Method for increasing yield of ratooning rice

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for increasing the yield of ratooning rice, and relates to a fine field management technology. In the whole process from sowing to harvesting, the method comprises the steps that nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are applied in the specific growth stage, shallow water layer irrigation is kept, and water management is conducted immediately after first season rice is harvested so as to promote growth in the regeneration season. In addition, the method further comprises the steps of exogenous spraying of a plant growth regulator in the key growth period and unified management of diseases and pests. According to the technical scheme, the yield and stability of ratooning rice are improved by optimizing fertilization, irrigation and use of a plant growth regulator, and meanwhile environment safety and crop quality are guaranteed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of agricultural biotechnology, and particularly to a method for increasing the yield of ratoon rice. Background Art

[0002] As an efficient rice cultivation method, ratoon rice can utilize the dormant buds on the rice stubble to germinate and form new tillers after the first-season rice is harvested, and then heading and setting seeds to form ratoon-season rice grains, saving seeds and improving land utilization rate at the same time. Despite many advantages, traditional cultivation methods mainly rely on natural conditions and basic field management, such as irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. These methods are often limited by environmental conditions, resulting in unstable yields and difficulty in achieving significant increases.

[0003] With the development of agricultural technology, plant growth regulators have shown potential in increasing crop yields and stress resistance. These regulators include auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, etc., which affect growth and development by regulating the levels of endogenous plant hormones. However, the application research on ratoon rice is relatively less, and the effects are inconsistent. The main problems are the differences in responses of different varieties to exogenous plant growth regulators, the lack of systematic research on the optimization of application timing and concentration, as well as environmental impact and safety issues.

[0004] Nonetheless, the technological development trend shows that through comprehensive management measures, including improved varieties, optimized cultivation techniques, precise fertilization, and pest control, etc., it is expected to increase the yield and stability of ratoon rice. The purpose of the present invention is to systematically study the effect of exogenous plant growth regulators on the yield of ratoon rice, optimize its application strategy, so as to achieve a significant increase in the yield of ratoon rice while ensuring environmental safety and crop quality. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present invention aims to provide a method for increasing the yield of ratoon rice to optimize fertilization, irrigation, and the use of plant growth regulators, and increase the yield of ratoon rice.

[0006] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A method for increasing the yield of ratoon rice, comprising the following steps:

[0007] A. Sow ratoon rice, and transplant it after growing for 1 month;

[0008] B. Apply nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer as basal fertilizers 1 day before transplantation; apply nitrogen fertilizer as tillering fertilizer 7 days after transplantation; apply nitrogen fertilizer as panicle fertilizer during the young panicle differentiation period; apply nitrogen fertilizer as bud-promoting fertilizer and seedling-promoting fertilizer 7 - 10 days before the first-season harvest and within 3 days after the harvest respectively;

[0009] C. Keep a shallow water layer during the tillering stage to full heading stage of the first season, and alternate wet and dry from full heading stage to harvest;

[0010] E. After the first-season of ratooning rice is mature, it is manually harvested, and the stubble height is reserved to the second-to-last node;

[0011] F. Immediately after the first-season harvest, irrigate the field, and maintain a shallow water layer during the ratooning season until harvest;

[0012] G. Apply nitrogen fertilizer 15 days after the full heading stage of the first-season and 3 days after the first-season harvest; Apply potassium fertilizer together with the tiller-promoting fertilizer 15 days after the full heading stage of the first-season as the fertilizer for the ratooning season;

[0013] H. Externally spray plant growth regulators at the full heading stage, 15 days after full heading, and 1 day after harvest of the first-season respectively;

[0014] I. During the whole process, the field pests and diseases are uniformly managed. According to the prediction and forecast of the plant protection department, focus on preventing and controlling sheath blight, rice blast, leafhoppers, planthoppers and stem borers.

[0015] Specifically, the externally sprayed plant growth regulators include NAA, 6-BA, GA3 and BR, among which GA3 is first dissolved in white wine and then diluted with water for spraying.

[0016] Specifically, the nitrogen fertilizer is urea with a nitrogen content of 46.4%, the phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate with a P2O5 content of 12%, and the potassium fertilizer is potassium chloride with a K2O content of 60%.

[0017] Specifically, the nitrogen fertilizer application rate for the first-season is 180 kg N / ha -1 and is evenly applied in three applications according to a 1:1:1 ratio; the phosphate fertilizer application rate is 40 kg P2O5 / ha -1 ; the potassium fertilizer application rate is 120 kg K2O / ha -1 and is evenly applied in two applications according to a 1:1 ratio.

[0018] Specifically, the nitrogen fertilizer application rate for the ratooning season is 150 kg N / ha -1 and is evenly applied in two applications according to a 1:1 ratio; the potassium fertilizer application rate is 40 kg K2O / ha -1 .

[0019] Specifically, the shallow water layer is 3 - 5 cm.

[0020] Principle and beneficial effects of this technical solution:

[0021] The present invention covers the whole process from sowing to harvesting, including applying different types and amounts of fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer before and after transplanting, as well as applying tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer at specific growth stages. In terms of irrigation, it is proposed to maintain a shallow water layer from the tillering stage to the full heading stage of the first-season, and implement a management strategy of wetting and drying alternation from the full heading stage to the harvest stage of the first-season. In addition, it is emphasized to carry out manual harvesting after the first-season is mature, and maintain an appropriate water layer during the ratooning season until harvest.

[0022] Through these comprehensive management measures, not only the yield of ratoon rice has been increased, but also its adaptability to environmental changes has been enhanced, so that a relatively stable yield can be maintained under different climate conditions. At the same time, through precise fertilization and irrigation, resource waste has been reduced, and the utilization efficiency of fertilizers and water resources has been improved. In addition, the present invention also includes the use of plant growth regulators to promote plant growth, which not only increases the yield, but also may enhance the stress resistance of crops.

[0023] Emphasized the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests according to the prediction and forecast of the plant protection department, reduced the blind use of pesticides, and reduced the negative impact on the environment. At the same time, by optimizing cultivation techniques and management measures, the quality of crops has been guaranteed, making the produced rice more in line with the market and consumer demands. Detailed implementation mode

[0024] The present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the implementation mode:

[0025] 1. Materials and methods

[0026] 1.1 Test materials and locations

[0027] The experiment was carried out at the experimental base in Jiupu Village, Qichun County, Huanggang City, Hubei Province (N 30°14′, E 115°25′). The tested rice variety was the hybrid indica rice Liangyou 6326 that had been popularized and planted locally. Liangyou 6326 was developed by the two-line method using Xuan-69S as the female parent and WH-26 as the male parent, and the growth period of single-season middle rice was about 130 days. The experimental field was a paddy field for many years, and the basic soil conditions were as follows: pH value 4.98, soil organic matter content 30.70 g / kg, available phosphorus content 12.82 mg / kg, available potassium content 166.70 mg / kg, and total nitrogen content 0.26%.

[0028] 1.2 Test methods

[0029] 1.2.1 Experimental design

[0030] Field experiments were adopted, with a randomized block design. Spraying equal amounts of clear water was used as the control (T0), and 10 kinds of exogenous plant growth regulators were set as examples. Eleven examples (T1 - T11) were sprayed with NAA (10 mg / L), NAA (20 mg / L), 6-BA (20 mg / L), 6-BA (40 mg / L), GA3 (20 mg / L), GA3 (40 mg / L), BR (0.1 mg / L), BR (0.5 mg / L) + NAA (10 mg / L), BR (0.5 mg / L) + 6-BA (20 mg / L), BR (0.5 mg / L) + GA3 (20 mg / L), with 4 replicates, a total of 44 plots, and the plot area was 32 m 2Each treatment was sprayed three times at the full heading stage of the main crop, 15 days after full heading, and 1 day after harvest, with a spraying amount of 150 mL / m each time. 2 Among them, GA3 was first dissolved in white wine and then diluted with water for spraying. During spraying, each plot was separated by a plastic film. At the same time, the watering can was washed clean with clear water after each spraying.

[0031] 1.2.2 Field management

[0032] Sowing was carried out on March 16, and transplanting was carried out on April 19. Double-plant transplanting was used with a transplanting density of 13.3 cm × 30.0 cm. All fertilizers applied during the experiment were single-element fertilizers. Among them, the nitrogen fertilizer was urea (containing 46.4% N), the phosphorus fertilizer was superphosphate (containing 12% P2O5), and the potassium fertilizer was potassium chloride (containing 60% K2O). The application rate of nitrogen fertilizer for the main crop was 180 kg N / ha -1 , which was evenly applied as basal fertilizer (1 day before transplanting), tiller fertilizer (7 days after transplanting), and panicle fertilizer (at the young panicle differentiation stage) in a ratio of 1:1:1. All nitrogen fertilizers were applied as urea (containing 46.4% N). The application rate of phosphorus fertilizer was 40 kg N / ha -1 , and was applied as basal fertilizer at one time with superphosphate (containing 5.2% P). The application rate of potassium fertilizer was 120 kg N / ha -1 , and was applied in equal amounts as basal fertilizer and bud-promoting fertilizer in the form of potassium chloride (containing 49.8% K). For the ratoon crop, the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer was 150 kg N / ha -1 , and was applied evenly 15 days after the full heading stage of the main crop and 3 days after the harvest of the main crop, while 40 kg N / ha -1 of potassium fertilizer was all applied together with the bud-promoting fertilizer 15 days after the full heading stage of the main crop. All plots were separated by 40-cm-wide field ridges. To prevent water and fertilizer from mixing between different plots, all field ridges were covered with black plastic film, and the film was inserted into both sides of the field ridge to a depth of 20 cm. During the seedling stage of the main crop, moist management was carried out. From the tillering stage to the full heading stage, a shallow water layer (3 - 5 cm) was maintained. From the full heading stage to the harvest stage, alternate wet and dry management was carried out. Immediately after the harvest of the main crop, irrigation was carried out, and the water layer (3 - 5 cm) was maintained until the harvest. The main crop was harvested manually, and the stubble height was reserved to the second internode from the top (about 40 cm). Field pests and diseases were uniformly managed. According to the prediction and forecast of the plant protection department, the key prevention and control were carried out against sheath blight, rice blast, leafhoppers, planthoppers, and stem borers.

[0033] 1.3 Determination items and methods

[0034] 1.3.1 Collection of meteorological data

[0035] The experiment used a micro-meteorological station to record solar radiation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, average temperature, and rainfall during the entire growth period of the experimental field. The meteorological station (AWS-800, Campbell Scientific Inc., USA) was located approximately 100 m in a straight line from the experimental site. Among them, the specific equipment of the meteorological station included a data logger (CR800, produced by Campbell Company, USA); an air temperature and humidity sensor (HMP45C, produced by Vaisala Company, Finland); a total solar radiation sensor (LI-200X, produced by LI-cor Company, USA); a rain gauge (TE525MM, produced by Campbell Company, USA); and a wind speed and direction sensor (034B, produced by Metone Company, USA).

[0036] 1.3.2 Collection of growth period

[0037] According to the classification standard of rice growth period, record the dates corresponding to the key periods of rice during the entire growth period (the first season and the ratoon season) in detail and accurately.

[0038] 1.3.3 Determination of yield

[0039] During the maturity stage of the first season and the ratoon season respectively, select an area with consistent growth in the middle of each plot as the yield measurement area. Harvest 25 rice plants in each plot, and the yield measurement area is 1 m 2 . During the harvest process of the first season yield measurement, the stubble height is strictly controlled at 40 cm. After the plants are harvested, thresh the grains and dry them in the sun, and then use a winnowing machine to remove impurities and shriveled grains. After the grains reach moisture equilibrium, measure the weight of the grains, and use a grain moisture meter (DMC-700, Seedburo, Chicago, IL, USA) to measure the grain moisture content (measure 3 times and take the average value), and then convert it into the actual yield with a moisture content of 14.0%.

[0040] 1.3.4 Determination of yield components

[0041] At the maturity stage of the first season, select 12 representative plants from the area adjacent to the yield measurement area for determining the yield components and dry matter accumulation, and the sampling area is 0.48 m 2After recording the plant height and the number of effective panicles, the plant is divided into the stubble part left after the first-season harvest and the harvested part at 40 cm above the base from the bottom up. Then, the harvested part is divided into the first-season straw and the panicle along the panicle neck internode. The stubble and straw at the first-season maturity stage are placed in an oven and blanched at 105 °C for 30 min, and then dried at 80 °C to a constant weight, weighed and recorded. After taking the plant samples for measuring the yield components, all the remaining plants in the plot are harvested strictly at a stubble height of 45 cm. At the maturity stage of the ratoon season, 16 representative plants with 4 rows and 4 columns are randomly selected from each plot for measuring the yield components and dry matter accumulation at each node. The sampling area is 0.64 m 2 After washing the roots and removing the roots, measure the plant height. Then, the ratoon-season plants are divided into the ratoon tillers at the D2 node, the ratoon tillers at the D3 node, the ratoon tillers at the D4 node, and the stubble. Then, the ratoon tillers at each node are divided into the stem, leaves, and panicles according to the classification standard of the first season, and then the samples of each part are separately packed in mesh bags, placed in an oven and blanched at 105 °C for 30 min, and then dried at 80 °C to a constant weight, weighed and recorded.

[0042] The panicle samples at the maturity stages of the first season and the ratoon season are manually threshed and naturally air-dried. Then, the plump grains are separated from the non-plump grains (shriveled grains and semi-plump grains) by the water-selection method, and the shriveled grains and semi-plump grains are separated by the air-selection method after natural air-drying. After the samples reach moisture equilibrium, the total weights of the plump grains, semi-plump grains, and shriveled grains are weighed respectively. Then, 3 small samples of 30 g are weighed from the plump grains in each plot. The weighing of the small samples is carried out using an electronic balance with a precision of 0.001 g, and the actual weight of each small sample is recorded after weighing. Manually count the number of plump grains and empty grains. The semi-plump grains and shriveled grains are not weighed for small samples, and all the quantities are directly counted manually. Then, the small samples of plump grains, all the semi-plump grains, all the shriveled grains, and the rachises are placed in an oven and dried at 80 °C to a constant weight, weighed, and finally the seed setting rate, 1000-grain weight, and the number of spikelets per panicle are calculated. The above-ground dry weight at the first-season maturity stage is equal to the sum of the dry weights of all parts of the plant. The total above-ground dry weight at the ratoon-season maturity stage is equal to the sum of the stubble weight and the total dry weights at each node.

[0043] 1.3.5 Determination of agronomic traits

[0044] At the full-heading stage of the first season (MHD) and the full-heading stage of the ratoon season (RHD), 12 plants with consistent growth vigor are randomly selected from each plot, and the sampling area is 0.48 m 2, wash the roots, remove the roots and measure the plant height. Then divide the plants into panicles, leaves, and stems (in the ratooning season, the rice stubbles of the main season are also separated separately). Measure the green leaf area with a leaf area meter (LI-3000, LI-COR Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA), and calculate the leaf area index (LAI). LAI refers to the green leaf area of the plants per unit land area, that is, LAI = green leaf area (m2) / land area (m2). Subsequently, separate the samples of each part and put them into mesh bags, place them in an oven at 105 °C for half an hour for blanching, and then dry them at 80 °C to a constant weight, weigh and record them, and calculate the aboveground total dry weight at the full heading stage of the main season and the ratooning season (TDW-HD: aboveground total dry weight of heading stage).

[0045] 1.4 Data processing and statistical analysis

[0046] Use Excel 2007 (Microsoft Inc., Redmond WA. 2007) for data sorting, use Statistix 9.0 (Stat Soft Inc., Tulsa OK. 1991) for variance analysis and multiple comparisons, and use SigmaPlot 12.0 (Systat Software Inc., San Jose CA. 2013) software for graphing.

[0047] As shown in Table 1, different plant growth regulator treatments have different effects on the yield of ratooning rice. The T4 treatment (6-BA 40 mg / L) showed the best performance in the main season, ratooning season, and whole-season yield, with the highest yield increase rate of 4.84%. T6 (GA3 40 mg / L) and T8 (BR 0.5 mg / L) showed negative effects, resulting in a decrease in the whole-season yield.

[0048] Table 1 Effects of exogenous plant growth regulators on the annual yield of ratooning rice

[0049]

[0050] As shown in Table 2, indicators such as MS-PW (panicle weight at the maturity stage of the main season), MS-TDW (total dry weight at the maturity stage of the main season), and HD-TDW (dry weight at the heading stage) reflect the dry matter accumulation of rice at different growth stages. Among them, the T4 treatment showed the best performance in MS-TDW, indicating that 6-BA 40 mg / L is beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter. Indicators such as Wr (dry matter accumulation amount after flowering) and Wr / Y (dry matter translocation efficiency after flowering) reflect the translocation efficiency of dry matter from the plant to the panicle. The T4 treatment also showed good performance in these indicators, indicating that 6-BA 40 mg / L helps to improve the translocation efficiency of dry matter.

[0051] Table 2 Dry matter accumulation and translocation in the main crop season

[0052]

[0053] As shown in Table 3, indicators such as RMS-TDW (total dry weight in the ratoon season) and RHD-TDW (dry weight at the heading stage in the ratoon season) showed the dry matter accumulation of ratoon rice. The T4 treatment performed best again in these indicators, indicating that 40 mg / L of 6-BA had a positive effect on dry matter accumulation in the ratoon season. Indicators such as RMS-GW (grain dry weight in the ratoon season), Wr (dry matter accumulation after flowering), and Tr / Y (dry matter translocation rate before flowering) reflected the translocation and utilization efficiency of dry matter in the ratoon season. The T4 treatment also performed excellently in these indicators, indicating that 40 mg / L of 6-BA helped improve the translocation and utilization efficiency of dry matter in the ratoon season.

[0054] Table 3 Dry matter accumulation and translocation in the ratoon season

[0055]

[0056] In summary, the treatment with 40 mg / L of 6-BA (6-benzyladenine) was the most prominent in improving the yield, dry matter accumulation, and translocation of ratoon rice. This may be related to the fact that 6-BA promotes plant growth and improves photosynthesis efficiency. Some growth regulators such as GA3 (gibberellin) and BR (brassinolide) may have a negative impact on yield at certain concentrations. These data provide a scientific basis for further optimizing the use of plant growth regulators and help improve the yield and quality of ratoon rice.

[0057] The above are only examples of the present invention, and common general technical solutions or characteristics in the solution are not described in detail here. For those skilled in the art, without departing from the technical solution of the present invention, several modifications and improvements can still be made, and these should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention, and these will not affect the implementation effect of the present invention and the practicality of the patent. The protection scope required by this application should be based on the content of its claims, and the specific implementation manners described in the specification can be used to interpret the content of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for increasing the yield of ratooning rice, characterized in that, It includes the following steps: A. Sow the ratoon rice and transplant it after growing for 1 month; B. Apply nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer as basal fertilizers 1 day before transplantation; apply nitrogen fertilizer as tillering fertilizer 7 days after transplantation; apply nitrogen fertilizer as panicle fertilizer during the young panicle differentiation stage; apply nitrogen fertilizer as bud-promoting fertilizer and seedling-promoting fertilizer respectively 7 - 10 days before the first-season harvest and within 3 days after the harvest; C. Irrigate to maintain a shallow water layer from the tillering stage to the full-heading stage of the first season, and alternate wet and dry from the full-heading stage to the harvest stage; E. Manually harvest the first season of the ratoon rice, and keep the stubble height to the second-to-last node; F. Immediately irrigate after the first-season harvest, and maintain a shallow water layer in the ratoon season until the harvest; G. Apply nitrogen fertilizer both 15 days after the full-heading stage of the first season and 3 days after the first-season harvest; apply potassium fertilizer as the fertilizer for the ratoon season together with the bud-promoting fertilizer 15 days after the full-heading stage of the first season; H. Externally spray plant growth regulators respectively at the full-heading stage, 15 days after the full-heading stage and 1 day after the harvest of the first season; I. Uniformly manage the field pests and diseases during the whole process, and focus on preventing and controlling the damage of sheath blight, rice blast, leafhoppers, planthoppers and borers according to the prediction and forecast of the plant protection department.

2. The method for increasing the yield of ratooning rice according to claim 1, characterized in that: The externally sprayed plant growth regulators include NAA, 6-BA, GA3 and BR, among which GA3 is first dissolved in white wine and then diluted with water for spraying.

3. A method for increasing the yield of ratooning rice according to claim 1, characterized in that: The nitrogen fertilizer is urea with a nitrogen content of 46.4%, the phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate with a P2O5 content of 12%, and the potassium fertilizer is potassium chloride with a K2O content of 60%.

4. A method for increasing the yield of ratooning rice according to claim 3, characterized in that: The nitrogen application rate for the first-season rice is 180 kg N / ha -1 , and it is evenly applied in three applications according to a 1:1:1 ratio; the phosphorus application rate is 40 kg P / ha -1 ; the potassium application rate is 120 kg K / ha -1 , and it is evenly applied in two applications according to a 1:1 ratio.

5. A method for increasing the yield of ratoon rice according to claim 3, characterized in that: The nitrogen application rate for the regenerated season is 150 kg N / ha -1 , and the two applications are evenly applied in a 1:1 ratio; the potassium application rate is 40 kg K / ha -1 .

6. A method for increasing the yield of ratooning rice according to claim 1, characterized in that: The shallow water layer is 3 - 5 cm.

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