A method for preparing Pickering emulsion gel

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for preparing a Pickering emulsion gel, and belongs to the field of emulsion gel preparation. The method uses ganoderma lucidum hyphae as a functional emulsifier, including: drying, crushing and grinding the ganoderma lucidum hyphae; placing the ground ganoderma lucidum hyphae powder in a NaCl aqueous solution to obtain a ganoderma lucidum hyphae water suspension; adding liquid vegetable oil to the ganoderma lucidum hyphae water suspension, mixing and emulsifying by a high-speed shearing device, then adding epigallocatechin gallate-waxy starch composite ultrafine particles, mixing by a high-speed shearing device to obtain a ganoderma lucidum hyphae Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles; and then placing it in a vacuum freeze dryer for fixing, thereby obtaining a Pickering emulsion gel prepared by using ganoderma lucidum hyphae as a functional emulsifier. Through the present invention, the technical defect that natural biological source particle Pickering emulsion gel is rarely used is made up.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the field of emulsion gel preparation, in particular to a method for preparing a Pickering emulsion gel. Background Art

[0002] Pickering emulsion is an emulsion stabilized by particles as emulsifiers. Compared with traditional emulsions, Pickering emulsions are widely used in food, medicine, chemical industry and other fields due to their advantages such as less emulsifier usage, good stability, easy separation of subsequent particles, and environmental friendliness. Emulsion gel is a structural emulsion with a unique three-dimensional network structure, multi-level chambers and adjustable mechanical properties. It has the advantages of both Pickering emulsion and gel. It is mostly used as a material for food 3D printing, and is also often used to simulate fat, make low-fat foods, and as a carrier for delivering active oils and nutrients for the development of functional foods and drugs.

[0003] At present, Pickering emulsions and gels stabilized by natural bioparticles are rarely used in the food industry. This is mainly due to the unbalanced hydrophilicity and lipophilicity of most natural bioparticles, as well as their easy digestion and decomposition after consumption as food, which leads to the premature release of the bioactive ingredients they deliver, and they cannot be fully absorbed and utilized by the body. Summary of the invention

[0004] The invention provides a method for preparing a Pickering emulsion gel, so as to solve the technical problem of the shortage of Pickering emulsion and gel stabilized by natural biological particles.

[0005] According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for preparing a Pickering emulsion gel is provided, wherein the method uses Ganoderma lucidum hyphae as a functional emulsifier, comprising: placing the Ganoderma lucidum hyphae in a vacuum drying oven for drying to fix the morphology and physical properties of the Ganoderma lucidum hyphae; crushing and grinding the dried Ganoderma lucidum hyphae that have been shaped and stabilized after drying to adjust the surface activity of the Ganoderma lucidum hyphae; placing the Ganoderma lucidum hyphae powder with balanced surface activity after grinding in a NaCl aqueous solution to adjust the surface potential of the Ganoderma lucidum hyphae to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum hyphae water suspension; and Liquid vegetable oil is added to the suspension as the oil phase, and a high-speed shearing device is used for mixing and emulsification to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel; epigallocatechin gallate-waxy starch composite ultrafine particles are added to the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel, and the mixture is mixed by a high-speed shearing device to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing the composite ultrafine particles; the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing the composite ultrafine particles is placed in a vacuum freeze dryer for fixation to obtain a Pickering emulsion gel prepared with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier.

[0006] Furthermore, after the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium is placed in a vacuum drying oven for drying and the morphology and physical properties of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium are fixed, the method further comprises: using a low-field nuclear magnetic analyzer to measure the moisture type and the corresponding moisture content of the dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium; screening out dry Ganoderma lucidum mycelium with a free water content of 0 and a bound water content of no more than 2.4% according to the moisture type and the corresponding moisture content; and screening out the screened dry Ganoderma lucidum mycelium again using a specific surface area and pore size analyzer to screen out dry Ganoderma lucidum mycelium with a specific surface area of ​​no more than 6m 2 / g, porosity not exceeding 0.1cm 3 / g, dry Ganoderma lucidum mycelium with a pore size not exceeding 13nm.

[0007] Furthermore, the crushing and grinding of the dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium that has been shaped and stabilized after drying comprises:

[0008] The dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium that has been shaped and stabilized after drying is placed in a grinder for 30 to 120 seconds; the crushed dry Ganoderma lucidum mycelium is ground using a planetary ball mill for 0 to 180 minutes.

[0009] Furthermore, after crushing and grinding the dry Ganoderma lucidum mycelium that has been shaped and stabilized after the drying treatment, and adjusting the surface activity of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium, the method also includes: measuring the contact angle between the ground Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder and water using a contact angle meter; and screening out Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder with a surface activity balance whose contact angle with water is not less than 70° and not more than 95° according to the contact angle.

[0010] Furthermore, the method of placing the ground Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder with balanced surface activity in a NaCl aqueous solution and adjusting the surface potential of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension comprises: placing the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder with balanced surface activity in an aqueous solution with a NaCl concentration of 0 to 400 mM to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium solution with a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium mass percentage concentration of 0.125 to 20%; and stirring the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium solution at 60 to 200 r / min for 10 to 50 minutes using a magnetic stirrer to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension.

[0011] Furthermore, after obtaining the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension, the method further includes: measuring the surface potential of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension; and screening out the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension having a potential absolute value of not less than 25 mV according to the surface potential measurement value.

[0012] Furthermore, liquid vegetable oil is added as an oil phase to the Ganoderma mycelium water suspension, mixed by high-speed shearing equipment, and emulsified to obtain a Ganoderma mycelium Pickering emulsion gel, including: adding liquid vegetable oil as an oil phase to the Ganoderma mycelium water suspension, controlling the oil-water volume ratio to be 1:4 to 4:1, and obtaining a Ganoderma mycelium water-oil mixture; and treating the Ganoderma mycelium water-oil mixture by high-speed shearing equipment at 10,000 to 22,000 r / min for 2 to 10 minutes, and emulsifying to obtain a Ganoderma mycelium Pickering emulsion gel.

[0013] Furthermore, after the emulsification obtains the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel, the method further comprises: measuring the emulsification index of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel; screening the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel according to the emulsification index, and screening out the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel with an emulsification index of 100% and an emulsification index of not less than 98% after being placed at room temperature for 20 days; using a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer to analyze the water distribution change in the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel, and screening out the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel according to the water distribution change. The Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel after the secondary screening was subjected to a secondary screening to screen out the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel whose corresponding relaxation time of the inversion relaxation curve does not exceed 1000ms; the morphology of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium and oil droplets in the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel was analyzed by laser confocal fluorescence microscopy, and the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel after the secondary screening was screened for a tertiary time according to the morphology of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium and the oil droplets, and the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel with a three-dimensional network structure and a round oil droplet with a diameter not exceeding 28μm was screened out.

[0014] Furthermore, the mixing by high-speed shearing equipment to obtain the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles includes: mixing by high-speed shearing equipment at 6000-12000 r / min for 1-6 minutes to obtain the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles.

[0015] Furthermore, after obtaining the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles, the method further comprises: using a rheometer to analyze the initial viscosity of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles, and screening out the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel with an initial viscosity of not less than 50 Pa·s according to the initial viscosity; analyzing the oxidative stability of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles by using the quenching efficiency of oxidative free radicals, and screening out the oxidative free radicals OH - ,ABTS + , the quenching efficiency of DPPH is not less than 90% of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel.

[0016] Furthermore, the fixing of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing the composite ultrafine particles in a vacuum freeze dryer comprises: placing the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing the composite ultrafine particles in a vacuum freeze dryer and freezing it at -60 to -80°C for 4 to 12 hours.

[0017] Furthermore, after obtaining the Pickering emulsion gel prepared with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier, the method further includes: measuring the moisture type and the corresponding moisture content of the Pickering emulsion gel using a low-field nuclear magnetic analyzer, and screening out the Pickering emulsion gel with a free water content of 0 and a bound water content of no more than 2.4% according to the moisture type and the corresponding moisture content; measuring the viscosity of the Pickering emulsion gel after rehydration using a rheometer, and screening out the Pickering emulsion gel with a viscosity of not less than 50 Pa·s according to the viscosity after rehydration; screening out the emulsification index of the Pickering emulsion gel after rehydration using an emulsification index, and screening out the Pickering emulsion gel with an emulsification index of not less than 95% according to the emulsification index after rehydration, and the Pickering emulsion gel with an emulsification index of not less than 90% after being treated in a centrifuge at 4500r / min for 15min; and selecting the screened Pickering emulsion gel as the Pickering emulsion gel prepared with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier.

[0018] The beneficial effects of the present invention are: the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum, a traditional precious Chinese medicinal material and a substance with the same origin of medicine and food, is used as a functional emulsifier to stabilize food-grade Pickering emulsion gel, and only a very small amount of mycelium is needed to achieve a good emulsification effect. The Pickering emulsion gel prepared by the invention makes up for the technical defect that Pickering emulsion gel stabilized by natural biological particles is rarely used. In addition, since Ganoderma lucidum mycelium has good antioxidant properties, it is adsorbed on the oil-water interface as an emulsifier, which can inhibit the metal ion pro-oxidant from transferring oxygen to the oil-water interface, and therefore, can effectively delay the oil oxidation reaction of Pickering emulsion gel and improve its oxidative stability. The Pickering emulsion gel prepared by using the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier can be used to simulate fat and prepare low-fat foods, and can also be used as a processing raw material for various oily foods such as whipping cream, salad dressing and mayonnaise; it can be used as a material for food 3D printing to construct new foods with complex shapes, and can also be used as a carrier of bioactive ingredients such as curcumin and lycopene to deliver the bioactive ingredients and improve the bioavailability of the bioactive ingredients. Therefore, the Pickering emulsion gel prepared by using the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier in the present invention has very broad application prospects in the fields of food processing and the like. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] The drawings described herein are used to provide a further understanding of the present invention and constitute a part of this application. The exemplary embodiments of the present invention and their descriptions are used to explain the present invention and do not constitute an improper limitation of the present invention. In the drawings:

[0020] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of a process for preparing a Pickering emulsion gel in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of a process in an implementation scenario according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0022] Figure 3 This is a scanning electron microscope observation of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium;

[0023] Figure 4 Pseudo-color images of low-field NMR water distribution of Pickering emulsion gel prepared from Ganoderma lucidum mycelium at different mass concentrations;

[0024] Figure 5 The appearance of Pickering emulsion gel prepared for different mass concentrations of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium;

[0025] Figure 6 This is a laser confocal fluorescence microscopy observation of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present application, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only embodiments of a part of the present application, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in the field without creative work should fall within the scope of protection of the present application. It should be noted that the embodiments in the present application and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other without conflict.

[0027] Secondly, the term "one embodiment" or "embodiment" as used herein refers to a specific feature, structure, or characteristic that may be included in at least one implementation of the present invention. The term "in one embodiment" that appears in different places in this specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor does it refer to a separate or selective embodiment that is mutually exclusive with other embodiments.

[0028] It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", etc. in the specification and claims of the present application and the above-mentioned drawings are used to distinguish similar objects, and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that the data used in this way can be interchangeable where appropriate, so that the embodiments of the present application described herein can be implemented in an order other than those illustrated or described herein. In addition, the terms "including" and "having" and any of their variations are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions, for example, a process, method, product or device comprising a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units clearly listed, but may include other steps or units that are not clearly listed or inherent to these processes, methods, products or devices.

[0029] Embodiment 1 of the present invention:

[0030] In this embodiment, a method for preparing a Pickering emulsion gel is provided, which uses Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier to prepare the Pickering emulsion gel.

[0031] Ganoderma lucidum is a fungus of the genus Ganoderma in the family Polyporaceae, class Agaricus, phylum Basidiomycetes, and is a traditional precious Chinese medicinal material. The main components of Ganoderma lucidum include proteins, polysaccharides, triterpenes, nucleosides, sterols, furans, polypeptides, alkaloids and amino acids, etc. It has the effects of enhancing immunity, anti-tumor, anti-virus, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, improving sleep, and protecting the liver. On November 9, 2023, with the approval of the National Health Commission and the State Administration for Market Regulation, Ganoderma lucidum was officially included in the catalog of substances that are both food and medicine, which will strongly promote the development and application of Ganoderma lucidum in functional foods.

[0032] The organism of Ganoderma lucidum is composed of three parts: fruiting body, spore and mycelium. Mycelium is the main body of Ganoderma lucidum. Unlike the fruiting body that breaks out of the ground and grows on the ground, mycelium grows underground and is composed of long filamentous substances. These filamentous substances grow one cell at a time. They can branch out and grow in all directions, and even grow in three dimensions. The collection of these filamentous substances constitutes the mycelium. In recent years, as the concept of sustainable development has been deeply rooted in people's hearts, mycelium has received widespread attention as a low-cost, environmentally friendly biomaterial. Mycelium can replace traditional plastics and concrete as building materials, and can also be used as packaging materials, decorative materials, cloth and leather in various industries. In addition, mycelium can also be used as a meat substitute, which can be processed into food with a shape and taste similar to meat, providing more diverse food choices for vegans and vegetarians.

[0033] In the artificial cultivation of Ganoderma, the fruiting body cultivation cycle is long, the labor intensity required is high, and the price is expensive. Ganoderma mycelium has a short growth cycle, a relatively simple cultivation process, is not restricted by seasons, and is easier to achieve industrial production. Therefore, the cultivation of Ganoderma mycelium is not only an important means to obtain strains and degradable materials, but also an important way to obtain functional bioactive substances. Studies have shown that the types of effective ingredients in the mycelium of edible and medicinal fungi are basically the same as those in the fruiting bodies, and even the content of some important active ingredients is higher than that in the fruiting bodies. The content of protein, fat and polysaccharide in Ganoderma mycelium is higher than that in the fruiting bodies. The mycelium cultivated by fermentation is divided into aerial mycelium and liquid mycelium. Hydrophobic proteins are formed on the surface of aerial mycelium. Hydrophobic proteins can not only reduce the surface tension of the medium and help the mycelium grow, but also regulate its adsorption state on the host surface, and form hydrophobic air channels to ensure gas exchange of mycelium. It is precisely because a large amount of hydrophobic proteins are formed on the surface of mycelium that mycelium has good hydrophobicity.

[0034] In the process of searching for natural biological source materials suitable for stabilizing Pickering emulsions, Ganoderma lucidum mycelium has aroused the research interest of the present invention team with its rich nutrition and edible and medicinal value, extremely low production cost, and good stabilizing emulsion effect. Ganoderma lucidum mycelium contains a large amount of β-glucan, and the outer layer of β-glucan is wrapped by thick chitin and cell membrane, which is not easy to digest after human body eats. In addition, Ganoderma lucidum mycelium is rich in hydrophobic protein and has good hydrophobicity. Ganoderma lucidum mycelium is used as a functional emulsifier, which has potential application value in stabilizing Pickering emulsions and delivering bioactive ingredients. Therefore, the present invention uses the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum, a traditional edible and medicinal fungus, as the main raw material, and develops a functional emulsifier of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium by regulating the surface activity of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium, which is used to stabilize Pickering emulsion gel, and has potential application value in the fields of food 3D printing materials, simulated food and functional food. The present invention not only has broad market application prospects, but also can provide reference for the application of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium in food-grade Pickering emulsion gel.

[0035] Specifically, refer to Figure 1 , Figure 1 The present invention is a schematic flow diagram of a method for preparing a Pickering emulsion gel according to an embodiment of the present invention, comprising:

[0036] S1: placing the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium in a vacuum drying oven for drying to fix the morphology and physical properties of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium;

[0037] This step aims to fix the shape of the Ganoderma mycelium and maintain the stability of its physical properties. By utilizing the principle of rapid evaporation of water in a vacuum environment, the fresh Ganoderma mycelium is placed in a vacuum drying oven for drying, avoiding the loss of Ganoderma mycelium components and morphological changes caused by traditional drying methods such as high-temperature heating and drying, and also facilitating the subsequent processing steps such as crushing and grinding.

[0038] The selection of factors such as drying temperature, drying time and vacuum degree in the vacuum drying oven will affect the drying effect. For example, lower temperature helps to retain more heat-sensitive ingredients, but may require longer drying time, while higher temperature can shorten the drying time but may increase the risk of ingredient loss.

[0039] Optionally, in an implementation manner of the present embodiment, step S1, placing the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium in a vacuum drying oven for drying includes: placing the fresh Ganoderma lucidum mycelium in a vacuum drying oven at 35-65° C. for 4-8 hours to fix the morphology and physical properties of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium. In actual operation, those skilled in the art can flexibly select parameters such as temperature, time, vacuum degree, etc. according to specific circumstances to achieve the best effect.

[0040] Furthermore, after the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum is placed in a vacuum drying oven for drying and the morphology and physical properties of the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum are fixed, the method further comprises screening the dried mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum, the purpose of which is to ensure that the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum is thoroughly dried to remove mycelia that do not meet the requirements and ensure the high quality of the dried mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum. Specifically, it comprises:

[0041] Using a low-field nuclear magnetic analyzer to measure the moisture type and the corresponding moisture content of the dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium; screening out the dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium with a free water content of 0 and a bound water content of no more than 2.4% according to the moisture type and the corresponding moisture content;

[0042] The low-field nuclear magnetic analyzer evaluates the presence and characteristics of water molecules by measuring the magnetic resonance signals of hydrogen atoms in Ganoderma lucidum mycelium. Since water in different states, such as free water, bound water, etc., behave differently in a magnetic field, these water types can be distinguished and quantified.

[0043] The selected dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium was screened again using a specific surface area and pore size analyzer to screen out the mycelium with a specific surface area not exceeding 6m 2 / g, porosity not exceeding 0.1cm 3 / g, dry Ganoderma lucidum mycelium with a pore size not exceeding 13nm.

[0044] Specific surface area and pore size analyzers usually use gas adsorption methods, such as nitrogen adsorption, to measure the specific surface area, porosity and pore size distribution of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium.

[0045] In this embodiment, the dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium was screened using a low-field nuclear magnetic analyzer and a specific surface area and pore size analyzer. The low-field nuclear magnetic analyzer provides key information about the type and content of water in the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium, while the specific surface area and pore size analyzer further reveals the microstructure and performance characteristics of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium. Through the low-field nuclear magnetic analyzer and the specific surface area and pore size analyzer, multi-dimensional and multi-level screening and evaluation of the dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium can be achieved, which helps to ensure that the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium meets the quality and performance requirements of drying and avoids excessive moisture affecting the crushing and grinding effect in the next step.

[0046] In addition, it should be noted that the operation values ​​selected in the mycelium treatment process in this embodiment (such as placing in a vacuum drying oven at 35-65°C for 4-8 hours) and the screening thresholds selected in the mycelium screening process (such as the specific surface area not exceeding 6m 2 / g, porosity not exceeding 0.1cm 3 / g) are the optimal settings determined based on experience and multiple experiments. It is understandable that those skilled in the art can flexibly adjust these values ​​according to specific circumstances in actual operation under the overall technical framework of this case to achieve the best processing conditions and screening conditions. The selection of the values ​​of each data in the following steps is similar and will not be repeated.

[0047] S2: crushing and grinding the dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium that has been shaped and stabilized after drying to adjust the surface activity of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium;

[0048] This step is intended to regulate the surface activity of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium. By crushing and grinding the dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium, the surface area of ​​the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium can be significantly increased, exposing more active ingredients and binding sites, thereby improving the solubility, bioavailability and reactivity of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium with other substances. In addition, Ganoderma lucidum mycelium is rich in a variety of active ingredients, such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids, alkaloids, etc. Crushing and grinding help to destroy the cell wall structure and promote the effective release of these active ingredients, thereby improving the overall activity and efficacy of the mycelium.

[0049] The crushed and ground Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder has better solubility and dispersibility, can be more evenly dispersed in a solvent or carrier, and is also helpful for the operation of placing the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder in a NaCl solution in step S3.

[0050] Further, in one implementation of this embodiment, step S2, crushing and grinding the dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium that has been shaped and stabilized after drying, comprises:

[0051] S21: placing the dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium that has been shaped and stabilized after drying in a grinder for 30 to 120 seconds;

[0052] S22: Grinding the crushed dry Ganoderma lucidum mycelium for 0 to 180 minutes using a planetary ball mill.

[0053] In this embodiment, a pulverizer and a planetary ball mill are used to pulverize and grind the dry Ganoderma lucidum mycelium obtained in step S1, and the pulverization time is set at 30 to 120 seconds, and the grinding time is set at 0 to 180 minutes.

[0054] The pulverizer and planetary ball mill have the advantages of high automation, fine grinding, high efficiency, and reduced labor intensity. The large dry Ganoderma mycelium is initially broken into smaller particles or fragments through the pulverizer's fast rotating blades or hammering mechanisms, reducing the size of the Ganoderma mycelium, providing more uniform raw materials for the subsequent grinding steps, and improving grinding efficiency and effect. The Ganoderma mycelium pulverized by the pulverizer is further refined into a finer powder through the collision and friction between the high-speed rotating balls of the planetary ball mill and the grinding tank. As the particle size decreases, the surface area of ​​the Ganoderma mycelium increases, exposing more active ingredients and binding sites, thereby increasing its surface activity.

[0055] Furthermore, the dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium that has been shaped and stabilized after drying is crushed and ground, and after adjusting the surface activity of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium, the method further includes screening the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder with balanced surface activity, the purpose of screening is to further ensure that the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium is thoroughly crushed and ground and has uniform particle size. Specifically, it includes:

[0056] S23: measuring the contact angle between the ground Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder and water using a contact angle meter;

[0057] The contact angle meter is mainly used to measure the contact angle of liquid to solid, that is, the wettability of liquid to solid. The contact angle of various liquids to various materials can be measured by the contact angle meter.

[0058] S24: Screening out Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder having a surface activity balance and a contact angle with water of not less than 70° and not more than 95° according to the contact angle.

[0059] In this embodiment, a contact angle meter is used to measure the contact angle between the ground Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder and water, and based on this, Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder with a surface activity balance and a contact angle with water in the range of 70° to 95° is screened out. The contact angle within this range indicates that the material surface has a certain balance of hydrophobicity and wettability. The hydrophobicity makes the material surface not easily wetted by water, while the moderate wettability helps to maintain the stability and functionality of the surface.

[0060] Through the crushing and grinding operations in the above steps and the screening process after the crushing and grinding, dry Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder that meets the requirements of particle size and surface activity can be obtained.

[0061] S3: placing the ground Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder with balanced surface activity in a NaCl aqueous solution to adjust the surface potential of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension;

[0062] This step is to adjust the surface potential of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder. The adjustment of the surface potential is of great significance for controlling the aggregation state of mycelium powder particles in the solution and improving the stability of the suspension. The surface of the ground Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder may carry charges, which will affect its stability and dispersibility in the solution. In order to achieve surface activity balance, the powder may need to be surface treated, such as adding surfactants or adjusting the acid-base to reduce the electrostatic attraction or repulsion between the powder particles, thereby improving its dispersibility and stability in the solution. As an electrolyte solution, when the ions (Na+ and Cl-) of the NaCl (sodium chloride) aqueous solution approach the surface of the powder particles, they will generate an electric field on the surface of the particles, affecting the surface charge state of the powder particles, thereby reducing the electrostatic interaction between the particles. By adjusting the concentration of the NaCl solution, the ion strength in the solution can be controlled. When the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder is placed in the NaCl aqueous solution, the ions in the solution will interact with the charges on the surface of the powder particles, thereby changing its surface potential, and then affecting the dispersibility and stability of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder particles in the solution.

[0063] Further, in one implementation of this embodiment, step S3, wherein the ground Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder with balanced surface activity is placed in a NaCl aqueous solution to adjust the surface potential of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium aqueous suspension comprises:

[0064] S31: placing the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder with balanced surface activity in an aqueous solution with a NaCl concentration of 0 to 400 mM to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium solution with a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium mass percentage concentration of 0.125 to 20%;

[0065] The NaCl aqueous solution uses deionized water or purified water as a solvent to avoid the introduction of unnecessary impurities.

[0066] S32: stirring the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium solution at 60-200 r / min for 10-50 min using a magnetic stirrer to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension.

[0067] The prepared Ganoderma lucidum mycelium solution is stirred with a magnetic stirrer at a speed of 60 to 200 revolutions per minute (r / min), and the stirring time is controlled between 10 and 50 minutes, depending on the viscosity of the solution, the dispersion of the powder, and the required mixing uniformity. The mycelium and the solution are fully mixed by stirring to obtain a more stable and uniform Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension.

[0068] Furthermore, after obtaining the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension, the method further includes screening the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension, the purpose of the screening is to ensure that the suspension has sufficient stability and dispersibility. Specifically, it includes:

[0069] S33: measuring the surface potential of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension;

[0070] S34: Screening out the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension having an absolute potential value of not less than 25 mV according to the surface potential measurement value.

[0071] The absolute value of the surface potential is usually proportional to the electrostatic repulsion between particles. Therefore, the stability of the suspension can be judged by the surface potential. Among them, the surface potential of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension can be measured and analyzed using a Zeta potential analyzer. In this embodiment, the screening threshold of the absolute value of the potential is set to be not less than 25mV, which means that whether it is a positive potential or a negative potential, as long as its absolute value reaches or exceeds 25mV, the suspension is considered to meet the screening criteria. The measured surface potential value is compared with the set threshold value. For Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension with an absolute value of potential not less than 25mV, it is retained or marked as qualified; for suspensions with an absolute value of potential lower than 25mV, it is considered unqualified or further processed, such as adjusting the NaCl concentration, pH value or adding a surfactant.

[0072] S4: adding liquid vegetable oil as an oil phase to the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension, mixing and emulsifying the suspension using a high-speed shearing device to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel;

[0073] This step aims to mix and emulsify the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension with liquid vegetable oil to obtain the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel. Emulsification refers to the process in which two immiscible liquids (here water and liquid vegetable oil) are uniformly dispersed in the other liquid in the form of tiny droplets through the action of mechanical force (such as high-speed shear).

[0074] The Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension obtained in step S3 is mixed with liquid vegetable oil, and a high-speed shearing device is started at the same time. The strong shearing force of the high-speed shearing device is utilized to fully disperse the oil phase into the water phase to form fine oil droplets. These oil droplets are then stabilized by the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium and the water phase components such as the extracellular polysaccharides secreted by the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium to form a stable emulsion system, thereby obtaining an ideal emulsification effect.

[0075] Further, step S4, adding liquid vegetable oil as the oil phase to the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension, mixing by high-speed shearing equipment, and emulsifying to obtain the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel comprises:

[0076] S41: adding liquid vegetable oil as an oil phase to the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension, controlling the oil-water volume ratio to be 1:4 to 4:1, to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water-oil mixture;

[0077] S42: treating the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water-oil mixture at 10000-22000 r / min for 2-10 min by high-speed shearing equipment to emulsify and obtain Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel.

[0078] Liquid vegetable oil is slowly added to the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension to control the volume ratio of the oil phase and the water phase. Usually, this ratio is set in the range of 1:4 to 4:1. By controlling the oil-water ratio, it can be ensured that the emulsion can form a stable and uniform dispersion system in the subsequent emulsification process. Then, the strong mechanical shear force generated by the high-speed shearing equipment is used to adjust the speed and mixing time of the equipment as needed to effectively disperse the oil phase into the water phase, thereby preparing a stable and uniform Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel.

[0079] Furthermore, after the emulsification obtains the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel, the method further includes further screening the obtained Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel to ensure that the obtained Pickering emulsion gel has excellent stability and functionality. Specifically, it includes:

[0080] S43: measuring the emulsification index of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel;

[0081] The emulsification index refers to the ability of an emulsion to emulsify under certain conditions, reflecting the stability and emulsification effect of the emulsion. By measuring the emulsification index, the dispersion and stability of oil droplets in the emulsion can be evaluated. Among them, the emulsification index determination method includes conductivity method, etc.

[0082] S44: screening the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel according to the emulsification index, and screening out the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel having an emulsification index of 100% and an emulsification index of not less than 98% after being placed at room temperature for 20 days;

[0083] An emulsification index of 100% indicates that the oil droplets in the emulsion are completely dispersed and stable in the initial state. The emulsification index is required to be no less than 98% after being placed at room temperature for 20 days in order to ensure the long-term stability of the emulsion.

[0084] S45: analyzing the change of water distribution in the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel by using a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer, and performing a secondary screening on the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel after the primary screening according to the change of water distribution, to screen out the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel whose relaxation time corresponding to the inversion relaxation curve does not exceed 1000 ms;

[0085] Low-field nuclear magnetic analyzer can non-invasively analyze the water distribution and dynamic changes in the target object, thereby reflecting the microstructure and stability of the emulsion gel. Relaxation phenomenon refers to the process of gradually recovering from a certain state to the equilibrium state in a gradual physical process. The time required is called relaxation time. A shorter relaxation time usually indicates that the mobility of water molecules in the emulsion gel is lower, that is, the microstructure of the emulsion gel is more compact and stable.

[0086] S46: The morphology of Ganoderma mycelium and oil droplets in the Ganoderma mycelium Pickering emulsion gel was analyzed using a laser confocal fluorescence microscope. The Ganoderma mycelium Pickering emulsion gel after the secondary screening was screened for a third time based on the morphology of the Ganoderma mycelium and the oil droplets, and a Ganoderma mycelium Pickering emulsion gel in which the Ganoderma mycelium presented a three-dimensional network structure and the oil droplets were round and had a diameter not exceeding 28 μm was screened out.

[0087] Laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy (LSCM) is an advanced analytical instrument for molecular cell biology. It uses computers, lasers and image processing technology to obtain three-dimensional data of biological samples. It is mainly used to observe the structure of living cells and the biological changes of specific molecules and ions. In this embodiment, a laser confocal fluorescence microscope is used to observe the morphology of Ganoderma lucidum hyphae and oil droplets in the emulsion gel with high resolution, and further evaluate its microstructure and stability. It is screened that the Ganoderma lucidum hyphae presents a three-dimensional network structure, and the oil droplets are round in shape and have a diameter of no more than 28 μm. This structure helps to improve the stability and functionality of the emulsion gel, because the Ganoderma lucidum hyphae with a three-dimensional network structure can provide support and protection for the oil droplets to prevent them from aggregating and settling; while the oil droplets with smaller diameters help to increase the surface area and active sites of the emulsion gel, and improve the bioavailability and functional effect.

[0088] After the above three screenings, the obtained Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel has excellent stability and functionality.

[0089] S5: adding epigallocatechin gallate-waxy starch composite ultrafine particles to the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel, and mixing by high-speed shearing equipment to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles;

[0090] Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the most effective active ingredient in tea polyphenols. It has strong antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and other biological activities. It can significantly improve the antioxidant capacity of emulsion gel and prevent the deterioration and stability of emulsion gel caused by oxidation reaction. Waxy starch has excellent film-forming property and stability, and can form composite ultrafine particles with EGCG, further enhancing the dispersibility and stability of EGCG in emulsion gel. Through a specific preparation process, EGCG is combined with waxy starch to form composite ultrafine particles, and added to the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion, which helps the long-term stability of the emulsion gel.

[0091] Further, epigallocatechin gallate-waxy starch composite ultrafine particles are added to the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel, and mixed by high-speed shearing equipment to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles, and step S5 comprises:

[0092] S51: adding epigallocatechin gallate-waxy starch composite ultrafine particles to the Pickering emulsion gel of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium;

[0093] S52: using a high-speed shearing device to mix at 6000-12000 r / min for 1-6 minutes to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles.

[0094] The components are uniformly dispersed in the emulsion using a high-speed shearing device to reduce particle aggregation and precipitation. The Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel obtained through the above mixing process will have higher stability.

[0095] Furthermore, after obtaining the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles, the method further comprises screening the gel. Specifically, it comprises:

[0096] S53: analyzing the initial viscosity of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing the composite ultrafine particles by using a rheometer, and selecting the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel having an initial viscosity of not less than 50 Pa·s according to the initial viscosity;

[0097] Rheometers use advanced sensors and control systems and can be used to measure the rheological properties of polymer melts, polymer solutions, suspensions, emulsions, coatings, inks and foods, and can accurately measure small deformations and flow changes, including rotational rheometers, capillary rheometers, torque rheometers, etc. Among them, capillary rheometers are suitable for wide-range apparent viscosity measurements (especially for high-speed, high-viscosity fluids), and can accurately measure the viscosity, elasticity and rheological properties of materials.

[0098] S54: The oxidation stability of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles was analyzed by using the quenching efficiency of the oxidation free radicals, and the oxidation free radicals OH - ,ABTS + , the quenching efficiency of DPPH is not less than 90% of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel.

[0099] The quenching efficiency is usually defined as the percentage of the number of oxidative free radicals that can be scavenged by antioxidants under certain conditions to the initial number of free radicals. The higher the percentage, the better the quenching efficiency and the stronger the activity of the antioxidant.

[0100] OH - , hydroxyl radical, has strong oxidizing ability. ABTS, also known as 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, generates a stable blue-green cationic radical ABTS after oxidation + . The ABTS method is a commonly used antioxidant assay, which evaluates the antioxidant capacity of the sample by measuring the degree to which ABTS+ free radicals are scavenged. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine) is a stable free radical, and its solution is dark purple. When DPPH encounters a substance with antioxidant activity, it reacts with it, causing the number of DPPH free radicals to decrease and the color of the solution to become lighter. The DPPH method is a commonly used free radical scavenging ability assessment method, which evaluates the antioxidant capacity of the sample by measuring the scavenging effect of the sample on the DPPH free radical. It is widely used in the determination of the antioxidant capacity of biological samples, phenolic substances and foods.

[0101] In a specific embodiment, an instrument such as electron spin resonance (ESR) can be used to directly measure the concentration change of free radicals in the reaction system, and then the quenching efficiency can be calculated.

[0102] The present invention embodiment detects the effect of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel on oxidative free radical OH - ,ABTS + , and the quenching efficiency of DPPH to evaluate its antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability.

[0103] S6: The Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing the composite ultrafine particles is placed in a vacuum freeze dryer for fixation to obtain the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel prepared with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier.

[0104] In this step, the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles obtained in the above steps is placed in a vacuum freeze dryer for fixation treatment to remove moisture from the gel while retaining its three-dimensional network structure and functional components, thereby obtaining a Pickering emulsion gel finished product prepared with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier.

[0105] Further, the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing the composite ultrafine particles is placed in a vacuum freeze dryer for fixation to obtain the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel prepared as a functional emulsifier, S6 comprises:

[0106] S61: placing the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles in a vacuum freeze dryer, freezing it at -60 to -80°C for 4 to 12 hours, fixing the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles, and obtaining the Pickering emulsion gel prepared with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier.

[0107] Furthermore, after obtaining the Pickering emulsion gel prepared by using Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier, the method further comprises screening the obtained Pickering emulsion gel. Specifically, it comprises:

[0108] S62: using a low-field nuclear magnetic analyzer to measure the moisture type and the corresponding moisture content of the Pickering emulsion gel, and screening out the Pickering emulsion gel having a free water content of 0 and a bound water content of no more than 2.4% according to the moisture type and the corresponding moisture content;

[0109] S63: measuring the viscosity of the Pickering emulsion gel after rehydration using a rheometer, and selecting the Pickering emulsion gel having a viscosity of not less than 50 Pa·s according to the viscosity after rehydration;

[0110] S64: using an emulsification index to screen the emulsification index of the Pickering emulsion gel after rehydration, and screening out the Pickering emulsion gel having an emulsification index of not less than 95% and an emulsification index of not less than 90% after being treated in a centrifuge at 4500 r / min for 15 minutes according to the emulsification index after rehydration;

[0111] S65: The screened Pickering emulsion gel is selected as the Pickering emulsion gel prepared using Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier.

[0112] A series of screening steps from S62 to S65 are intended to further screen out the Pickering emulsion gel with high stability, low free water content, moderate bound water content, high viscosity after rehydration and excellent emulsification performance. Through this series of screening processes, it is ensured that the quality and performance of the final Pickering emulsion gel meet the predetermined standards.

[0113] Through the above steps, the embodiment of the present invention provides a green method for preparing a Pickering emulsion gel, which has no chemical modification to the structure of natural biological active ingredients, no chemical pollution to food-grade ingredients, and no chemical damage to the nutritional characteristics of food, and uses Ganoderma lucidum hyphae to enhance the nutritional value of food, impart functional effects to food, maintain the physical structure of food fluid, and improve the stability of food multiphase systems. The embodiment of the present invention utilizes the superior surface activity and adhesion effect of Ganoderma lucidum hyphae to prepare the Pickering emulsion gel, and improves the physical stability and oxidative stability of the Pickering emulsion gel by fixing the morphology and physical properties of Ganoderma lucidum hyphae, adjusting the surface activity and surface potential of Ganoderma lucidum hyphae, adding epigallocatechin gallate-waxy starch composite ultrafine particles, and fixing it in a vacuum freeze dryer.

[0114] The mechanism of using Ganoderma lucidum hyphae as an emulsifier to prepare a stable Pickering emulsion gel in the embodiment of the present invention is that the Ganoderma lucidum hyphae with balanced surface activity prepared by the present invention exhibits excellent oil-water interface adsorption and interface stability. In an oil-water system, it can be adsorbed to the oil-water interface without falling off, so that the oil droplets are evenly dispersed in the liquid phase system, and the oil-water separation phenomenon caused by the coalescence of oil droplets will not occur. The formation process of the Ganoderma lucidum hyphae-stabilized Pickering emulsion is based on the interaction between the three phases of water, Ganoderma lucidum hyphae with balanced surface activity and liquid oil. Under the influence of capillary force, repulsion occurs between water and liquid oil, and Ganoderma lucidum hyphae with balanced surface activity can be wetted by water and liquid oil at the same time, so Ganoderma lucidum hyphae with balanced surface activity can be adsorbed on the oil-water interface to maintain the stability of the Pickering emulsion gel. Among them, the physical parameters that have the most significant impact on capillary force are contact angle and surface tension. In the Pickering emulsion system, there are three interfaces that contact each other: water, Ganoderma lucidum hyphae with balanced surface activity, and liquid oil. Each interface has a corresponding surface tension at work. When the three interfaces are in equilibrium, the Pickering emulsion system is stable, and the formula for the interface being in equilibrium is:

[0115] ;

[0116] In the formula, It is the relative surface tension between the surface-active Ganoderma lucidum hyphae and the liquid oil; It is the relative surface tension between the surface-active Ganoderma lucidum hyphae and water; is the relative surface tension of liquid oil and water; contact angle It is any angle between 0 and 180 degrees, depending on the relative surface tension of the three interfaces. The present invention uses a contact angle meter to detect that the contact angle between the Ganoderma lucidum hyphae and the oil-water interface is 74.72 degrees, which proves from a mechanism that the Ganoderma lucidum hyphae has balanced oil-water wettability and can be adsorbed on the oil-water interface, which is consistent with the stabilizing effect of the Ganoderma lucidum hyphae Pickering emulsion gel prepared by the method of the present invention.

[0117] In addition, it should be noted that the steps in the method of the embodiment of the present invention can be adjusted in order, combined and deleted according to actual needs. In the scheme of the present invention, the description of each embodiment has its own emphasis. For the part that is not described or recorded in detail in a certain embodiment, please refer to the relevant description of other embodiments. The various technical features of the technical solution of the present invention can be combined arbitrarily. In order to make the description concise, all possible combinations of the various technical features in the embodiment are not described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of the present invention.

[0118] Embodiment 2 of the present invention:

[0119] The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with a specific embodiment and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the following embodiment is only used to explain the present invention, and is not used to limit the present invention.

[0120] Reference Figure 2 , Figure 2 Schematic diagram of a process in an implementation scenario according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 2 As shown, the method for preparing Pickering emulsion gel using Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier in the embodiment of the present invention includes two parts: the preparation of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium functional emulsifier and the preparation of highly stable Pickering emulsion gel. Among them, the preparation of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium functional emulsifier includes the shaping and stabilization of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium, the balance of surface activity and the regulation of surface potential, and the preparation of highly stable Pickering emulsion gel includes the preparation of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium stable Pickering emulsion gel, the preparation of highly stable Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel and the fixation of highly stable Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel.

[0121] The Pickering emulsion gel preparation method in this embodiment comprises:

[0122] Step 1: The shaping and stabilization of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium;

[0123] Fresh Ganoderma lucidum mycelium was placed in a vacuum drying oven at 50°C for 5 hours to fix the morphology and physical properties of the mycelium. The moisture type and content of the mycelium were screened using a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer, with the screening conditions being free water content of 0 and bound water content not exceeding 2.4%. The mycelium was then screened using a specific surface area and pore size analyzer, with the condition being a specific surface area of ​​no more than 6m 2 / g, porosity not exceeding 0.1cm 3 / g, pore size does not exceed 13nm; if it meets the screening conditions, continue to the next step, otherwise return to this step to perform finalization and state treatment on the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium again until it meets the screening conditions or is eliminated. The screening ideas in the following steps are similar and will not be repeated.

[0124] Step 2: Balance of surface activity of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium;

[0125] The shaped and stable Ganoderma mycelium obtained in step 1 is placed in a grinder for pulverization for 90 seconds, and then treated with a planetary ball mill for 10 minutes to adjust the surface activity of the Ganoderma mycelium; and the Ganoderma mycelium with a contact angle with water of not less than 70° and not more than 95° is screened out using a contact angle meter.

[0126] Step 3: Regulation of surface potential of Ganoderma lucidum hyphae;

[0127] The Ganoderma mycelium with balanced surface activity obtained in step 2 was placed in an aqueous solution with a NaCl concentration of 200 mM and a mass concentration of 1%. The suspension was stirred at 200 r / min using a magnetic stirrer for 15 min. The surface potential of the Ganoderma mycelium water suspension was screened using a zeta potential analyzer, and the absolute value of the potential was not less than 25 mV.

[0128] Step 4: Preparation of Pickering emulsion gel stabilized by Ganoderma lucidum mycelium;

[0129] Olive oil was added as the oil phase to the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium suspension obtained in step 3, with an oil-water volume ratio of 3:2, and the suspension was treated at 17500 r / min for 3.5 min using a high-speed shearing device to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium-stabilized Pickering emulsion gel; the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium-stabilized Pickering emulsion gel was screened using an emulsification index, and the screening condition was that the emulsification index was 100%, and the emulsification index of the Pickering emulsion gel after being placed at room temperature for 20 days was not less than 98%; the change of water distribution in the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium-stabilized Pickering emulsion gel was analyzed using a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer, and the Pickering emulsion gel with a relaxation time corresponding to the inversion relaxation curve not exceeding 1000 ms was screened; the morphology of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium and oil droplets in the Pickering emulsion gel was analyzed using a laser confocal fluorescence microscope, and the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium-stabilized Pickering emulsion gel with a three-dimensional network structure and a round oil droplet with a diameter not exceeding 28 μm was screened.

[0130] Step 5: Preparation of highly stable Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel;

[0131] Epigallocatechin gallate-waxy starch composite ultrafine particles were added to the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium stabilized Pickering emulsion gel obtained in step 4, and the mixture was treated at 8500 r / min for 2.5 min using a high-speed shearing device; a high-stable Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel with an initial viscosity of not less than 50 Pa·s was screened using a rheometer; the oxidative stability of the high-stable Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel was analyzed using the quenching efficiency of oxidative free radicals, and the screening condition was oxidative free radical OH - ,ABTS + , the quenching efficiency of DPPH is not less than 90%.

[0132] Step 6: Fixation of highly stable Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel;

[0133] The highly stable Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel obtained in step 5 is placed in a vacuum freeze dryer and treated at -70°C for 11 hours; the moisture type and content of the highly stable Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel are screened by a low-field nuclear magnetic analyzer, and the free water content is 0, and the bound water content does not exceed 2.4%; the viscosity of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel after rehydration is screened by a rheometer, and the initial viscosity is not less than 50 Pa·s; the emulsification index of the highly stable Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel after rehydration is screened by an emulsification index, and the emulsification index is not less than 95% after rehydration, and after being treated in a centrifuge at 4500r / min for 15 minutes, the emulsification index is not less than 90%.

[0134] It should be noted that the "stable" mentioned in this embodiment is a description of the properties of the prepared Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel, which means that the obtained Pickering emulsion gel can maintain its morphology, structure and performance stability, and will not change significantly due to slight changes in the external environment (such as temperature, humidity, light, etc.). This descriptive term does not constitute a specific limitation on this solution.

[0135] In addition, the "high stability" mentioned in this embodiment is a further description of the Pickering emulsion gel after the addition of epigallocatechin gallate-waxy starch composite ultrafine particles. It means that after the addition of epigallocatechin gallate-waxy starch composite ultrafine particles, compared with the Pickering emulsion gel before the addition of the composite ultrafine particles, it has stronger antioxidant properties and higher stability. It is also for the purpose of distinguishing it from the Pickering emulsion gel before the addition of the composite ultrafine particles.

[0136] After the above specific implementation steps, the Pickering emulsion gel prepared by using the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier in this embodiment is processed. The ingredients of the Pickering emulsion gel in the embodiment of the present invention include: Ganoderma lucidum mycelium with a concentration of 1-40g / L, epigallocatechin gallate-waxy starch composite ultrafine particles with a concentration of 1-5g / L, liquid vegetable oil with a concentration of 200g-800g / L, and the rest is water.

[0137] Further, refer to Figure 3 , Figure 3 This is a scanning electron microscope observation of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium. Figure 3 The microscopic morphology, structure and characteristics of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium used in this implementation scenario can be observed.

[0138] Reference Figure 4 , Figure 4Low-field NMR water distribution pseudo-color images of Pickering emulsion gels prepared with different mass concentrations of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium. The water distribution pseudo-color images can provide an overall picture of the changes in water distribution in Pickering emulsion gels. In the pseudo-color images, blue corresponds to a lower hydrogen proton density, while bright yellow and red represent a higher hydrogen proton density. Furthermore, from bright yellow to red, the hydrogen proton density increases and the signal increases. The darker the red, the higher the hydrogen proton density and the stronger the signal. Figure 4 The results showed that as the concentration of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium increased, the signal intensity and spatial distribution of hydrogen protons in the emulsion gel changed significantly. When the mycelium concentration was low (0.1%), the signal intensity of hydrogen protons in the emulsion gel was generally weak and unevenly distributed (corresponding to Figure 4 With the increase of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium concentration, the signal of hydrogen protons in the emulsion gel is enhanced and the distribution is more uniform (corresponding to Figure 4 The red color in the middle deepens and the distribution space expands), which means that as the concentration of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium increases, the distribution of water in the emulsion gel becomes more uniform, which is conducive to the stability of the emulsion gel. By comparing the pseudo-color images at different concentrations, we can further understand the effect of mycelium concentration on gel structure and water dynamics.

[0139] Reference Figure 5 , Figure 5 The surface of Pickering emulsion gel prepared from Ganoderma lucidum mycelium with different mass concentrations. Figure 5 As shown, different mass concentrations affect the color and transparency of the gel. As the mass concentration of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium increases (0.1% to 0.5%), the gel takes on a darker and darker color, and the transparency of the gel decreases with the increase in the mass concentration of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium.

[0140] Reference Figure 6 , Figure 6 This is a laser confocal fluorescence microscopy observation of Pickering emulsion gel stabilized by Ganoderma lucidum mycelium. Figure 6 A complex gel network composed of hyphae and emulsion droplets was shown in the paper. The Pickering emulsion gel is composed of tiny emulsion droplets that are surrounded and stabilized by the hyphae network. Ganoderma lucidum hyphae are distributed in the gel network in fibrous, mesh or interwoven structures, which help stabilize the emulsion and form a three-dimensional network of the gel.

[0141] The above is only a preferred implementation of the present application. It should be pointed out that for ordinary technicians in this technical field, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principles of the present application. These improvements and modifications should also be regarded as the scope of protection of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a Pickering emulsion gel, characterized in that: The method uses ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier, comprising: The mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum is placed in a vacuum drying oven for drying to fix the morphology and physical properties of the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum; crushing and grinding the dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium that has been shaped and stabilized after drying to adjust the surface activity of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium; placing the ground Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder with balanced surface activity in a NaCl aqueous solution to adjust the surface potential of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension; Adding liquid vegetable oil as the oil phase to the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension, mixing and emulsifying the suspension using a high-speed shearing device to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel; Adding epigallocatechin gallate-waxy starch composite ultrafine particles to the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel, and mixing them by high-speed shearing equipment to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles; The Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing the composite ultrafine particles is placed in a vacuum freeze dryer for fixation to obtain the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel prepared with the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier; After the ganoderma mycelium is placed in a vacuum drying oven for drying and the morphology and physical properties of the ganoderma mycelium are fixed, the method further comprises: The moisture type and corresponding moisture content of the dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium were measured using a low-field nuclear magnetic analyzer; According to the moisture type and the corresponding moisture content, dry Ganoderma lucidum mycelium with a free water content of 0 and a bound water content not exceeding 2.4% is selected; The selected dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium was screened again using a specific surface area and pore size analyzer to screen out the mycelium with a specific surface area not exceeding 6m 2 / g, dry Ganoderma lucidum mycelium with a pore size not exceeding 13nm; The dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium that has been shaped and stabilized after drying is crushed and ground, including: The dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium that has been shaped and stabilized after drying is placed in a grinder and pulverized for 30 to 120 seconds; Grinding the crushed dry Ganoderma lucidum mycelium for 10 to 180 minutes using a planetary ball mill; After crushing and grinding the dried Ganoderma lucidum mycelium that has been shaped and stabilized after drying, and adjusting the surface activity of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium, the method further comprises: The contact angle between the ground Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder and water was measured using a contact angle meter; According to the contact angle, a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder having a surface activity balance and a contact angle with water of not less than 70° and not more than 95° is selected; The ground Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder with balanced surface activity is placed in a NaCl aqueous solution to adjust the surface potential of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension comprising: placing the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium powder with balanced surface activity in an aqueous solution with a NaCl concentration of 200 to 400 mM to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium solution with a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium mass percentage concentration of 0.125 to 20%; Stirring the ganoderma mycelium solution at 60 to 200 r / min for 10 to 50 minutes using a magnetic stirrer to obtain a ganoderma mycelium water suspension; After obtaining the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension, the method further comprises: measuring the surface potential of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension; According to the surface potential measurement value, the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension having a potential absolute value of not less than 25 mV is screened out.

2. The method for preparing Pickering emulsion gel according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method of adding liquid vegetable oil as the oil phase to the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension, mixing the suspension using a high-speed shearing device, and emulsifying the suspension to obtain the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel comprises: Adding liquid vegetable oil as the oil phase to the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water suspension, controlling the oil-water volume ratio to be 1:4-4:1, to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium water-oil mixture; The ganoderma mycelium water-oil mixture is treated with a high-speed shearing device at 10000-22000 r / min for 2-10 minutes to obtain a ganoderma mycelium Pickering emulsion gel through emulsification.

3. The method for preparing Pickering emulsion gel according to claim 1, characterized in that: After the emulsification to obtain the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel, the method further comprises: measuring the emulsification index of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel; The Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel is screened once according to the emulsification index, and the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel having an emulsification index of 100% and an emulsification index of not less than 98% after being placed at room temperature for 20 days is screened out; The water distribution change in the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel is analyzed by a low-field nuclear magnetic analyzer, and the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel after the primary screening is subjected to a secondary screening according to the water distribution change, so as to screen out the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel whose relaxation time corresponding to the inversion relaxation curve does not exceed 1000 ms; The morphologies of Ganoderma mycelium and oil droplets in the Ganoderma mycelium Pickering emulsion gel were analyzed using a laser confocal fluorescence microscope. The Ganoderma mycelium Pickering emulsion gel after the secondary screening was screened for a third time based on the morphologies of the Ganoderma mycelium and oil droplets, and a Ganoderma mycelium Pickering emulsion gel with a three-dimensional network structure of Ganoderma mycelium and round oil droplets with a diameter not exceeding 28 μm was screened out.

4. The method for preparing Pickering emulsion gel according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method of mixing with a high-speed shearing device to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles comprises: The mixture is mixed and treated at 6000-12000 r / min for 1-6 minutes by using a high-speed shearing device to obtain a Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles.

5. The method for preparing Pickering emulsion gel according to claim 1, characterized in that: After obtaining the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles, the method further comprises: The initial viscosity of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing the composite ultrafine particles is analyzed by a rheometer, and the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel having an initial viscosity of not less than 50 Pa·s is screened out according to the initial viscosity; The quenching efficiency of oxidative free radicals was used to analyze the oxidative stability of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles, and the oxidative free radicals OH - ,ABTS + , the quenching efficiency of DPPH is not less than 90% of the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel.

6. The method for preparing Pickering emulsion gel according to claim 1, characterized in that: The step of placing the Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing composite ultrafine particles in a vacuum freeze dryer for fixation comprises: The Ganoderma lucidum mycelium Pickering emulsion gel containing the composite ultrafine particles is placed in a vacuum freeze dryer and frozen at a temperature of -60 to -80°C for 4 to 12 hours.

7. The method for preparing Pickering emulsion gel according to claim 1, characterized in that: After obtaining the Pickering emulsion gel prepared by using Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as a functional emulsifier, the method further comprises: The water type and the corresponding water content of the Pickering emulsion gel are measured by a low-field nuclear magnetic analyzer, and the Pickering emulsion gel with a free water content of 0 and a bound water content of no more than 2.4% is screened out according to the water type and the corresponding water content; Measuring the viscosity of the Pickering emulsion gel after rehydration by using a rheometer, and selecting the Pickering emulsion gel with a viscosity of not less than 50 Pa·s according to the viscosity after rehydration; The emulsification index of the Pickering emulsion gel after rehydration is screened by using the emulsification index, and the Pickering emulsion gel having an emulsification index of not less than 95% and an emulsification index of not less than 90% after being treated in a centrifuge at 4500 r / min for 15 minutes is screened according to the emulsification index after rehydration; The screened Pickering emulsion gel was selected as the Pickering emulsion gel prepared with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium as the functional emulsifier.

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