MEDIÇÃO DE DIFERENÇA DE FASE PARA POSICIONAMENTO BASEADO NA FASE DA PORTADORA

Abstract

Disclosed are techniques for wireless communication. In an aspect, a user equipment (UE) receives a first reference signal (PRS) resource transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal resource comprising one or more first symbols, receives one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal resources comprising one or more second symbols, and determines one or more first received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource and a phase of each of the one or more second reference signal resources.

Description

1 / 137 Phase difference measurement for carrier phase-based positioning. CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED DEPOSIT REQUESTS

[001] This patent application claims the benefit of Greek patent application serial number 20230100250 entitled PHASE DIFFERENCE MEASUREMENT FOR CARRIER PHASE-BASED POSITIONING, filed on March 24, 2023, assigned to the assignee of the present invention and expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 1. Field of dissemination

[002] The aspects of disclosure generally refer to wireless communications. 2. Description of the related technique

[003] Wireless communication systems have developed over several generations, including a first-generation (1G) analog wireless telephone service, a second-generation (2G) digital wireless telephone service (including 2.5G and 2.75G interim networks), a third-generation (3G) wireless service with high-speed internet and data capabilities, and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., long-term evolution (LTE) or WiMax). Currently, there are many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular systems and personal communications service (PCS) systems.Examples of well-known cellular systems include the analog cellular system of the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 391 / 562 2 / 137 time division multiple access), time division multiple access (TDMA), the global system for mobile communications (GSM), etc.

[004] A fifth-generation (5G) wireless standard, called New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide higher data rates compared to previous standards, more precise positioning (e.g., based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals), and other technical enhancements. These improvements, as well as the use of higher frequency bands, advances in PRS processes and technology, and high-density 5G deployments, enable highly accurate 5G-based positioning. SUMMARY

[005] A simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed in the present invention is presented below. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all aspects contemplated, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or critical elements relating to all aspects contemplated, or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Consequently, the following summary has the sole purpose of presenting certain concepts relating to one or more aspects related to the mechanisms disclosed in the present invention in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 392 / 562 3 / 137

[006] In one aspect, a wireless communication method performed by a user equipment (UE) includes receiving a first reference signal feature transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal feature comprising the first one or more symbols; receiving one or more second reference signal features transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal features comprising the first one or more symbols; and determining one or more first received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal features based on one phase of the first reference signal feature and one phase of each of the one or more second reference signal features.

[007] In one aspect, a communication method implemented by a network entity includes transmitting to a user equipment (UE) a configuration for obtaining a received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurement between a first reference signal feature transmitted by a first entity and one or more second reference signal features transmitted by one or more second entities, the first reference signal feature comprising the first one or more symbols, and the second one or more reference signal features comprising the second one or more symbols; and receiving the RSPD measurement from the UE based on the configuration.

[008] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the memory and to one or more transceivers, the one or more processors configured to: receive, through the one or more transceivers, a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal resource comprising the Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 393 / 562 4 / 137 one or more first symbols; receive, through one or more transceivers, one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal resources comprising the one or more second symbols; and determine one or more first received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource and a phase of each of the one or more second reference signal resources.

[009] In one aspect, a network entity includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the memory and to one or more transceivers, the one or more processors configured to: transmit, through the one or more transceivers, to a user equipment (UE), a configuration to obtain a received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurement between a first reference signal feature transmitted by a first entity and one or more second reference signal features transmitted by one or more second entities, the first reference signal feature comprising the first one or more symbols and the second one or more reference signal features comprising the second one or more symbols; and receive, through one or more transceivers, the RSPD measurement from the UE based on the configuration.

[010] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes means for receiving a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal resource comprising one or more first symbols; means for receiving one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal resources comprising one or more Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 394 / 562 5 / 137 second symbols; and means for determining one or more first received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal features based on one phase of the first reference signal feature and one phase of each of the one or more second reference signal features.

[011] In one aspect, a network entity includes means for transmitting to a user equipment (UE) a configuration for obtaining a received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurement between a first reference signal feature transmitted by a first entity and one or more second reference signal features transmitted by one or more second entities, the first reference signal feature comprising the first one or more symbols, and the second one or more reference signal features comprising the second one or more symbols; and means for receiving the RSPD measurement from the UE based on the configuration.

[012] In one aspect, a non-transient computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols; receive one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal resources comprising the second one or more symbols; and determine one or more first received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource and a phase of each of the one or more second reference signal resources.

[013] In one respect, a non-transient computer-readable medium Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 395 / 562 6 / 137 stores computer executable instructions that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to: transmit, to a user equipment (UE), a configuration to obtain a received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurement between a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity and one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols, and one or more second reference signal resources comprising the second one or more symbols; and receive the RSPD measurement from the UE based on the configuration.

[014] Other objectives and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed in the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[015] The attached drawings are presented to assist in describing various aspects of the disclosure and are provided for illustrative purposes only, and not to limit them.

[016] Figure 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system, according to disclosure aspects.

[017] Figures 2A, 2B and 2C illustrate example wireless network structures, according to disclosure aspects.

[018] Figures 3A, 3B and 3C are simplified block diagrams of various sample component aspects that can be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications, as taught in the present invention.

[019] Figure 4A illustrates examples of various positioning methods. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 396 / 562 7 / 137 supported on New Radio (NR), according to disclosure aspects.

[020] Figures 4B and 4C illustrate various scenarios of interest for positioning only side link or Uu and side link set, according to disclosure aspects.

[021] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example framework structure, according to disclosure aspects.

[022] Figures 6A and 6B illustrate various supported comb patterns for downlink positioning reference (PRS) signals within a feature block.

[023] Figure 7 illustrates example patterns for the reference and target positioning reference signal (PRS) features transmitted in the same time window, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[024] Figure 8 illustrates an example scenario for transmitting the reference PRS resource in each slot containing a target PRS resource, according to disclosure aspects.

[025] Figure 9 illustrates an example scenario for transmitting a phase difference reference signal in each subsequent slot containing a target PRS feature, according to disclosure aspects.

[026] Figures 10 and 11 illustrate example methods of communication, according to aspects of dissemination. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[027] In the following description, aspects of the disclosure are provided, and related drawings are directed to various examples provided for illustrative purposes. Alternative aspects may be conceived without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 397 / 562 8 / 137

[028] Several aspects relate, in general, to carrier phase-based positioning. Some aspects relate, more specifically, to received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements between a reference transmit-receive point (TRP) and one or more target TRPs. In some examples, a user equipment (UE) receives, within the same time window, a reference positioning signal (PRS) feature transmitted by the reference TRP and one or more target PRS features transmitted by one or more target TRPs. The UE determines the one or more RSPD measurements for one or more target PRS features based on a phase of the reference PRS feature in the time window and a phase of each of the one or more target PRS features in the same time window.

[029] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by measuring the reference and target PRS features in the same time window, the techniques described can be used to reduce the impact of residual carrier frequency offset (CFO), thereby increasing the accuracy of the corresponding RSPD measurements.

[030] The words exemplifying and / or exemplary are used in the present invention to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect described in the present invention as exemplifying and / or exemplary should not necessarily be interpreted as preferential or advantageous in relation to other aspects. Similarly, the term aspects of the disclosure does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the attribute, advantage, or mode of operation discussed.

[031] Experts in the field will recognize that the information and signals Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 398 / 562 9 / 137 described below can be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the description below can be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[032] Additionally, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed, for example, by elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that several actions described in the present invention can be performed by specific circuits (for example, by application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions that are executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Furthermore, the sequence(s) of actions described in the present invention can be considered as fully incorporated in any form of non-transient, computer-readable storage medium that stores a corresponding set of computer instructions which, through execution, would cause, or instruct, an associated processor of a device to perform the functionalities described in the present invention.Thus, the various aspects of disclosure can be incorporated in several different forms, all of which have been contemplated as being within the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, for each of the aspects described in the present invention, the corresponding form of any of these aspects can be described in the present invention as, for example, logic configured to perform the described action. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 399 / 562 10 / 137

[033] As used in the present invention, the terms user equipment (UE) and base station are not intended to be specific to, or otherwise limited to, any particular radio access technology (RAT), except where otherwise specified. In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, a router, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a consumer asset locator device, a wearable device (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user for communication over a wireless communications network.A UE can be mobile or (for example, at certain times) stationary and can communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used in the present invention, the term UE can be interchangeably referred to as an access terminal or AT, client device, wireless device, subscriber device, subscriber terminal, subscriber station, user terminal or UT, a mobile device, mobile terminal, mobile station or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN and, through the core network, UEs can be connected to external networks, such as the Internet, and to other UEs.Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the internet are also possible for UEs, such as through wired access networks, wireless local area networks (WLANs) (for example, based on the descriptive report of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11, etc.) and so on. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 400 / 562 11 / 137

[034] A base station can operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs, depending on the network in which it is implemented and may alternatively be called an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) NodeB (also called gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems, a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions, while in other systems it may provide additional network control and / or management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.).A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) channel or a direct link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a direct traffic channel, etc.). As used in the present invention, the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to an uplink / reverse link or a downlink / direct link traffic channel.

[035] The term base station may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be colocated. For example, where the term base station refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term base station refers to multiple colocated physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 401 / 562 12 / 137 as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) from the base station. Where the term base station refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a server base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the server base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighboring base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring.Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used in the present invention, references to transmission from, or reception at, a base station should be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station.

[036] In some implementations that support UE positioning, a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., it may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections to UEs), but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and / or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs).

[037] An RF signal comprises an electromagnetic wave with a given frequency that carries information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used in the present invention, a transmitter can transmit a single RF signal or multiple RF signals to a receiver. However, the receiver can receive multiple RF signals. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 402 / 562 13 / 137 corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same RF signal transmitted on different paths between the transmitter and the receiver can be called a multipath RF signal. As used in the present invention, an RF signal can also be called a wireless signal or simply a signal, where it is evident from the context that the term signal refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[038] Figure 1 illustrates an example 100 wireless communications system, according to disclosure aspects. The 100 wireless communications system (which may also be called a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include multiple 102 base stations (identified as BS - base stations) and multiple 104 UEs. The 102 base stations may include macrocell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one aspect, the macrocell base stations may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs when the 100 wireless communications system corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs when the 100 wireless communications system corresponds to an NR network, or a combination of both configurations, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[039] Base stations 102 can collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC)) via backhaul links 122, and via the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location platform (SUPL)). Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 403 / 562 14 / 137 plane location). The location server(s) 172 may be part of the core network 170 or may be external to the core network 170. A location server 172 may be integrated into a base station 102. A UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving that UE 104. A UE 104 may also communicate with a location server 172 via another route, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (for example, the AP 150 described below), and so on. For signaling purposes, communication between a UE 104 and a location server 172 can be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through the core network 170 etc.).) or a direct connection (for example, as shown via direct connection 128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signaling diagram for clarity.

[040] In addition to other functions, base 102 stations can perform functions related to one or more of the following: user data transfer, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), intercellular interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and alert message delivery. Base 102 stations can communicate with each other. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 404 / 562 15 / 137 the others directly or indirectly (for example, through EPC / 5GC) via backhaul links 134, which can be wired or wireless.

[041] Base stations 102 can communicate wirelessly with UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 can provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In one aspect, one or more cells can be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A cell is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., through a frequency resource, called carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequency.In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that can provide access for different types of UE. Since a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term cell can refer to one or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In some cases, the term cell can also refer to a geographic coverage area of ​​a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication in some portion of the geographic coverage areas. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 405 / 562 16 / 137

[042] Although the geographic coverage areas 110 of the neighboring macrocell base station 102 may partially overlap (for example, in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (identified as SC, short for small cell) may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macrocell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell base stations and macrocell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide services to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[043] The 120 communication links between base stations 102 and UEs 104 may include uplink transmissions (also called reverse link) from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) transmissions (also called forward link) from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The 120 communication links may use MIMO antenna technology, which includes spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmission diversity. The 120 communication links may be over one or more carrier frequencies. Carrier allocation may be asymmetrical with respect to the downlink and uplink (e.g., a greater or lesser number of carriers may be allocated to the downlink than to the uplink).

[044] The wireless communications system 100 may additionally include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 communicating with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via links of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 406 / 562 17 / 137 communication 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, WLAN STAs 152 and / or WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure before communication in order to determine if the channel is available.

[045] The 102' small cell base station can operate in a licensed and / or unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the 102' small cell base station can employ LTE or NR technology and use the same unlicensed 5 GHz frequency spectrum used by the WLAN AP 150. The 102' small cell base station employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum can enhance coverage and / or increase the capacity of the access network. NR in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MULTEFIRE®.

[046] The 100 wireless communications system may additionally include an mmW 180 base station that can operate at millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies and / or near-mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range from 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band can be called millimeter waves. Near-mmW waves can extend up to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also known as centimeter waves. Communications using the band of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 407 / 562 18 / 137 mmW / near mmW radio frequencies have high path loss and relatively short range. The mmW 180 base station and the UE 182 can utilize beamforming (transmission and / or reception) on an mmW 184 communication link to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Additionally, it will be recognized that, in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 can also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Consequently, it will be recognized that the aforementioned illustrations are merely examples and should not be interpreted as limiting the various aspects disclosed in the present invention.

[047] Transmission beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). With transmission beamforming, the network node determines where a given destination device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thus providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal to the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal.For example, a network node might use an antenna array (called a phased array or antenna array) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be oriented to point in different directions without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is used to feed the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that they... Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 408 / 562 19 / 137 radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase radiation in a desired direction, while simultaneously canceling each other out to suppress radiation in undesired directions.

[048] Transmission beams can be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether the network node's own transmitting antennas are physically co-located or not. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a QCL relationship of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal in a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal in a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.If the source RF reference signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source RF reference signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second RF reference signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source RF reference signal is QCL type C, the receiver can use the source RF reference signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second RF reference signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source RF reference signal is QCL type D, the receiver can use the source RF reference signal to estimate the spatial reception parameter of a second RF reference signal transmitted on the same channel.

[049] In beamforming, the receiver uses a beamform to amplify the RF signals detected in a given channel. By Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 409 / 562 20 / 137 For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and / or adjust the phase setting of an antenna array in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beam in a certain direction, it means that the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or that the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction among all other reception beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction.

[050] Transmission and reception beams may be spatially related. A spatial relationship means that the parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmission or reception beam) for a second reference signal may be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a reception beam or a transmission beam) for a first reference signal. For example, an UE may use a particular reception beam to receive a downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE may then form a transmission beam to send an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station, based on the parameters of the reception beam.

[051] It should be noted that a downlink beam can be a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity that Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 410 / 562 21 / 137 the form. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE is forming the downlink beam, it will be a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an uplink beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it will be an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it will be an uplink transmit beam.

[052] The electromagnetic spectrum is frequently subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR, two initial operational bands were identified as the frequency band designations FR1 (410 MHz to 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that, although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is frequently referred to (interchangeably) as a sub-6 GHz band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes arises with regard to FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as a millimeter wave band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz to 300 GHz) that is identified by the INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS UNION (ITU) as a millimeter wave band.

[053] Frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often called mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as the FR3 frequency band designation (7.125 GHz to 24.25 GHz). The frequency bands that Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 411 / 562 22 / 137 frequencies that fall under FR3 can inherit the characteristics of FR1 and / or the characteristics of FR2 and, in this way, can effectively extend the attributes of FR1 and / or FR2 to mid-band frequencies. Furthermore, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency band designations FR4a or FR41 (52.6 GHz to 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz to 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz to 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands is in the EHF band.

[054] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically indicated otherwise, it should be understood that the term sub-6 GHz or similar, if used in the present invention, may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Additionally, except where specifically indicated otherwise, it should be understood that the term millimeter wave or similar, if used in the present invention, may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1 and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.

[055] In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is called the primary carrier or anchor carrier or primary server cell or PCell, and the other carrier frequencies are called secondary carriers or secondary server cells or SCells. In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier that operates on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) used by a UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re-establishment procedure. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 412 / 562 23 / 137 RRC. The primary carrier carries all common and specific control channels for the UE and may be a carrier on a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that can be configured once the RRC connection between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier is established and can be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier on an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, those specific to the UE may not be present on the secondary carrier, since both uplink and downlink primary carriers are typically UE-specific. This means that different UE 104 / 182s in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers.The same applies to the primary carriers of the uplink. The network has the capacity to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a server cell (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier / component carrier frequency through which some base station is communicating, the terms cell, server cell, component carrier, carrier frequency, and the like, can be used interchangeably.

[056] For example, still referring to Figure 1, one of the frequencies used by the 102 macrocell base stations may be an anchor carrier (or PCell), and other frequencies used by the 102 macrocell base stations and / or the mmW 180 base station may be secondary carriers (SCells). The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its rates of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 413 / 562 24 / 137 data transmission and / or reception. For example, two aggregated 20 MHz carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a twofold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz) compared to that obtained with a single 20 MHz carrier.

[057] In the example in Figure 1, any of the illustrated UEs (shown in Figure 1 as a single UE 104, for simplicity) can receive signals 124 from one or more space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites) in Earth orbit. In one aspect, the SVs 112 can be part of a satellite positioning system that a UE 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above Earth based, at least in part, on the positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal marked with a pseudorandom noise (PN) code repeated from a defined number of chips.Although typically located on SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located at ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signals 124 to derive geographic location information from the SVs 112.

[058] In a satellite positioning system, the use of 124 signals can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with, or otherwise enabled for, use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example, an SBAS may include system(s) Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 414 / 562 25 / 137 augmentation that provides integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the wide area augmentation system (WAAS), the European geostationary navigation overlay service (EGNOS), the multi-functional satellite augmentation system (MSAS), global positioning system (GPS)-aided geo-augmented navigation, or GPS and geo-augmented navigation system (GAGAN), and / or similar systems. Thus, as used in the present invention, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with one or more satellite positioning systems.

[059] In one aspect, SVs 112 can additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, an SV 112 is connected to a ground station (also called a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway) which, in turn, is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a ground antenna), or a network node in a 5GC. This element, in turn, would provide access to other elements in the 5G network and, ultimately, to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In this way, a UE 104 can receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a ground base station 102.

[060] By enabling increased data rates and reduced NR latency, among other things, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technologies are being implemented to support transportation systems applications. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 415 / 562 26 / 137 intelligent transportation systems (ITS), such as wireless communication between vehicles (vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)), between vehicles and roadside infrastructure (vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)), and between vehicles and pedestrians (vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P)). The goal is for vehicles to be able to detect their surrounding environment and communicate this information to other vehicles, infrastructure, and personal mobile devices. This vehicular communication will enable advancements in safety, mobility, and environmental issues that current technologies cannot provide. Once fully implemented, the technology is expected to reduce the number of collisions by 80% without causing injuries.

[061] Still referring to Figure 1, the wireless communication system 100 may include multiple V-UEs 160 that can communicate with base stations 102 via communication links 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between a UE and a base station). The V-UEs 160 can also communicate directly with each other via a wireless side link 162, with a roadside unit (RSU) 164 (a highway access point) via a wireless side link 166, or with UEs capable of side linking 104 via a wireless side link 168 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between UEs capable of side linking). A wireless side link (or simply side link) is an adaptation of the cellular core standard (e.g., LTE, NR) that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the communication needing to pass through a base station.Side-link communication can be unicast or multicast, and can be used for device-to-device (D2D) media sharing, V2V communication, V2X communication (e.g., cellular V2X communication (cV2X), enhanced V2X communication (eV2X), etc.), and other applications. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 416 / 562 27 / 137 emergency rescue, etc. One or more of a group of V-UEs 160 using side-link communications may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102. Other V-UEs 160 in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102 or may otherwise be unable to receive transmissions from a base station 102. In some instances, groups of V-UEs 160 communicating via side-link communications may use a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each V-UE 160 transmits to every other V-UE 160 in the group. In some cases, a base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for side-link communications. In other cases, side-link communications are carried out between V-UEs 160 without the involvement of a base station 102.

[062] In one aspect, side links 162, 166, 168 may operate through a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other wireless communications between other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points, as well as other RATs. A medium may consist of one or more time, frequency and / or space communication resources (e.g., spanning one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs.

[063] In one respect, side links 162, 166, 168 may be cV2X links. A first generation of cV2X was standardized in LTE, and the next generation is to be defined in NR. cV2X is a cellular technology that also enables device-to-device communications. In the United States and Europe, cV2X must operate in the licensed ITS band in the sub-6 GHz range. Other bands may be allocated in other countries. Thus, as a particular example, the medium of interest used by side links 162, 166, 168 may Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 417 / 562 28 / 137 corresponds to at least a portion of the licensed sub-6 GHz ITS frequency band. However, this disclosure is not limited to this frequency band or cellular technology.

[064] In one respect, side links 162, 166, 168 may be dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) links. DSRC is a unidirectional or bidirectional short- to medium-range wireless communication protocol that uses wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), also known as IEEE 802.11p, for V2V, V2I, and V2P communications. IEEE 802.11p is an approved amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard and operates in the licensed 5.9 GHz ITS band (5.85 to 5.925 GHz) in the United States. In Europe, IEEE 802.11p operates in the G5A ITS band (5.875 to 5.905 MHz). Other bands may be allocated in other countries. The V2V communications briefly described above occur on the security channel, which in the US is typically a 10 MHz channel dedicated to security purposes.The remainder of the DSRC band (the total bandwidth is 75 MHz) is allocated to other services of interest to drivers, such as highway rules, tolls, parking automation, etc. Thus, as a particular example, the means of interest used by side links 162, 166, 168 may correspond to at least a portion of the 5.9 GHz ITS frequency band.

[065] Alternatively, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among several RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (for example, by a government entity such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems, particularly those employing small cell access points, Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 418 / 562 29 / 137 recently extended the operation to unlicensed frequency bands, such as the unlicensed national information infrastructure (U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most notably the IEEE 802.11x WLAN technologies, commonly referred to as Wi-Fi. Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on.

[066] Communications between V-UEs 160 are called V2V communications, communications between V-UEs 160 and one or more RSUs 164 are called V2I communications, and communications between V-UEs 160 and one or more UEs 104 (where UEs 104 are P-UEs) are called V2P communications. V2V communications between V-UEs 160 may include, for example, position, speed, acceleration, direction, and other vehicle data from the V-UEs 160. V2I information received in a V-UE 160 from one or more RSUs 164 may include, for example, highway rules, parking automation information, etc. V2P communications between a V-UE 160 and a UE 104 can include information about, for example, the position, speed, acceleration, and direction of the V-UE 160, and the position, speed (for example, where the UE 104 is carried by a user on a bicycle), and direction of the UE 104.

[067] It should be noted that although Figure 1 illustrates only two of the UEs as being V-UEs (V-UEs 160), any of the UEs illustrated (e.g., UEs 104, 152, 182, 190) could be a V-UE. Furthermore, although only V-UEs 160 and a single UE 104 are illustrated as being connected via a side link, any of the UEs illustrated in Figure 1, whether V-UEs, PUEs, etc., could have side link communication capability. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 419 / 562 30 / 137 Additionally, although only UE 182 is described as having beamforming capability, any of the UEs illustrated, including the V-UEs 160, may have beamforming capability. Where the V-UEs 160 are capable of beamforming, they can beam toward each other (i.e., toward other V-UEs 160), toward RSUs 164, toward other UEs (e.g., UEs 104, 152, 182, 190), etc. Thus, in some cases, the V-UEs 160 may utilize beamforming through side links 162, 166, and 168.

[068] The wireless communication system 100 may additionally include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, which indirectly connects to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) point-to-point (P2P) links. In the example in Figure 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (for example, through which UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 can indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In one example, D2D and P2P links 192 and 194 can be supported with any known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), Wi-Fi Direct (WiFi-D), BLUETOOTH®, and so on. As another example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can be side links, as described above with reference to side links 162, 166, and 168.

[069] Figure 2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. For example, a 5GC 210 (also called a next-generation core (NGC)) can be functionally viewed as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.), and user plane (U-plane) functions. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 420 / 562 31 / 137 212 (e.g., EU gateway function, data network access, IP routing, etc.) that operate cooperatively to form the core network. The user plane interface (NG-U) 213 and the control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to 5GC 210, and specifically to the user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, an ng-eNB 224 can also be connected to 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 for control plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 for user plane functions 212. Additionally, the ngeNB 224 can communicate directly with the gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, a next-generation RAN (NGRAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222.

[070] One or the other (or both) gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 can communicate with one or more UEs 204 (for example, any of the UEs described in the present invention). The gNB 222 can communicate with the UE(s) 204 through, for example, a mmW 184 communication link, and the ng-eNB 224 can communicate with the UE(s) 204 through, for example, a 120 communication link. The UEs 204 can communicate with each other through one or more side links, such as a side link 168.

[071] There are two resource allocation modes for transmissions on NR side links. In the first mode (referred to as Mode 1), the base station (e.g., gNB 222, ng-eNB 224) allocates time and / or frequency resources for side link communication between the involved UEs 204 via DCI 3_0. The UEs 204 use the allocated resources to transmit / receive side link control channels, side link data channels, range signals, etc.

[072] In the second allocation mode (referred to as Mode 2), the UEs involved 204 autonomously select side link resources to use Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 421 / 562 32 / 137 for side-link communication. A UE 204 can only use the first mode if it has cellular coverage and can use the second mode regardless of whether it has cellular coverage or not. Note that although Figure 2A illustrates three UE 204s, there may be more or fewer than three UE 204s.

[073] The signaling on the side link is the same between the two resource allocation modes. From the point of view of the UE 204 receiver, there is no difference between the modes. That is, it does not matter to the receiver whether the side link resources were allocated by the base station or by the UE 204 transmitter.

[074] Mode 1 supports dynamic grant (DG), configured grant (CG) of Type 1, and CG of Type 2. In some cases, CG of Type 1 is activated via RRC signaling from the base station. In some cases, the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for sidelink transmissions is determined by the UE 204s involved within the limits set by the base station. In Mode 2, the transmitting UE 204 performs channel detection by blindly decoding all physical sidelink control channels (PSCCHs) to determine the resources reserved for other sidelink transmissions. The transmitting UE 204 reports the available resources to the upper layer, and the upper layer determines resource usage.

[075] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with 5GC 210 in order to provide location assistance for the UE(s) 204. The location server 230 may be implemented in the form of a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.) or, alternatively, each may correspond to a Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 422 / 562 33 / 137 single server. The 230 location server can be configured to support one or more location services for 204 UEs that can connect to the 230 location server via the core network, 5GC 210 and / or via the Internet (not shown). Additionally, the 230 location server can be integrated into a core network component or, alternatively, it can be external to the core network (e.g., a third-party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server, or service server).

[076] Figure 2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 240. A 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in Figure 2A) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260).The functions of AMF 264 include record management, connection management, accessibility management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described in the present invention) and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between UE 204 and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF). Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 423 / 562 34 / 137 function) (not shown) and UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) subscriber identity module (USIM), AMF 264 retrieves the security material from AUSF. AMF 264 functions also include security context management (SCM). SCM receives a key from SEAF which it uses to derive specific access network keys.The functionality of AMF 264 also includes location service management for regulatory services, transport for location service messages between UE 204 and a Location Management Function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location service messages between NG-RAN 220 and LMF 270, carrier identifier allocation for evolved packet system (EPS) for interoperability with EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, AMF 264 also supports functionalities for non-Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP®) access networks.

[077] UPF 262 functions include acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point for interconnection to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, enforcement of user plane policy rules (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, and handling quality of service (QoS) for the user plane (e.g., link rate enforcement). Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 424 / 562 35 / 137 uplink / downlink, reflective QoS marking on the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) for QoS flow mapping), transport layer packet marking on the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding one or more end markers to the originating RAN node. The UPF 262 can also support the transfer of location service messages on a user plane between the UE 204 and a location server, such as an SLP 272.

[078] The functions of SMF 266 include session management, allocation and management of UE Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic routing on UPF 262 to route traffic to the appropriate destination, control of part of the compliance with QoS and guidelines, and notification of downlink data. The interface through which SMF 266 communicates with AMF 264 is called the N11 interface.

[079] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UEs 204. The LMF 270 may be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.) or, alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 may be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that may connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not shown). The SLP 272 may support similar functions to the LMF 270, but while the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, the NG-RAN 220, and the UEs 204 in Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 425 / 562 36 / 137 a control plane (for example, using interfaces and protocols designed to carry signaling messages and not voice or data), the SLP 272 can communicate with UEs 204 and external clients (for example, a third-party server 274) on a user plane (for example, using protocols designed to carry voice and / or data, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[080] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and / or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220 and / or the UE 204, in order to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 204. In this way, in some cases the third-party server 274 may be called a location services client (LCS) or an external client. The third-party server 274 may be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.) or, alternatively, each may correspond to a single server.

[081] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect 5GC 260 and, specifically, UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and / or NG-eNBs 224 in NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and AMF 264 is called interface N2, and the interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and UPF 262 is called interface N3. The gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 of NG-RAN 220 can communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections 223, called interface Xn-C. One or more gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 can communicate with one or more UEs 204 through an interface without Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 426 / 562 37 / 137 wire, called Uu interface.

[082] The functionality of a gNB 222 can be divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more distributed gNB units (gNB-DUs) 228, and one or more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes the base station functions of user data transfer, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally hosts the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222.A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the radio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layers of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. A gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and a cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface between the gNB-CU 226 and one or more gNB-DUs 228 is called the F1 interface. The physical layer (PHY) functionality of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or more standalone gNB RUs 229, which perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between a gNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is called the Fx interface. Therefore, a UE 204 communicates with a gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[083] The deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, can be arranged in multiple ways with various components or parts. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 427 / 562 38 / 137 constituents. In a 5G NR technology system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a network mobility element, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element or network equipment, such as a base station, or one or more units (or one or more components) that perform base station functionality, can be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a NodeB (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), an NR base station, a 5G NB, an access point (AP), a transmit / receive point (TRP), or a cell, etc.) can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station.

[084] An aggregated base station can be configured to use a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated into a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station can be configured to use a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some respects, a CU can be implemented at a RAN node and one or more DUs can be co-located with the CU or, alternatively, can be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other RAN nodes. DUs can be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs.Each of the CU, DU, and RU can also be implemented as virtual units, that is, a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[085] Base station type operation or network design may Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 428 / 562 39 / 137 Consider base station functionality aggregation features. For example, disaggregated base stations can be used in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as the O-RAN alliance-sponsored network configuration), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN - virtualized radio access network, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)). Disaggregation can include distributing functionality across two or more units in multiple physical locations, as well as distributing functionality to at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[086] Figure 2C illustrates an example disaggregated base station architecture 250, according to disclosure aspects. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that may communicate directly with a core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a near-real-time (Near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link, or a non-real-time (Non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 255, or both). A CU 280 can communicate with one or more DUs 285 (e.g., gNB-DUs 228) via their respective midhaul links, as an F1 interface.DUs 285 can communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g., gNBRUs 229) via their respective fronthaul links. 287 RUs can communicate. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 429 / 562 40 / 137 with the respective UEs 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, UE 204 can be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 287.

[087] Each of the units, that is, the CUs 280, the DUs 285, the RUs 287, as well as the near RT 259 RICs, the non-RT 257 RICs and the SMO 255 ​​structure, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the units' communication interfaces, may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units may include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals through a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units.Additionally, the units may include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, via a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.

[088] In some respects, the CU 280 can host one or more higher-layer control functions. These control functions may include radio resource control (RRC), PDCP, service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), or similar. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 280. The CU 280 can be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., central unit - user plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., unit Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 430 / 562 41 / 137 central - control plane (CU-CP - central unit - control plane) or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 may be logically divided into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface, when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 280 may be implemented to communicate with the DU 285, as needed, for network control and signaling.

[089] A DU 285 may correspond to a logic unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 287. In some respects, the DU 285 may host one or more of an RLC layer, a MAC layer, and one or more high PHY layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or similar) depending, at least in part, on a functional division, such as those defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP®). In some respects, the DU 285 may additionally host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 285, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 280.

[090] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more 287 RUs. In some deployments, a 287 RU, controlled by a 285 DU, may correspond to a logical node hosting RF processing functions or low-layer PHY functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT inverse FFT), digital beamforming, extraction, and access channel filtering). Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 431 / 562 42 / 137 physical random access channel (PRACH) or similar), or both, based at least in part on functional splitting, as a lower-layer functional split. In this architecture, the RU(s) 287 can be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 204. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user communication with the RU(s) 287 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 285. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU(s) 285 and CU 280 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[091] The SMO 255 ​​framework can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO 255 ​​framework can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which can be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO 255 ​​framework can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-cloud) 269) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). These virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CUs 280, DUs 285, RUs 287, and near-RT 259 RICs.In some implementations, the SMO 255 ​​structure can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 261, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO 255 ​​structure can communicate directly with... Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 432 / 562 43 / 137 one or more RUs 287 via an O1 interface. The SMO 255 ​​framework may also include a non-RT 257 RIC configured to support the functionality of the SMO 255 ​​framework.

[092] The non-RT 257 RIC can be configured to include a logic function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model updates and training, or policy-based guidance of applications / attributes on the near-RT 259 RIC. The non-RT 257 RIC can be coupled to, or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface), the near-RT 259 RIC. The near-RT 259 RIC can be configured to include a logic function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via actions and data collection over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more 280 CUs, one or more 285 DUs, or both, as well as an O-eNB, to the near-RT 259 RIC.

[093] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed on the near RT 259 RIC, the non-RT 257 RIC may receive external enrichment parameters or information from external servers. Such information may be used by the near RT 259 RIC and may be received in the SMO 255 ​​framework, or in the non-RT 257 RIC from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the non-RT 257 RIC or the near RT 259 RIC may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT 257 RIC may monitor long-term performance trends and patterns and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO 255 ​​framework (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via the creation of RAN management guidelines (such as A1 guidelines).

[094] Figures 3A, 3B and 3C illustrate various example components. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 433 / 562 44 / 137 (represented by corresponding blocks) that can be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described in the present invention), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described in the present invention), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or incorporate any of the network functions described in the present invention, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively, may be independent of the NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure depicted in Figures 2A and 2B, as a private network) to support file transmission operations as taught in the present invention. It will be recognized that these components can be deployed in different types of devices in different deployments (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-a-chip (SoC), etc.).The illustrated components can also be incorporated into other devices in a communication system. For example, other devices in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality. Also, a given device may contain one or more of the components. For example, a device may include multiple transceiver components that enable the device to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[095] UE 302 and base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, providing means for communication (e.g., means for transmission, means for reception, means for measurement, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmission, etc.) via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network and / or similar networks. Each of the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 can be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 434 / 562 45 / 137 for communication with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) through a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time / frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN 310 and 350 transceivers can be configured in various ways to transmit and encode 318 and 358 signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and conversely, to receive and decode 318 and 358 signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, according to the designated RAT.Specifically, WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314 and 354, respectively, to transmit and encode signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, to receive and decode signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[096] UE 302 and base station 304 also include, each at least in some cases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The 320 and 360 short-range wireless transceivers can be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide means for communication (e.g., means to transmit, means to receive, means to measure, means to adjust, means to refrain from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., WiFi, LTE-D, BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near field communication (NFC), ultra-wideband communications (UWB), etc.) through a Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 435 / 562 46 / 137 Wireless communication medium of interest. Short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 can be configured in various ways to transmit and encode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so forth), respectively, and conversely, to receive and decode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so forth), respectively, according to the designated RAT. Specifically, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, to transmit and encode signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362, respectively, to receive and decode signals 328 and 368, respectively.As specific examples, short-range 320 and 360 wireless transceivers can be Wi-Fi transceivers, BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® and / or Z-WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers.

[097] UE 302 and base station 304 also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal receivers 330 and 370. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and / or measuring positioning / communication signals from satellite 338 and 378, respectively. Where satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are satellite positioning system receivers, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian regional navigation satellite system (NAVIC), quasi-zenith satellite system (QZSS), etc. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 436 / 562 47 / 137 When satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may comprise any hardware and / or software suitable for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may request information and operations, as appropriate, from the other systems and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine the locations of UE 302 and base station 304, respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm.

[098] Base station 304 and network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, which provide means for communication (e.g., means to transmit, means to receive, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, base station 304 may employ one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, network entity 306 may employ one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base stations 304 on one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or with other network entities 306 via one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[099] A transceiver can be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes a set of transmitting circuits (by Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 437 / 562 48 / 137 example, transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., incorporating the transmitter circuitry and the receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry and separate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be incorporated in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and the receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports.The set of wireless transmitter circuits (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), as an antenna array, which allows the respective device (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmission beamforming, as described in this invention. Similarly, the set of wireless receiver circuits (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), as an antenna array, which allows the respective device (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform reception beamforming, as described in the present invention.In one aspect, the set of transmitter circuits and the set of receiver circuits may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), so that the respective device may only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include a network listening module. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 438 / 562 49 / 137 (NLM - network listen module) or similar, to perform various measurements.

[100] As used in the present invention, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) can be distinguished, in general, as one transceiver, at least one transceiver, or one or more transceivers. Thus, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver can be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers generally refers to signaling via a wired transceiver, while wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) generally refers to signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[101] The UE 302, base station 304 and network entity 306 also include other components that can be used in conjunction with the operations disclosed in the present invention. The UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 include one or more processors 332, 384 and 394, respectively, to provide related functionality, for example, wireless communication, and to provide other processing functionality. Processors 332, 384 and 394 can therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc.In one aspect, the 332, 384, and 394 processors may include, for example, one or more general-purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and other logic devices. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 439 / 562 50 / 137 programmable circuits or processing circuit sets, or various combinations thereof.

[102] UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 include the set of memory circuits that implement memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, to maintain information (e.g., information indicating reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so forth). Memories 340, 386, and 396 can therefore provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 may include the placement component 342, 388, and 398, respectively. The positioning components 342, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of, or coupled to, processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, which, when executed, cause UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 to perform the functionality described in the present invention.In other respects, the positioning components 342, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 332, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated into another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the positioning components 342, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, which, when executed by the processors 332, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described in the present invention. Figure 3A illustrates possible locations for the positioning component 342, which may, for example, be part of one or more WWAN transceivers 310, memory 340, one or more processors 332, or any combination thereof, or it may be a standalone component. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 440 / 562 51 / 137 Figure 3B illustrates possible locations of the positioning component 388, which may, for example, be part of one or more WWAN transceivers 350, memory 386, one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or it may be a standalone component. Figure 3C illustrates possible locations of the positioning component 398, which may be, for example, part of one or more network transceivers 390, memory 396, one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or it may be a standalone component.

[103] The UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to one or more processors 332 to provide means for detecting or information for detecting motion and / or orientation that are independent of motion data derived from signals received by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and / or the satellite signal receiver 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter) and / or any other type of motion-detecting sensor. In addition, the sensor(s) 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs to provide motion information.For example, sensor(s) 344 may use a combination of a multiaxial accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[104] In addition, UE 302 includes a user interface 346 that provides means for providing instructions (e.g., audible and / or visual instructions) to Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 441 / 562 52 / 137 a user and / or to receive information entered by the user (for example, by means of the user activating a detection device, such as a numeric keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on). Although not shown, base station 304 and network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[105] With reference to one or more 384 processors in more detail, in the downlink, IP packets from network entity 306 can be provided to processor 384. The one or more 384 processors can implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The one or more 384 processors can provide RRC layer functionality associated with broadcast transmission of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release),Inter-RAT mobility and measurement configuration for UE measurement reports; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification) and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with upper-layer PDU transfer, error correction via automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), resegmentation of RLC data PDUs and reordering of data PDUs. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 442 / 562 53 / 137 RLC; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[106] The 354 transmitter and the 352 receiver can implement layer 1 (L1) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical layer (PHY), can include error detection in transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) encoding / decoding of transport channels, interleaving, rate correlation, mapping to physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The 354 transmitter handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), multilevel phase-shift keying (M-PSK), multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)).The encoded and modulated symbols can then be divided into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time-domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially pre-coded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator can be used to determine the modulation and encoding scheme, as well as for the... Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 443 / 562 54 / 137 spatial processing. The channel estimate can be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by UE 302. Each spatial stream can then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 can modulate an RF carrier with a corresponding spatial stream for transmission.

[107] In UE 302, receiver 312 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 316. Receiver 312 retrieves the modulated information on an RF carrier and provides the information to one or more processors 332. Transmitter 314 and receiver 312 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Receiver 312 can perform spatial processing on the information to retrieve any spatial streams destined for UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for UE 302, they can be combined by receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. Receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal.The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the signal constellation points most likely transmitted by base station 304. These soft decisions can be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to one or more 332 processors, which implement the functionality of layer 3 (L3) and layer 2 (L2). Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 444 / 562 55 / 137

[108] In the downlink, the one or more 332 processors provide demultiplexing between transport and logic channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to retrieve IP packets from the core network. The one or more 332 processors are also responsible for error detection.

[109] Similar to the functionality described in connection with downlink transmission by base station 304, the one or more 332 processors provide RRC layer functionality associated with the acquisition of system information (e.g., MIBs, SIBs), RRC connections and measurement reports; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper-layer PDUs, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs, resegmentation of RLC data PDUs and reordering of RLC data PDUs;and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs into transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reports, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat requests (HARQs), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[110] The channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference or feedback signal transmitted by the base station 304 can be used by the transmitter 314 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 can be provided to different antenna(s) 316. The transmitter 314 can modulate a carrier of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 445 / 562 56 / 137 RF with a corresponding spatial stream for transmission.

[111] The uplink transmission is processed at base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function in UE 302. Receiver 352 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 356. Receiver 352 retrieves the information modulated on an RF carrier and provides the information to one or more processors 384.

[112] In the uplink, the one or more 384 processors provide demultiplexing between transport and logic channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from UE 302. The IP packets from the one or more 384 processors can be provided to the core network. The one or more 384 processors are also responsible for error detection.

[113] For convenience, UE 302, base station 304 and / or network entity 306 are shown in Figures 3A, 3B and 3C as including various components that can be configured according to the various examples described in the present invention. It will be recognized, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionalities in different designs. In particular, several components in Figures 3A to 3C are optional in alternative configurations, and the various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choices, costs, device usage or other considerations. For example, in the case of Figure 3A, a particular implementation of UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310 (for example, a wearable device or tablet-type computer, or personal computer, or laptop-type computer may have Wi-Fi and / or BLUETOOTH capability without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 320 (for example, cellular only, etc.).), or you can omit satellite receiver 330, or you can omit sensor(s) 344, and so on. In another example, in the case of... Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 446 / 562 57 / 137 Figure 3B, a particular implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a WiFi hotspot access point without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 360 (e.g., cellular only, etc.), or may omit the satellite receiver 370, and so forth. For the sake of brevity, illustrations of the various alternative configurations are not provided in the present invention, but would be readily understandable to those skilled in the art.

[114] The various components of UE 302, base station 304 and network entity 306 can be communicatively coupled to each other on data buses 334, 382 and 392, respectively. In one aspect, data buses 334, 382 and 392 can form, or be part of, a communication interface of UE 302, base station 304 and network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are incorporated into the same device (e.g., gNB functionality and location server incorporated into the same base station 304), data buses 334, 382 and 392 can provide communication between them.

[115] The components in Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C can be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components in Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C can be implemented in one or more circuits, such as one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit can use and / or incorporate at least one memory component to store information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 310 to 346 can be implemented by the processor and the memory component(s) of UE 302 (for example, by executing suitable code and / or by configuring suitable processor components). Similarly, Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 447 / 562 58 / 137 Some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 350 to 388 can be implemented by the processor and memory component(s) of base station 304 (for example, by executing suitable code and / or by configuring suitable processor components). Furthermore, some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 390 to 398 can be implemented by the processor and memory component(s) of network entity 306 (for example, by executing suitable code and / or by configuring suitable processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and / or functions are described in the present invention as being performed by a UE, a base station, a network entity, etc.However, as will be recognized, such operations, acts and / or functions may in fact be performed by components, or combinations of components, specific to UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306 etc., such as processors 332, 384, 394, transceivers 310, 320, 350 and 360, memories 340, 386, and 396, positioning component 342, 388 and 398 etc.

[116] In some designs, network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, network entity 306 may be distinct from a cellular network infrastructure operator or operation (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with UE 302 via base station 304, or independently of base station 304 (e.g., via a non-cellular communication link such as Wi-Fi).

[117] NR technology supports a range of cellular network-based positioning technologies, including downlink, uplink and link-based positioning methods. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 448 / 562 59 / 137 downlink and uplink. Downlink-based positioning methods include observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) in LTE, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) in NR, and downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) in NR. Figure 4A illustrates examples of various positioning methods, according to aspects of dissemination.In an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, illustrated by scenario 405, a UE measures the differences between the times of arrival (ToAs) of reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) received from pairs of base stations, called reference signal time difference (RSTD) or time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, and reports them to a positioning entity. More specifically, the UE receives the identifiers (IDs) of a reference base station (e.g., a serving base station) and multiple non-reference base stations in the assist data. The UE then measures the RSTD between the reference base station and each of the non-reference base stations.Based on the known locations of the base stations involved and the RSTD measurements, the positioning entity (e.g., the UE for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning) can estimate the UE's location.

[118] For DL-AoD positioning, illustrated by scenario 410, the positioning entity uses a UE measurement report, of received signal strength measurements from multiple downlink transmission beams, to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the transmitting base station(s). The positioning entity can then estimate the location. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 449 / 562 60 / 137 of the EU based on the determined angle(s) and known location(s) of the transmission base station(s).

[119] Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) and uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA). UL-TDOA is similar to DL-TDOA, but relies on uplink reference signals (e.g., polling reference signals (SRS)) transmitted by the UE to multiple base stations. Specifically, a UE transmits one or more uplink reference signals that are measured by a reference base station and a plurality of non-reference base stations. Each base station then reports the reception time (called relative time of arrival (RTOA)) of the reference signal(s) to a positioning entity (e.g., a location server) that knows the locations and relative timing of the base stations involved.Based on the time difference from one reception to another (Rx-Rx) between the reported RTOA of the reference base station and the reported RTOA of each non-reference base station, the known locations of the base stations and their known timing offsets, the positioning entity can estimate the UE's location using TDOA.

[120] For UL-AoA placement, one or more base stations measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) received from a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The placement entity uses the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receive beam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the base station(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 450 / 562 61 / 137 base station(s), the positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE.

[121] Downlink and uplink-based positioning methods include enhanced cell ID (ECID) positioning, and multi-round-trip time (RTT) positioning (also called multi-cell RTT and multi-RTT). In an RTT procedure, a first entity (e.g., a base station or a UE) transmits a first RTT-related signal (e.g., a PRS or an SRS) to a second entity (e.g., a UE or a base station), which transmits a second RTT-related signal (e.g., an SRS or a PRS) back to the first entity. Each entity measures the time difference between the arrival time (ToA) of the received RTT-related signal and the transmission time of the transmitted RTT-related signal. This time difference is called a reception-to-transmission (Rx-Tx) time difference.The Rx-Tx time difference measurement can be made, or adjusted, to include only the time difference between the nearest slot boundaries for the received and transmitted signals. Both entities can then send their Rx-Tx time difference measurement to a location server (e.g., an LMF 270), which calculates the round-trip propagation time (i.e., RTT) between the two entities from the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., as the sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Alternatively, one entity can send its Rx-Tx time difference measurement to the other entity, which then calculates the RTT. The distance between the two entities can be determined from the RTT and the known signal speed (e.g., the speed of light). For multi-RTT positioning, illustrated by scenario 415, a first entity (e.g., Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 451 / 562 62 / 137 a UE or base station) performs an RTT positioning procedure with multiple second entities (e.g., multiple base stations or UEs) to enable the location of the first entity to be determined (e.g., using multilateration) based on the distances to, and the known locations of, the second entities. RTT and multi-RTT methods can be combined with other positioning techniques, such as UL-AoA and DL-AoD, to improve location accuracy, as illustrated by scenario 420.

[122] The E-CID positioning method is based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. In ECID, the UE reports the server cell ID, timing advance (TA), and the identifiers, estimated timing, and signal strength of detected neighboring base stations. The UE's location is then estimated based on this information and the known locations of the base station(s).

[123] To assist positioning operations, a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272) can provide assistance data to the UE. For example, assistance data may include identifiers of the base stations (or base station cells / TRPs) from which to measure reference signals, reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., number of consecutive slots including PRS, periodicity of consecutive slots including PRS, muting sequence, frequency hopping sequence, reference signal identifier, reference signal bandwidth, etc.) and / or other parameters applicable to the particular positioning method. Alternatively, assistance data may originate directly from the base stations themselves (e.g., in periodically broadcast overhead messages, etc.). In some cases, the UE may be able to detect, itself, Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 452 / 562 63 / 137 neighboring network nodes without the use of assistance data.

[124] In the case of an OTDOA or DLTDOA positioning procedure, the assistance data may additionally include an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty, or search window, around the expected RSTD. In some cases, the range of expected RSTD values ​​may be + / - 500 microseconds (ps). In some cases, when any of the features used for the positioning measurement are in FR1, the range of values ​​for the expected RSTD uncertainty may be + / - 32 ps. In other cases, when all features used for the positioning measurement(s) are in FR2, the range of values ​​for the expected RSTD uncertainty may be + / - 8 ps.

[125] A location estimate may be called by other names, such as a position estimate, location, position, position correction, correction, or the like. A location estimate may be geodetic and comprise coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude), or it may be civic and comprise a street address, postal address, or some other verbal description of a location. A location estimate may additionally be defined relative to some other known location or defined in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude). A location estimate may include an uncertainty or expected error (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location is expected to be included with some specified or standard confidence level).

[126] NR supports, or enables, several side-link positioning techniques. Figure 4B illustrates several scenarios of interest for side-link-only positioning or a combination of Uu and side-link, depending on aspects of the disclosure. In scenario 425, at least one UE pair with a known location can improve Uu-based positioning. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 453 / 562 64 / 137 (e.g., multi-cell round-trip time (RTT), downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), etc.) of a target UE by providing an additional anchor (e.g., using side-link RTT (SL RTT)). In scenario 430, a low-capacity target UE (e.g., reduced capacity or RedCap) can obtain assistance from premium UEs to determine its location using, for example, side-link positioning and reaching procedures with the premium UEs. Compared to the low-capacity UE, premium UEs may have more capabilities, such as more sensors, a faster processor, more memory, more antenna elements, higher transmit power capacity, access to additional frequency bands, or any combination thereof.In scenario 435, a relay UE (e.g., with a known location) participates in the positioning estimation of a remote UE without performing uplink positioning reference signal (PRS) transmission through the Uu interface. Scenario 440 illustrates the joint positioning of multiple UEs. Specifically, in scenario 440, two UEs with unknown positions can be jointly located under non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions using constraints from nearby UEs.

[127] Figure 4C illustrates additional scenarios of interest for side-link only positioning or Uu and side-link set, according to aspects of disclosure. In scenario 445, UEs used for public safety (e.g., by police, firefighters, and / or similar) can perform point-to-point (P2P) positioning and reach for public safety and other uses. For example, in scenario 445, public safety UEs may be outside the coverage of a network and determine a location or a relative distance and relative position between public safety UEs. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 454 / 562 65 / 137 using side-link positioning techniques. Similarly, scenario 450 shows multiple UEs that are out of coverage and determine a location or relative distance and relative position using side-link positioning techniques, such as SL RTT.

[128] Various frame structures can be used to support downlink and uplink transmissions between network nodes (e.g., base stations and UEs). Figure 5 is a 500 diagram illustrating an example frame structure, according to aspects of the broadcast. The frame structure can be a downlink or uplink frame structure. Other wireless communication technologies may have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[129] LTE and, in some cases, NR, use orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) on the downlink and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. Unlike LTE, however, NR has the option of using OFDM on the uplink as well. OFDM and SC-FDM partition the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are also commonly called tones, bins, etc. Each subcarrier can be modulated with data. In general, modulation symbols are sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers can be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) can be dependent on the system bandwidth. For example, the subcarrier spacing could be 15 kilohertz (kHz) and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) could be 12 subcarriers (or 180 kHz).Consequently, the nominal Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) size can be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048 for system bandwidths of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 Mbps. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 455 / 562 66 / 137 Hertz (MHz), respectively. The system bandwidth can also be partitioned into sub-bands. For example, a sub-band might cover 1.8 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and there could be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 sub-bands for system bandwidths of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 MHz, respectively.

[130] LTE supports a single numerology (subcarrier spacing (SCS), symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR can support multiple numerologies (μ), for example, subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz (μ=0), 30 kHz (μ=1), 60 kHz (μ=2), 120 kHz (μ=3) and 240 kHz (μ=4) or higher may be available. In each subcarrier spacing, there are 14 symbols for each slot. For 15 kHz SCS (μ = 0), there is one slot for each subframe, 10 slots for each frame, the slot duration is 1 millisecond (ms), the symbol duration is 66.7 microseconds (μs), and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 50. For 30 kHz SCS (μ = 1), there are two slots for each subframe, 20 slots for each frame, the slot duration is 0.5 ms, the symbol duration is 33.3 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 100.For 60 kHz SCS (μ=2), there are four slots for each subframe, 40 slots for each frame, a slot duration of 0.25 ms, a symbol duration of 16.7 μs, and a maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size of 200. For 120 kHz SCS (μ=3), there are eight slots for each subframe, 80 slots for each frame, a slot duration of 0.125 ms, a symbol duration of 8.33 μs, and a maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size of 400. For 240 kHz SCS (μ=4), there are 16 slots for each subframe, 160 slots for each frame, a slot duration of 0.0625 ms, and a symbol duration of... 4.17 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 800. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 456 / 562 67 / 137

[131] In the example in Figure 5, a numerology of 15 kHz is used. Thus, in the time domain, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 subframes of equal size of 1 ms each, and each subframe includes a time slot. In Figure 5, time is represented horizontally (on the X-axis), with time increasing from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (on the Y-axis) with frequency increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top.

[132] A resource grid can be used to represent time slots, where each time slot includes one or more time-simultaneous resource blocks (RBs) (also called physical RBs (PRBs)) in the frequency domain. The resource grid is further divided into multiple resource elements (REs). An RE can correspond to a symbol length in the time domain and a subcarrier in the frequency domain. In the numerology of Figure 5, for a normal cyclic prefix, an RB can contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and seven consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 84 REs. For an extended cyclic prefix, an RB can contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and six consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 72 REs. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[133] Some REs may carry reference (RS) (pilot) signals. Reference signals may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), reference signals Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 457 / 562 68 / 137 demodulation (DMRS - demodulation reference signals), primary synchronization signals (PSS - primary synchronization signals), secondary synchronization signals (SSS - secondary synchronization signals), synchronization signal blocks (SSBs - synchronization signal blocks), sounding reference signals (SRS - sounding reference signals), etc., depending on whether the illustrated frame structure is used for uplink or downlink communication. Figure 5 illustrates example locations of REs carrying a reference signal (identified as R).

[134] A collection of resource elements (REs) that are used for PRS transmission is called a PRS resource. The collection of resource elements may encompass multiple PRBs in the frequency domain and 'N' (such as 1 or more) consecutive symbol(s) within a slot in the time domain. In a given OFDM symbol in the time domain, a PRS resource occupies consecutive PRBs in the frequency domain.

[135] The transmission of a PRS feature within a given PRB has a particular comb size (also called comb density). A comb size 'N' represents the subcarrier spacing (or frequency / tone spacing) within each symbol of a PRS feature configuration. Specifically, for a comb size 'N', the PRS is transmitted across the entire Nth subcarrier of a PRB symbol. For example, for comb 4, for each symbol of the PRS feature configuration, REs corresponding to each fourth subcarrier (such as subcarriers 0, 4, 8) are used to transmit PRS of the PRS feature. Currently, the supported comb sizes for DL-PRS are comb 2, comb 4, comb 6, and comb 12. Figure 5 illustrates an example PRS feature configuration for comb 4 (spanning four symbols). In other words, the locations of the shaded REs (labeled as R) indicate a comb PRS resource configuration. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 458 / 562 69 / 137 4.

[136] Currently, a DL-PRS resource can span 2, 4, 6, or 12 consecutive symbols within a slot with a completely frequency-domain misaligned pattern. A DL-PRS resource can be configured in any downlink or flexible symbol (FL) format configured at a higher layer of a slot. There can be a constant energy per resource element (EPRE) for all REs of a given DL-PRS resource. The symbol-to-symbol frequency offsets for 2, 4, 6, and 12 symbol comb sizes are shown below. 2-symbol comb: {0, 1}; 4-symbol comb: {0, 1, 0, 1}; 6-symbol comb: {0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}; Comb 2 of 12 symbols: {0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}; Comb 4 of 4 symbols: {0, 2, 1, 3} (as in the example in Figure 5); Comb 4 of 12 symbols: {0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; comb 6 of 6 symbols: {0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5}; comb 6 of 12 symbols: {0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5}; and a comb of 12 symbols: {0, 6, 3, 9, 1, 7, 4, 10, 2, 8, 5, 11}.

[137] A PRS resource set is a set of PRS resources used for transmitting PRS signals, where each PRS resource has a PRS resource ID. Furthermore, the PRS resources in a PRS resource set are associated with the same TRP. A PRS resource set is identified by a PRS resource set ID and is associated with a particular TRP (identified by a TRP ID). Additionally, the PRS resources in a PRS resource set have the same periodicity, a common muting pattern configuration, and the same repetition factor (such as PRS-ResourceRepetitionFactor) across all slots. Periodicity is the time from the first repetition of the first PRS resource of a first PRS instance to the same first repetition of the same first resource of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 459 / 562 70 / 137 PRS of the next PRS instance. The periodicity can have a length selected from 2Λμ*{4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 160, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5120, 10240} slots, with μ = 0, 1, 2, 3. The repetition factor can have a length selected from {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32} slots.

[138] A PRS resource ID in a PRS resource set is associated with a single beam (or beam ID) transmitted from a single TRP (where a TRP can transmit one or more beams). That is, each PRS resource in a PRS resource set can be transmitted on a different beam and, as such, a PRS resource or simply resource can also be called a beam. Note that this has no implications on the possibility of the TRPs and the beams on which PRS are transmitted being known by the UE.

[139] A PRS instance or PRS occasion is an instance of a periodically repeated time window (such as a group of one or more consecutive slots) where PRS is expected to be transmitted. A PRS occasion may also be called a PRS placement occasion, a PRS placement instance, a placement occasion, a placement occurrence, a placement repetition, or simply an occasion, an occurrence, or a repetition.

[140] A positioning frequency layer (also simply called a frequency layer) is a collection of one or more PRS feature sets across one or more TRPs that have the same values ​​for certain parameters. Specifically, the collection of PRS feature sets has the same type of subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix (CP) (meaning all numerologies supported for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) are also supported for PRS), the same A-point, the same value Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 460 / 562 71 / 137 of the downlink PRS bandwidth, the same initial PRB (and center frequency), and the same comb size. The Point A parameter takes the value of the ARFCN-ValueNR parameter (where ARFCN stands for absolute radio-frequency channel number) and is an identifier / code that specifies a pair of physical radio channels used for transmission and reception. The downlink PRS bandwidth can have a granularity of four PRBs, with a minimum of 24 PRBs and a maximum of 272 PRBs. Currently, up to four frequency layers have been defined, and up to two sets of PRS features can be configured per TRP per frequency layer.

[141] The concept of a frequency layer is somewhat similar to the concept of component carriers and bandwidth parts (BWPs), but differs in that component carriers and BWPs are used by a base station (or a macrocell base station and a small cell base station) to transmit data channels, while frequency layers are used by multiple (generally three or more) base stations to transmit PRS. A UE can indicate the number of frequency layers it can support when it sends its positioning capabilities to the network, such as during an LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) session. For example, a UE can indicate whether it can support one or four positioning frequency layers.

[142] Note that the terms positioning reference signal and PRS refer generically to specific reference signals that are used for positioning in NR and LTE systems. However, as used in the present invention, the terms positioning reference signal and PRS may also refer to any type of reference signal that can be used for positioning, such as, but not limited to, PRS, as defined in LTE and NR, Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 461 / 562 72 / 137 TRS, PTRS, CRS, CSI-RS, DMRS, PSS, SSS, SSB, SRS, UL-PRS, etc. Furthermore, the terms positioning reference signal and PRS can refer to downlink, uplink, and sidelink positioning reference signals, unless otherwise indicated by the context. If it is necessary to further distinguish the type of PRS, a downlink positioning reference signal may be called DL-PRS, an uplink positioning reference signal (e.g., an SRS for positioning, PTRS) may be called UL-PRS, and a sidelink positioning reference signal may be called SL-PRS. Additionally, for signals that can be transmitted on the downlink, uplink, and / or sidelink (e.g., DMRS), the signals may have the prefix DL, UL, or SL appended to distinguish the direction. For example, UL-DMRS is different from DL-DMRS.

[143] Figures 6A and 6B illustrate various supported comb patterns for DL-PRS within a feature block. In the example of Figures 6A and 6B, time is represented horizontally, and frequency is represented vertically. Each large block in Figures 6A and 6B represents a feature block, and each small block represents a feature element. As discussed above, a feature element consists of a symbol in the time domain and a subcarrier in the frequency domain. In the example of Figures 6A and 6B, each feature block comprises 14 symbols in the time domain and 12 subcarriers in the frequency domain. The shaded feature elements carry, or are scheduled to carry, DL-PRS. Thus, the shaded feature elements in each feature block correspond to a PRS feature, or the portion of the PRS feature within a feature block (since a PRS feature can span multiple feature blocks in the frequency domain). Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 462 / 562 73 / 137

[144] The illustrated comb patterns correspond to several DL-PRS comb patterns described above. Specifically, Figure 6A illustrates a DL-PRS 610 comb pattern for comb 2 with two symbols, a DL-PRS 620 comb pattern for comb 4 with four symbols, a DL-PRS 630 comb pattern for comb 6 with six symbols, and a DL-PRS 640 comb pattern for comb 12 with 12 symbols. Figure 6A illustrates a DL-PRS 650 comb pattern for comb 2 with 12 symbols, a DL-PRS 660 comb pattern for comb 4 with 12 symbols, a DL-PRS 670 comb pattern for comb 2 with six symbols, and a DL-PRS 680 comb pattern for comb 6 with 12 symbols.

[145] Note that, in the example comb patterns of Figure 6A, the feature elements on which the DL-PRS are transmitted are scaled in the frequency domain, so that there is only one such feature element per subcarrier over the configured number of symbols. For example, for the DL-PRS 620 comb pattern, there is only one feature element per subcarrier over the four symbols. This is referred to as frequency domain scaling.

[146] In addition, there is some DLPRS resource symbol offset (given by the DL-PRS resource symbol offset parameter DLPRS-ResourceSymbolOffset) from the first symbol of a resource block to the first symbol of the DL-PRS resource. In the DL-PRS 610 comb pattern example, the offset is three symbols. In the DL-PRS 620 comb pattern example, the offset is eight symbols. In the DL-PRS 630 and 640 comb pattern examples, the offset is two symbols. In the DL-PRS 650 to 680 comb pattern examples, the offset is two symbols.

[147] As will be appreciated, a UE would need to have higher capabilities to measure the DL-PRS 610 comb pattern than to measure the pattern of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 463 / 562 74 / 137 DL-PRS 620 comb, since the UE would have to measure feature elements on twice as many subcarriers per symbol for the DL-PRS 610 comb standard than for the DL-PRS 620 comb standard. Furthermore, a UE would need higher capabilities to measure the DL-PRS 630 comb standard than to measure the DL-PRS 640 comb standard, since the UE will have to measure feature elements on twice as many subcarriers per symbol for the DL-PRS 630 comb standard than for the DL-PRS 640 comb standard. Additionally, the UE would need higher capabilities to measure the DL-PRS 610 and 620 comb standards than to measure the DL-PRS 630 and 640 comb standards, since the feature elements of the DL-PRS comb standards... 610 and 620 are denser than the feature elements of the DL-PRS 630 and 640 comb patterns.

[148] Currently, cellular network-based (i.e., RAT-dependent) positioning techniques, examples of which have been described above with reference to Figure 4A, rely on precise measurements of the transmission and reception times of a wireless signal (e.g., PRS) transmitted and received between a transmitter (e.g., a TRP) and a receiver (e.g., a UE). These measurements do not take into account any change in the phase of the wireless signal that may occur during signal propagation between the transmitter and receiver. However, considering the phase difference between the signal as transmitted and the signal as received can dramatically increase the accuracy of the positioning measurement. For example, carrier phase-based positioning may be able to provide centimeter-level accuracy.

[149] Carrier phase-based positioning is based on the concept of mixing the reference signal generated at the transmitter with its replica at the receiver to generate a mixed signal with low and high components. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 464 / 562 75 / 137 frequency. The receiver can filter out the high-frequency component, leaving only a carrier signal whose phase is the difference between the phase of the transmitted signal and its replica at the receiver. In ideal configurations, the relationship between the phase difference (denoted as φ or phi) and the geometric distance between the transmitter and the receiver (denoted as d) is determined by φ = 2πd / λ, Equation (1) where λ (lambda) represents the wavelength of the operational carrier frequency.

[150] The phase difference can be used to estimate the distance between the transmitter and the receiver as follows: λ — φ = d + ΛN + v 2v Equation (2) where ν represent the geometric distance and the phase measurement errors between the transmitter and receiver, respectively. N represents the unknown integer ambiguity parameter, which is the total number of complete phase cycles that the reference carrier signal traversed between the transmitter and receiver to produce the same phase observed at the receiver. Integer ambiguity is a result of the receiver measuring the amplitude of a periodic signal having a phase that repeats every complete cycle (i.e., 2π). Different techniques are available to estimate and resolve this integer ambiguity which are not described here for the sake of brevity.

[151] Carrier phase-based positioning is widely used in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), but it has not been defined for cellular network-based (i.e., RAT-dependent) systems. However, given the improvement of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 465 / 562 76 / 137 accuracy available when using carrier phase-based positioning, it was agreed to define carrier phase-based positioning for 5G NR networks (and beyond). It is expected that physical layer measurements and signaling to support downlink and uplink carrier phase-based positioning for UE-based, UE-assisted, and node-assisted NG-RAN positioning will be defined. This may include, for example, using existing DL-PRS and SRS for positioning for carrier phase measurements, specifying that certain measurements are limited to a single carrier or positioning frequency layer, specifying new core requirements, and / or specifying the impact on RRM measurements without measurement gaps in Connected and Idle RRC modes (including PRS measurement period and reporting).

[152] For carrier phase-based positioning for cellular networks (e.g., 5G NR), the amount of phase difference measurement is referred to as received signal phase difference measurement (RSPD) or received signal carrier phase difference measurement (RSCPD). For an RSPD measurement, for a target TRP (i.e., the TRP being measured), the UE measures and optionally reports the phase difference between a reference TRP and the target TRP. That is, instead of measuring and reporting the phase difference between the reference signal as transmitted and the reference signal as received, the UE measures the phase difference between a reference signal received from a reference TRP and a reference signal received from a target TRP. This is similar to an RSTD measurement between a reference TRP and a target TRP (as described above with reference to scenario 410 in Figure 4A), except that the measurement is of phase difference instead of time difference.

[153] One problem with RSPD measurements, however, is that if the carrier phases for the reference TRP and the target TRP are measured in Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 466 / 562 77 / 137 different time instances (e.g., in different slots), the residual carrier frequency offset (CFO) can affect the accuracy of the RSPD measurement. More specifically, when demodulating the received reference signal, the correction of the receiver's frequency tracking loop (FTL) will always result in some amount of residual error in the carrier phase that is propagated over time (e.g., across slots). Thus, for example, where there are many TRPs for all of them to transmit PRS in the same slot, the PRS occasion will span multiple slots, and the UE will need to measure PRS in different slots. This will result in carrier frequency error, reducing the accuracy of the phase difference measurement. As such, it would be beneficial for the UE to measure PRS for an RSPD measurement in the same slot.

[154] Therefore, this disclosure provides techniques for transmitting and receiving reference signals for RSPD measurements. More specifically, this disclosure provides standards for PRS transmission to improve the accuracy of RSPD measurements.

[155] As a first technique described herein, the PRS transmitted by the reference TRP (referred to as the reference PRS) and the PRS transmitted by the target TRP (referred to as the target PRS) can be transmitted in the same time-domain window. Figure 7 illustrates examples of patterns for reference and target PRS features transmitted in the same time window, according to aspects of the disclosure. In Figure 7, time is plotted horizontally, and frequency is plotted vertically. Each large block in Figure 7 represents a feature block, and each small block represents a feature element. Shaded feature elements carry, or are scheduled to carry, PRS. Thus, the shaded feature elements in each feature block correspond to a PRS feature, or to Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 467 / 562 78 / 137 portion of the PRS feature within a feature block (since a PRS feature can span multiple feature blocks in the frequency domain). In the example in Figure 7, each PRS feature can have a four-symbol comb pattern (e.g., comb pattern DL-PRS 620).

[156] As a first option, illustrated by diagram 710, the reference and target PRS features occupy the same OFDM symbols in the same slot. Therefore, in this case, the time window consists of the same slot and the same OFDM symbol(s). As a second option, illustrated by diagram 730, the reference and target PRS features occupy different OFDM symbols in the same slot. Therefore, in this case, the time window consists of the same slot, but different OFDM symbol(s). As a third option, illustrated by diagram 750, the reference and target PRS features occupy adjacent slots. Therefore, in this case, the time window consists of adjacent slots.

[157] For the second and third options (diagrams 730 and 750), the maximum time separation (e.g., in symbols) between the reference PRS feature and the target PRS feature is determined and configured for the UE based on the UE's capabilities. That is, different UEs may introduce different amounts of residual error when demodulating the received PRS features. Thus, there may be different time intervals between the reference PRS feature and the target PRS feature that still result in the same measurement accuracy. Alternatively or in addition, the capability may be related to the accuracy requirement for measurement, with lower accuracy requirements allowing a larger time interval between the reference and target PRS features and vice versa. In one aspect, the UE's capability for maximum time separation can be specified in terms of a number of OFDM symbols. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 468 / 562 79 / 137

[158] The UE can report this maximum time separation capacity to the location server (e.g., via LPP) or its server base station (e.g., via RRC). The location server or server base station can then configure the reference and target PRS resources accordingly.

[159] As a second technique described herein, the PRS resource transmitted by the reference TRP may be transmitted in each slot in which a PRS resource transmitted by a target TRP is transmitted. This technique applies to each target PRS resource transmitted during a PRS occasion.

[160] Figure 8 illustrates an example scenario for the transmission of the reference PRS resource in each slot containing a target PRS resource, according to aspects of the disclosure. In Figure 8, time is represented horizontally, and frequency is represented vertically. Each large block in Figure 8 represents a resource block, and each small block represents a resource element. The shaded resource elements carry, or are scheduled to carry, PRS. Thus, the shaded resource elements in each resource block correspond to a PRS resource, or the portion of the PRS resource within a resource block (since a PRS resource can span multiple resource blocks in the frequency domain).

[161] Diagram 810 illustrates an example scenario in which two target PRS features (denoted Target1 TRP PRS and Target2 TRP PRS) from a PRS occasion are transmitted in adjacent slots (slot n and slot n+1). In the example in Figure 8, these PRS features may have a four-symbol comb pattern (e.g., the DL-PRS 620 comb pattern). As also shown in diagram 810, the reference PRS feature is transmitted with the target PRS feature in each slot. Thus, within each slot, the UE can measure the phase difference (the RSPD) between the reference PRS and the target PRS. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 469 / 562 80 / 137

[162] Note that although in the example in Figure 8 the reference PRS resource and the target PRS resources are transmitted in the same symbols of their respective slots (as in diagram 710 of Figure 7), this is not necessary, and PRS resources can be transmitted in different symbols of their respective slots (as in diagram 730 of Figure 7). Furthermore, although diagram 810 illustrates a scenario where only one target PRS resource is transmitted in a given slot of the PRS occasion, in some cases, multiple target TRPs can transmit PRS in the same slot with different comb offsets and / or with different scrambling sequences.

[163] Diagram 830 illustrates a more generalized pattern for transmitting the reference PRS resource in each PRS slot of a PRS occasion containing a target PRS resource. Specifically, as shown, in the first slot of the PRS occasion (denoted as slot n), the reference PRS and the target PRS of a first group of target TRPs are transmitted. Similarly, in the second slot of the PRS occasion (denoted as slot n+1), the reference PRS and the target PRS of a second group of target TRPs are transmitted. In the third slot of the PRS occasion (denoted as slot n+2), the reference PRS and the target PRS of a third group of target TRPs are transmitted. In the fourth slot of the PRS occasion (denoted as slot n+3), the reference PRS and the target PRS of a fourth group of target TRPs are transmitted. Each group may contain one or more TRPs, and they do not need to contain the same number of TRPs.

[164] As a third technique described herein, the first slot of a PRS occasion contains the reference PRS feature and a first group of one or more target PRS features, and each subsequent slot of the PRS occasion contains a subsequent group of one or more target PRS features and a phase difference reference signal transmitted by the reference TRP instead of the reference PRS feature (as in the second technique). Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 470 / 562 81 / 137

[165] Figure 9 illustrates an example scenario for transmitting a phase-difference reference signal in each subsequent slot containing a target PRS feature, according to aspects of the disclosure. In Figure 9, time is represented horizontally, and frequency is represented vertically. Each large block in Figure 9 represents a feature block, and each small block represents a feature element. The shaded feature elements carry, or are scheduled to carry, PRS. Thus, the shaded feature elements in each feature block correspond to a PRS feature, or the portion of the PRS feature within a feature block (since a PRS feature can span multiple feature blocks in the frequency domain).

[166] Diagram 910 illustrates an example scenario in which three target PRS features (denoted Target1 TRP PRS, Target2 TRP PRS, and Target3 TRP PRS) from a PRS occasion are transmitted in adjacent slots (slot n and slot n+1). In the example in Figure 9, these PRS features may have a four-symbol comb pattern (e.g., the DL-PRS 620 comb pattern). As shown in diagram 910, the reference PRS feature is transmitted with the first target PRS feature in the first slot (denoted as slot n). In the subsequent slot (denoted n+1), instead of the reference PRS feature, a phase-difference reference signal is transmitted in the symbol immediately preceding the target PRS features. Thus, within each slot, the UE can measure the phase difference (the RSPD) between the reference PRS or the phase-difference reference signal and a target PRS feature.Note that the phase difference reference signal does not need to be transmitted immediately before the first symbol of the first target PRS feature in the slot, but instead can be transmitted on any symbol before the first symbol of the first target PRS feature in the slot. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 471 / 562 82 / 137

[167] Referring to the phase difference reference signal in more detail, for slots that do not contain the reference PRS feature, the phase rotation of the reference PRS feature is compensated for by measuring the phase difference between the reference PRS feature and the phase difference reference signal. That is, the UE can compare the phase shift between the phase of the reference PRS in the first slot and the phase of the phase difference reference signal in the subsequent slot(s). The UE can then apply this phase difference to the phase of the reference PRS feature and then determine the difference (i.e., the RSPD) between that phase of the reference PRS feature and the phase of the target PRS feature(s) in that slot.

[168] The phase difference reference signal can be, for example, a single-symbol PRS transmitted by the reference TRP or some other reference signal. In the example in Figure 9, the phase difference reference signal has a comb size equal to comb 4, but as will be appreciated, it can have a different comb size.

[169] Diagram 930 illustrates a more generalized pattern for the transmission of the reference PRS feature in the first slot of a PRS occasion and the phase-difference reference signal in subsequent slots of the PRS occasion. Specifically, as shown, in the first slot of the PRS occasion (denoted as slot n), the reference PRS and the target PRS of a first group of target TRPs are transmitted. However, in the second slot of the PRS occasion (denoted as slot n+1), the phase-difference reference signal and the target PRS of a second group of target TRPs are transmitted. Similarly, in the third slot of the PRS occasion (denoted as slot n+2), the phase-difference reference signal and the target PRS of a third group of target TRPs are transmitted. In the fourth slot of the PRS occasion (denoted as slot n+3), the phase-difference reference signal and the target PRS of a fourth group of TRPs Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 472 / 562 83 / 137 targets are transmitted. Each group can contain one or more TRPs, and they do not need to contain the same number of TRPs.

[170] In one aspect, on the network side, a location server (e.g., LMF 270) can configure (e.g., via LPP) the UE to measure the RSPD(s) between the reference PRS and the target PRS in the same time window, as in the example in Figure 7. The location server can also configure the UE to measure the RSPD(s) between the reference PRS feature in all slots within a PRS occasion, as in the example in Figure 8. The location server can also configure the UE to measure the RSPD(s) between the reference PRS in one PRS slot in a PRS occasion and a phase difference reference signal in other PRS slots within the PRS occasion, as in the example in Figure 9.

[171] Note that although the description in Figures 8 and 9 refers to reference and target PRS features within a single slot, as in the examples in diagrams 710 and 730, reference and target PRS features may instead be transmitted within a time window spanning adjacent slots, as in the example in diagram 750.

[172] Furthermore, although the previous description referred to PRS and reference and target PRS occasions, the reference PRS and the target PRS may be different types of reference signals, such as TRS, CSI-RS, etc. In some cases, the reference and target reference signals may be different types of reference signals from each other. For example, the reference signal may be a TRS and the target reference signals may be PRS.

[173] Furthermore, although the previous description described RSPD measurements as being for positioning a UE, they may instead be for detection purposes. For example, RSPD measurements may be reported by the UE to allow a detection server to determine if there is any Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 473 / 562 84 / 137 target objects in an EU environment.

[174] Figure 10 illustrates an example method 1000 of wireless communication, according to aspects of the disclosure. In one aspect, method 1000 can be performed by a UE (for example, any of the UEs described in the present invention).

[175] In 1010, the UE receives a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity (e.g., a TRP, a side-link UE, or other type of transmission point), the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols (of a first time window). In one aspect, the 1010 operation can be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, by one or more processors 332, by memory 340 and / or by the positioning component 342, any or all of which can be considered means to perform this operation.

[176] In 1020, the UE receives one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities (e.g., TRP(s), side link UE(s) or other types of transmission point(s)), with the one or more second reference signal resources comprising the one or more second symbols (of the first time window). In one aspect, the 1020 operation can be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, by one or more processors 332, by memory 340 and / or by the positioning component 342, any or all of which can be considered means to perform this operation.

[177] In 1030, the UE determines the first one or more RSPD measurements for the one or more second reference signal features based on a phase of the first reference signal feature (in the first time window) and a phase of each of the one or more second reference signal features (in the first time window). In one respect, the 1030 operation can Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 474 / 562 85 / 137 can be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, by one or more processors 332, by memory 340 and / or by the positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered means to perform this operation.

[178] Figure 11 illustrates an example 1100 method of communication, according to aspects of disclosure. In one aspect, the 1100 method can be performed by a network entity (e.g., a location server, a detection server, a server base station, or a UE positioning mechanism).

[179] In 1110, the network entity transmits, to a UE (for example, any of the UEs described herein), a configuration to obtain an RSPD measurement between a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity (for example, a TRP, a side-link UE or other type of transmission point) and one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities (for example, TRP(s), side-link UE(s) or other types of transmission point(s)), with the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols (of a first time window) and one or more second reference signal resources comprising the second one or more symbols (of the first time window).In one aspect, the 1110 operation can be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, by one or more network transceivers 380, by one or more processors 384, by memory 386, and / or by the positioning component 388, any or all of which can be considered means for performing this operation. In another aspect, the 1110 operation can be performed by one or more network transceivers 390, one or more processors 394, memory 396 and / or positioning component 398, any or all of which can be considered means for performing this operation. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 475 / 562 86 / 137 perform this operation.

[180] In 1120, the network entity receives RSPD measurement from the UE based on the configuration. In one aspect, the 1120 operation can be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, by one or more network transceivers 380, by one or more processors 384, by memory 386, and / or by the positioning component 388, any or all of which can be considered means to perform this operation. In one aspect, the 1120 operation can be performed by one or more network transceivers 390, one or more processors 394, memory 396 and / or positioning component 398, any or all of which can be considered means to perform this operation.

[181] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of methods 1000 and 1100 is that the carrier phase for the first entity and the second entity(ies) are measured in the same time window, thus reducing the impact of residual CFO and increasing the accuracy of the corresponding RSPD measurements.

[182] In the detailed description above, it can be noted that different attributes are grouped into examples. This method of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more attributes than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Instead, the various aspects of the disclosure may include less than the totality of the attributes of an individual disclosed example clause. Therefore, the following clauses should be considered incorporated into the description, where each clause by itself can serve as a separate example. Although each dependent clause may refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination. It will be recognized that other clauses of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 476 / 562 87 / 137 examples may also include a combination of the aspect(s) of the dependent clause with the subject matter of any other dependent or independent clause, or a combination of any attribute with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed in the present invention expressly include such combinations, unless it is explicitly stated or can be easily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (for example, contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause may be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause.

[183] ​​Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses: Clause 1. A wireless communication method implemented by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols of a first time window; receiving one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal resources comprising the first one or more symbols of the first time window; and determining one or more first received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource in the first time window and a phase of each of the one or more second reference signal resources in the first time window.

[184] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein: the first window of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 477 / 562 88 / 137 time comprises a single slot, and the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[185] Clause 3. The method of clause 1, where: the first time window comprises a single slot, and the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[186] Clause 4. The method of clause 1, where the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[187] Clause 5. The method of any of clauses 1 to 4 additionally comprising: reporting one or more capability messages indicating one or more EU capabilities to determine RSPD measurements.

[188] Clause 6. The method of clause 5, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features within a single slot.

[189] Clause 7. The method of any of clauses 5 to 6, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

[190] Clause 8. The method of any of clauses 5 to 7, whereby one or more UE capabilities are reported to: a location server or a server base station.

[191] Clause 9. The method of any of clauses 1 to 8, wherein the first reference signal resource is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 478 / 562 89 / 137

[192] Clause 10. The method of any of clauses 1 to 9, further comprising: receiving the first reference signal resource in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; receiving one or more third reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third entities in the second time window; and determining one or more second RSPD measurements for the one or more third reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource in the second time window and a phase of each of the one or more third reference signal resources in the second time window.

[193] Clause 11. The method of any of clauses 1 to 8, wherein a phase difference reference signal is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[194] Clause 12. The method of clause 11, in which the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[195] Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 1 to 8, 11 and 12, further comprising: receiving a phase difference reference signal transmitted by the first entity in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; receiving one or more third reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third entities in the second time window; determining a phase difference between the phase of the first reference signal resource in the first time window and a phase of the phase difference reference signal in the second time window; and determining one or more second RSPD measurements for the one or more third reference signal resources based on the phase of the first reference signal resource in the first time window, the phase difference and a Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 479 / 562 90 / 137 phase of each of the one or more third reference signal resources in the second time window.

[196] Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 1 to 13, wherein: the one or more second reference signal features comprise a plurality of second reference signal features, and the plurality of second reference signal features have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both.

[197] Clause 15. The method of any of clauses 1 to 14, which additionally comprises: reporting the RSPD measurement to a network entity.

[198] Clause 16. The method of clause 15, wherein the network entity comprises: a location server, a detection server, a server base station or a positioning mechanism in the UE.

[199] Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 1 to 16, wherein the first reference signal resource comprises: a positioning reference signal resource (PRS), a tracking reference signal resource (TRS) or a channel state information reference signal resource (CSI-RS).

[200] Clause 18. The method of any of clauses 1 to 17, wherein the one or more second reference signal features comprise: one or more PRS features, one or more TRS features, one or more CSI-RS features or any combination thereof.

[201] Clause 19. A communication method implemented by a network entity, comprising: transmitting to a user equipment (UE) a configuration for obtaining a received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurement between a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity and one or more second signal resources. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 480 / 562 91 / 137 reference transmitted by one or more second entities, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols of a first time window, and the second one or more reference signal resources comprising the second one or more symbols of the first time window; and receive RSPD measurement from the UE based on the configuration.

[202] Clause 20. The method of clause 19, where: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[203] Clause 21. The method of clause 19, where: the first time window comprises a single slot, and the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[204] Clause 22. The method of clause 19, where the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[205] Clause 23. The method of any of clauses 19 to 22, which additionally comprises: receiving from the EU one or more capacity messages indicating one or more EU capacities to determine RSPD measurements.

[206] Clause 24. The method of clause 23, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features within a single slot.

[207] Clause 25. The method of either of clauses 23 and 24, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features in Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 481 / 562 92 / 137 a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

[208] Clause 26. The method of any of clauses 19 to 25, wherein the first reference signal resource is transmitted in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows.

[209] Clause 27. The method of any of clauses 19 to 25, wherein a phase difference reference signal is transmitted in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[210] Clause 28. The method of clause 27, in which the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[211] Clause 29. The method of any of clauses 19 to 28, wherein: the one or more second reference signal features comprise a plurality of second reference signal features, and the plurality of second reference signal features have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both.

[212] Clause 30. The method of any of clauses 19 to 29, wherein the network entity comprises: a location server, a detection server, a server base station or a positioning mechanism in the UE.

[213] Clause 31. The method of any of clauses 19 to 30, wherein the first reference signal resource comprises: a positioning reference signal resource (PRS), a tracking reference signal resource (TRS) or a channel state information reference signal resource (CSI-RS).

[214] Clause 32. The method of any of clauses 19 to 31, wherein the one or more second reference signal features comprise: one or more PRS features, one or more TRS features, one or more features of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 482 / 562 93 / 137 CSI-RS or any combination thereof.

[215] Clause 33. A user equipment (UE) comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the memory and to one or more transceivers, the one or more processors configured to: receive, through the one or more transceivers, a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols of a first time window; receive, through one or more transceivers, one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal resources comprising the first one or more symbols of the first time window;and determine one or more initial received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal features based on a phase of the first reference signal feature in the first time window and a phase of each of the one or more second reference signal features in the first time window.

[216] Clause 34. The EU of clause 33, where: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[217] Clause 35. The EU of clause 33, where: the first time window comprises a single slot, and the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[218] Clause 36. The EU of clause 33, where the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[219] Clause 37. The EU of any of clauses 33 to 36, where one or more processors are additionally configured to: report, Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 483 / 562 94 / 137 through one or more transceivers, one or more capability messages indicating one or more UE capabilities to determine RSPD measurements.

[220] Clause 38. The UE of clause 37, where one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features within a single slot.

[221] Clause 39. The UE of any of clauses 37 to 38, where one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

[222] Clause 40. The UE of any of clauses 37 to 39, where one or more UE capabilities are reported to: a location server or a server base station.

[223] Clause 41. The UE of any of clauses 33 to 40, wherein the first reference signal resource is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows.

[224] Clause 42. The UE of any of clauses 33 to 41, wherein the one or more processors are additionally configured to: receive, through one or more transceivers, the first reference signal resource in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; receive, through one or more transceivers, one or more third reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third entities in the second time window; and determine one or more second RSPD measurements for the one or more third reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource in the second time window and a Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 484 / 562 95 / 137 phase of each of the one or more third reference signal resources in the second time window.

[225] Clause 43. The UE of any of clauses 33 to 40, wherein a phase difference reference signal is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[226] Clause 44. The EU of clause 43, wherein the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[227] Clause 45. The UE of any of clauses 33 to 40, 43 and 44, wherein one or more processors are additionally configured to: receive, through one or more transceivers, a phase-difference reference signal transmitted by the first entity in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; receive, through one or more transceivers, one or more third-party reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third-party entities in the second time window; determine a phase difference between the phase of the first reference signal resource in the first time window and a phase of the phase-difference reference signal in the second time window;and determine one or more secondary RSPD measurements for one or more third reference signal features based on the phase of the first reference signal feature in the first time window, the phase difference, and the phase of each of the one or more third reference signal features in the second time window.

[228] Clause 46. The EU of any of clauses 33 to 45, wherein: the one or more second reference signal features comprise a plurality of second reference signal features, and the plurality of second reference signal features have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 485 / 562 96 / 137

[229] Clause 47. The UE of any of clauses 33 to 46, wherein one or more processors are additionally configured to: report, via one or more transceivers, the RSPD measurement to a network entity.

[230] Clause 48. The UE of clause 47, wherein the network entity comprises: a location server, a detection server, a server base station or a positioning mechanism in the UE.

[231] Clause 49. The EU of any of clauses 33 to 48, wherein the first reference signal resource comprises: a positioning reference signal resource (PRS), a tracking reference signal resource (TRS) or a channel state information reference signal resource (CSI-RS).

[232] Clause 50. The EU of any of clauses 33 to 49, wherein the one or more second reference signal resources comprise: one or more PRS resources, one or more TRS resources, one or more CSI-RS resources or any combination thereof.

[233] Clause 51. A network entity comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the memory and to one or more transceivers, the one or more processors configured to: transmit, through the one or more transceivers, to a user equipment (UE), a configuration to obtain a received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurement between a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity and one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols of a first time window and the one or more second reference signal resources. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 486 / 562 97 / 137 comprising the one or more second symbols of the first time window; and receive, through one or more transceivers, the UE RSPD measurement based on the configuration.

[234] Clause 52. The network entity of clause 51, where: the first time window comprises a single slot, and the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[235] Clause 53. The network entity of clause 51, where: the first time window comprises a single slot, and the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[236] Clause 54. The network entity of clause 51, where the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[237] Clause 55. The network entity of any of clauses 51 to 54, in which one or more processors are additionally configured to: receive, through one or more UE transceivers, one or more capability messages indicating one or more UE capabilities to determine RSPD measurements.

[238] Clause 56. The network entity of clause 55, in which one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal resource and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal resources within a single slot.

[239] Clause 57. The network entity of any of clauses 55 to 56, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal resource in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal resources in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 487 / 562 98 / 137

[240] Clause 58. The network entity of any of clauses 51 to 57, in which the first reference signal resource is transmitted in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows.

[241] Clause 59. The network entity of any of clauses 51 to 57, in which a phase difference reference signal is transmitted in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[242] Clause 60. The network entity of clause 59, in which the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[243] Clause 61. The network entity of any of clauses 51 to 60, wherein: the one or more second reference signal resources comprise a plurality of second reference signal resources, and the plurality of second reference signal resources have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both.

[244] Clause 62. The network entity of any of clauses 51 to 61, wherein the network entity comprises: a location server, a detection server, a server base station or a positioning mechanism in the UE.

[245] Clause 63. The network entity of any of clauses 51 to 62, wherein the first reference signal resource comprises: a positioning reference signal resource (PRS), a tracking reference signal resource (TRS) or a channel state information reference signal resource (CSI-RS).

[246] Clause 64. The network entity of any of clauses 51 to 63, wherein the one or more second reference signal resources comprise: one or more PRS resources, one or more TRS resources, one or more CSI-RS resources or any combination thereof. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 488 / 562 99 / 137

[247] Clause 65. User equipment (UE) comprising: means for receiving a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols of a first time window; means for receiving one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal resources comprising the first one or more symbols of the first time window; and means for determining one or more first received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource in the first time window and a phase of each of the one or more second reference signal resources in the first time window.

[248] Clause 66. The EU of clause 65, where: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[249] Clause 67. EU of clause 65, where: the first time window comprises a single slot, and the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[250] Clause 68. The EU of clause 65, where the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[251] Clause 69. The EU of any of clauses 65 to 68, additionally comprising: means for reporting one or more capacity messages indicating one or more EU capabilities for determining RSPD measurements.

[252] Clause 70. The EU of clause 69, where one or more EU capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal resource and a first occurrence symbol. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 489 / 562 100 / 137 of one or more second reference signal resources within a single slot.

[253] Clause 71. The UE of any of clauses 69 and 70, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

[254] Clause 72. The UE of any of clauses 69 to 71, where one or more UE capabilities are reported to: a location server or a server base station.

[255] Clause 73. The UE of any of clauses 65 to 72, where the first reference signal resource is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows.

[256] Clause 74. The UE of any of clauses 65 to 73, additionally comprising: means for receiving the first reference signal resource in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; means for receiving one or more third reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third entities in the second time window; and means for determining one or more second RSPD measurements for the one or more third reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource in the second time window and a phase of each of the one or more third reference signal resources in the second time window.

[257] Clause 75. The UE of any of clauses 65 to 72, wherein a phase difference reference signal is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 490 / 562 101 / 137

[258] Clause 76. The EU of clause 75, wherein the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[259] Clause 77. The UE of any of clauses 65 to 72, 75 and 76, additionally comprising: means for receiving a phase difference reference signal transmitted by the first entity in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; means for receiving one or more third reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third entities in the second time window; means for determining a phase difference between the phase of the first reference signal resource in the first time window and a phase of the phase difference reference signal in the second time window; and means for determining one or more second RSPD measurements for the one or more third reference signal resources based on the phase of the first reference signal resource in the first time window, the phase difference and a phase of each of the one or more third reference signal resources in the second time window.

[260] Clause 78. The EU of any of clauses 65 to 77, wherein: the one or more second reference signal features comprise a plurality of second reference signal features, and the plurality of second reference signal features have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both.

[261] Clause 79. The EU of any of clauses 65 to 78, which additionally includes: means for reporting RSPD measurement to a network entity.

[262] Clause 80. The UE of clause 79, wherein the network entity comprises: a location server, a detection server, a server base station or a positioning mechanism in the UE.

[263] Clause 81. The EU of any of clauses 65 to 80, where the Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 491 / 562 102 / 137 first reference signal resource comprises: a positioning reference signal resource (PRS), a tracking reference signal resource (TRS), or a channel status information reference signal resource (CSI-RS).

[264] Clause 82. The EU of any of clauses 65 to 81, wherein the one or more second reference signal resources comprise: one or more PRS resources, one or more TRS resources, one or more CSI-RS resources or any combination thereof.

[265] Clause 83. A network entity, comprising: means for transmitting to a user equipment (UE) a configuration for obtaining a received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurement between a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity and one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols of a first time window, and the one or more second reference signal resources comprising the second one or more symbols of the first time window; and means for receiving the RSPD measurement from the UE based on the configuration.

[266] Clause 84. The network entity of clause 83, wherein: the first time window comprises a single slot, and the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[267] Clause 85. The network entity of clause 83, where: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[268] Clause 86. The network entity of clause 83, where the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[269] Clause 87. The network entity of any of clauses 83 to Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 492 / 562 103 / 137 86, additionally comprising: means for receiving from the EU one or more capacity messages indicating one or more EU capacities for determining RSPD measurements.

[270] Clause 88. The network entity of clause 87, in which one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal resource and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal resources within a single slot.

[271] Clause 89. The network entity of any of clauses 87 and 88, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal resource in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal resources in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

[272] Clause 90. The network entity of any of clauses 83 to 89, in which the first reference signal resource is transmitted in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows.

[273] Clause 91. The network entity of any of clauses 83 to 89, in which a phase difference reference signal is transmitted in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[274] Clause 92. The network entity of clause 91, in which the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[275] Clause 93. The network entity of any of clauses 83 to 92, where: the one or more second reference signal resources comprise a plurality of second reference signal resources, and the plurality of second reference signal resources has different Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 493 / 562 104 / 137 comb shifts, different scrambling sequences, or both.

[276] Clause 94. The network entity of any of clauses 83 to 93, wherein the network entity comprises: a location server, a detection server, a server base station or a positioning mechanism in the UE.

[277] Clause 95. The network entity of any of clauses 83 to 94, wherein the first reference signal resource comprises: a positioning reference signal resource (PRS), a tracking reference signal resource (TRS) or a channel state information reference signal resource (CSI-RS).

[278] Clause 96. The network entity of any of clauses 83 to 95, wherein the one or more second reference signal resources comprise: one or more PRS resources, one or more TRS resources, one or more CSI-RS resources or any combination thereof.

[279] Clause 97. Non-transient computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which, when executed by a user equipment (UE), causes the UE to: receive a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols of a first time window; receive one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal resources comprising the first one or more symbols of the first time window; and determine one or more first received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource in the first time window and a phase of each of the one or more second reference signal resources in the first Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 494 / 562 105 / 137 time window.

[280] Clause 98. The non-transient, machine-readable means of clause 97, wherein: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[281] Clause 99. The non-transient, machine-readable means of clause 97, wherein: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[282] Clause 100. The non-transient computer-readable means of clause 97, wherein the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[283] Clause 101. The non-transient, computer-readable means of any of clauses 97 to 100, further comprising computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to report one or more capability messages indicating one or more capabilities of the UE to determine RSPD measurements.

[284] Clause 102. The non-transitory computer-readable means of Clause 101, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features within a single slot.

[285] Clause 103. The non-transient, computer-readable means of any of Clauses 101 and 102, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first-occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature in a first-occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first-occurrence symbol of one or Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 495 / 562 106 / 137 plus second reference signal resources in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

[286] Clause 104. The non-transient, machine-readable means of any of clauses 101 to 103, whereby one or more UE capabilities are reported to: a location server or a server base station.

[287] Clause 105. The non-transient, computer-readable means of any of clauses 97 to 104, wherein the first reference signal resource is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows.

[288] Clause 106. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of clauses 97 to 105, further comprising computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: receive the first reference signal resource in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; receive one or more third reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third entities in the second time window; and determine one or more second RSPD measurements for the one or more third reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource in the second time window and a phase of each of the one or more third reference signal resources in the second time window.

[289] Clause 107. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of clauses 97 to 104, wherein a phase-difference reference signal is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[290] Clause 108. The non-transient computer-readable means of clause 107, wherein the phase difference reference signal consists of a Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 496 / 562 107 / 137 single symbol.

[291] Clause 109. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of Clauses 97 to 104, 107 to 108, further comprising computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: receive a phase-difference reference signal transmitted by the first entity in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; receive one or more third-party reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third-party entities in the second time window; determine a phase difference between the phase of the first reference signal resource in the first time window and a phase of the phase-difference reference signal in the second time window;and determine one or more secondary RSPD measurements for one or more third reference signal features based on the phase of the first reference signal feature in the first time window, the phase difference, and the phase of each of the one or more third reference signal features in the second time window.

[292] Clause 110. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of clauses 97 to 109, wherein: the one or more second reference signal features comprise a plurality of second reference signal features, and the plurality of second reference signal features have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both.

[293] Clause 111. The non-transient, machine-readable means of any of clauses 97 to 110, which further comprises computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: report the RSPD measurement to a network entity.

[294] Clause 112. The non-transient, computer-readable medium of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 497 / 562 108 / 137 clause 111, whereby the network entity comprises: a location server, a detection server, a server base station or a positioning mechanism in the UE.

[295] Clause 113. The non-transient, computer-readable means of any of clauses 97 to 112, wherein the first reference signal feature comprises: a positioning reference signal feature (PRS), a tracking reference signal feature (TRS), or a channel state information reference signal feature (CSI-RS).

[296] Clause 114. The non-transient, computer-readable means of any of clauses 97 to 113, wherein the one or more second reference signal features comprise: one or more PRS features, one or more TRS features, one or more CSI-RS features, or any combination thereof.

[297] Clause 115. Non-transient computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to: transmit to a user equipment (UE) a configuration to obtain a received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurement between a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity and one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols of a first time window, and one or more second reference signal resources comprising the second one or more symbols of the first time window; and receive the RSPD measurement from the UE based on the configuration.

[298] Clause 116. The non-transient, computer-readable means of clause 115, wherein: the first time window comprises a single slot and Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 498 / 562 109 / 137 the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[299] Clause 117. The non-transient, machine-readable means of clause 115, wherein: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[300] Clause 118. The non-transient computer-readable means of clause 115, wherein the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[301] Clause 119. The non-transient, computer-readable means of any of clauses 115 to 118, further comprising computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: receive from the UE one or more capability messages indicating one or more UE capabilities for determining RSPD measurements.

[302] Clause 120. The non-transitory computer-readable means of clause 119, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features within a single slot.

[303] Clause 121. The non-transient, computer-readable means of any of Clauses 119 and 120, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 499 / 562 110 / 137

[304] Clause 122. The non-transient, computer-readable means of any of clauses 115 to 121, wherein the first reference signal resource is transmitted in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows.

[305] Clause 123. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of clauses 115 to 121, wherein a phase-difference reference signal is transmitted in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows following the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[306] Clause 124. The non-transient computer-readable means of clause 123, wherein the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[307] Clause 125. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of clauses 115 to 124, wherein: the one or more second reference signal features comprise a plurality of second reference signal features, and the plurality of second reference signal features have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both.

[308] Clause 126. The non-transient, machine-readable means of any of clauses 115 to 125, wherein the network entity comprises: a location server, a detection server and a server base station, or a positioning mechanism in the UE.

[309] Clause 127. The non-transient, computer-readable means of any of clauses 115 to 126, wherein the first reference signal feature comprises: a positioning reference signal feature (PRS), a tracking reference signal feature (TRS), or a channel state information reference signal feature (CSI-RS). Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 500 / 562 111 / 137

[310] Clause 128. The non-transient, computer-readable means of any of Clauses 115 to 127, wherein the one or more second reference signal features comprise: one or more PRS features, one or more TRS features, one or more CSI-RS features, or any combination thereof.

[311] Additional examples of implementations are described in the following numbered clauses: Clause 1. A wireless communication method implemented by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols; receiving one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal resources comprising the second one or more symbols; and determining one or more first received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal resources based on one phase of the first reference signal resource and one phase of each of the one or more second reference signal resources.

[312] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, where: the first one or more symbols are within a first time window, the second one or more symbols are within the first time window, the phase of the first reference signal feature is measured in the first time window and the phase of each of the second one or more reference signal features is measured in the first time window.

[313] Clause 3. The method of clause 2, where: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 501 / 562 112 / 137

[314] Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 2 to 3, where: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[315] Clause 5. The method of any of clauses 2 to 4, where the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[316] Clause 6. The method of any of clauses 2 to 5, further comprising: receiving the first reference signal resource in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; receiving one or more third reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third entities in the second time window; and determining one or more second RSPD measurements for the one or more third reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource in the second time window and a phase of each of the one or more third reference signal resources in the second time window.

[317] Clause 7. The method of any of clauses 2 to 6, wherein a phase difference reference signal is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[318] Clause 8. The method of clause 7, in which the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[319] Clause 9. The method of any of clauses 2 to 8, further comprising: receiving a phase difference reference signal transmitted by the first entity in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; receiving one or more third reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third entities in the second time window; determining a phase difference between the phase of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 502 / 562 113 / 137 first reference signal feature in the first time window and a phase difference reference signal in the second time window; and determine one or more second RSPD measurements for the one or more third reference signal features based on the phase of the first reference signal feature in the first time window, the phase difference and a phase of each of the one or more third reference signal features in the second time window.

[320] Clause 10. The method of any of clauses 1 to 9 which additionally comprises: reporting one or more capability messages indicating one or more EU capabilities to determine RSPD measurements.

[321] Clause 11. The method of clause 10, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features within a single slot.

[322] Clause 12. The method of either of clauses 10 and 11, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

[323] Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 1 to 12, wherein the first reference signal resource is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows.

[324] Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 1 to 13, wherein: the one or more second reference signal resources comprise a plurality of second reference signal resources, and the plurality of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 503 / 562 114 / 137 second reference signal resources have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both.

[325] Clause 15. The method of any of clauses 1 to 14, which additionally comprises: reporting the RSPD measurement to a network entity.

[326] Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 1 to 15, wherein: the first reference signal resource comprises a positioning reference signal resource (PRS), a tracking reference signal resource (TRS) or a channel state information reference signal resource (CSI-RS) and the one or more second reference signal resources comprise one or more PRS resources, one or more TRS resources, one or more CSI-RS resources, or any combination thereof.

[327] Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 1 to 16, wherein the first one or more RSPD measurements are obtained by frequency layer.

[328] Clause 18. A communication method implemented by a network entity, comprising: transmitting to a user equipment (UE) a configuration for obtaining a received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurement between a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity and one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols, and the second one or more reference signal resources comprising the second one or more symbols; and receiving the RSPD measurement from the UE based on the configuration.

[329] Clause 19. The method of clause 18, wherein: one or more first symbols are within a first time window and the one or Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 504 / 562 115 / 137 plus second symbols are within the first time window.

[330] Clause 20. The method of clause 19, where: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot, or the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[331] Clause 21. The method of any of clauses 19 to 20, where the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[332] Clause 22. The method of any of clauses 19 to 21, wherein a phase difference reference signal is transmitted in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[333] Clause 23. The method of clause 22, in which the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[334] Clause 24. The method of any of clauses 18 to 23, which additionally includes: receiving from the EU one or more capacity messages indicating one or more EU capacities to determine RSPD measurements.

[335] Clause 25. The method of clause 24, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features within a single slot.

[336] Clause 26. The method of either of clauses 24 and 25, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a symbol of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 505 / 562 116 / 137 first occurrence of one or more second reference signal resources in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

[337] Clause 27. The method of any of clauses 18 to 26, wherein: the one or more second reference signal features comprise a plurality of second reference signal features and the plurality of second reference signal features have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences or both.

[338] Clause 28. The method of any of clauses 18 to 27, wherein: the first reference signal feature comprises a positioning reference signal feature (PRS), a tracking reference signal feature (TRS) or a channel state information reference signal feature (CSI-RS) and the one or more second reference signal features comprise one or more PRS features, one or more TRS features, one or more CSI-RS features, or any combination thereof.

[339] Clause 29. User equipment (UE) comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to one or more memories and to one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, alone or in combination, configured to: receive, through the one or more transceivers, a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols; receive, through one or more transceivers, one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal resources comprising the second one or more symbols; and determine one or more first received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal resources based on a phase of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 506 / 562 117 / 137 first reference signal feature and one phase of each of the one or more second reference signal features.

[340] Clause 30. The EU of clause 29, wherein: the first one or more symbols are within a first time window, the second one or more symbols are within the first time window, the phase of the first reference signal feature is measured in the first time window and the phase of each of the second one or more reference signal features is measured in the first time window.

[341] Clause 31. The EU of clause 30, wherein: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[342] Clause 32. The EU of either of clauses 30 and 31, where: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[343] Clause 33. The EU of any of clauses 30 to 32, where the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[344] Clause 34. The UE of any of clauses 30 to 33, wherein one or more processors, alone or in combination, are additionally configured to: receive, through one or more transceivers, the first reference signal resource in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; receive, through one or more transceivers, one or more third reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third entities in the second time window; and determine one or more second RSPD measurements for the one or more third reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource in the second time window and a phase of each of the one or more third reference signal resources in the second time window. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 507 / 562 118 / 137

[345] Clause 35. The UE of any of clauses 30 to 34, wherein a phase difference reference signal is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[346] Clause 36. The EU of clause 35, wherein the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[347] Clause 37. The UE of any of clauses 30 to 36, wherein one or more processors, alone or in combination, are additionally configured to: receive, through one or more transceivers, a phase-difference reference signal transmitted by the first entity in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; receive, through one or more transceivers, one or more third-party reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third-party entities in the second time window; determine a phase difference between the phase of the first reference signal resource in the first time window and a phase of the phase-difference reference signal in the second time window;and determine one or more secondary RSPD measurements for one or more third reference signal features based on the phase of the first reference signal feature in the first time window, the phase difference, and the phase of each of the one or more third reference signal features in the second time window.

[348] Clause 38. The UE of any of clauses 29 to 37, wherein one or more processors, alone or in combination, are additionally configured to: report, through one or more transceivers, one or more capability messages indicating one or more UE capabilities to determine RSPD measurements.

[349] Clause 39. The EU of clause 38, wherein the one or more EU capabilities include a series of symbols between a first symbol Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 508 / 562 119 / 137 occurrence of the first reference signal feature and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features within a single slot.

[350] Clause 40. The UE of any of clauses 38 and 39, where one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

[351] Clause 41. The UE of any of clauses 29 to 40, wherein the first reference signal resource is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows.

[352] Clause 42. The EU of any of clauses 29 to 41, where: the one or more second reference signal features comprise a plurality of second reference signal features, and the plurality of second reference signal features have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both.

[353] Clause 43. The UE of any of clauses 29 to 42, wherein one or more processors, alone or in combination, are additionally configured to: report, through one or more transceivers, the RSPD measurement to a network entity.

[354] Clause 44. The EU of any of clauses 29 to 43, wherein: the first reference signal resource comprises a positioning reference signal resource (PRS), a tracking reference signal resource (TRS) or a channel status information reference signal resource (CSI-RS) and the one or more second reference signal resources comprise one or more PRS resources, one or more resources of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 509 / 562 120 / 137 TRS, one or more CSI-RS features, or any combination thereof.

[355] Clause 45. The EU of any of clauses 29 to 44, where one or more of the first RSPD measurements are obtained by frequency layer.

[356] Clause 46. A network entity comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to one or more memories and to one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, alone or in combination, being configured to: transmit, through the one or more transceivers, to a user equipment (UE), a configuration to obtain a received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurement between a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity and one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols and the one or more second reference signal resources comprising the second one or more symbols; and receive, through one or more transceivers, the RSPD measurement from the UE based on the configuration.

[357] Clause 47. The network entity of clause 46, where: the first one or more symbols are within a first time window and the second one or more symbols are within the first time window.

[358] Clause 48. The network entity of clause 47, where: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot, or the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[359] Clause 49. The network entity of either clause 47 and 48, where the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 510 / 562 121 / 137

[360] Clause 50. The network entity of any of clauses 47 to 49, in which a phase difference reference signal is transmitted in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[361] Clause 51. The network entity of clause 50, in which the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[362] Clause 52. The network entity of any of clauses 46 to 51, in which one or more processors, alone or in combination, are additionally configured to: receive, through one or more transceivers, from the UE, one or more capability messages indicating one or more UE capabilities to determine RSPD measurements.

[363] Clause 53. The network entity of clause 52, in which one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal resource and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal resources within a single slot.

[364] Clause 54. The network entity of any of clauses 52 and 53, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal resource in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal resources in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

[365] Clause 55. The network entity of any of clauses 46 to 54, wherein: the one or more second reference signal resources comprise a plurality of second reference signal resources, and the plurality of second reference signal resources have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 511 / 562 122 / 137

[366] Clause 56. The network entity of any of clauses 46 to 55, wherein: the first reference signal resource comprises a positioning reference signal resource (PRS), a tracking reference signal resource (TRS) or a channel state information reference signal resource (CSI-RS), and the one or more second reference signal resources comprise one or more PRS resources, one or more TRS resources, or one or more CSI-RS resources, or any combination thereof.

[367] Clause 57. User equipment (UE), comprising: means for receiving a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols; means for receiving one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal resources comprising the first one or more symbols; and means for determining one or more first received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource and a phase of each of the one or more second reference signal resources.

[368] Clause 58. EU of clause 57, where: the first one or more symbols are within a first time window, the second one or more symbols are within the first time window, the phase of the first reference signal feature is measured in the first time window and the phase of each of the second one or more reference signal features is measured in the first time window.

[369] Clause 59. The EU of clause 58, where: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are the Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 512 / 562 123 / 137 same as the first one or more symbols within the single slot.

[370] Clause 60. The EU of either of clauses 58 and 59, where: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[371] Clause 61. The EU of any of clauses 58 to 60, wherein the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[372] Clause 62. The EU of any of clauses 58 to 61, which further comprises: means for receiving the first reference signal resource in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; means for receiving one or more third reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third entities in the second time window; and means for determining one or more second RSPD measurements for the one or more third reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource in the second time window and a phase of each of the one or more third reference signal resources in the second time window.

[373] Clause 63. The UE of any of clauses 58 to 62, wherein a phase difference reference signal is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[374] Clause 64. The EU of clause 63, wherein the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[375] Clause 65. The UE of any of clauses 58 to 64, additionally comprising: means for receiving a phase difference reference signal transmitted by the first entity in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; means for receiving one or more third reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third parties Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 513 / 562 124 / 137 entities in the second time window; means for determining a phase difference between the phase of the first reference signal feature in the first time window and a phase of the phase difference reference signal in the second time window; and means for determining one or more second RSPD measurements for the one or more third reference signal features based on the phase of the first reference signal feature in the first time window, the phase difference, and a phase of each of the one or more third reference signal features in the second time window.

[376] Clause 66. The EU of any of clauses 57 to 65, additionally comprising: means for reporting one or more capacity messages indicating one or more EU capabilities for determining RSPD measurements.

[377] Clause 67. The UE of clause 66, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features within a single slot.

[378] Clause 68. The UE of any of clauses 66 and 67, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

[379] Clause 69. The UE of any of clauses 57 to 68, wherein the first reference signal resource is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows.

[380] Clause 70. The EU of any of clauses 57 to 69, where: the one or more second reference signal resources comprise a Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 514 / 562 125 / 137 plurality of second reference signal resources, and the plurality of second reference signal resources have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both.

[381] Clause 71. The EU of any of clauses 57 to 70, which additionally includes: means for reporting RSPD measurement to a network entity.

[382] Clause 72. The EU of any of clauses 57 to 71, wherein: the first reference signal resource comprises a positioning reference signal resource (PRS), a tracking reference signal resource (TRS) or a channel state information reference signal resource (CSI-RS) and the one or more second reference signal resources comprise one or more PRS resources, one or more TRS resources, one or more CSI-RS resources or any combination thereof.

[383] Clause 73. The EU of any of clauses 57 to 72, where one or more of the first RSPD measurements are obtained by frequency layer.

[384] Clause 74. A network entity, comprising: means for transmitting to a user equipment (UE) a configuration for obtaining a received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurement between a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity and one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols, and the second one or more reference signal resources comprising the second one or more symbols; and means for receiving the RSPD measurement from the UE based on the configuration.

[385] Clause 75. The network entity of clause 74, wherein: the first one or more symbols are within a first time window and the second one or more symbols are within the first time window. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 515 / 562 126 / 137

[386] Clause 76. The network entity of clause 75, where: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot, or the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[387] Clause 77. The network entity of either clause 75 and 76, where the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[388] Clause 78. The network entity of any of clauses 75 to 77, in which a phase difference reference signal is transmitted in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[389] Clause 79. The network entity of clause 78, in which the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[390] Clause 80. The network entity of any of clauses 74 to 79, additionally comprising: means for receiving from the EU one or more capacity messages indicating one or more EU capacities for determining RSPD measurements.

[391] Clause 81. The network entity of clause 80, in which one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal resource and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal resources within a single slot.

[392] Clause 82. The network entity of any of clauses 80 and 81, in which one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal resource in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 516 / 562 127 / 137 is a first-occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal resources in a second-occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

[393] Clause 83. The network entity of any of clauses 74 to 82, wherein: the one or more second reference signal resources comprise a plurality of second reference signal resources, and the plurality of second reference signal resources have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both.

[394] Clause 84. The network entity of any of clauses 74 to 83, wherein: the first reference signal resource comprises a positioning reference signal resource (PRS), a tracking reference signal resource (TRS) or a channel state information reference signal resource (CSI-RS), and the one or more second reference signal resources comprise one or more PRS resources, one or more TRS resources, or one or more CSI-RS resources, or any combination thereof.

[395] Clause 85. Non-transient computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols; receive one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal resources comprising the second one or more symbols; and determine one or more first received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource and a phase of each of the one or more second reference signal resources. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 517 / 562 128 / 137

[396] Clause 86. The non-transient computer-readable means of clause 85, wherein: the first one or more symbols are within a first time window, the second one or more symbols are within the first time window, the phase of the first reference signal feature is measured in the first time window and the phase of each of the second one or more reference signal features is measured in the first time window.

[397] Clause 87. The non-transient computer-readable means of clause 86, wherein: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[398] Clause 88. The non-transient, machine-readable means of either clause 86 or 87, wherein: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[399] Clause 89. The non-transient, computer-readable medium of any of clauses 86 to 88, wherein the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[400] Clause 90. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of Clauses 86 to 89, which further comprises computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: receive the first reference signal resource in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; receive one or more third reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third entities in the second time window; and determine one or more second RSPD measurements for the one or more third reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource in the second time window and a phase of each of the one or more third reference signal resources. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 518 / 562 129 / 137 in the second time window.

[401] Clause 91. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of clauses 86 to 90, wherein a phase-difference reference signal is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[402] Clause 92. The non-transient computer-readable means of clause 91, wherein the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[403] Clause 93. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of Clauses 86 to 92, further comprising computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: receive a phase-difference reference signal transmitted by the first entity in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; receive one or more third-party reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third-party entities in the second time window; determine a phase difference between the phase of the first reference signal resource in the first time window and a phase of the phase-difference reference signal in the second time window;and determine one or more secondary RSPD measurements for one or more third reference signal features based on the phase of the first reference signal feature in the first time window, the phase difference, and the phase of each of the one or more third reference signal features in the second time window.

[404] Clause 94. The non-transient, computer-readable means of any of Clauses 85 to 93, further comprising computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: report one or more capability messages indicating one or more Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 519 / 562 130 / 137 EU capabilities for determining RSPD measurements.

[405] Clause 95. The non-transitory computer-readable means of Clause 94, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features within a single slot.

[406] Clause 96. The non-transient, computer-readable means of any of Clauses 94 and 95, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

[407] Clause 97. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of clauses 85 to 96, wherein the first reference signal resource is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows.

[408] Clause 98. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of clauses 85 to 97, wherein: the one or more second reference signal features comprise a plurality of second reference signal features, and the plurality of second reference signal features have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both.

[409] Clause 99. The non-transient, machine-readable means of any of clauses 85 to 98, which further comprises computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: report the RSPD measurement to a network entity. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 520 / 562 131 / 137

[410] Clause 100. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of clauses 85 to 99, wherein: the first reference signal feature comprises a positioning reference signal feature (PRS), a tracking reference signal feature (TRS) or a channel state information reference signal feature (CSI-RS), and the one or more second reference signal features comprise one or more PRS features, one or more TRS features, or one or more CSI-RS features, or any combination thereof.

[411] Clause 101. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of clauses 85 to 100, wherein the first one or more RSPD measurements are obtained by frequency layer.

[412] Clause 102. Non-transient computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to: transmit to a user equipment (UE) a configuration to obtain a received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurement between a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity and one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols, and one or more second reference signal resources comprising the second one or more symbols; and receive the RSPD measurement from the UE based on the configuration.

[413] Clause 103. The non-transient computer-readable means of clause 102, wherein: the first one or more symbols are within a first time window and the second one or more symbols are within the first time window.

[414] Clause 104. The non-transient, computer-readable medium of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 521 / 562 132 / 137 clause 103, whereby: the first time window comprises a single slot and the one or more second symbols are the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot, or the one or more second symbols are different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

[415] Clause 105. The non-transient, computer-readable medium of either clause 103 or 104, wherein the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

[416] Clause 106. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of clauses 103 to 105, wherein a phase-difference reference signal is transmitted in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

[417] Clause 107. The non-transient computer-readable means of clause 106, wherein the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

[418] Clause 108. The non-transient, computer-readable means of any of clauses 102 to 107, further comprising computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the network entity, cause the network entity to: receive from the UE one or more capability messages indicating one or more UE capabilities for determining RSPD measurements.

[419] Clause 109. The non-transitory computer-readable means of clause 108, wherein one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features within a single slot.

[420] Clause 110. The non-transient, computer-readable medium of Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 522 / 562 133 / 137 any of clauses 108 and 109, where one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

[421] Clause 111. The non-transient computer-readable means of any of clauses 102 to 110, wherein: the one or more second reference signal features comprise a plurality of second reference signal features, and the plurality of second reference signal features have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both.

[422] Clause 112. The non-transient, computer-readable means of any of Clauses 102 to 111, wherein: the first reference signal feature comprises a positioning reference signal feature (PRS), a tracking reference signal feature (TRS), or a channel state information reference signal feature (CSI-RS), and the one or more second reference signal features comprise one or more PRS features, one or more TRS features, or one or more CSI-RS features, or any combination thereof.

[423] Those skilled in the art will recognize that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the above description can be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic particles or fields, optical particles or fields, or any combination thereof. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 523 / 562 134 / 137

[424] Additionally, those skilled in the art will recognize that the various illustrative logic blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed in the present invention can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above in terms of their functionality. The possibility of such functionality being implemented as hardware or software depends on the particular application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art may implement the described functionality in various ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a deviation from the scope of the present disclosure.

[425] The various logic blocks, modules, and illustrative circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed in the present invention may be implemented or realized with a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described in the present invention. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but alternatively, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 524 / 562 135 / 137 another such configuration.

[426] The methods, sequences and / or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed in the present invention may be directly incorporated into hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of both. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor so that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium may be an integral part of the processor.The processor and storage medium can reside in an ASIC. The ASIC can reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). Alternatively, the processor and storage medium can reside as separate components in a user terminal.

[427] In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored or transmitted in the form of one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media include both computer storage media and communication media, including any means that facilitate the transfer of a computer program from one place to another. Storage media may be Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 525 / 562 136 / 137 any available means that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other means that can be used to carry or store the desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. In addition, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium.For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless communication technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless communication technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of media. As used in the present invention, disks (disk and disc) include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc, where disks generally reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically by means of lasers. Combinations of the above items should also be included in the scope of computer-readable media.

[428] Although the aforementioned disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications can be made to the present invention without it departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, the functions, steps and / or actions of the method claims according to the disclosure aspects described in the present invention need not be performed in any particular order. Additionally, none Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pp. 526 / 562 137 / 137 Any component, function, action, or instruction described or claimed in the present invention shall be interpreted as critical or essential, except where explicitly stated as such. Furthermore, as used in the present invention, the terms "assembly," "group," and the like are intended to include one or more of the indicated elements. Additionally, as used in the present invention, the terms "has," "have," "having," "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," and the like do not preclude the presence of one or more additional elements (for example, an element having A may also have B). Furthermore, the phrase "based on" is intended to mean "based, at least in part, on," except where specifically indicated otherwise.Furthermore, as used in the present invention, the term "or" is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with "and / or" unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with "one or the other" or only one of) or the alternatives are mutually exclusive (e.g., "one or more" should not be interpreted as "one and more"). In addition, although the components, functions, actions, and instructions may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural form is contemplated unless a limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Consequently, as used in the present invention, the articles "a," "an," "the," and "said / a" are intended to include one or more of the indicated elements.Furthermore, as used in the present invention, the terms "at least one" and "one or more" encompass a component, function, action, or instruction that performs or is capable of performing a described or claimed functionality, and also two or more components, functions, actions, or instructions that perform or are capable of performing a described or claimed functionality in combination. Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, pages 527 / 562

Claims

1 / 8 CLAIMS 1. User equipment (UE) characterized by comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and to the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, through one or more transceivers, a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal resource comprising one or more first symbols; receive, through the one or more transceivers, one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal resources comprising one or more second symbols;and determine one or more first received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal features based on one phase of the first reference signal feature and one phase of each of the one or more second reference signal features.

2. EU, according to claim 1, characterized by: the first one or more symbols being within a first time window, the second one or more symbols being within the first time window, the phase of the first reference signal feature being measured in the first time window, and Petition 870250083306, dated 16 / 09 / 2025, p. 555 / 562 2 / 8 the phase of each of the one or more second reference signal features being measured in the first time window.

3. EU, according to claim 2, characterized by: the first time window comprising a single slot, and the one or more second symbols being the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

4. EU, according to claim 2, characterized by: the first time window comprising a single slot, and the one or more second symbols being different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

5. EU, according to claim 2, characterized in that the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

6. A UE, according to claim 2, characterized in that one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, through one or more transceivers, the first reference signal feature in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; receive, through one or more transceivers, one or more third reference signal features transmitted by one or more third entities in the second time window; and determine one or more second RSPD measurements for the one or more third reference signal features based on a phase of the first reference signal feature in the second time window and a phase of each of the one or more third reference signal features in the second time window.

7. EU, according to claim 2, characterized by a phase difference reference signal being received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

8. EU, according to claim 7, characterized in that the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

9. A UE, according to claim 2, characterized in that one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, through one or more transceivers, a phase-difference reference signal transmitted by the first entity in a second time window subsequent to the first time window; receive, through one or more transceivers, one or more third-party reference signal resources transmitted by one or more third-party entities in the second time window; determine a phase difference between the phase of the first reference signal resource in the first time window and a phase of the phase-difference reference signal in the second time window;and determine one or more secondary RSPD measurements for one or more third reference signal features based on the phase of the first reference signal feature in the first time window, the phase difference, and the phase of each of the one or more third reference signal features in the second time window.

10. UE, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are additionally configured to: report, through one or more transceivers, one or more capability messages indicating one or more capabilities of the UE to determine the RSPD measurements.

11. UE, according to claim 10, characterized in that one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features within a single slot.

12. UE, according to claim 10, characterized in that one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal feature in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal features in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

13. EU, according to claim 1, characterized in that the first reference signal resource is received in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows.

14. A UE, according to claim 1, characterized by: one or more second reference signal features comprising a plurality of second reference signal features, and the plurality of second reference signal features having different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both.

15. UE, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are additionally configured to: report, through one or more transceivers, the RSPD measurement to a network entity.

16. EU, according to claim 1, characterized by: the first reference signal feature comprising a positioning reference signal (PRS) feature, a tracking reference signal (TRS) feature or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) feature, and the one or more second reference signal features comprising one or more PRS features, one or more TRS features, one or more CSI-RS features or any combination thereof.

17. EU, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more of the first RSPD measurements are obtained by frequency layer.

18. A network entity characterized by comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and to the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: transmit, through the one or more transceivers to a user equipment (UE), a configuration to obtain a received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurement between a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity and one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the first reference signal resource comprising one or more first symbols, and the one or more second reference signal resources comprising the one or more second symbols; and receive, through the one or more transceivers, the RSPD measurement from the UE based on the configuration.

19. Network entity, according to claim 18, characterized by: Petition 870250083306, dated 09 / 16 / 2025, p. 559 / 562 6 / 8 the first one or more symbols being within a first time window, and the second one or more symbols being within the first time window.

20. Network entity, according to claim 19, characterized in that: the first time window comprising a single slot, and the one or more second symbols being the same as the one or more first symbols within the single slot, or the one or more second symbols being different from the one or more first symbols within the single slot.

21. Network entity, according to claim 19, characterized in that the first time window comprises two or more adjacent slots.

22. Network entity, according to claim 19, characterized in that a phase-difference reference signal is transmitted in each time window of a plurality of sequential time windows after the first time window instead of the first reference signal feature.

23. Network entity according to claim 22, characterized in that the phase difference reference signal consists of a single symbol.

24. Network entity, according to claim 18, characterized in that one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, through one or more transceivers, from the UE, one or more capability messages indicating one or more capabilities of the UE to determine RSPD measurements.

25. Network entity, according to claim 24, characterized in that one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between Petition 870250083306, dated 16 / 09 / 2025, page 560 / 562 7 / 8 a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal resource and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal resources within a single slot.

26. Network entity, according to claim 24, characterized in that one or more UE capabilities include a series of symbols between a first occurrence symbol of the first reference signal resource in a first occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots and a first occurrence symbol of one or more second reference signal resources in a second occurrence slot of two or more adjacent slots.

27. Network entity according to claim 18, characterized in that: the one or more second reference signal resources comprise a plurality of second reference signal resources, and the plurality of second reference signal resources have different comb offsets, different scrambling sequences, or both.

28. Network entity, according to claim 18, characterized in that: the first reference signal resource comprises a positioning reference signal (PRS) resource, a tracking reference signal (TRS) resource, or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource, and the one or more second reference signal resources comprise one or more PRS resources, one or more TRS resources, one or more CSI-RS resources, or any combination thereof.

29. Wireless communication method implemented by a user equipment (UE) characterized by comprising: receiving a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity, the first reference signal resource comprising the first one or more symbols; receiving one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the one or more second reference signal resources comprising one or more symbols; and determining one or more first received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurements for the one or more second reference signal resources based on a phase of the first reference signal resource and a phase of each of the one or more second reference signal resources.

30. A communication method implemented by a network entity, characterized by comprising: transmitting to a user equipment (UE) a configuration to obtain a received signal phase difference (RSPD) measurement between a first reference signal resource transmitted by a first entity and one or more second reference signal resources transmitted by one or more second entities, the first reference signal resource comprising one or more first symbols, and the one or more second reference signal resources comprising one or more second symbols; and receiving the RSPD measurement from the UE based on the configuration.

31. Product, process, system, kit, means or use characterized by comprising one or more elements described in the descriptive report, claims, drawings, sequence listing or summary of this application, when applicable. Petition 870250083306, dated 16 / 09 / 2025, pp. 562 / 562

Images