High-yield cultivation method for crop rotation of rice and morchella esculenta

Abstract

The invention provides a high-yield cultivation method for rice-morchella esculenta crop rotation, which specifically comprises the following steps: step 1, remaining previous rice stubbles, and turning over the rice stubbles into soil; step 2, laying a fungus bed substrate on a furrow surface and sowing; step 3, spraying a bacterium-promoting nutrient solution and a protective agent; step 4, after the morchella esculenta is harvested, turning over the fungus bed substrate into soil and applying a base fertilizer; 5, rice is transplanted, and tillering fertilizer, fish protein fermentation liquor and leaf fertilizer are applied; step 6, spraying an insecticide; step 7, harvesting the rice and remaining stubbles, and continuing planting the morchella esculenta; according to the method, the problems of nutrition imbalance, chemical residues, fertilizer efficiency lag and the like in the existing crop rotation technology are solved one by one through the steps of systematic optimization of a fungus bed substrate, nutrition management, base fertilizer preparation and the like.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of rice-morel rotation, and particularly relates to a high-yield cultivation method for rice-morel rotation. Background Art

[0002] With the gradual development of agriculture, the consumption proportion of rice in daily life has gradually increased. As one of the main food crops, rice is facing severe problems. Under the high-load and single-crop production mode of modern facility agriculture, continuous cropping obstacles such as aggravated soil-borne diseases and sub-healthy growth of crops are becoming increasingly prominent, which has become a bottleneck problem hindering the development of the rice planting industry.

[0003] Morel is a fungus of the family Morchellaceae and the genus Morchella, which has high economic value and edible value. At present, morel production is also suffering from continuous cropping obstacles. Generally, after continuous planting for 2-3 years, it is necessary to re-select the land, otherwise there is a risk of morel yield reduction or even crop failure.

[0004] The rice is generally planted in the first half of the year and harvested in the second half of the year, which is exactly opposite to the planting and harvesting time of morel. Therefore, people have thought of the rice-morel rotation planting method to overcome the continuous cropping obstacles of rice and morel. However, this rotation mode still has the following defects in practical application: 1) When making the mushroom bed substrate by traditional methods, the raw materials are not crushed, resulting in poor air permeability of the substrate, easy growth of miscellaneous bacteria, and low mycelium colonization rate. 2) There is a lack of targeted nutrient supplementation during the growth stage of morel, relying only on basal fertilizer or simple spraying of water, resulting in slow mycelium development and low mushroom yield. 3) In the existing rotation, chemical pesticides (such as carbendazim) are mostly used to control pests and diseases, resulting in excessive heavy metal and pesticide residues in morel, and destroying the soil microbial balance. 4) After the rice is harvested, morel is directly planted without fully treating the straw and soil, resulting in slow decomposition of straw and lagging release of nutrients, affecting the construction of the mushroom bed and the greening of rice. 5) Traditional basal fertilizers are mostly unfermented straw or single chemical fertilizers, and the nutrient release does not match the crop requirements, resulting in lack of fertilizer in the early stage and excessive growth in the later stage. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a high-yield cultivation method for rice-morel rotation, which specifically includes the following steps,

[0006] Step 1, after the previous crop of rice is harvested, the stubble is ≤10 cm, and the rice stubble is plowed into the soil, with the plowing depth of 15-20 cm. Then, trenches are dug for drainage and ridges are made, with the trench depth of 20-25 cm and the ridge surface width of 50-80 cm;

[0007] Step 2: Lay a 15 - 20 cm thick bed substrate for the fungi on the ridge surface. Sow solid Morchella esculenta strains on the bed substrate at a seeding rate of 400 - 500 g per mu. After sowing, cover the surface of the bed substrate with 2 - 3 cm of soil. Keep the temperature at 18 - 22 °C and the humidity at 85% - 90%.

[0008] Step 3: Spray a bacteria - promoting nutrient solution once 15 - 20 days after sowing at a spraying rate of 90 - 110 kg per mu, and spray it again 40 - 45 days after sowing at a spraying rate of 90 - 110 kg per mu. During the fruiting period, keep the temperature at 12 - 16 °C during the day and 8 - 10 °C at night, and the air humidity at 85% - 90%. Spray a protective agent once every 6 - 8 days at a spraying rate of 20 - 30 kg per mu until fruiting.

[0009] Step 4: After harvesting Morchella esculenta, plow the bed substrate into the soil to a depth of 15 - 20 cm, and apply a base fertilizer at a rate of 300 - 400 kg per mu during plowing.

[0010] Step 5: Transplant rice 7 - 9 days after applying the base fertilizer at a transplanting rate of 30,000 - 40,000 plants per mu. Apply a tillering fertilizer 10 - 15 days after transplanting at a rate of 10 - 20 kg per mu. Spray a fish protein fermentation liquid once every 2 - 3 days at a spraying rate of 40 - 50 kg per mu for 2 - 3 consecutive times. Spray a foliar fertilizer once 15 - 20 days before heading at a spraying rate of 40 - 50 kg per mu.

[0011] Step 6: Spray an insecticide once respectively 15 - 20 days after rice transplanting and 10 - 12 days before heading.

[0012] Step 7: Harvest the rice and leave a stubble, then continue to plant Morchella esculenta.

[0013] Preferably, the preparation method of the bed substrate in Step 2 is as follows: Crush plant straws and corncobs to a particle size of 2 - 3 cm, soak them in a disinfectant for 20 - 25 hours. After soaking, mix them with bran, slaked lime, and plant ash, and add water to a water content of 60% - 70%. The mass ratio of the plant straws, corncobs, bran, slaked lime, and plant ash is 8:6:3:1:2. More preferably, the plant straws are one or more of rice straws, corn straws, and wheat straws. Most preferably, the plant straws are rice straws. Most preferably, the disinfectant is an ethanol solution with a volume fraction of 75% or lime water with a mass fraction of 2%.

[0014] Preferably, the bacteria - promoting nutrient solution in Step 3 includes 10 g / kg of brown sugar, 2 g / kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 1×10 6 Trichoderma spores / mL based on water.

[0015] Preferably, the protective agent in Step 3 includes 1 g / kg of allicin and 1×10 8CFU / g of Bacillus subtilis.

[0016] Preferably, the base fertilizer in step 4 is straw-mushroom residue fertilizer and compound fertilizer, with a mass ratio of 9: 1. Most preferably, the compound fertilizer is 10-8-12 compound fertilizer.

[0017] Preferably, the preparation method of the straw-mushroom residue fertilizer is to dry the plant straw and edible fungus residue at 30-40°C to constant weight, then crush them, pass through a 20-30 mesh sieve, add humic acid and EM bacterial agent, compost and ferment at 50-60°C, turn the pile every 3-4 days, and complete the fermentation after 30-35 days to obtain the straw-mushroom residue fertilizer, wherein the mass ratio of the plant straw, edible fungus residue, humic acid and EM bacterial agent is 30:15:4:1. More preferably, the plant straw is one or more of rice straw, corn straw and wheat straw, and the edible fungus residue is one or more of shiitake mushroom residue, oyster mushroom residue, enoki mushroom residue and morel residue. Most preferably, the plant straw is rice straw, and the edible fungus residue is morel residue.

[0018] Preferably, the tillering fertilizer in step five is urea and potassium sulfate in a mass ratio of 2:1, and the foliar fertilizer is a potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution with a mass fraction of 0.2%.

[0019] Preferably, the method for preparing the fish protein fermentation liquid in step five is to mix fish viscera, brown sugar, water and EM bacterial agent in a mass ratio of 400:100:500:3, and then perform anaerobically fermentation at 25-30°C for 12-15 days to obtain the stock solution, and add 200 kg of water to every 1 kg of the stock solution to obtain the fish protein fermentation liquid.

[0020] Preferably, the pesticide and dosage in step six are: 50 mL of 0.3% (w / w) matrine aqueous solution and 30 ml of 5% (v / v) azadirachtin emulsifiable concentrate per mu, diluted with 30 kg of water for spraying.

[0021] The present invention has the following advantages:

[0022] (1) The present invention adopts a multi-component matrix, and after crushing, disinfection and humidity control, the air permeability and nutritional balance are significantly improved. The addition of Trichoderma further inhibits pathogens and significantly improves the mycelium colonization rate, thus solving the problems of C / N imbalance and bacterial contamination of the traditional single matrix.

[0023] (2) The present invention sprays a bacteria-promoting nutrient solution to provide carbon sources, phosphorus and potassium elements and probiotics for Morchella, accelerate hyphae expansion and primordium differentiation, and Trichoderma synergistically decomposes cellulose in the matrix to release absorbable nutrients, shorten the fruiting cycle, and increase the yield of Morchella, thereby solving the problem of insufficient nutrient supply to Morchella in the prior art, which leads to slow hyphae development and low mushroom yield.

[0024] (3) The present invention uses allicin and Bacillus subtilis as raw materials for protection, without the need for chemical pesticides throughout the process, which can effectively reduce the pesticide residues on the surface of Morchella esculenta, avoid the pollution risk of traditional chemical control, and meet the green food certification standards.

[0025] (4) The present invention turns over the rice stubble and returns it to the field in combination with returning the mushroom bed substrate to the field. While recycling waste, it can also increase the nutrient content in the soil, significantly improve the resource utilization rate, and solve the problem of the increased environmental burden caused by the waste of straw and mushroom beds in traditional crop rotation.

[0026] (5) The present invention uses straw-mushroom residue fertilizer to replace traditional organic fertilizer, recycles waste rice straw and mushroom residue, significantly improves the resource utilization rate and nitrogen utilization rate, and can quickly supplement nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in combination with compound fertilizer, and the fertilizer effect release is synchronized with the crop demand. Specific Embodiments

[0027] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the invention will be clearly and completely described below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0028] Select a local large field and divide it into several plots on average, and implement the following examples and comparative examples respectively. The purchase list of strains or bacterial agents in Example 1 below is shown in Table 1.

[0029] Trichoderma powder Shandong Ruiyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd. EM bacterial agent Jiangsu Caiwei Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Bacillus subtilis powder Jiangsu Caiwei Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Morchella solid spawn (7mei No. 1) Sichuan Jindi Tianlingjian Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0030] Example 1

[0031] Step 1, after harvesting the previous crop of rice, leave the stubble ≤ 10 cm, turn the rice stubble into the soil by plowing, the plowing depth is 20 cm, dig ditches for drainage and make ridges, the ditch depth is 23 cm, and the ridge surface width is 60 cm.

[0032] Step 2, lay 15 cm thick mushroom bed substrate on the ridge surface, sow solid Morchella esculenta strains on the mushroom bed substrate, the sowing rate is 150 g / mu, and cover the surface of the mushroom bed substrate with 2 cm of soil after sowing, the temperature is 20 °C, and the humidity is 85%-90%.

[0033] The preparation method of the seedbed substrate is as follows: crush rice straw and corn cob to a particle size of 2 cm, soak them in ethanol solution with a volume fraction of 75% for 24 hours, the solid-liquid mass ratio is 1:5, after soaking, mix them with bran, slaked lime and plant ash, and add water to a water content of 65%. The mass ratio of rice straw, corn cob, bran, slaked lime and plant ash is 8:6:3:1:2.

[0034] Step 3: Spray a bacteria-promoting nutrient solution once respectively 15 days and 40 days after sowing. The spraying amount is 100 kg / mu for both times. During the mushroom fruiting period, the temperature is 14 - 15 °C during the day and 9 - 10 °C at night, and the air humidity is 85% - 90%. Spray a protective agent once every 6 - 8 days, with a spraying amount of 25 kg / mu until mushrooms appear. The bacteria-promoting nutrient solution includes 10 g / kg of brown sugar, 2 g / kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 1×10 6 Trichoderma spores / mL based on water. The protective agent includes 1 g / kg of allicin and 1×10 8 CFU / g of Bacillus subtilis based on water.

[0035] Step 4: Harvest when the caps of Morchella are fully unfolded. The interval between each flush of mushrooms is 15 days, and a total of 4 harvests are made. After harvesting, plow the bed substrate into the soil to a depth of 20 cm, and apply a base fertilizer during plowing at a rate of 350 kg / mu. The base fertilizer is straw-mushroom residue fertilizer and 10 - 8 - 12 compound fertilizer, with a mass ratio of 9:1.

[0036] The preparation method of the straw-mushroom residue fertilizer is as follows: Dry rice straw and Morchella mushroom residue at 35 °C until constant weight, then crush them, pass through a 30-mesh sieve, add humic acid and EM bacterial agent, and carry out composting fermentation at 55 °C. Turn the pile once every 3 days. After 30 days, the fermentation is completed to obtain the straw-mushroom residue fertilizer. The mass ratio of plant straw, edible mushroom residue, humic acid, and EM bacterial agent is 30:15:4:1.

[0037] Step 5: Transplant rice 7 - 9 days after applying the base fertilizer at a rate of 40,000 plants / mu; apply a tillering fertilizer 12 days after transplantation at a rate of 15 kg / mu, and spray a fish protein fermentation liquid once every 2 days at a spraying amount of 45 kg / mu for 3 consecutive times; spray a foliar fertilizer 20 days before heading at a spraying amount of 45 kg / mu. The tillering fertilizer is urea and potassium sulfate, with a mass ratio of 2:1, and the foliar fertilizer is a 0.2% (mass fraction) potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution.

[0038] Step 6: Spray an insecticide once respectively 15 days after rice transplantation and 10 days before heading. The insecticide and its dosage are as follows: 50 mL of 0.3% (w / w) matrine aqueous solution and 30 mL of 5% (v / v) azadirachtin emulsifiable concentrate per mu, diluted with 30 kg of water for spraying.

[0039] Step 7: Harvest the rice and leave a stubble, and continue to plant Morchella.

[0040] In addition to the above methods in this example, other field management measures, such as film covering and uncovering stimulation of the Morchella bed, rice germination acceleration, rice seeding in the seedling bed, and water management of Morchella and rice, etc., refer to "Rice-Morchella Rotation Mode and Technology", published by Soochow University Press, edited by Dong Minghui, etc.

[0041] Comparative Example 1

[0042] The difference from Example 1 is that the crop rotation method of this comparative example completely follows "Rice-Morchella Rotation Mode and Technology", published by Soochow University Press, edited by Dong Minghui et al.

[0043] Test Example 1

[0044] During the process of cultivating Morchella, the fruiting cycle of Morchella, the colonization rate of Morchella mycelium and the diameter of the cap of Morchella in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were respectively counted. When harvesting Morchella, the yields of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were respectively counted, and the pesticide residues on the surface of Morchella and the protein content of Morchella were sent to a local testing institution for testing.

[0045] During the process of cultivating rice, the tiller numbers of rice in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were respectively counted. When harvesting rice, the yields and 1000-grain weights of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were respectively counted, and the pesticide residues on the surface of rice were sent to a local testing institution for testing.

[0046] Example 1 Comparative Example 1 Morchella yield (kg / mu) 465 329 Fruiting cycle (days) 52 74 Mycelium colonization rate (%) ≥95 67.7 Pileus diameter (cm) 4.8 3.6 Morchella protein content (%) 28.6 22.4 Morchella pesticide residue (mg / kg) ＜0.01 0.84 Rice yield (kg / mu) 672 542 Rice tiller number (per plant) 12-15 8-10 1000-grain weight (g) 28.7 24.5 Rice pesticide residue (mg / kg) ＜0.01 0.76

[0047] As can be seen from Table 1, the rice-Morchella crop rotation method of the present invention can significantly increase the yields of Morchella and rice, as well as the qualities of Morchella and rice compared with the prior art, and can significantly reduce the pesticide residues on the surface of crops. Its technical effect is significantly better than the existing rice-Morchella crop rotation method.

[0048] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to implement or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be obvious to those skilled in the art. The general principles defined herein can be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention will not be limited to these embodiments shown herein, but rather to the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A high-yield cultivation method of rice-morchella rotation, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Step 1: After the previous rice crop is harvested, the stubble is left ≤10 cm, and the rice stubble is plowed into the soil, digging ditches for drainage and making ridges; Step 2: laying a mushroom bed matrix on the bed surface, sowing Morchella spp. on the mushroom bed matrix, and covering the surface of the mushroom bed matrix with soil after sowing; Step 3: Spray the bacteria-promoting nutrient solution once 15-20 days after sowing and 40-45 days after sowing, with the spraying amount of 90-110 kg / mu respectively. The temperature during the fruiting period is 12-16°C during the day and 8-10°C at night, and the air humidity is 85%-90%. Spray the protective agent once every 6-8 days, with the spraying amount of 20-30 kg / mu, until the fruiting occurs; Step 4: After the morels are harvested, the mushroom bed matrix is ​​plowed into the soil, and basal fertilizer is applied along with the plowing, with an application rate of 300-400 kg / mu; Step 5: transplant the rice 7-9 days after applying the base fertilizer; apply tillering fertilizer 10-15 days after transplanting, with an application amount of 10-20 kg / mu, spray fish protein fermentation liquid once every 2-3 days, with a spraying amount of 40-50 kg / mu, and spray 2-3 times in a row; spray foliar fertilizer once 15-20 days before heading, with a spraying amount of 40-50 kg / mu; Step 6: Spray the rice with pesticides 15-20 days after transplanting and 10-12 days before heading. Step seven, harvest the rice and leave the stubble, and continue to grow morels.

2. A high-yield cultivation method of rice-morchella rotation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The preparation method of the seedbed matrix in step 2 is: mix plant straw and corn cobs and grind them into a particle size of 2-3 cm, soak them in a disinfectant for 20-25 hours, mix them with bran, slaked lime and wood ash after soaking, and add water to a moisture content of 60-70%, and the mass ratio of the plant straw, corn cobs, bran, slaked lime and wood ash is 8:6:3:1:

2.

3. A high-yield cultivation method of rice-morchella rotation according to claim 2, characterized in that: The plant straw is one or more of rice straw, corn straw and wheat straw. The most preferred plant straw is rice straw.

4. A high-yield cultivation method of rice-morchella rotation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bacteria-promoting nutrient solution in step 3 includes 10 g / kg brown sugar, 2 g / kg potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 1×10 6 spores / mL of Trichoderma sp.

5. The high-yield cultivation method of rice-morchella rotation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The protective agent in step 3 includes 1g / kg of allicin and 1×10 8 CFU / g of Bacillus subtilis.

6. A high-yield cultivation method of rice-morchella rotation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The base fertilizer is straw-mushroom residue fertilizer and compound fertilizer, and the mass ratio is 9:

1.

7. A high-yield cultivation method of rice-morchella rotation according to claim 6, characterized in that: The preparation method of the straw-mushroom residue fertilizer comprises the following steps: drying plant straw and edible fungus residue at 30-40° C. to constant weight, crushing the plant straw and edible fungus residue, passing through a 20-30 mesh sieve, adding humic acid and EM bacterial agent, composting and fermenting at 50-60° C., turning the compost every 3-4 days, and completing the fermentation after 30-35 days to obtain the straw-mushroom residue fertilizer, wherein the mass ratio of the plant straw, edible fungus residue, humic acid and EM bacterial agent is 30:15:4:

1.

8. A high-yield cultivation method of rice-morchella rotation according to claim 7, characterized in that: The plant straw is one or more of rice straw, corn straw and wheat straw, and the edible fungus residue is one or more of shiitake mushroom residue, oyster mushroom residue, enoki mushroom residue and morel mushroom residue.

9. The high-yield cultivation method of rice-morchella rotation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The tillering fertilizer in step 5 is urea and potassium sulfate in a mass ratio of 2:1, and the foliar fertilizer is a potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution with a mass fraction of 0.2%.

10. The high-yield cultivation method of rice-morchella rotation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The pesticide and dosage in step six are: 50 mL of 0.3% (w / w) matrine aqueous solution and 30 ml of 5% (v / v) azadirachtin emulsifiable concentrate per mu, diluted with 30 kg of water for spraying.