamically modify projectile delivery parameters based on measured physical outcomes of preceding deliveries, thereby continuously adapting the training difficulty in real time.

[0139] In operation, the adaptive mechanism is initiated after execution of a given delivery, denoted in the figure as "Delivery N Executed." Upon launch of the projectile by the projectile-throwing machine (200), the projectile travels toward the player zone and, after being struck or otherwise interacting within the enclosure,impacts the cage boundary. The impact event constitutes a physical measurable occurrence within the system.

[0140] Following impact, the sensor units (510) detect one or more physical parameters associated with the projectile impact. As illustrated in Figure 7, the detected parameters include at least impact location, impact force, and impact height. The sensor units may comprise impact sensors, piezoelectric sensors, optical tracking devices, radar modules, or combinations thereof. For example, in a cricket embodiment, if the projectile strikes the upper boundary panel above 1.5 metres with a high impact force, the sensor units detect both the vertical zone and the force magnitude.

[0141] The detected physical parameters are transmitted to the scoring computation module (520). The scoring computation module processes the raw sensor signals and determines scoring data including at least shot classification and score value. In an exemplary cricket implementation, an impact in an upper boundary zone with force exceeding a predefined threshold may be classified as a "six" and assigned six runs. Alternatively, a low-force impact in a lower boundary zone may be classified as a "dot ball" and assigned zero runs. The scoring computation module may further derive auxiliary data such as shot direction or inferred stroke type.

[0142] The scoring data generated for Delivery N is then transmitted to the performance assessment module (710). The performance assessment module updates a rolling window of recent deliveries and computes at least one player performance metric. In a preferred embodiment, the rolling window comprises the most recent N deliveries, where N may correspond to a cricket over (e.g., N - 6), although other window sizes may be used. The performance metric may include scoring rate, boundary frequency, miss rate, scoring distribution across zones, or combinations thereof.

[0143] By way of example, if over the preceding six deliveries the player has scored 18 runs including three boundary shots, the scoring rate is computed as 18 runs per over and boundary frequency as 50%. Conversely, if four out of six deliveriesresulted in no detectable impact or very low force impacts, the miss rate would be approximately 66%.

[0144] After computation of the performance metric, the performance assessment module compares the metric against predefined difficulty thresholds stored in memory. As shown in Figure 7, the comparison determines whether the metric exceeds an upper threshold, falls below a lower threshold, or remains within an acceptable operating range.

[0145] If the scoring rate exceeds the upper threshold, the system determines that the player is performing above the target difficulty level. In such case, the difficulty is increased. Increasing difficulty may include increasing projectile speed, increasing spin magnitude, increasing trajectory variation, or modifying line of delivery toward zones historically associated with lower scoring frequency. For example, if a player consistently scores heavily on deliveries directed toward the off-side cover region, the system may generate updated delivery parameters that target a leg-side zone where the scoring frequency is comparatively lower.

[0146] If the performance metric falls below the lower threshold, for example where the miss rate exceeds a predefined limit, the system determines that the difficulty should be reduced. In such case, projectile speed may be decreased, spin reduced, trajectory made more predictable, or line adjusted toward a central playable region. This ensures that the training session remains challenging but not discouraging.

[0147] If the performance metric falls within the predefined acceptable range, the system maintains the current delivery parameters without modification. Following the threshold comparison, the system generates updated delivery parameters. These parameters include at least one of projectile speed, spin magnitude, trajectory angle, line of delivery, and inter-delivery timing interval. The updated parameters are then transmitted as control signals to the projectile-throwing machine (200) prior to the next launch event.

[0148] The projectile-throwing machine adjusts its motor rotational speeds, actuator positions, and differential wheel rotation accordingly. Thereafter, "Delivery N+l Executed" occurs using the modified delivery parameters. The entire cycle then repeats for subsequent deliveries.

[0149] It is significant that the adaptive mechanism operates in a continuous closed-loop manner based on physical impact measurements rather than preprogrammed sequences. The system does not rely on manual user input between deliveries. Instead, physical sensor detection of real-world projectile impacts directly influences electromechanical control signals that modify future projectile launches. This constitutes a physical control loop in which sensing hardware, computational processing, and motor control hardware are synchronised.

[0150] In an alternative embodiment, the performance assessment module (710) may include a machine-learning component configured to generate a predictive model of player performance characteristics based on accumulated scoring data across multiple sessions. In such embodiment, the updated delivery parameters for Delivery N+l may be determined using model inference rather than simple threshold comparison. For example, the predictive model may determine that a particular player exhibits delayed bat timing at higher speeds combined with leg-spin variation, and may selectively introduce such delivery combinations to target identified weaknesses.

[0151] In another embodiment, the difficulty parameter may be represented as a continuous variable between 0.0 and 1.0. Each delivery causes incremental adjustment of this difficulty variable by a predefined increment, such as ±0.05, thereby ensuring smooth progression rather than abrupt changes.

[0152] The adaptive mechanism illustrated in Figure 7 thus provides a technical effect comprising dynamic synchronization of projectile delivery characteristics with measured physical outcomes of preceding impacts. The projectilethrowing machine is thereby transformed from a passive launcher into an activelyadaptive electromechanical training apparatus capable of real-time autonomous difficulty adjustment.

[0153] Referring to Figure 8, there is illustrated a session management state machine implemented by the control unit (700), which in certain embodiments may form part of or be identical to the central control unit. The session state machine governs the operational lifecycle of the sports simulator system from user initiation through session completion and fault handling. The state transitions are executed under program control by a session manager module stored in memory and executed by a processor of the control unit (700).

[0154] The state machine begins in an Idle state, which represents the default operational condition of the system when powered on but not actively engaged in a user session. In the Idle state, the projectile-throwing machine (200), projectile feeding mechanism, projectile retrieval mechanism, and scoring modules remain in standby mode. The user interface displays a welcome or ready screen awaiting user interaction.

[0155] Upon detection of a user session initiation input via the user interface, the system transitions from the Idle state to a Payment Processing state. In this state, the control unit (700) validates electronic payment through at least one of RFIDbased access, NFC-based payment, QR code payment, card transaction, or other digital payment mechanism. If payment authorization fails, the state machine transitions back to the Idle state. If payment authorization is confirmed, the system transitions to a Safety Verification state.

[0156] In the Safety Verification state, the control unit (700), through execution of a safety module (720), verifies that all safety conditions are satisfied prior to permitting projectile launch. This includes verifying that access doors are closed, presence detection sensors do not detect a user within a hazard zone, and that emergency stop mechanisms are not engaged. If any safety check fails, the system transitions to aFault State, described further below. If all safety checks pass, the state machine transitions to a Session Active state.

[0157] The Session Active state represents the primary operational mode during which projectile launches are executed. Within the Session Active state, the system enters a nested Delivery Cycle state, which includes a sequence of operational substates: Dispensing, Launching, Scoring, Retrieving, and Adapting.

[0158] In the Dispensing substate, the control unit (700) commands the dispensing unit (320) to release a projectile from the hopper (310) to the projectilethrowing machine (200). Feed sensors verify projectile availability prior to permitting transition to the next substate.

[0159] In the Launching substate, the control unit transmits delivery command signals to the projectile-throwing machine (200), causing the projectile to be launched in accordance with current projectile delivery parameters.

[0160] In the Scoring substate, one or more sensor units (510) detect physical parameters associated with projectile impact on the boundary structure. The scoring computation module (520) generates scoring data based on detected impact location, force, and height.

[0161] In the Retrieving substate, the projectile retrieval mechanism, including the sloped floor (410) and conveyor (420), collects and returns the projectile to the hopper (310), thereby maintaining projectile circulation.

[0162] In embodiments incorporating adaptive difficulty, an Adapting substate follows scoring, wherein the performance assessment module (710) computes a player performance metric and determines updated projectile delivery parameters for a subsequent launch. However, in certain embodiments, this adapting substate may be omitted.

[0163] Following completion of the Delivery Cycle for one projectile, the control unit determines whether additional deliveries remain in the configured session. If additional deliveries remain, the system loops back to the Dispensing substate and repeats the Delivery Cycle. If no further deliveries remain, the system transitions to a Session Complete state.

[0164] In the Session Complete state, projectile launch operations are terminated, and a summary of scoring data is generated. The system then transitions to a Score Display state, wherein session statistics including total score, shot distribution, and performance metrics are presented via the user interface and / or display unit (900). After completion of score presentation, the state machine transitions back to the Idle state, ready for a new session.

[0165] The Fault State may be entered from the Safety Verification state, Session Active state, or Delivery Cycle state upon detection of a fault condition. Fault conditions include safety interlock activation, projectile jamming, projectile absence, sensor malfunction, or hardware malfunction. In the Fault State, the control unit suspends projectile launch, de-energizes the electromechanical interlock if necessary, and displays a fault notification. Upon resolution of the fault or expiration of a timeout condition, the system may either return to the Idle state or resume the Session Active state, depending on system configuration.

[0166] By way of example, a cricket training session configured for twelve deliveries proceeds as follows. The system begins in the Idle state. A user initiates a session via the kiosk and completes payment using a QR-based digital payment method. Upon confirmation of payment, the system transitions to the Safety Verification state. The access door is confirmed closed and no presence is detected in the hazard zone. The system transitions to Session Active.

[0167] For each of the twelve deliveries, the system sequentially executes the Dispensing, Launching, Scoring, Retrieving, and optionally Adaptingsubstates. After the twelfth delivery, the control unit determines that no further deliveries remain and transitions to the Session Complete state. A performance summary is generated and displayed to the user. The system then returns to the Idle state.

[0168] If, for example, during the seventh delivery a door sensor indicates that the cage door has been opened, the system immediately transitions to the Fault State, suspends further launches, and only resumes operation after the safety condition is cleared.

[0169] The session state machine provides a deterministic and verifiable control architecture ensuring safe, sequential, and coordinated execution of projectile dispensing, launching, scoring, retrieval, and adaptation processes. The structured state transitions reduce race conditions, prevent unsafe launch conditions, and enable reliable unmanned commercial operation of the sports simulator.

[0170] Referring to Figure 9, there is illustrated an automated safety interlock subsystem configured to prevent projectile launch when a hazardous condition is detected within the playing enclosure. The safety interlock subsystem is managed by the Safety Module (720), which forms part of the Control Unit (700), the terms “control unit” and “central control unit” being used interchangeably herein. The safety subsystem comprises one or more player presence sensors, a cage access sensor, an emergency stop device, and an electromechanical interlock configured to physically interrupt power supply to the Ball-Throwing Machine (200).

[0171] The player presence sensors are positioned within the enclosed game cage (100) and are configured to detect the presence of a human body in predefined hazard zones. The hazard zones include, but are not limited to, the area forward of the designated player position toward the Ball-Throwing Machine (200), and the area immediately adjacent to the projectile launch mechanism. In one embodiment, the player presence sensors comprise infrared (IR) motion sensors. In an alternative embodiment, LiDAR-based volumetric detection sensors are employed to create a three-dimensional detection field within the cage. In a further embodiment, a light curtain arrangementcomprising multiple aligned infrared emitter-receiver pairs establishes a detection plane such that interruption of any beam indicates intrusion into a restricted zone. These sensors transmit real-time presence signals to the Safety Module (720) for evaluation prior to each delivery.

[0172] The cage access sensor, shown as a door reed switch in Figure 9, is mounted on an access door or gate of the enclosure. The cage access sensor detects whether the door is in an open or closed state. In one embodiment, the cage access sensor comprises a magnetic reed switch that closes when the door is fully shut. In another embodiment, a mechanical limit switch or optical proximity switch may be used. If the cage access sensor indicates that the door is open, the Safety Module (720) interprets this as a hazardous condition and prohibits projectile launch.

[0173] The Safety Module (720) executes a pre-delivery verification sequence prior to each projectile launch. During this verification sequence, the Safety Module receives input signals from the player presence sensors and the cage access sensor. If all monitored inputs indicate a safe condition, the Safety Module generates a “PERMIT Delivery” command. This command energises the Electromechanical Interlock (contactor), thereby enabling power supply to the Ball-Throwing Machine (200). Conversely, if any monitored input indicates a hazard condition, the Safety Module generates a “BLOCK Delivery” command.

[0174] The Electromechanical Interlock, illustrated as a contactor in Figure 9, is wired in series with the primary power supply to the drive motors of the Ball-Throwing Machine (200). The contactor is normally de-energised, meaning that in its default state the power circuit remains open and no electrical power is delivered to the projectile launching motors. Upon receipt of a PERMIT command from the Safety Module (720), the contactor coil is energised, closing the power circuit and enabling the Ball-Throwing Machine (200) to operate. Upon detection of a hazard condition, the contactor is de-energised, thereby interrupting power at a hardware level. This hardware-level interruption is independent of software control logic and ensures that projectile launch is physically impossible during a safety violation.

[0175] An Emergency Stop Button is further provided within the enclosure at a location accessible to the player. The emergency stop device is directly wired into the power interruption circuit of the electromechanical interlock. When actuated, the emergency stop immediately de-energises the contactor, causing instantaneous power interruption to the Ball-Throwing Machine (200). The emergency stop function operates independently of the Safety Module software and cannot be overridden by programmatic commands. The system remains in a disabled state until the emergency stop is manually reset and the Safety Module (720) re-executes the safety verification procedure.

[0176] Upon detection of a hazard condition, the Safety Module (720) not only interrupts power via the electromechanical interlock but also generates a notification signal to a user interface or kiosk display, which displays an alert message such as “SAFETY PAUSE.” This visual indication informs the player that delivery has been suspended due to a detected unsafe condition. In one embodiment, an audible alert may additionally be generated.

[0177] By way of example, during a cricket training session, a player may step forward beyond the designated batting crease toward the Ball-Throwing Machine (200). The player presence sensors detect motion within the predefined hazard zone and transmit a detection signal to the Safety Module (720). The Safety Module immediately deenergises the electromechanical interlock, thereby cutting power to the launching motors. Even if a launch command had already been generated by the Control Unit (700), the hardware-level interruption ensures that no projectile can be fired. The kiosk simultaneously displays “SAFETY PAUSE.” Once the player returns to the designated player zone and the hazard condition clears, the Safety Module re-verifies safe status and re-enables power only after confirmation of all-clear conditions.

[0178] In another example, if the access door of the enclosure is opened during an active session, the cage access sensor detects the open state. The Safety Module (720) interprets this as a hazard and immediately blocks further delivery. The contactor opens, interrupting motor power, and the system transitions to a paused condition until the door is closed and safety verification is successfully completed.

[0179] The safety interlock subsystem thus comprises both a software-based verification mechanism executed by the Safety Module (720) and a hardware-level electromechanical interruption mechanism. The combination of softwarebased command abort and hardware-level power interruption provides redundant protection and enables safe unmanned operation of the sports simulator.

[0180] The technical effect achieved by the arrangement illustrated in Figure 9 is the prevention of unintended projectile launch through real-time hazard detection and physical interruption of motor power. The Ball-Throwing Machine (200) is thereby enabled to operate only when predefined safety conditions are satisfied, ensuring compliance with operational safety requirements for autonomous or self-service sports training systems.

[0181] Referring to Figure 10, there is illustrated an embodiment of the sensor-based scoring architecture in which the boundary enclosure of the enclosed game cage (100) is divided into a plurality of predefined impact zones, each zone being configured to function both as a projectile containment surface and as an impact detection surface. In the illustrated embodiment, the boundary enclosure is segmented vertically into a top zone, a middle zone, and a bottom zone, each zone being associated with one or more sensor units (510) configured to detect physical parameters associated with projectile impact, including impact location, impact force, and impact height.

[0182] In operation, after a projectile is launched by the projectilethrowing machine (200) and is struck by the player within the player zone, the projectile travels along a trajectory that may be categorised as high trajectory, mid trajectory, or low trajectory. A high-trajectory shot typically corresponds to a lofted stroke, such as a lofted drive or aerial pull shot in cricket, resulting in impact within the top zone of the boundary enclosure. A mid-trajectory shot corresponds to conventional drives, cuts, or pulls that impact within the middle zone. A low-trajectory shot, including ground strokes, defensive shots, or edges, typically impacts within the bottom zone of the boundary enclosure.

[0183] Each zone comprises embedded or mounted sensor units (510), which may include impact sensors, piezoelectric elements, force-sensitive resistors,pressure-sensitive films, radar modules, optical cameras, infrared sensor arrays, or acoustic sensors. In one embodiment, each zone includes multiple distributed impact sensors arranged in a matrix configuration such that the specific sub-region of impact can be identified by evaluating signal magnitude across the matrix. In another embodiment, vertically spaced sensor strips determine impact height while laterally distributed sensors determine horizontal position.

[0184] Upon impact of the projectile with a zone of the boundary enclosure, the corresponding sensor units (510) generate impact data representing at least impact location, impact force, and impact height. This impact data is transmitted to the scoring computation module (520), which processes the received signals to determine scoring data. The scoring computation module (520) may determine a shot classification and an associated score value based solely on the detected physical parameters of impact on the boundary enclosure, without detecting interaction between the projectile and the player prior to impact.

[0185] For example, in a cricket configuration, impact within the top zone with force exceeding a predefined threshold may be classified as a “six”, corresponding to six runs. Impact within the middle zone with high force may be classified as a “boundary four”. Impact within the bottom zone with moderate force may be assigned one or two runs depending on predefined mapping rules. Impact within the bottom zone with very low force may be classified as a dot ball or defensive shot. The scoring computation module (520) may also compute additional derived metrics such as estimated shot power, inferred stroke type, or dominant scoring direction.

[0186] After impact, irrespective of the zone of impact, the projectile falls under gravity toward the sloped floor (410). The sloped floor is configured with a gradient sufficient to cause the projectile to roll toward a collection region connected to the conveyor (420). The conveyor (420) transports the projectile toward the hopper (310) for recirculation within the system, thereby maintaining the closed-loop projectile circulation cycle.

[0187] In one exemplary embodiment, the predefined impact zones are physically defined by structural segmentation of the boundary enclosure, such as separate panels or modular frames. In another embodiment, the zones are logically defined within the scoring computation module (520) and mapped to virtual regions using continuous impact coordinate detection from camera-based or sensor-fusion systems. The mapping of zones may be dynamically altered based on selected sport configuration. For instance, in a baseball configuration, the top zone may correspond to home-run classification, whereas in a tennis configuration, zone mapping may correspond to forehand, backhand, or lob regions.

[0188] The arrangement illustrated in Figure 10 demonstrates the integration of projectile containment, impact detection, scoring computation, and projectile retrieval within a single coordinated architecture. The technical effect achieved is that scoring is derived directly from physical interaction between the projectile and the boundary structure, thereby eliminating the need for a separate dedicated scoring target apparatus and maximizing usable playing volume within the enclosure.

[0189] Referring now to Figure 11, there is illustrated an exemplary embodiment of an adaptive difficulty progression mechanism implemented by the control unit (700), and in particular by the performance assessment module (710), for dynamically modifying projectile delivery parameters based on player performance across successive groups of deliveries. Figure 11 represents a structured decision-based adaptive control process that may operate in either a deterministic rule-based mode or an Al-assisted predictive mode.

[0190] In one embodiment, the system operates by dividing a session into delivery windows comprising a predefined number of projectile launches. For example, in a cricket configuration, the window may comprise six deliveries corresponding to one over. The performance assessment module (710) computes one or more performance metrics over each window and compares the computed metrics with predefined difficulty thresholds stored in memory of the control unit (700).

[0191] In a first exemplary phase illustrated under "Performance Tracking" in Figure 11, deliveries 1-6 are evaluated. By way of example, the scoring rate for deliveries 1-6 may exceed 10%, and the system may be configured with an upper difficulty threshold of 8%. Upon determining that the scoring rate exceeds the upper threshold, the control unit (700) increases the difficulty value from an initial value, for example 0.3, to 0.4, and correspondingly increases one or more projectile delivery parameters such as projectile speed by +10 km / h. In a cricket example, if the initial launch speed was 110 km / h, the updated speed may be set to 120 km / h for subsequent deliveries. The increase may also include increasing spin magnitude, altering trajectory angle, or introducing line variation targeting less frequently scored zones.

[0192] In a second exemplary phase illustrated under "Adaptive Response," deliveries 7-12 are evaluated. In this example, the miss rate may exceed 50%, and the system may be configured with a lower difficulty threshold of 50%. Upon determining that player performance falls below the acceptable range, the control unit (700) decreases the difficulty value from 0.4 to 0.3 and reduces projectile speed, for example by -5 km / h, thereby reducing delivery challenge. In addition, spin magnitude may be reduced and deliveries may be directed toward central or preferred scoring zones to assist the player in regaining consistency.

[0193] In a third exemplary phase illustrated under "Progressive Training," deliveries 13-18 are evaluated. If the scoring rate exceeds 7% but remains within a predefined acceptable range bounded by upper and lower thresholds, the control unit (700) determines that performance is within range and maintains the current difficulty value, for example 0.3, without modifying projectile delivery parameters. This ensures stability and prevents oscillatory behaviour in the adaptive control loop.

[0194] In the deterministic rule-based embodiment, the control unit (700) stores predefined upper and lower thresholds for one or more performance metrics, including scoring rate, boundary frequency, and miss rate. The performance assessmentmodule (710) compares computed metrics against these thresholds and applies incremental difficulty adjustments in fixed steps, such as ±0.1 difficulty units. The relationship between difficulty value and delivery parameters may be defined through mapping tables stored in memory. For example, a difficulty value of 0.3 may correspond to projectile speed range 100-110 km / h and moderate spin, whereas 0.4 may correspond to 110-120 km / h with increased spin variation.

[0195] In an alternative Al-based embodiment, the control unit (700) further comprises a machine-learning module configured to generate a predictive model representing player performance characteristics. In this embodiment, accumulated scoring data and detected impact parameters from multiple deliveries are provided as input features to a trained model, which may include a regression model, decision tree, neural network, or reinforcement learning model. The predictive model estimates the probability of successful scoring for candidate delivery parameter sets and selects updated projectile delivery parameters that optimise a training objective, such as maintaining player performance within a target challenge band. Unlike the deterministic embodiment, the Al-based embodiment may adapt threshold values dynamically and may identify non-linear relationships between shot distribution and delivery parameters.

[0196] For example, if the predictive model determines that the player consistently scores heavily against deliveries directed to the off-side middle zone but performs poorly against short-length leg-side deliveries with moderate spin, the control unit (700) may generate updated delivery parameters targeting the weaker zone even if aggregate scoring rate remains high. Thus, in the Al embodiment, adaptation may be based not only on aggregate scoring rate but also on zone-specific scoring distribution patterns and trajectory sensitivity.

[0197] In both embodiments, the adaptive mechanism operates as a closed-loop physical control system. The physical impact parameters detected by sensor units (510) are processed to generate scoring data by the scoring computation module(520), and the control unit (700) modifies motor control signals transmitted to the projectile-throwing machine (200) prior to the next delivery. The technical effect achieved is progressive, real-time synchronisation of physical delivery characteristics with measured player performance, thereby transforming a passive ball-throwing apparatus into an adaptive training system.

[0198] In one further embodiment, the difficulty value is represented as a continuous scalar within a defined range, for example 0.0 to 1.0, and parameter updates are proportional to the magnitude of deviation from threshold values. In another embodiment, difficulty adjustments are constrained within a maximum allowable rate of change to ensure smooth transitions and prevent abrupt increases in projectile speed that may pose safety risks.

[0199] The adaptive mechanism illustrated in Figure 11 therefore supports both a non-AI rule-based embodiment and an Al-based predictive embodiment, each operatively implemented by the control unit (700), and each producing automatic modification of projectile delivery parameters in response to measured performance metrics derived from physical projectile impacts.

[0200] Referring to Figure 12, there is illustrated a method (1200) for adaptive control of projectile delivery in a sports training system. The method describes the sequence of operations by which projectile delivery parameters are automatically modified based on physical impact parameters detected after prior projectile launches.

[0201] In a first step (1210), a projectile is launched using the projectile-throwing machine in accordance with a set of projectile delivery parameters. The projectile delivery parameters may include, without limitation, projectile speed, spin magnitude, spin axis, trajectory angle, horizontal line of delivery, and inter-delivery timing interval. These parameters may be stored in memory of the control unit and transmitted to a delivery control module associated with motor-driven launching elements, such as counter-rotating wheels and servo-actuated pivot mechanisms.

[0202] For example, in a cricket training embodiment, the initial delivery parameters may define a speed of 85 km / h, neutral spin, a trajectory angle of 12 degrees, and a central line directed toward the batting crease. The projectile-throwing machine executes the launch in accordance with these parameters.

[0203] In a subsequent step (1220), one or more sensor units detect one or more physical parameters associated with impact of the projectile after launch. The sensor units may be positioned on or within a boundary structure of a playing enclosure. The detected physical parameters may include impact location, impact force, and impact height. Detection may be performed using impact sensors, piezoelectric elements, pressuresensitive panels, optical cameras, radar modules, infrared sensor arrays, acoustic sensors, or combinations thereof.

[0204] By way of example, after the projectile is struck by a player, the projectile may impact a middle-height boundary zone on the off-side region of the enclosure. The sensor units detect the impact zone and measure an impact force corresponding to a medium-power shot.

[0205] In a next step (1230), scoring data is generated based on the detected physical parameters. A scoring computation module processes the raw sensor signals to classify the shot and assign a score value in accordance with sport-specific scoring rules stored in memory. The scoring data may include shot classification, numerical score value, shot direction, and optional derived metrics.

[0206] For instance, impact in a middle zone with moderate force may be classified as a “two-run shot” in a cricket embodiment. The scoring computation module generates scoring data reflecting this classification and score value.

[0207] In step (1240), the control unit computes at least one player performance metric based on scoring data corresponding to one or more preceding projectile launches. The performance metric may be computed over a rolling window of N preceding deliveries, where N may be configurable, such as six deliveries corresponding toone over in cricket. The performance metric may include scoring rate, miss rate, boundary frequency, scoring distribution across zones, or a composite weighted metric.

[0208] For example, if in the preceding six deliveries the player scored 12 runs with one miss, the scoring rate may be computed as 12 runs per over, and the miss rate may be approximately 16%.

[0209] In step (1250), the control unit determines modified projectile delivery parameters based on the computed player performance metric. The control unit compares the performance metric with one or more predefined difficulty thresholds stored in memory. If the performance metric exceeds an upper threshold, one or more projectile delivery parameters may be increased. If the performance metric falls below a lower threshold, one or more projectile delivery parameters may be decreased. If the metric falls within a defined range, current parameters may be maintained.

[0210] For example, if the upper scoring threshold is defined as 8 runs per over and the player achieves 12 runs per over, the control unit may increase projectile speed by 8 km / h and introduce additional spin variation to increase difficulty. Conversely, if the miss rate exceeds a lower threshold such as 50%, projectile speed may be reduced by 10 km / h and line variation minimized.

[0211] In a final step (1260), control signals are transmitted to the projectile-throwing machine to adjust operation of the motor-driven projectile launching element in accordance with the modified projectile delivery parameters prior to a subsequent projectile launch. The modified parameters are applied before the next delivery, such that projectile delivery parameters are automatically modified in response to detected impact parameters from prior projectile launches.

[0212] Thus, the method establishes a closed adaptive control loop wherein physical impact detection influences subsequent motor control operations of the projectile-throwing machine. The technical effect achieved is automatic synchronization between measured physical performance outcomes and mechanical delivery characteristics of the launching apparatus.

[0213] In one embodiment, the control unit initiates operation using a predefined baseline set of projectile delivery parameters in the absence of prior scoring data and modifies the parameters after a first projectile launch based on scoring data generated from that launch.

[0214] In an alternative embodiment, a machine-learning module receives accumulated scoring data from multiple sessions, generates a predictive model of player performance characteristics, and determines updated projectile delivery parameters using model inference during operation. For example, if the predictive model identifies weakness in leg-side shots, the control unit may preferentially target deliveries toward the leg-side region.

[0215] Referring now to Figure 13, there is illustrated a method (1300) for coordinated closed-loop projectile circulation in a sports simulator system. This method describes the sequence by which a projectile is dispensed, launched, detected, retrieved, and recirculated in a continuous automated cycle.

[0216] In step (1310), a projectile is dispensed, by the control unit, from a projectile feeding mechanism to the projectile-throwing machine. The feeding mechanism may include a hopper for storing a plurality of projectiles and a dispensing unit configured to release individual projectiles under electronic control. The control unit may actuate a motorized rotary disc, solenoid gate, or conveyor segment to release a single projectile into a delivery channel.

[0217] For example, a hopper containing 18 cricket balls may release one ball through a motor-driven rotary gate into the inlet channel of the projectile-throwing machine.

[0218] In step (1320), the control unit commands the projectilethrowing machine to launch the projectile in accordance with one or more projectile delivery parameters. These parameters may include speed, spin, and trajectory settings, as previously described.

[0219] In step (1330), physical parameters associated with impact of the projectile after launch are detected using one or more sensor units positioned on or within a boundary structure of the playing enclosure. The detected parameters may include impact location, impact force, and impact height.

[0220] In step (1340), scoring data is generated using a scoring computation module based on the detected physical parameters. The scoring data may be stored in memory and optionally transmitted to a user interface for display.

[0221] In step (1350), the control unit activates a projectile retrieval mechanism to collect and return the projectile to the hopper of the projectile feeding mechanism. The retrieval mechanism may comprise a sloped floor and conveyor arrangement, a track-based pusher mechanism, or a pneumatic transport mechanism.

[0222] In a preferred embodiment, the projectile falls onto a sloped floor inclined at approximately 3 degrees toward a collection channel. The projectile rolls under gravitational force into the channel and is transported by a motorized conveyor to a sorting unit. The sorting unit verifies projectile size and weight and returns acceptable projectiles to the hopper.

[0223] In step (1360), the control unit verifies availability of a projectile in the hopper and operational readiness of the projectile-throwing machine prior to a subsequent launch. Hopper inventory may be monitored by a level sensor or projectile count mechanism. Operational readiness may be confirmed by receiving status signals from motor feedback sensors and feed sensors.

[0224] For example, if the hopper inventory falls below a predefined threshold, the control unit may generate a maintenance alert and suspend further launches.

[0225] In step (1370), steps (1310) to (1360) are repeated upon verification of projectile availability and operational readiness, thereby establishing a coordinated closed-loop projectile circulation cycle.

[0226] In one embodiment, the control unit is further configured to detect projectile jamming in the dispensing channel and initiate an automatic secondary dispensing cycle prior to suspending projectile launch. In another embodiment, the control unit executes an automated diagnostic routine upon system startup to verify operational status of the projectile-throwing machine, the projectile feeding mechanism, the projectile retrieval mechanism, and the sensor units before enabling projectile launch.

[0227] In a further embodiment, the method includes validating payment authorization and executing a safety verification procedure prior to initiating the coordinated closed-loop projectile circulation cycle, and outputting scoring data to a user interface after completion of a predetermined number of projectile launches.

[0228] The technical effect achieved by the method of Figure 13 is automated physical recirculation of projectiles without manual intervention, synchronized with scoring detection and machine readiness verification, thereby enabling continuous unmanned operation.WORKING EXAMPLES

[0229] The following examples demonstrate the operation of the invention in practical scenarios. These examples are provided to further enable the invention and are not intended to limit its scope.EXAMPLE 1 : Cricket Practice Session with Adaptive Difficulty

[0230] Setting: A young cricketer enters the simulator at a commercial gaming zone in a mall. No attendant is present. The kiosk is illuminated and displays "Welcome — Tap to Start."

[0231] Step 1 — Session setup: The player taps the kiosk screen, selects "Cricket," "Practice Mode," "Medium Difficulty (0.5)," and "30 Balls." The player scans a QR code on their phone to pay Rs. 200 via UPI. Payment is confirmed. The kiosk displays safety instructions and a 10-second countdown.

[0232] Step 2 — Safety verification: The central control unit queries the door sensor (closed), the presence sensors (player is in the batting crease area — safe zone), and the hopper level sensor (28 balls available). All checks pass. The electromechanical interlock is energised. The system is armed.

[0233] Step 3 — Balls 1-6 (First Over): The machine delivers at 100 km / h with moderate line variation. The player is a strong off-side player and hits 4 drives through the cover region. The boundary enclosure sensors in the cover zone register high-force impacts (180-220 N) at middle height. The scoring module classifies these as boundary fours (4 runs each). Two deliveries are played defensively — low force impacts in the straight zone. After 6 balls: score is 18 runs, scoring rate is 3.0 runs per ball (18 runs per over equivalent). The performance assessment module detects the scoring rate exceeds the upper threshold (8 runs per over). Difficulty increases from 0.5 to 0.6.

[0234] Step 4 — Balls 7-12 (Second Over): The machine now delivers at 110 km / h with increased spin and targets the leg-side (the player's weak zone, identified from the shot distribution — zero scoring shots on the leg-side in the first over). The player struggles. Three deliveries produce no impact on the boundary (miss — the ball hits the backstop netting with minimal force). Two produce weak impacts. One is edged behind the wicket. Score for this over: 3 runs. Miss rate: 50%. The performance assessment module detects the miss rate has reached the lower threshold. Difficulty decreases from 0.6 to 0.5.

[0235] Step 5 — Balls 13-30: The system oscillates — increasing difficulty when the player scores well, decreasing when the player struggles. The player is progressively challenged to develop new shots. By ball 30, the player has attempted legside shots (which they weren't playing initially) and improved their scoring distribution.

[0236] Step 6 — Session complete: The kiosk displays: "Session Complete — Score: 78 / 2 off 30 balls. Boundaries: 8. Dot balls: 10. Scoring rate: 2.6 per ball. Strong zones: Cover (32 runs). Weak zones: Leg-side (6 runs). Recommendation: Practice mid- wicket flicks." Data is uploaded to the cloud server. The player scans their QR code to link the session to their profile.

[0237] Key observation: The entire session — from payment to score summary — occurred without any human intervention. The machine adapted in real-time to the player's ability. The cage boundary was the only scoring surface used.EXAMPLE 2: Cage-Integrated Scoring in Action - Setting: Same simulator, a different player.

[0238] Ball 1 — Hard cover drive: The player strikes the ball cleanly. The ball travels at high speed and impacts the right-side boundary enclosure at Zone 4 (cover region), height 1.2 metres (middle zone), with an impact force of 195 N. The scoring computation module processes: high force (>150 N) + boundary zone (Zone 4) + middle height = Boundary Four. Score: 4 runs. The display shows "FOUR!" with a green flash from the ambient LEDs.

[0239] Ball 2 — Top edge: The player mishits a short delivery. The ball pops up and impacts the rear boundary at Zone 9 (behind wicket), height 2.1 metres (top zone), with impact force 45 N. Processing: low force (<60 N) + behind-wicket zone + top height = Caught behind (dismissal). Score: wicket. The display shows "OUT — Caught Behind" with a red flash. In practice mode, the dismissal is noted but the session continues.

[0240] Ball 3 — Defensive block: The player pushes the ball gently. It rolls along the floor and contacts the front boundary at Zone 1 (straight region), height 0.1 metres (bottom zone), impact force 15 N. Processing: very low force (<30 N) + straight zone + bottom height = Dot ball. Score: 0 runs.

[0241] Ball 4 — Pull shot: The player pulls a short ball. It impacts the left-side boundary at Zone 6 (mid- wicket region), height 0.8 metres (middle zone), impact force 160 N. Processing: high force + mid-wicket zone + middle height = Boundary Four. Score: 4 runs.

[0242] Key observation: The system did not need to see the bat or the batting stroke. It inferred everything — shot type, scoring value, dismissal conditions —purely from how the ball hit the cage boundary. The same boundary surface that contained the ball also scored the shot and then released the ball to the sloped floor for retrieval.EXAMPLE 3: Safety Interlock Preventing InjurySetting: During an active session, the machine is armed and preparing to deliver Ball 14.

[0243] Event: The player drops their bat and walks forward toward the delivery end to retrieve it, entering the hazard zone (crossing the light curtain sensor positioned 3 metres forward of the batting crease).

[0244] Response sequence:

[0245] The light curtain sensor detects the player's presence in the hazard zone (detection latency: 80 ms).

[0246] The safety module (720) immediately receives the hazard signal.

[0247] The safety module transmits a BLOCK signal to the delivery control module (210) — the current delivery command is aborted.

[0248] Simultaneously, the safety module de-energises the electromechanical interlock contactor, physically cutting power to the ball-throwing machine motors (response time: 150 ms from detection).

[0249] The display unit shows: "SAFETY PAUSE — Please return to the batting crease."

[0250] The kiosk shows the same message.

[0251] Recovery: The player retrieves their bat and walks back behind the crease. The light curtain sensor clears (no presence detected in hazard zone). The safety module re-runs the pre-delivery verification sequence: door = closed, presence= clear, hopper = ready. All pass. The electromechanical interlock is re-energised. A l-second countdown appears on the display. The session resumes from Ball 14.

[0252] Key observation: The entire safety event — detection to power cut — completed in under 200 milliseconds. The player was never at risk. The machine was physically incapable of firing even if a software bug had attempted to trigger a delivery, because the electromechanical interlock had cut the hardware power circuit.EXAMPLE 4: Multi-Sport Reconfiguration

[0253] Setting: The simulator is currently configured for cricket. A facility manager wants to switch it to baseball mode for an event.

[0254] Step 1: The manager accesses the remote management dashboard and selects "Change Sport — Baseball."

[0255] Step 2: The central control unit loads the baseball configuration profile:

[0256] Speed range changes to 60-160 km / h (was 40-160 km / h)

[0257] Spin types change to fastball / curveball / slider profiles (was off-spin / leg-spin)

[0258] Scoring rules change to strikes / balls / hits / home runs

[0259] Display content changes to baseball graphics (pitcher animation, strike zone overlay)

[0260] Delivery interval changes to 10 seconds (was 15 seconds)

[0261] Scoring zone mapping on boundary enclosures is remapped: left field, centre field, right field zones

[0262] Step 3: The facility staff replaces cricket balls with baseballs in the hopper. The sorting unit is already configured to accept both sizes (the size filter has an adjustable gate). Alternatively, a universal rubber training ball is used for both sports.

[0263] Step 4: The kiosk now displays "Baseball" as the available sport. A customer selects "Baseball — Batting Practice — 25 pitches." The session proceeds with baseball-specific delivery parameters and scoring rules. A fastball at 130 km / h results in a swing and the ball impacts the left-field zone with high force — scored as a "Home Run."

[0264] Key observation: The same physical hardware (cage, machine, retrieval, sensors) serves multiple sports. Only the software configuration and projectile type change. This maximises the commercial utility of the installation.EXAMPLE 5: Complete Unmanned Commercial Operation (Full Day)

[0265] Setting: The simulator is deployed in a residential complex in Bengaluru. It operates 24 hours, 7 days a week, with no on-site staff.

[0266] 06:00 — The system completes an automated self-diagnostic (all subsystems reporting normal). Hopper has 20 balls. The remote operations team receives a green status on their dashboard.

[0267] 08:15 — Customer A arrives. Scans RFID card, selects Cricket Practice, 18 balls, pays Rs. 150. Plays session. Score: 42 off 18. Data uploaded to cloud. Customer A leaves.

[0268] 09:30 — Customer B arrives. Selects Baseball, 25 pitches. Pays via Google Pay. During the session, a ball jam occurs at delivery 12 — the feed sensor detects no ball at the machine input for 5 seconds. The system pauses, attempts a secondary dispensing cycle (the dispensing motor runs again). The jam clears. Session resumes automatically. No human intervention required.

[0269] 12:00 — Customer C is mid-session. Customer C's child opens the cage access door out of curiosity. The door sensor triggers. The electromechanical interlock immediately cuts power. Display shows "SAFETY PAUSE — Door is open." Customer C closes the door. Session resumes after 3 -second countdown.

[0270] 14:00 — The hopper level sensor reports 8 balls remaining (below the low- inventory threshold of 10). The system generates a maintenance alert to the remote operations team. A technician is dispatched and adds 15 balls to the hopper. Operation continues.

[0271] 18:00-22:00 — Peak hours. 12 sessions are played. The system handles all sessions autonomously.

[0272] 23:59 — Daily summary uploaded to cloud: 22 sessions completed, Rs. 3,300 in revenue, 2 fault events (1 ball jam auto-resolved, 1 door trigger resolved by customer), average session score 56 runs, average difficulty at session end 0.55. All data available on the management dashboard.

[0273] Key observation: The entire day of commercial operation was managed without any on-site staff. The system handled normal operation, a ball jam, a safety event, and a maintenance alert autonomously or via remote coordination. This demonstrates the commercial viability of the invention for unmanned deployment.

Claims

CLAIMS1. An adaptive sports training system comprising:(a) a projectile-throwing machine comprising at least one motor-driven projectile launching element and a delivery control module configured to control one or more projectile delivery parameters;(b) one or more sensor units configured to detect one or more physical parameters associated with impact of a projectile after launch by the projectile-throwing machine;(c) a scoring computation module configured to generate scoring data based on the detected physical parameters; and(d) a control unit operatively coupled to the sensor units and the delivery control module, wherein the control unit is configured to:(i) receive scoring data corresponding to a preceding projectile launch;(ii) compute at least one player performance metric based on scoring data from one or more preceding projectile launches;(iii) determine modified projectile delivery parameters based on the computed player performance metric; and(iv) transmit control signals to the delivery control module to adjust operation of the motor- driven projectile launching element prior to a subsequent projectile launch, such that projectile delivery parameters are automatically modified in response to physical parameters associated with impact detected after prior projectile launches.

2. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the projectile-throwing machine comprises one or more motorised launching wheels configured to impart velocity to the projectile, at least one trajectory adjustment actuator configured to modify launch angle or direction, and a spin control mechanism configured to impart variable spin by differential wheel rotation, and wherein the control unit generates electronic control signals for rotational speed, actuator position, and differential rotation based at least in part on the scoring data, andwherein the control unit is configured to compute the player performance metric over a rolling window of preceding projectile launches, compare the player performance metric with one or more predefined difficulty thresholds stored in memory, and determine updated projectile deliveryparameters including at least one of projectile speed, spin magnitude, trajectory angle, line of delivery, or inter-delivery timing interval,wherein the control unit is configured to increase one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric exceeds an upper difficulty threshold and decrease one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric falls below a lower difficulty threshold, andwherein the control unit is configured to determine a scoring distribution across predefined impact zones and to modify projectile delivery parameters to target a zone associated with lower scoring frequency.

3. The system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an automated projectile feeding mechanism including a hopper and a dispensing unit, and an automated projectile retrieval mechanism configured to collect projectiles and return them to the hopper to form a closed-loop circulation system, wherein the system further comprises a monitoring subsystem configured to detect projectile jamming, projectile absence, or discrepancy between dispensed and retrieved projectile counts, wherein the control unit is configured to suspend projectile launch upon detection of a fault condition,wherein upon detection of projectile jamming, the control unit is configured to initiate an automatic secondary dispensing cycle prior to suspending projectile launch, andwherein the control unit is configured to generate a maintenance alert when the number of projectiles in the hopper falls below a predefined inventory threshold.

4. The system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a playing enclosure having boundary structures, wherein the sensor units are positioned on or within the boundary structures such that the boundary structures function as both projectile containment surfaces and impact detection surfaces, and wherein the sensor units comprise at least one of impact sensors, pressure sensors, piezoelectric sensors, optical cameras, radar modules, infrared sensor arrays, or acoustic sensors, and wherein the scoring computation module assigns score values based on predefined impact zones mapped to physical or virtual regions associated with the detected impact, and wherein shot classification is determined solely from physical parameters associated with projectile impact on the boundary structure without detecting interaction between the projectile and a player or external object prior to impact, andwherein sport selection causes remapping of predefined impact zones associated with the boundary structure.

5. The system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a safety subsystem including one or more presence detection sensors, an access-state sensor, and an electromechanical power interruption device configured to disable the projectile-throwing machine when a safety condition is detected, wherein the control unit executes a pre-delivery safety verification sequence prior to each projectile launch, andwherein the safety subsystem comprises both a software-based delivery command abort mechanism and a hardware-level electromechanical interlock configured to interrupt power supply to the projectile-throwing machine.

6. The system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a user interface configured to receive configuration inputs and initiate operation, process electronic payment through at least one of RFID, NFC, QR code, or digital payment mechanisms, and transmit selected configuration parameters to the control unit for execution.

7. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the control unit is further configured to store scoring data and projectile delivery parameters in local memory, generate a player performance profile from accumulated scoring data, transmit performance data to a remote server for longitudinal tracking, load sport-specific configuration profiles corresponding to a plurality of projectile-based sports, and initialise projectile delivery parameters based on a selected user profile, wherein the projectile-throwing machine further comprises one or more motor feedback sensors configured to detect actual motor operating parameters, and wherein the control unit is configured to compare the detected motor operating parameters with commanded projectile delivery parameters and adjust control signals to maintain delivery accuracy,wherein the control unit is configured to initiate operation using a predefined baseline set of projectile delivery parameters in the absence of prior scoring data and to modify the projectile delivery parameters after a first projectile launch based on scoring data generated from that launch, andwherein the control unit comprises a machine-learning module configured to:(a) receive accumulated scoring data and detected physical parameters associated with impact from a plurality of projectile launches;(b) generate a predictive model representing player performance characteristics; and(c) determine updated projectile delivery parameters using model inference based on the predictive model during operation.

8. A method of operating an adaptive sports training system including a projectile-throwing machine having at least one motor-driven projectile launching element, one or more sensor units, and a control unit, the method comprising:(a) launching a projectile using the projectile-throwing machine in accordance with a set of projectile delivery parameters;(b) detecting, by the one or more sensor units, one or more physical parameters associated with impact of the projectile after launch;(c) generating scoring data based on the detected physical parameters;(d) computing, by the control unit, at least one player performance metric based on scoring data corresponding to one or more preceding projectile launches;(e) determining, by the control unit, modified projectile delivery parameters based on the computed player performance metric; and(f) transmitting control signals to the projectile-throwing machine to adjust operation of the motor-driven projectile launching element in accordance with the modified projectile delivery parameters prior to a subsequent projectile launch,wherein projectile delivery parameters are automatically modified in response to detected impact parameters from prior projectile launches.

9. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein computing the player performance metric comprises aggregating scoring data over a rolling window of preceding projectile launches, comparing the player performance metric with one or more predefined difficulty thresholds stored in memory, and determining updated projectile delivery parameters including at least one of projectile speed, spin magnitude, trajectory angle, line of delivery, or inter-delivery timing interval,wherein determining the updated projectile delivery parameters comprises:(a) increasing one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric exceeds an upper difficulty threshold; and(b) decreasing one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric falls below a lower difficulty threshold, andfurther comprising:(i) determining a scoring distribution across predefined impact zones based on accumulated scoring data from a plurality of projectile launches; and(ii) modifying projectile delivery parameters to direct a subsequent projectile launch toward an impact zone associated with a lower scoring frequency relative to other impact zones10. The method as claimed in claim 8, further comprising:(a) processing accumulated scoring data and detected physical parameters using a machinelearning model to generate a predictive representation of player performance; and (b) determining the modified projectile delivery parameters using model inference based on the predictive representation.

11. The method as claimed in claim 8, further comprising automatically dispensing projectiles to the projectile-throwing machine from a hopper, collecting projectiles after launch, returning collected projectiles to the hopper to form a closed-loop circulation system, monitoring projectile flow for jamming or count discrepancies, and suspending projectile launch upon detection of a fault condition,wherein upon detection of projectile jamming, the control unit is initiating an automatic secondary dispensing cycle prior to suspending projectile launch, andwherein the control unit is generating a maintenance alert when the number of projectiles in the hopper falls below a predefined inventory threshold.

12. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein detecting physical parameters associated with impact comprises detecting impact on a boundary structure that functions as both projectile containment and scoring detection surface, and generating scoring data based on predefined impact zones mapped to physical or virtual regions associated with the detected impact,wherein shot classification is determined solely from physical parameters associated with projectile impact on the boundary structure without detecting interaction between the projectile and a player or external object prior to impact, andwherein sport selection causes remapping of predefined impact zones associated with the boundary structure.

13. The method as claimed in claim 8, further comprising -a. executing a pre-delivery safety verification sequence prior to each projectile launch, including detecting human presence within predefined hazard zones and verifying an access-state sensor, and disabling the projectile-throwing machine when a safety condition is detected, andwherein a safety subsystem comprises both a software-based delivery command abort mechanism and a hardware-level electromechanical interlock configured to interrupt power supply to the projectile-throwing machine;b. detecting actual motor operating parameters using one or more motor feedback sensors, comparing detected motor operating parameters with commanded projectile delivery parameters, and adjusting control signals to maintain delivery accuracy;c. storing scoring data and projectile delivery parameters in local memory, generating a player performance profile, transmitting performance data to a remote server for longitudinal tracking, loading sport-specific configuration profiles corresponding to a plurality of projectile-based sports, and initialising projectile delivery parameters based on a selected user profile; andd. initiating operation using a predefined baseline set of projectile delivery parameters in the absence of prior scoring data and modifying the projectile delivery parameters after a first projectile launch based on scoring data generated from that launch.

14. An automated projectile circulation system for a sports simulator, comprising:(a) a projectile-throwing machine configured to launch a projectile in accordance with one or more projectile delivery parameters;(b) a projectile feeding mechanism including a hopper and a dispensing unit configured to supply individual projectiles to the projectile-throwing machine;(c) a projectile retrieval mechanism configured to collect projectiles after launch and transport the collected projectiles to the hopper;(d) one or more sensor units configured to detect physical parameters associated with impact of the projectile after launch;(e) a scoring computation module configured to generate scoring data based on the detected physical parameters; and(f) a control unit operatively coupled to the projectile-throwing machine, the projectile feeding mechanism, the projectile retrieval mechanism, and the scoring computation module, wherein the control unit is configured to:(i) control dispensing of a projectile from the projectile feeding mechanism to the projectilethrowing machine;(ii) command the projectile-throwing machine to launch the projectile;(iii) receive scoring data corresponding to the projectile launch from the scoring computation module;(iv) activate the projectile retrieval mechanism to collect and return the projectile to the hopper; (v) verify availability of a projectile in the hopper and operational readiness of the projectilethrowing machine prior to a subsequent launch; and(vi) repeat steps (i) to (v) upon verification of projectile availability and operational readiness of the projectile-throwing machine, thereby establishing a coordinated closed-loop projectile circulation cycle.

15. The system as claimed in claim 14, wherein the control unit is further configured to determine modified projectile delivery parameters based on scoring data corresponding to one or more preceding projectile launches and to transmit control signals to the projectile- throwing machine to adjust operation of the projectile- throwing machine prior to a subsequent projectile launch.

16. The system as claimed in claim 15, wherein the control unit computes a player performance metric over a rolling window of preceding projectile launches, compares the player performance metric with one or more predefined difficulty thresholds stored in memory, and determines updated projectile delivery parameters including at least one of projectile speed, spin magnitude, trajectory angle, line of delivery, or inter-delivery timing interval,wherein determining the updated projectile delivery parameters comprises:(a) increasing one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric exceeds an upper difficulty threshold; and(b) decreasing one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric falls below a lower difficulty threshold, andwherein the control unit is configured to determine a scoring distribution across predefined impact zones and to modify projectile delivery parameters to target a zone associated with lower scoring frequency.

17. The system as claimed in claim 14, wherein the projectile retrieval mechanism comprises at least one of a sloped floor and conveyor arrangement, a track-based pusher mechanism, or a pneumatic transport mechanism, and wherein the system further comprises a monitoring subsystem configured to detect projectile jamming or discrepancy between dispensed and retrieved projectile counts, the control unit being configured to suspend projectile launch upon detection of a fault condition,1wherein upon detection of projectile jamming, the control unit is configured to initiate an automatic secondary dispensing cycle prior to suspending projectile launch,wherein the control unit is configured to generate a maintenance alert when the number of projectiles in the hopper falls below a predefined inventory threshold, andwherein the control unit is configured to execute an automated diagnostic routine upon system startup to verify operational status of the projectile-throwing machine, the projectile feeding mechanism, the projectile retrieval mechanism, and the one or more sensor units prior to enabling projectile launch.

18. The system as claimed in claim 14, wherein the sensor units are positioned on or within a boundary structure that functions as both projectile containment and impact detection surface, the sensor units comprising at least one of impact sensors, pressure sensors, piezoelectric sensors, optical cameras, radar modules, infrared sensor arrays, or acoustic sensors, and wherein the system further comprises a safety subsystem including presence detection sensors and an electromechanical power interruption device configured to disable the projectile-throwing machine upon detection of a safety condition,wherein shot classification is determined solely from physical parameters associated with projectile impact on the boundary structure without detecting interaction between the projectile and a player or external object prior to impact,wherein the safety subsystem comprises both a software-based delivery command abort mechanism and a hardware-level electromechanical interlock configured to interrupt power supply to the projectile-throwing machine, andwherein sport selection causes remapping of predefined impact zones associated with the boundary structure.

19. The system as claimed in claim 14, further comprising a user interface configured to:(i) receive configuration inputs including session initiation input;(ii) process electronic payment through at least one of RFID, NFC, QR code, or digital payment mechanisms; and(iii) transmit configuration data to the control unit,wherein the control unit is configured to:(a) validate payment authorization prior to activating projectile launch;(b) execute a safety verification procedure prior to initiating the coordinated closed-loop projectile circulation cycle; and(c) output scoring data to the user interface after completion of a predetermined number of projectile launches.

20. A method of managing projectile circulation in a sports simulator including a projectilethrowing machine, a projectile feeding mechanism, a projectile retrieval mechanism, one or more sensor units, a scoring computation module, and a control unit, the method comprising:(a) dispensing, by the control unit, a projectile from the projectile feeding mechanism to the projectile-throwing machine;(b) commanding, by the control unit, the projectile-throwing machine to launch the projectile in accordance with one or more projectile delivery parameters;(c) detecting physical parameters associated with impact of the projectile after launch using the one or more sensor units;(d) generating scoring data using the scoring computation module based on the detected physical parameters;(e) activating, by the control unit, the projectile retrieval mechanism to collect and return the projectile to a hopper of the projectile feeding mechanism;(f) verifying availability of a projectile in the hopper and operational readiness of the projectilethrowing machine; and(g) repeating steps (a) to (f) upon verification of projectile availability and operational readiness, thereby establishing a coordinated closed-loop projectile circulation cycle.

21. The method as claimed in claim 20, further comprising determining modified projectile delivery parameters based on scoring data corresponding to one or more preceding projectile launches and transmitting control signals to adjust operation of the projectile-throwing machine prior to a subsequent projectile launch.

22. The method as claimed in claim 21, further comprising computing a player performance metric over a rolling window of preceding projectile launches, comparing the player performance metric with one or more predefined difficulty thresholds stored in memory, and determining updated projectile delivery parameters including at least one of projectile speed, spin magnitude, trajectory angle, line of delivery, or inter-delivery timing interval, andwherein determining the updated projectile delivery parameters comprises:(a) increasing one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric exceeds an upper difficulty threshold; and(b) decreasing one or more projectile delivery parameters when the player performance metric falls below a lower difficulty threshold, andfurther comprising:(i) determining a scoring distribution across predefined impact zones based on accumulated scoring data from a plurality of projectile launches; and(ii) modifying projectile delivery parameters to direct a subsequent projectile launch toward an impact zone associated with a lower scoring frequency relative to other impact zones.

23. The method as claimed in claim 20, further comprising transporting the projectile to the hopper using at least one of a sloped floor and conveyor arrangement, a track-based pusher mechanism, or a pneumatic transport mechanism, monitoring projectile flow for jamming or discrepancy between dispensed and retrieved projectile counts, and suspending projectile launch upon detection of a fault condition,wherein upon detection of projectile jamming, the control unit is initiating an automatic secondary dispensing cycle prior to suspending projectile launch,wherein the control unit is generating a maintenance alert when the number of projectiles in the hopper falls below a predefined inventory threshold, andwherein the control unit is executing an automated diagnostic routine upon system startup to verify operational status of the projectile-throwing machine, the projectile feeding mechanism, the projectile retrieval mechanism, and the one or more sensor units prior to enabling projectile launch.

24. The method as claimed in claim 20, wherein detecting physical parameters associated with impact comprises detecting impact on a boundary structure that functions as both projectile containment and impact detection surface, and further comprising detecting a safety condition using one or more presence detection sensors and disabling the projectile-throwing machine upon detection of the safety condition,wherein a safety subsystem comprises both a software-based delivery command abort mechanism and a hardware-level electromechanical interlock configured to interrupt power supply to the projectile-throwing machine,wherein shot classification is determined solely from physical parameters associated with projectile impact on the boundary structure without detecting interaction between the projectile and a player or external object prior to impact, andwherein sport selection causes remapping of predefined impact zones associated with the boundary structure.

25. The method as claimed in claim 20, further comprising:(a) receiving configuration inputs including a session initiation input through a user interface; (b) processing electronic payment through at least one of RFID, NFC, QR code, or digital payment mechanisms;(c) transmitting configuration data from the user interface to the control unit;(d) validating payment authorization by the control unit prior to activating projectile launch; (e) executing a safety verification procedure by the control unit prior to initiating the coordinated closed-loop projectile circulation cycle; and(f) outputting scoring data to the user interface after completion of a predetermined number of projectile launches.

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