Density-increasing nitrogen-reducing efficient planting method for intercropping corn and leguminous green manure

Abstract

The invention provides a density-increasing and nitrogen-reducing efficient planting method for intercropping corn with leguminous green manure, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: 1, mixing corn seeds with a seed accelerating agent, and soaking; mixing and stirring the leguminous green manure plant seeds and the coating agent; step 2, optimizing wide and narrow row spacing, sowing corn seeds, and sowing leguminous green manure plant seeds in a peak shifting manner; 3, base fertilizer is applied along with ploughing, and additional fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer and leaf fertilizer are applied in the corn growing period; 4, water quantity management in the corn growing period; 5, leguminous green manure plants are cut, turned and pressed, and a decomposition agent is applied; the problems of low planting density, high nitrogen fertilizer dependence, insufficient green manure utilization rate and the like in the existing corn intercropping leguminous green manure technology are solved by optimizing wide and narrow rows, enhancing the nitrogen fixation capability of the green manure, efficiently turning and pressing the green manure and the like.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of corn planting, and particularly relates to a high-efficiency planting method for intercropping corn with leguminous green manure by increasing density and reducing nitrogen Background Art

[0002] Traditional corn planting mostly adopts a monoculture mode, relying on high nitrogen fertilizer input to maintain yield, but it is prone to problems such as soil compaction, nitrogen loss, and environmental pollution. Therefore, a planting mode of intercropping corn with green manure crops has been proposed. Its core principle is to utilize the biological nitrogen fixation ability of leguminous plants to reduce the input of chemical nitrogen fertilizer, and at the same time improve soil structure and fertility by turning under green manure. However, the existing planting mode of intercropping corn with green manure crops still has the following defects: 1) The planting density is low, and the land utilization rate is insufficient. The row spacing design of the existing intercropping mode limits the improvement of planting density. The density of corn is generally low, and it is difficult to break through the yield per unit area. At the same time, the sowing time of leguminous plants is inappropriate, and the early competition causes the growth of corn seedlings to be hindered. 2) The effect of nitrogen fertilizer reduction is limited. The seeds of leguminous plants are not coated, resulting in reduced nitrogen fixation efficiency and low nitrogen fixation amount. There is still an excessive dependence on nitrogen fertilizer, and the use of organic fertilizer and biochar is insufficient, resulting in poor soil fertilizer retention ability. 3) The nutrient release efficiency of green manure is low. In the existing technology, the turning-under time of green manure does not combine with the growth cycle of corn, the turning-under depth is insufficient, and no decomposing agent is added, resulting in slow decomposition of organic matter and difficulty in providing nutrients for corn in a timely manner. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a high-efficiency planting method for intercropping corn with leguminous green manure by increasing density and reducing nitrogen, which specifically includes the following steps

[0004] Step 1: Mix corn seeds and a seed germination accelerator in a mass ratio of 1:4, soak them at 20 - 30 °C for 3 - 5 h, and then dry them to a water content of 12% - 15%;

[0005] Mix the seeds of leguminous green manure plants and a coating agent in a mass ratio of 25:2, stir at 40 - 60 rpm for 10 - 20 min, and complete sowing within 48 hours after taking them out;

[0006] Step 2: Plow the dead branches and leaves of the previous crop into the soil, with a plowing depth of 25 - 30 cm. Sow corn seeds when the ground temperature ≥ 10 °C. Sow corn seeds in wide and narrow rows, with a wide row of 75 - 85 cm, a narrow row of 35 - 45 cm, a plant spacing of 18 - 20 cm, a sowing depth of 4 - 5 cm, a sowing rate of 4.8 - 5.2 kg / mu, and thin the seedlings to 5000 - 5500 plants / mu after emergence;

[0007] When the corn plant height is 50 - 60 cm, sow the seeds of leguminous green manure plants in the middle of the wide row, with a row spacing of 18 - 20 cm and a sowing rate of 3 - 4 kg / mu;

[0008] Step 3: Apply basal fertilizer along with ploughing, with an application rate of 1500 - 2000 kg / mu; apply top dressing at the 6 - 8 leaf stage of maize, with a fertilization rate of 10 - 15 kg / mu; apply nitrogen fertilizer at the 10 - 12 leaf stage of maize, with a fertilization rate of 8 - 10 kg / mu; spray foliar fertilizer at the initial flowering stage of maize, with a spraying rate of 45 - 55 L / mu;

[0009] Step 4: Water once at the jointing stage of maize, with a watering amount of 35 - 45 m3 / mu; water once at the tasseling stage of maize, with a watering amount of 45 - 55 m3 / mu; water once at the filling stage of maize, with a watering amount of 25 - 35 m3 / mu; water 12 - 15 m3 / mu after sowing the seeds of leguminous green manure plants, and water 10 - 12 m3 / mu when the soil water content < 50%;

[0010] Step 5: After 60 - 70 days of sowing the seeds of leguminous green manure plants, cut and incorporate them in situ, leaving a stubble height of 5 - 10 cm and a incorporation depth of 15 - 20 cm, and apply a decomposer along with incorporation, with an application rate of 3 - 5 kg / mu.

[0011] Preferably, the germination promoter in Step 1 includes gibberellin at 10 mg / L, alginate oligosaccharide at 5 g / L, polyglutamic acid at 1 g / L, and nano - zinc oxide at 50 ppm based on water. Most preferably, the particle size of the nano - zinc oxide is 20 - 50 nm.

[0012] Preferably, the coating agent in Step 1 includes rhizobium agent, ammonium molybdate, manganese sulfate, and a 2% carboxymethyl cellulose solution by mass, with a mass ratio of 150:5:2:600. Most preferably, the viable count of the rhizobium agent ≥ 2×109 CFU / g.

[0013] Preferably, the leguminous green manure plant in Step 2 is one or more of vetch, common vetch, milk vetch, alfalfa, clover, crotalaria, pea, mung bean, soybean, and sesbania. Most preferably, the leguminous green manure plant is milk vetch.

[0014] Preferably, the basal fertilizer in Step 3 is organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer, and biochar, with a mass ratio of 1000:15:4. Most preferably, the organic fertilizer is decomposed manure, the compound fertilizer is 10 - 15 - 15 compound fertilizer, and the decomposed manure is one or more of decomposed cow dung, decomposed sheep dung, decomposed chicken dung, and decomposed pig dung.

[0015] Preferably, the top dressing in Step 3 is urea and potassium sulfate, with a mass ratio of 5:3.

[0016] Preferably, the nitrogen fertilizer in Step 3 is urea.

[0017] Preferably, the foliar fertilizer in Step 3 includes potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium molybdate, and water, with a mass ratio of 2:1:1000.

[0018] Preferably, the composting agent described in step five comprises trichoderma powder, bacillus subtilis powder, molasses, bentonite and water in a ratio of 3:2:5:5:300.

[0019] The present invention has the following advantages:

[0020] (1) The present invention optimizes the row spacing of wide and narrow rows, shortens the plant spacing in the narrow rows, reserves the planting space for legumes in the wide rows, while significantly increasing the maize planting density, it can also ensure ventilation and light transmission, improve the utilization rate of light and heat, and does not affect the growth of leguminous crops in the middle of the wide rows. The present invention sows maize and leguminous plants at staggered peaks to reduce the competition in the early stage.

[0021] (2) The present invention coats legume seeds with a coating agent to promote root nodule formation, improve nitrogen fixation ability, enhance nitrogen fixation efficiency, and achieve a reduction in chemical nitrogen fertilizer; the proportion of compound fertilizer in the base fertilizer is reduced, and the proportion of biochar is increased, significantly increasing the soil's ability to retain fertilizer, significantly reducing redundant fertilization, and maintaining high maize yields at the same time.

[0022] (3) The present invention mows and turns over leguminous plants during the peak period of biomass, which can supplement a large amount of nutrients, and applies a composting agent to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter, enabling leguminous plants to quickly release nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium during the peak period of maize's fertilizer requirement, improving fertilizer utilization rate, and reducing nitrogen fertilizer application. Specific embodiments

[0023] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the invention are described clearly and completely below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of them. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0024] A local large field was selected, and the following examples and comparative examples were implemented respectively.

[0025] The following microbial agents / powders in the examples and comparative examples were purchased from commercial microbial agents / powders, as shown in Table 1 specifically.

[0026] Table 1

[0027] Rhizobium inoculant Wuhan Ruichen Standard Substance Technology Co., Ltd. Trichoderma powder Shandong Qilu Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. Bacillus subtilis powder Shandong Yihao Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0028] Example 1

[0029] Step one, mix maize seeds with a germination promoter in a mass ratio of 1:4, soak them at 25°C for 4 h, and then dry them to a water content of 14%; the germination promoter comprises 10 mg / L of gibberellin, 5 g / L of alginate oligosaccharide, 1 g / L of polyglutamic acid, and 50 ppm of nanozinc oxide based on water, and the particle size of the nanozinc oxide is 30 nm

[0030] Mix the soybean seeds and the coating agent at a mass ratio of 25:2, stir at 50 rpm for 15 min, and complete sowing within 48 hours after taking them out. The coating agent includes rhizobium agent, ammonium molybdate, manganese sulfate and a carboxymethyl cellulose solution with a mass fraction of 2%, and the mass ratio is 150:5:2:600. The viable bacteria count of the rhizobium agent ≥ 2×10 9 CFU / g.

[0031] Step 2: Plow the dead branches and leaves of the previous crop into the soil, with a plowing depth of 28 cm. Sow corn seeds when the soil temperature ≥ 10°C, using wide-narrow row sowing. The wide row is 80 cm, the narrow row is 40 cm, the plant spacing is 20 cm, the sowing depth is 5 cm, the sowing rate is 5 kg / mu, and thin out the seedlings to 5,200 plants / mu after emergence;

[0032] When the corn plant height is 50 - 60 cm, sow soybean seeds in the middle of the wide row, with a row spacing of 20 cm and a sowing rate of 4 kg / mu;

[0033] Step 3: Apply basal fertilizer during plowing, with an application rate of 1,800 kg / mu; apply top dressing at the 6 - 8 leaf stage of corn, with a fertilization rate of 15 kg / mu; apply urea at the 10 - 12 leaf stage of corn, with a fertilization rate of 10 kg / mu; spray foliar fertilizer at the early flowering stage of corn, with a spraying rate of 50 L / mu. The basal fertilizer is composed of decomposed cow dung, 10 - 15 - 15 compound fertilizer and biochar, and the mass ratio is 1000:15:4. The top dressing is composed of urea and potassium sulfate, and the mass ratio is 5:3. The foliar fertilizer includes potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium molybdate and water, and the mass ratio is 2:1:1000.

[0034] Step 4: Water once at the jointing stage of corn, with a watering amount of 40 m 3 / mu; water once at the tasseling stage of corn, with a watering amount of 50 m 3 / mu; water once at the filling stage of corn, with a watering amount of 30 m 3 / mu; water 15 m 3 / mu after sowing leguminous green manure plant seeds, and water 10 m 3 / mu when the soil water content < 50%;

[0035] Step 5: Sixty-five days after sowing leguminous green manure plant seeds, cut and turn them over in situ, with a stubble height of 8 cm and a turning depth of 20 cm. Apply a decomposing agent during turning, with an application rate of 4 kg / mu. The decomposing agent includes trichoderma powder, bacillus subtilis powder, molasses, bentonite and water in a ratio of 3:2:5:5:300.

[0036] Except for the above methods, other field management methods in this embodiment, such as pest control and field weeding, refer to "Simplified and Efficient Cultivation Technology of Intercropping Maize and Soybean", edited by Gao Fengju and Zhao Wenlu, published by China Agricultural Science and Technology Press.

[0037] Comparative Example 1

[0038] The difference from Example 1 is that this comparative example completely refers to "Simplified and Efficient Cultivation Techniques for Intercropping Maize and Soybeans", edited by Gao Fengju and Zhao Wenlu, published by China Agricultural Science and Technology Press.

[0039] Test Example 1

[0040] During the implementation of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, the maize planting density, total nitrogen fertilizer application rate, and nitrogen fixation amount of soybeans were respectively counted. When the maize was harvested, the maize yield, protein content of maize grains, and organic matter content remaining in the soil were respectively counted. The results are shown in Table 2.

[0041] Nitrogen fixation amount of soybeans = (aboveground dry weight + root dry weight) × nitrogen content; when the soybeans were cut, samples of the aboveground part and roots (including root nodules) were collected, and the dry weights (kg / mu) were respectively measured, and then sent to a local testing agency to detect the nitrogen content (%) in the plant tissues.

[0042] Table 2

[0043] Example 1 Comparative Example 1 Maize planting density (plants / mu) 5200 4500 Maize yield (kg / mu) 842 716 Total nitrogen fertilizer application rate (kg / mu) 19.375 ≥50 Soil organic matter content (g / kg) 26.5 17.2 Maize grain protein content (g / kg) 10.7 8.6 Soybean nitrogen fixation amount (kg / mu) 35 19

[0044] As can be seen from Table 2, Example 1 increased the planting density by optimizing the wide-narrow row design, and the maize yield was significantly improved compared with Comparative Example 1. By coating the soybean seeds, staggering the planting, and incorporating the green manure during the maize growth period, Example 1 significantly reduced the dependence on chemical nitrogen fertilizers compared with Comparative Example 1, and the total nitrogen application rate was significantly reduced. The application of biochar and green manure in Example 1 increased the soil organic matter, and the protein content of maize grains was significantly improved.

[0045] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to implement or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be obvious to those skilled in the art. The general principles defined herein can be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention will not be limited to these embodiments shown herein, but rather will be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method for increasing density and reducing nitrogen in intercropping of corn with leguminous green manure, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Step 1: Mix corn seeds with a seed accelerator and soak them, then dry them to a moisture content of 12%-15%; Mix and stir the seeds of leguminous green manure plants with the coating agent, and sow them within 48 hours after taking them out; Step 2: plow the dead branches and leaves of the previous crop into the soil with a plowing depth of 25-30 cm, sow corn seeds when the ground temperature is ≥10°C, sow corn seeds in wide and narrow rows, with a wide row of 75-85 cm and a narrow row of 35-45 cm, a plant spacing of 18-20 cm, a sowing depth of 4-5 cm, and a sowing rate of 4.8-5.2 kg / mu. After the seedlings emerge, set the seedlings to 5000-5500 plants / mu; When the corn plant height is 50-60cm, sow leguminous green manure seeds in the middle of the wide row, with a row spacing of 18-20cm and a sowing rate of 3-4kg / mu; Step 3: Apply base fertilizer along with tillage, with an application amount of 1500-2000kg / mu; apply topdressing fertilizer at the 6-8 leaf stage of corn, with an application amount of 10-15kg / mu; apply nitrogen fertilizer at the 10-12 leaf stage of corn, with an application amount of 8-10kg / mu; spray foliar fertilizer at the initial flowering stage of corn, with a spraying amount of 45-55L / mu; Step 4: Water corn once during the jointing period, with a watering amount of 35-45m 3 / mu; water corn once during the tasseling period, with a watering amount of 45-55m 3 / mu; water corn once during the grain filling period, with a watering amount of 25-35m 3 / mu; Water the leguminous green manure plant seeds 12-15m after sowing 3 / mu, when soil moisture content is less than 50%, water 10-12m 3 / mu; Step 5. 60-70 days after sowing the seeds of leguminous green manure plants, mow and turn them on the spot, leaving a stubble height of 5-10 cm and a turning depth of 15-20 cm. Along with turning and pressing, apply a composting agent at an application rate of 3-5 kg / mu.

2. The method for increasing density and reducing nitrogen by intercropping corn with leguminous green manure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratio of corn seeds to seed accelerator in step 1 is 1:

4.

3. A corn intercropping leguminous green manure density increase and nitrogen reduction efficient planting method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The seed accelerator comprises 10 mg / L of gibberellin, 5 g / L of alginate oligosaccharide, 1 g / L of polyglutamic acid and 50 ppm of nano zinc oxide based on water.

4. The method for increasing density and reducing nitrogen by intercropping corn with leguminous green manure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratio of the leguminous green manure plant seeds to the coating agent in step 1 is 25:

2.

5. A method for increasing density and reducing nitrogen in corn intercropping leguminous green manure according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that: The coating agent comprises rhizobium agent, ammonium molybdate, manganese sulfate and 2% by mass carboxymethyl cellulose solution, and the mass ratio is 150:5:2:

600.

6. The method for increasing density and reducing nitrogen by intercropping corn with leguminous green manure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The leguminous green manure plants in step 2 are one or more of vetch, arrow pea, Chinese milk vetch, alfalfa, clover, tamarind, pea, mung bean, soybean and sesbania.

7. The method for increasing density and reducing nitrogen by intercropping corn with leguminous green manure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The base fertilizer described in step three is organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer and biochar, with a mass ratio of 1000:15:

4.

8. The method for increasing density and reducing nitrogen by intercropping corn with leguminous green manure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The topdressing in step 3 is urea and potassium sulfate in a mass ratio of 5:3, and the nitrogen fertilizer is urea.

9. The method for increasing density and reducing nitrogen by intercropping corn with leguminous green manure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The foliar fertilizer in step three includes potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium molybdate and water in a mass ratio of 2:1:1000.

10. The method for increasing density and reducing nitrogen by intercropping corn with leguminous green manure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The decomposition agent comprises Trichoderma powder, Bacillus subtilis powder, molasses, bentonite and water in a ratio of 3:2:5:5:300.