Marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture and use method thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses a coupling carbon capture marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system and a use method thereof. The coupling carbon capture marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system comprises a methanol autothermal reforming hydrogen production system, a proton exchange membrane fuel stack power generation system and a carbon capture system, the methanol self-heating reforming hydrogen production system comprises a methanol storage tank, a water storage tank, a mixer A, a heat exchanger A, a methanol reforming reactor, a self-heating reactor and a hydrogen purification module; the proton exchange membrane fuel stack power generation system comprises a heat exchanger B, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, a mixer B, a heat exchanger C, an air blower and a combustion chamber; the carbon capture system comprises a mixer C, a carbonation reactor, a calcination reactor, a compressor and a carbon dioxide storage tank. According to the invention, a methanol reforming hydrogen production technology, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell and a carbon capture technology are combined, so that production and consumption of hydrogen are matched, CO2 in ship tail gas is captured, and the fuel cell system based on methanol reforming hydrogen production realizes zero carbon emission and high-efficiency energy utilization.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of clean energy technology, and more specifically, to a marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture and a method for using the system. Background Art

[0002] Hydrogen energy is widely considered to be the most promising clean energy in the world today. Compared with traditional energy, hydrogen energy has many incomparable advantages, including the following: (1) As a new type of energy-containing body, hydrogen energy can completely break away from dependence on fossil energy; (2) The calorific value of hydrogen is second only to nuclear fuel, and is much higher than traditional energy sources such as gasoline and coal. Its energy density has a significant advantage over conventional energy sources; (3) The only product after hydrogen combustion is water, so it is considered to be the cleanest and most environmentally friendly energy in the world; (4) The most critical point is that hydrogen resources are widely distributed, the source is sufficient, and it can be used in a variety of ways. At present, the main ways to prepare hydrogen include water electrolysis, partial oxidation of heavy oil, hydrocarbon and alcohol reforming, coal gasification, and microbial hydrogen production. Among them, water electrolysis has the problem of high energy consumption, and heavy oil reforming hydrogen production may generate sulfides, which will cause catalyst and fuel cell electrode poisoning. In contrast, reforming hydrogen production using hydrocarbons and alcohols as raw materials is becoming an important method that has attracted much attention in the field of hydrogen production due to its abundant raw material sources, low prices, and low overall costs.

[0003] Hydrogen fuel cell technology plays a vital role in the efficient use of hydrogen energy and in alleviating the global conventional energy crisis. It achieves clean and efficient energy utilization by directly converting the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen into electrical energy. Its working principle is the reverse process of the electrolysis of water. The only product of the reaction is water, which has the environmental characteristics of no pollution and zero carbon emissions. However, the widespread application of hydrogen fuel cells is inseparable from a stable, efficient, safe and economical supply of hydrogen sources, which is also a key link in achieving the popularization of technology. At present, the mainstream hydrogen storage technologies include high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage, low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage, solid alloy hydrogen storage and organic liquid hydrogen storage. These technologies have their own advantages in terms of hydrogen storage density, cost and temperature, but from the perspective of comprehensive performance, they have not yet fully met the strict requirements of hydrogen fuel cells for hydrogen sources.

[0004] In contrast, methanol reforming hydrogen production system has attracted attention due to its unique advantages. Methanol steam reforming hydrogen production technology reforms methanol and water vapor under the action of a catalyst at a certain temperature (usually 200-300°C) and pressure conditions to generate hydrogen and CO2. It has the following advantages: the raw material methanol is widely available and renewable, and its storage and transportation are highly safe; the methanol reforming catalyst has stable performance and high energy density, and can provide stable, efficient and economical hydrogen, providing a strong guarantee for the promotion and application of hydrogen fuel cells.

[0005] The key to this technology lies in the performance of the catalyst, which usually uses a copper-based catalyst with high activity and selectivity. In addition, in order to improve the reaction efficiency, the system is usually equipped with heat exchange equipment to recover waste heat and improve methanol conversion rate and thermal efficiency. However, this technology still has some challenges, including the thermal stability and anti-poisoning performance of the catalyst, as well as the generation of by-product CO. CO may have a toxic effect on subsequent fuel cells, so supporting hydrogen purification technology (such as pressure swing adsorption or selective oxidation) is required to remove impurities. The optimization and innovation of these technologies are still important research directions for the development of methanol steam reforming hydrogen production. The methanol steam reforming reaction is an endothermic reaction, and the reaction is as follows:

[0006]

[0007] CH3OH→CO+2H2(DE)

[0008]

[0009] Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are a very promising type of fuel cell. Their working principle is to directly convert the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen into electrical energy through a proton exchange membrane. They have the advantages of high energy conversion efficiency, zero emissions, low noise, and modular design. Existing technologies mainly focus on improving the conductivity, durability, and anti-pollution performance of proton exchange membranes, improving the activity of catalysts and reducing their dependence on precious metals, and optimizing the design of cell stacks to improve power density and heat dissipation performance. In recent years, a lot of research has been carried out in these areas. However, research on their application in fully integrated systems is still limited.

[0010] Shipboard carbon capture technology is seen as an important way to mitigate carbon emissions from the shipping industry, but carbon capture systems applied to ships are still in the research and development stage. At present, liquid adsorbents are still the main choice for large-scale industrial carbon capture, among which amine solutions (such as monoethanolamine, MEA), ionic liquids and functionalized solvents are the most common research materials. Liquid adsorbents usually have high adsorption capacity and fast adsorption rate. Among them, ionic liquids have gradually become a research hotspot due to their low volatility and high thermal stability; functionalized solvents have improved the capture capacity of CO2 by introducing specific functional groups. However, liquid adsorbents still face many challenges in their application. For example, amine solutions are highly corrosive and easily damage equipment, requiring frequent maintenance and replacement; some liquid adsorbents may degrade during the adsorption-desorption cycle, resulting in a significant reduction in adsorption efficiency and increased operating costs; in addition, the regeneration energy consumption of liquid adsorbents is high, and some may also produce toxic byproducts, and their preparation costs are also relatively high. Especially during the sailing process of the ship, in the face of the shaking ship driving conditions, the adsorbent will be subjected to multi-directional inertial forces and shear forces in the hull, causing irregular fluctuations or tilting in the adsorption device, which may cause uneven liquid level, local overflow or poor circulation, complicating the operation of the system. These phenomena not only increase the complexity of system operation, but also put forward higher requirements for stable operation. For this reason, solid CO2 adsorbents have gradually received attention. Compared with liquid adsorbents, solid adsorbents have many advantages, including higher adsorption capacity, good thermal and chemical stability, lower regeneration energy consumption and more environmentally friendly characteristics. These advantages make it an important research direction in the field of carbon capture, providing a potential alternative to solve the shortcomings of existing liquid adsorbents. Summary of the invention

[0011] The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the above-mentioned defects of the prior art and to provide a carbon capture coupled marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system and a method of using the system, which combines methanol reforming hydrogen production technology, proton exchange membrane fuel cells and carbon capture technology, so that the production and consumption of hydrogen can be matched and CO2 in the ship's exhaust gas can be captured, so that the fuel cell system based on methanol reforming hydrogen production can achieve zero carbon emissions and efficient energy utilization.

[0012] To achieve the above object, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0013] A marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture, comprising: a methanol autothermal reforming hydrogen production system 1, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell power generation system 2 and a carbon capture system 3; the methanol autothermal reforming hydrogen production system 1 comprises a methanol storage tank 11, a water storage tank 12, a mixer A13, a heat exchanger A14, a methanol reforming reactor 15, a self-heating reactor 16, and a hydrogen purification module 17; the proton exchange membrane fuel cell power generation system 2 comprises a heat exchanger B21, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22, a mixer B23, a heat exchanger C24, a blower 25, and a combustion chamber 26; the carbon capture system 3 The invention comprises a mixer C31, a carbonation reactor 32, a calcination reactor 33, a compressor 34, and a carbon dioxide storage tank 35 which are connected in sequence; the methanol storage tank 11 is branched into two paths by a pump, one of which is connected to the self-heating reactor 16 through a valve, and the other is connected to the feed port of the mixer A13 in parallel with the water storage tank 12 through a pump, and the discharge port of the mixer is connected to the methanol reforming reactor 15 through a heat exchanger A14, one end of the self-heating reactor 16 is connected to the methanol reforming reactor 15, and the discharge port of the methanol reforming reactor 15 is connected to the hydrogen The purification module 17 is connected, and the outlet of the hydrogen purification module 17 is branched into two paths, one of which is connected to the anode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 through a heat exchanger B21, and the other is connected to the carbonation reactor 32 through a mixer B23. The feed port of the mixer C31 is also connected to the ship exhaust pretreatment module 4 and the self-heating reactor 16 respectively; the blower 25 is connected to the cathode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 and the combustion chamber 26 respectively through a heat exchanger C24, and the outlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 is connected in parallel The system is connected to the feed port of the mixer B23, and the discharge port of the mixer B23 is connected to the combustion chamber 26; the system also includes a heat delivery pipeline, and the heat generated by the combustion chamber 26 is supplied through the heat delivery pipeline; the system also includes an electric energy delivery pipeline, and the electric energy generated by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 is supplied through the electric energy delivery pipeline; the system also includes a water delivery pipeline, and the water generated by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22, the combustion chamber 26 and the self-heating reactor 16 is connected to the water storage tank 12 through the water delivery pipeline.

[0014] The present invention also discloses a method for using the above-mentioned marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture, which is divided into a startup phase and an operation phase, and includes the following steps:

[0015] During the startup phase, methanol is pumped from the methanol storage tank 11 to the self-heating reactor 16 for combustion to provide heat required for vaporization in the heat exchanger A14 and reforming of methanol in the methanol reforming reactor 15;

[0016] In the operation stage, methanol and water are respectively input from the methanol storage tank 11 and the water storage tank 12 into the mixer A13 by a pump for mixing, and the obtained methanol-water solution is vaporized by the heat exchanger A14 to form methanol-water vapor, which then enters the methanol reforming reactor 15 to react with the catalyst to obtain synthesis gas;

[0017] The synthesis gas is purified by the hydrogen purification module 17 to obtain high-purity hydrogen, and the obtained high-purity hydrogen is heated by the heat exchanger B21 and then input to the anode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 for oxidation reaction, and the air flows through the heat exchanger C24 through the blower 25 and is heated and then enters the cathode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 for reduction reaction, and the electric energy generated by the reaction is supplied through the electric energy transmission pipeline, and the high-purity hydrogen and air not utilized in the reaction are mixed by the mixer B23 and then enter the combustion chamber 26 for combustion reaction, and the heat generated by the combustion chamber 26 is supplied through the heat transmission pipeline;

[0018] The CO2 obtained after the ship exhaust gas is treated by the ship exhaust gas pretreatment module 4, the CO2 in the synthesis gas separated by the hydrogen purification module 17, and the CO2 generated by the methanol combustion reaction in the self-heating reactor 16 enter the carbonation reactor 32 through the mixer C31 to use the adsorbent to adsorb CO2, and then the carbonated adsorbent enters the calcination reactor 33 for calcination, and the calcined CO2 is compressed by the compressor 34 and enters the carbon dioxide storage tank 35 for storage;

[0019] The water generated by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 , the combustion chamber 26 and the self-heating reactor 16 is transported to the water storage tank 12 through the water transport pipeline.

[0020] Implementing the embodiments of the present invention will have the following beneficial effects:

[0021] 1. The marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture provided by the present invention directly converts chemical energy into electrical energy through the efficient electrochemical reaction of the fuel cell, thus avoiding the heat-work conversion loss of the traditional heat engine system. In addition, the unreacted hydrogen is mixed with air for combustion, and the heat generated is recycled for methanol water vaporization and air preheating, further improving the energy utilization efficiency and achieving efficient energy utilization.

[0022] 2. The marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture provided by the present invention converts CO2 and compresses and stores it through carbonation and calcination processes, which is convenient for subsequent treatment or utilization, thereby realizing the capture and storage of ship exhaust CO2, reducing the carbon emissions of ships, and complying with the requirements of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for carbon emission reduction of ships.

[0023] 3. The marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture provided by the present invention has a high degree of integration, organically combining multiple functional modules such as methanol reforming, hydrogen purification, fuel cell power generation, combustion waste heat recovery and carbon capture, thus realizing multi-level comprehensive utilization of energy and system optimization.

[0024] 4. The carbon capture-coupled marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system provided by the present invention has the advantage of flexible fuel supply. It uses methanol as a fuel source and produces hydrogen through a methanol reforming reaction. Methanol has the easy storage and transportation convenience of liquid fuel, and is suitable for long-distance voyages of ships.

[0025] 5. The marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture provided by the present invention can fully realize the comprehensive utilization of waste heat. The waste heat generated by the combustion chamber is recovered through the heat exchanger to improve the vaporization efficiency of methanol-water solution and the preheating level of air, further improving the thermal efficiency of the entire system. In addition, the system adopts a modular design, and the methanol storage tank, reforming reactor, fuel cell stack and carbon capture module are independently distributed, which is convenient for maintenance and overhaul, and improves system reliability. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of a marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0027] Among them, 1. Methanol autothermal reforming hydrogen production system: 11. Methanol storage tank, 12. Water storage tank, 13. Mixer A, 14. Heat exchanger A, 15. Methanol reforming reactor, 16. Self-heating reactor, 17. Hydrogen purification module; 2. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack power generation system: 21. Heat exchanger B, 22. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, 23. Mixer B, 24. Heat exchanger C, 25. Blower, 26. Combustion chamber; 3. Carbon capture system: 31. Mixer C, 32. Carbonation reactor, 33. Calcination reactor, 34. Compressor, 35. Carbon dioxide storage tank; 4. Ship exhaust pretreatment module; 5. Ship heat device; 6. Ship power device: 61. Ship power distribution device, 62. Ship power grid, 63. Ship power load device; DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] The present invention is further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments, but the present invention is not limited in any way.

[0029] The present invention discloses a marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture, such as Figure 1 As shown, it includes: a methanol autothermal reforming hydrogen production system 1, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell power generation system 2 and a carbon capture system 3.

[0030] Furthermore, the methanol autothermal reforming hydrogen production system 1 includes a methanol storage tank 11, a water storage tank 12, a mixer A13, a heat exchanger A14, a methanol reforming reactor 15, a self-heating reactor 16, and a hydrogen purification module 17.

[0031] Furthermore, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack power generation system 2 includes a heat exchanger B21, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22, a mixer B23, a heat exchanger C24, a blower 25, and a combustion chamber 26.

[0032] Furthermore, the carbon capture system 3 includes a mixer C31 , a carbonation reactor 32 , a calcination reactor 33 , a compressor 34 , and a carbon dioxide storage tank 35 , which are connected in sequence.

[0033] Furthermore, the methanol storage tank 11 is branched into two paths through a pump, one of which is connected to the self-heating reactor 16 through a valve, and the other is connected to the water storage tank 12 through a pump in parallel with the feed port of the mixer A13, the discharge port of the mixer is connected to the methanol reforming reactor 15 through the heat exchanger A14, one end of the self-heating reactor 16 is connected to the methanol reforming reactor 15, the discharge port of the methanol reforming reactor 15 is connected to the hydrogen purification module 17, and the discharge port of the hydrogen purification module 17 is branched into two paths, one of which is connected to the self-heating reactor 16 through the valve, and the other is connected to the water storage tank 12 through the pump in parallel with the feed port of the mixer A13, the discharge port of the mixer is connected to the methanol reforming reactor 15 through the heat exchanger A14, and the self-heating reactor 16 is connected to the methanol reforming reactor 15. The discharge port of the methanol reforming reactor 15 is connected to the hydrogen purification module 17. B21 is connected to the anode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22, and the other way is connected to the carbonation reactor 32 through the mixer B23. The feed port of the mixer C31 is also connected to the ship exhaust pretreatment module 4 and the self-heating reactor 16 respectively; the blower 25 is connected to the cathode and the combustion chamber 26 of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 respectively through the heat exchanger C24, and the outlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 is connected to the feed port of the mixer B23 in parallel, and the discharge port of the mixer B23 is connected to the combustion chamber 26.

[0034] Furthermore, the system also includes a heat transport pipeline, and the heat generated by the combustion chamber 26 is supplied through the heat transport pipeline.

[0035] Furthermore, the system also includes an electric energy transmission pipeline, and the electric energy generated by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 is supplied through the electric energy transmission pipeline.

[0036] Furthermore, the system also includes a water delivery pipeline, and the water generated by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22, the combustion chamber 26 and the self-heating reactor 16 is connected to the water storage tank 12 through the water delivery pipeline.

[0037] In a specific embodiment, the discharge port of the calcination reactor 33 is divided into two paths, one of which is connected to the carbon dioxide storage tank 35 through the compressor 34 , and the other is connected to the carbonation reactor 32 .

[0038] In a specific embodiment, the outlet end of the heat transfer pipeline is respectively connected to the heat exchanger A14, the self-heating reactor 16, the heat exchanger B21, the heat exchanger C24, the carbonation reactor 32 and the calcination reactor 33 for heat supply, and the remaining heat is used for the ship heating device 5.

[0039] In a specific embodiment, the outlet end of the electric energy transmission pipeline is connected to the ship electrical device 6, the blower 25, the compressor 34 and the pump respectively, and the redundant electric energy is stored by the lithium battery energy storage device 7.

[0040] In a specific embodiment, the ship electrical device 6 includes a ship power distribution device 61, a ship power grid 62, and a ship electrical load device 63 which are connected in sequence.

[0041] Specifically, the present invention combines methanol reforming hydrogen production technology, proton exchange membrane fuel cells and carbon capture technology together to match the production and consumption of hydrogen and to capture CO2 in ship exhaust gas, thereby achieving a zero-carbon emission system, which is suitable for application in ship operating conditions.

[0042] The present invention also discloses a method for using a marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture according to any embodiment of the present invention, which is divided into a startup phase and an operation phase, and includes the following steps:

[0043] S1. During the startup phase, methanol is pumped from the methanol storage tank 11 into the self-heating reactor 16 for combustion to provide the heat required for vaporization of the heat exchanger A14 and methanol reforming of the methanol reforming reactor 15.

[0044] S2, during the operation phase:

[0045] S21, methanol and water are respectively input from the methanol storage tank 11 and the water storage tank 12 into the mixer A13 through a pump for mixing, and the obtained methanol-water solution is vaporized through the heat exchanger A14 to form methanol-water vapor, which then enters the methanol reforming reactor 15 to react with the catalyst to obtain synthesis gas.

[0046] S22. Purify the synthesis gas through the hydrogen purification module 17 to obtain high-purity hydrogen. The obtained high-purity hydrogen is heated by the heat exchanger B21 and input into the anode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 for oxidation reaction. The air flows through the heat exchanger C24 through the blower 25 and is heated and then enters the cathode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 for reduction reaction. The electric energy generated by the reaction is supplied through the electric energy transmission pipeline. The high-purity hydrogen and air not utilized in the reaction are mixed by the mixer B23 and then enter the combustion chamber 26 for combustion reaction. The heat generated by the combustion chamber 26 is supplied through the heat transmission pipeline.

[0047] S23, the CO2 obtained after the ship exhaust gas is treated by the ship exhaust gas pretreatment module 4, the CO2 in the synthesis gas separated by the hydrogen purification module 17, and the CO2 generated by the methanol combustion reaction in the self-heating reactor 16 enter the carbonation reactor 32 through the mixer C31 to use the adsorbent to adsorb CO2, and then the carbonated adsorbent enters the calcination reactor 33 for calcination, and the calcined CO2 is compressed by the compressor 34 and then enters the carbon dioxide storage tank 35 for storage; the water generated by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22, the combustion chamber 26 and the self-heating reactor 16 is transported to the water storage tank 12 through the water transport pipeline.

[0048] In a specific embodiment, the reaction process in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 specifically includes:

[0049] High-purity hydrogen enters the anode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 and undergoes an oxidation reaction H2→2H + +2e - , the hydrogen molecule is decomposed into protons H + and electronic - , protons then migrate to the cathode through the proton exchange membrane, and electrons flow to the cathode through the external circuit to form an electric current; the air flows through the blower 25 through the heat exchanger C24 and is heated before entering the cathode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 to undergo a reduction reaction, and the O2 in the air enters the battery and combines with the protons that reach the cathode through the proton exchange membrane and the electrons from the external circuit to generate water; the overall reaction of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is: 2H2+O2→2H2O+electric energy+heat energy.

[0050] In a specific embodiment, the adsorbent includes at least one of a magnesium-based adsorbent or a calcium-based adsorbent.

[0051] In one embodiment, the catalyst includes at least one of a copper-based spinel catalyst or a perovskite-type catalyst.

[0052] In a specific embodiment, the reaction temperature in the methanol reforming reactor (15) is 200°C to 300°C.

[0053] In one specific embodiment, the temperature in the carbonation reactor (32) is 250°C to 350°C.

[0054] In a specific embodiment, the temperature in the calcination reactor (33) is 400°C to 500°C.

[0055] In a specific embodiment, the adsorbent obtained after calcination in the calcination reactor 33 is recycled back to the carbonation reactor 32 to continue CO2 adsorption.

[0056] In a specific embodiment, the heat generated by the combustion chamber 26 is transported to the heat exchanger A14, the self-heating reactor 16, the heat exchanger B21, the heat exchanger C24, the carbonation reactor 32 and the calcination reactor 33 through a heat transfer pipeline, and the remaining heat is used for the ship heating device 5.

[0057] In a specific embodiment, the electric energy generated by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 22 is transmitted to the ship electrical device 6, the blower 25, the compressor 34 and the pump respectively through the electric energy transmission pipeline, and the redundant electric energy is stored by the lithium battery energy storage device 7.

[0058] In a specific embodiment, the ship electrical device 6 includes a ship power distribution device 61, a ship power grid 62, and a ship electrical load device 63 which are connected in sequence.

[0059] The above-mentioned embodiments only express several implementation methods of the present invention, and the description thereof is relatively specific and detailed, but it cannot be understood as limiting the scope of the patent application. It should be pointed out that, for a person of ordinary skill in the art, several variations and improvements can be made without departing from the concept of the present invention, and these all belong to the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the patent of the present invention shall be subject to the attached claims.

Claims

1. A marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture, characterized in that: include: Methanol autothermal reforming hydrogen production system (1), proton exchange membrane fuel cell power generation system (2) and carbon capture system (3); The methanol autothermal reforming hydrogen production system (1) comprises a methanol storage tank (11), a water storage tank (12), a mixer A (13), a heat exchanger A (14), a methanol reforming reactor (15), a self-heating reactor (16), and a hydrogen purification module (17); The proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack power generation system (2) comprises a heat exchanger B (21), a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (22), a mixer B (23), a heat exchanger C (24), a blower (25), and a combustion chamber (26); The carbon capture system (3) comprises a mixer C (31), a carbonation reactor (32), a calcination reactor (33), a compressor (34), and a carbon dioxide storage tank (35) which are connected in sequence; The methanol storage tank (11) is branched into two paths through a pump, one of which is connected to the self-heating reactor (16) through a valve, and the other is connected to the feed port of the mixer A (13) in parallel with the water storage tank (12) through a pump, the discharge port of the mixer is connected to the methanol reforming reactor (15) through a heat exchanger A (14), one end of the self-heating reactor (16) is connected to the methanol reforming reactor (15), the discharge port of the methanol reforming reactor (15) is connected to the hydrogen purification module (17), the discharge port of the hydrogen purification module (17) is branched into two paths, one of which is connected to the anode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (22) through a heat exchanger B (21), and the other is connected to the carbonation reactor (32) through a mixer B (23), and the feed port of the mixer C (31) is also connected to the ship exhaust pretreatment module (4) and the self-heating reactor (16) respectively; The blower (25) is connected to the cathode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (22) and the combustion chamber (26) respectively through a heat exchanger C (24); the outlet of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (22) is connected to the feed port of the mixer B (23) in parallel; and the outlet of the mixer B (23) is connected to the combustion chamber (26); The system further comprises a heat transport pipeline, and the heat generated by the combustion chamber (26) is supplied through the heat transport pipeline; The system also includes an electric energy transmission pipeline, and the electric energy generated by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (22) is supplied through the electric energy transmission pipeline; The system also includes a water delivery pipeline, through which water generated by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (22), the combustion chamber (26) and the self-heating reactor (16) is connected to the water storage tank (12).

2. The marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture according to claim 1, characterized in that: The discharge port of the calcination reactor (33) is divided into two paths, one of which is connected to the carbon dioxide storage tank (35) through a compressor (34), and the other is connected to the carbonation reactor (32).

3. The marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture according to claim 1, characterized in that: The outlet ends of the heat transport pipeline are respectively connected to the heat exchanger A (14), the self-heating reactor (16), the heat exchanger B (21), the heat exchanger C (24), the carbonation reactor (32) and the calcination reactor (33) for heat supply, and the remaining heat is used for the ship heating device (5).

4. The marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture according to claim 1, characterized in that: The outlet end of the electric energy transmission pipeline is respectively connected to the ship's electrical device (6), the blower (25), the compressor (34) and the pump, and the redundant electric energy is stored by the lithium battery energy storage device (7); The ship electrical device (6) comprises a ship power distribution device (61), a ship power grid (62), and a ship electrical load device (63) which are connected in sequence.

5. A method for using the marine hydrogen fuel cell thermoelectric system coupled with carbon capture as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: It is divided into the startup phase and the operation phase, including the following steps: During the startup phase, methanol is pumped from the methanol storage tank (11) into the self-heating reactor (16) for combustion to provide heat required for vaporization in the heat exchanger A (14) and methanol reforming in the methanol reforming reactor (15); In the operation stage, methanol and water are respectively input from a methanol storage tank (11) and a water storage tank (12) into a mixer A (13) by a pump for mixing, and the obtained methanol-water solution is vaporized by a heat exchanger A (14) to form methanol-water vapor, which then enters a methanol reforming reactor (15) to react with a catalyst to obtain synthesis gas; The synthesis gas is purified by a hydrogen purification module (17) to obtain high-purity hydrogen. The obtained high-purity hydrogen is heated by a heat exchanger B (21) and then input to the anode of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (22) for oxidation reaction. Air is heated by a blower (25) and then flows through a heat exchanger C (24) and then enters the cathode of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (22) for reduction reaction. Electric energy generated by the reaction is supplied via an electric energy transmission pipeline. The high-purity hydrogen and air not used in the reaction are mixed by a mixer B (23) and then enter a combustion chamber (26) for combustion reaction. The heat generated by the combustion chamber (26) is supplied via a heat transmission pipeline. The CO2 obtained after the ship exhaust gas is treated by the ship exhaust gas pretreatment module (4), the CO2 in the synthesis gas separated by the hydrogen purification module (17), and the CO2 generated by the methanol combustion reaction in the self-heating reactor (16) enter the carbonation reactor (32) through the mixer C (31) to adsorb CO2 using an adsorbent, and then the carbonated adsorbent enters the calcination reactor (33) for calcination, and the calcined CO2 is compressed by a compressor (34) and enters the carbon dioxide storage tank (35) for storage; The water generated by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (22), the combustion chamber (26) and the self-heating reactor (16) is transported to the water storage tank (12) through the water transport pipeline.

6. The method of use according to claim 5, characterized in that: The reaction process in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (22) specifically includes: High-purity hydrogen enters the anode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (22) and undergoes an oxidation reaction H2→2H + +2e - , the hydrogen molecule is decomposed into protons H + and electronic - , protons then migrate to the cathode through the proton exchange membrane, and electrons flow to the cathode through the external circuit to form current; The air is heated by the blower (25) and flows through the heat exchanger C (24) before entering the cathode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (22) to undergo a reduction reaction. O2 in the air enters the battery and combines with protons that pass through the proton exchange membrane and reach the cathode and electrons from the external circuit to generate water. The overall reaction of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is: 2H2+O2→2H2O+electrical energy+thermal energy.

7. The method of use according to claim 5, characterized in that: The adsorbent includes at least one of a magnesium-based adsorbent and a calcium-based adsorbent; The catalyst comprises at least one of a copper-based spinel catalyst or a perovskite-type catalyst; The reaction temperature in the methanol reforming reactor (15) is 200°C to 300°C; The temperature in the carbonation reactor (32) is 250°C to 350°C; The temperature in the calcination reactor (33) is 400°C to 500°C.

8. The method of use according to claim 5, characterized in that: The adsorbent obtained after calcination in the calcination reactor (33) is circulated back to the carbonation reactor (32) to continue CO2 adsorption.

9. The method of use according to claim 5, characterized in that: The heat generated by the combustion chamber (26) is transported to the heat exchanger A (14), the self-heating reactor (16), the heat exchanger B (21), the heat exchanger C (24), the carbonation reactor (32) and the calcination reactor (33) respectively through the heat transport pipeline, and the remaining heat is used for the ship heat device (5).

10. The method of use according to claim 5, characterized in that: The electric energy generated by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (22) is respectively transmitted to the ship electrical device (6), the blower (25), the compressor (34) and the pump through the electric energy transmission pipeline, and the redundant electric energy is stored through the lithium battery energy storage device (7); The ship electrical device (6) comprises a ship power distribution device (61), a ship power grid (62), and a ship electrical load device (63) which are connected in sequence.

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