Flow rate equalizer for cooling electrochemical cell system

Abstract

Embodiments described herein relate to a plenum including an inlet configured to receive fluid from a coolant system, a plurality of outlets configured to be fluidly coupled to a plurality of heat exchangers, and a tapered portion corresponding to the plurality of outlets, the tapered portion configured to maintain the fluid at a desired velocity. In some embodiments, the tapered portion may include a first portion defining a first tapering rate and a second portion defining a second tapering rate. In some embodiments, the second tapering rate may be lower than the first tapering rate. In some embodiments, the inlet may include two inlet ports.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 434,568, filed on December 22, 2022, and entitled “Flow Rate Equalizers for Cooling Electrochemical Cell Systems,” the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] Embodiments described herein relate to cooling devices for electrochemical cell systems. Background Art

[0004] Electrochemical cell systems release heat during operation and may require cooling to maintain a desired operating temperature. Operating an electrochemical cell system at a desired operating temperature can prevent the electrochemical cell system from overheating and / or can allow the electrochemical cell system to operate at a desired efficiency. However, current cooling methods do not evenly distribute coolant across the electrochemical cell system, resulting in the electrochemical cell system having uneven temperatures across the cells. This can lead to low efficiency and uneven wear of the cells. Therefore, a device for evenly cooling an electrochemical cell system is desired. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In some aspects, embodiments described herein relate to a manifold comprising at least one inlet configured to receive fluid from a coolant system, a plurality of outlets configured to be fluidically coupled to a plurality of heat exchangers, and tapered portions corresponding to the plurality of outlets, the tapered shape configured to maintain the fluid at a desired velocity. In some embodiments, the tapered portion may include a first portion defining a first tapering rate and a second portion defining a second tapering rate. In some embodiments, the second tapering rate may be lower than the first tapering rate. In some embodiments, the at least one inlet may include two inlet ports. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] Figure 1 is a block diagram of a battery system according to an embodiment.

[0007] Figures 2A-2D is a diagram of a manifold according to an embodiment.

[0008] Figures 3A-3B is a diagram of an alternative heat exchanger according to an embodiment.

[0009] Figures 4A-4B is a diagram of a manifold according to an embodiment.

[0010] Figure 5 is a diagrammatic representation of fluid flow through a manifold and a heat exchanger, according to an embodiment.

[0011] Figure 6 is an illustration of a side view of a dual manifold configuration according to an embodiment.

[0012] Figure 7 is an illustration of a base for mounting a manifold according to an embodiment.

[0013] Figure 8 is a diagram of a battery system according to an embodiment.

[0014] Figure 9 is a flow chart of a method of cooling an electrochemical cell system according to an embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0015] Embodiments described herein relate to cooling devices for electrochemical cell systems. Electrochemical cell systems are typically designed to operate at or below a desired temperature, as higher temperatures can compromise electrochemical cell efficiency and the system's electrochemical structure. As the electrochemical cell system releases heat during operation, a cooling system allows the system to operate at or below a desired temperature.

[0016] In order to cool the system, a heat transfer fluid (e.g., a coolant, a heating fluid) can be transferred through a heat exchanger that is thermally coupled to the battery cells of the system. In some embodiments, a fluid (e.g., a gas coolant, a liquid coolant, etc.) can be pumped through a heat exchanger that is thermally coupled to the battery cells of the system. Pumping the fluid uniformly through the heat exchanger ensures that the battery cells do not operate at different temperatures. The temperature gradient in the electrochemical cell and the electrochemical cell system may have an adverse effect on the cell capacity and capacity retention. Some embodiments described herein include a flow rate equalizer that provides equal fluid flow to each heat exchanger in the electrochemical cell system and reduces the temperature gradient. As described herein, the fluid is transferred through the electrochemical cell system to draw heat away from the electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, the heating fluid can be transferred through the electrochemical cell system to heat the electrochemical cell.

[0017] In some embodiments, a manifold (e.g., a flow equalizer) can include at least one inlet and a tapered portion extending away from the inlet. The tapered portion includes an outlet configured to receive a heat exchanger. The converging shape of the tapered portion accelerates fluid flow within the tapered portion such that the velocity of the fluid exiting each outlet into the corresponding heat exchanger or three-chamber cold plate is approximately equal, thereby allowing the heat exchanger to uniformly cool the electrochemical cells.

[0018] In some embodiments, the electrodes described herein may comprise conventional solid electrodes. In some embodiments, the solid electrodes may comprise a binder. In some embodiments, the electrodes described herein may comprise semi-solid electrodes. The semi-solid electrodes described herein may be manufactured to be: (i) thicker (e.g., greater than 100 μm to up to 2,000 μm or even larger) due to the reduced tortuosity and higher conductivity of the semi-solid electrodes, (ii) with a higher active material loading, and (iii) with a simplified manufacturing process using less equipment. These relatively thick semi-solid electrodes reduce the volume, mass, and cost contribution of inactive components relative to active components, thereby enhancing the commercial appeal of batteries made from semi-solid electrodes. In some embodiments, the semi-solid electrodes described herein are binder-free and / or do not use binders used in conventional battery manufacturing. Instead, the electrode volume typically occupied by the binder in conventional electrodes is now occupied by: 1) electrolyte, which has the effect of reducing tortuosity and increasing the total salt available for ion diffusion, thereby counteracting the typical salt depletion effect of conventional thick electrodes when used at high rates, 2) active material, which has the effect of increasing the charge capacity of the battery, or 3) conductive additives, which has the effect of increasing the conductivity of the electrode, thereby counteracting the high internal impedance of conventional thick electrodes. The reduced tortuosity and higher conductivity of the semi-solid electrodes described herein result in electrochemical cells formed from the semi-solid electrodes having excellent rate performance and charge capacity. Because the semi-solid electrodes described herein can be made much thicker than conventional electrodes, the ratio of active material (i.e., semi-solid cathode and / or anode) to inactive material (i.e., current collector and separator) in a battery formed from an electrochemical cell stack including the semi-solid electrodes can be much higher relative to a similar battery formed from an electrochemical cell stack including conventional electrodes. This significantly increases the overall charge capacity and energy density of batteries including the semi-solid electrodes described herein.

[0019] In some embodiments, the electrode materials described herein may be flowable semisolid or condensed liquid compositions. In some embodiments, the electrode materials described herein may be binderless or substantially binder-free. A flowable semisolid electrode may comprise a suspension of an electrochemically active material (anode or cathode particles or microparticles) and optionally a conductive material (e.g., carbon) in a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte. In other words, a semisolid electrode may be produced by co-suspending the active electrode particles and the conductive particles in an electrolyte. Examples of battery architectures utilizing semisolid suspensions are described in International Patent Publication No. WO 2012 / 024499, entitled “Stationary, Fluid Redox Electrode,” and International Patent Publication No. WO 2012 / 088442, entitled “Semi-Solid Filled Battery and Method of Manufacture,” the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

[0020] As used in this specification, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, the term "member" is intended to mean a single member or a combination of members, and "material" is intended to mean one or more materials, or a combination thereof.

[0021] When used in conjunction with "cylindrical," "linear," and / or other geometric relationships, the term "substantially" is intended to convey that the structure so defined is nominally cylindrical, linear, or the like. As an example, a portion of a support member described as "substantially linear" is intended to convey that while linearity of the portion is desired, some nonlinearity may occur in the "substantially linear" portion. Such nonlinearity may result from manufacturing tolerances or other practical considerations (e.g., pressure or forces applied to the support member). Thus, a geometric structure modified by the term "substantially" includes such geometric properties within a tolerance range of plus or minus 5% of the geometric structure. For example, a "substantially linear" portion is a portion that defines an axis or centerline that has a linearity error within plus or minus 5%.

[0022] As used herein, the terms "group" and "plurality" can refer to multiple features or a single feature having multiple parts. For example, when referring to a group of electrodes, the group of electrodes can be considered to be one electrode having multiple parts, or the group of electrodes can be considered to be multiple different electrodes. In addition, for example, when referring to multiple electrochemical cells, the multiple electrochemical cells can be considered to be multiple different electrochemical cells or one electrochemical cell having multiple parts. Thus, a group of parts or multiple parts can include multiple parts that are continuous or discontinuous with each other. Multiple particles or multiple materials can also be made from multiple items that are produced separately and then joined together (e.g., by mixing, adhesives, or any suitable method).

[0023] As used herein, the term "semisolid" refers to a material that is a mixture of a liquid phase and a solid phase, for example, a particulate suspension, a slurry, a colloidal suspension, an emulsion, a gel, or a micelle.

[0024] As used herein, the term "electrochemical cell" refers to a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. The electrochemical cell may be housed within a pouch that allows for heat dissipation during operation. A battery is formed by connecting the electrochemical cells in parallel, series, or any combination thereof.

[0025] Figure 1 is a block diagram of a battery system 100 according to an embodiment. Battery system 100 includes a manifold 102 having a first region 104 with an inlet 105 and a second region 106 with an outlet 108. Manifold 102 is coupled to a heat exchanger 110 and a battery assembly 120, which is further coupled to heat exchanger 110. In some embodiments, battery system 100 includes a base 130 coupled to manifold 102 and battery assembly 120. Manifold 102 is further coupled to a coolant system 140. In some embodiments, coolant system 140 includes one or more fans 142.

[0026] The manifold 102 is a flow rate equalizer that is configured to receive fluid from the coolant system 140 and distribute the fluid evenly to the heat exchanger 110. The first region 104 of the manifold 102 is fluidically coupled to the coolant system 140 and receives the fluid through at least one inlet 105. In some embodiments, the first region 104 tapers away from the at least one inlet 105 to accelerate the fluid. In some embodiments, the first region 104 may include features that allow the coolant system 140 to be coupled to the first region 104. The first region 104 is adjacent to and fluidically coupled to a second region 106 that is configured to receive fluid from the first region 104. The second region 106 includes an outlet 108 that serves as a fluid outlet. The second region 106 tapers away from the first region 104 to accelerate the fluid so that the velocity of the fluid exiting each outlet 108 is approximately equal. In some embodiments, the battery system 100 may include multiple manifolds 102.

[0027] The second region 106 is coupled to a heat exchanger 110 so that fluid can flow from the manifold 102 to the heat exchanger 110 through the outlet 108. The heat exchanger 110 is thermally coupled to the battery assembly 120 to dissipate heat generated by the battery assembly 120. The battery assembly 120 may include any number of electrochemical cells. For example, the battery assembly 120 may include at least one electrochemical cell, at least two electrochemical cells, at least three electrochemical cells, at least four electrochemical cells, at least five electrochemical cells, at least six electrochemical cells, at least seven electrochemical cells, at least eight electrochemical cells, at least nine electrochemical cells, at least 10 electrochemical cells, at least 15 electrochemical cells, at least 20 electrochemical cells, at least 30 electrochemical cells, at least 40 electrochemical cells, at least 50 electrochemical cells, at least 75 electrochemical cells, or at least 100 electrochemical cells. In some embodiments, the battery assembly 120 includes no more than 100 electrochemical cells, no more than 75 electrochemical cells, no more than about 50 electrochemical cells, no more than about 40 electrochemical cells, no more than about 30 electrochemical cells, no more than about 20 electrochemical cells, no more than about 15 electrochemical cells, no more than about 10 electrochemical cells, no more than about nine electrochemical cells, no more than about eight electrochemical cells, no more than about seven electrochemical cells, no more than about six electrochemical cells, no more than about five electrochemical cells, no more than four electrochemical cells, no more than about three electrochemical cells, no more than about two electrochemical cells, or no more than about one electrochemical cell. Combinations of the above numbers of electrochemical cells are also possible (e.g., no more than 20 electrochemical cells and at least about 10 electrochemical cells, at least one electrochemical cell and no more than 100 electrochemical cells, etc.), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the battery assembly 120 includes one electrochemical cell, two electrochemical cells, three electrochemical cells, four electrochemical cells, five electrochemical cells, six electrochemical cells, seven electrochemical cells, eight electrochemical cells, nine electrochemical cells, 10 electrochemical cells, 15 electrochemical cells, 20 electrochemical cells, 30 electrochemical cells, 40 electrochemical cells, 50 electrochemical cells, 75 electrochemical cells, or 100 electrochemical cells.In some embodiments, the heat exchanger 110 can be the same as or substantially similar to the heat exchanger described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 433,234, filed on December 16, 2022, and entitled “Electrochemical Cell Systems with MultiChamber Cooling Devices, and Methods of Producing the Same” (“the '234 Application”), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0028] The number of heat exchangers 110 and the corresponding number of outlets 108 can correspond to the number of electrochemical cells in the battery assembly 120. For each heat exchanger 110, there can be at least one electrochemical cell, at least two electrochemical cells, at least three electrochemical cells, at least four electrochemical cells, at least five electrochemical cells, at least six electrochemical cells, at least seven electrochemical cells, at least eight electrochemical cells, at least nine electrochemical cells, or at least 10 electrochemical cells. In some embodiments, for each heat exchanger 110, there are no more than 10 electrochemical cells, no more than nine electrochemical cells, no more than eight electrochemical cells, no more than seven electrochemical cells, no more than six electrochemical cells, no more than five electrochemical cells, no more than four electrochemical cells, no more than three electrochemical cells, no more than two electrochemical cells, or no more than one electrochemical cell. Combinations of the above-referenced ratios of the number of heat exchangers 110 to the number of electrochemical cells are possible (e.g., at least one electrochemical cell and no more than 10 electrochemical cells, at least one electrochemical cell and no more than 5 electrochemical cells, etc.), including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, for each heat exchanger 110, there is one electrochemical cell, two electrochemical cells, three electrochemical cells, four electrochemical cells, five electrochemical cells, six electrochemical cells, seven electrochemical cells, eight electrochemical cells, nine electrochemical cells, or ten electrochemical cells.

[0029] In some embodiments, the plenum 102 can be coupled to the battery assembly 120 via a base 130. The base 130 can additionally be coupled to a surface to secure the battery system 100 to the surface. The base 130 can be configured to house more than one plenum 102.

[0030] The coolant system 140 drives the fluid to flow into the collecting chamber 102. In some embodiments, the coolant system 140 includes a pumping mechanism (e.g., a fan 142, a pump, etc.). In some embodiments, the coolant system 140 includes a primary pumping mechanism and a secondary redundant pumping mechanism. In some embodiments, the coolant system 140 may include a pumping system comprising a plurality of pumping mechanisms to bring the fluid to a desired velocity. In some embodiments, the coolant system 140 is mounted directly to the collecting chamber 102. In some embodiments, the coolant system 140 includes a conduit that guides the fluid to the collecting chamber 102. In some embodiments, the coolant system 140 includes a coolant reservoir. In some embodiments, such as when the fluid is air and / or when the battery system 100 is immersed in the fluid, the coolant system 140 may include only a pumping mechanism coupled to the collecting chamber 102.

[0031] In some embodiments, upon entering the collecting chamber 102 through the inlet 105, the heat transfer fluid can have a temperature of at least about -50°C, at least about -40°C, at least about -30°C, at least about -20°C, at least about -10°C, at least about 0°C, at least about 10°C, at least about 20°C, at least about 30°C, at least about 40°C, at least about 50°C, at least about 60°C, at least about 70°C, at least about 80°C, at least about 90°C, at least about 100°C, at least about 110°C, at least about 120°C, at least about 130°C, at least about 140°C, at least about 150°C, at least about 160°C, at least about 170°C, at least about 180°C, or at least about 190°C. In some embodiments, upon entering the plenum 102 through the inlet 105, the heat transfer fluid can have a temperature of no more than about 200° C., no more than about 190° C., no more than about 180° C., no more than about 170° C., no more than about 160° C., no more than about 150° C., no more than about 140° C., no more than about 130° C., no more than about 120° C., no more than about 110° C., no more than about 100° C., no more than about 90° C., no more than about 80° C., no more than about 70° C., no more than about 60° C., no more than about 50° C., no more than about 40° C., no more than about 30° C., no more than about 20° C., no more than about 10° C., no more than about 0° C., no more than about -10° C., no more than about -20° C., no more than about -30° C., or no more than about -40° C. Combinations of the above temperatures are also possible (e.g., at least about -50° C. and no more than about 200° C. or at least about 20° C. and no more than about 60° C.), including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may have a temperature of about -50°C, about -40°C, about -30°C, about -20°C, about -10°C, about 0°C, about 10°C, about 20°C, about 30°C, about 40°C, about 50°C, about 60°C, about 70°C, about 80°C, about 90°C, about 100°C, about 110°C, about 120°C, about 130°C, about 140°C, about 150°C, about 160°C, about 170°C, about 180°C, about 190°C, or about 200°C upon entering the collecting chamber 102 through the inlet 105.

[0032] Figures 2A-2D is a diagram of a plenum 202 according to an embodiment. For clarity of direction, the axes (x, y, and z) are shown in FIG. Figures 2A-2D . Figure 2A is an illustration of a perspective view of a manifold 202 according to an embodiment. In some embodiments, the manifold 202 can be structurally and / or functionally similar to the manifold 102, as described above with reference to FIG. Figure 1 The plenum 202 includes a first portion 204 (eg, similar in structure and / or function to the Figure 1 104), a second portion 206 (e.g., similar in structure and / or function to Figure 1a second portion 106 of the present invention) and a plurality of outlets 208 in the second portion 206 (e.g., similar in structure and / or function to the second portion 106). Figure 1 Exit 108).

[0033] like Figure 2A As shown, the first portion 204 and the second portion 206 are continuous portions of the manifold 202 and together form a plane 207. The plane surface 207 is flat along the length of the manifold 202 and has a first partial surface 207a and a second partial surface 207b. In some embodiments, the plane surface 207 can be positioned only along the second portion 206 (e.g., the manifold 202 only includes the second partial surface 207b). The outlet 208 is positioned on the second partial surface 207b. The second partial surface 207b can have any number of outlets 208. For example, the number of outlets 208 on the second partial surface 207b can be at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, or at least 50. In some embodiments, the number of outlets 208 on the second portion surface 207b is no more than 50, no more than 40, no more than 30, no more than 25, no more than 20, no more than 15, no more than 10, no more than nine, no more than eight, no more than seven, no more than six, no more than five, no more than four, no more than three, no more than two, or no more than one. Combinations of the above numbers of outlets 208 are also possible (e.g., at least five outlets 208 and no more than 10 outlets 208 or at least 20 outlets 208 and no more than 40 outlets 208), including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the number of outlets 208 on the second portion surface is one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, or 50. Figure 2A In the depicted embodiment, the manifold 202 includes eleven outlets 208. In some embodiments, the outlets 208 can be plugged when the manifold 202 is not in use.

[0034] The first portion 204 tapers from one end to the second portion 206 such that the shape of the first portion 204 and the shape of the second portion 206 are the same at the connection point between the first portion 204 and the second portion 206. In some embodiments, the width of the first portion 204 tapers. In some embodiments, the height of the first portion 204 tapers. In some embodiments, both the first portion and the second portion of the first portion 204 taper. The tapered portion of the first portion 204 can be configured to accelerate the fluid from an intake velocity to a desired velocity. In some embodiments, the intake velocity and the desired velocity are approximately equal. In some embodiments, the desired velocity is greater than the intake velocity.

[0035] In some embodiments, the intake velocity is at least about 0.1 m / s, at least about 0.2 m / s, at least about 0.3 m / s, at least about 0.4 m / s, at least about 0.5 m / s, at least about 0.6 m / s, at least about 0.7 m / s, at least about 0.8 m / s, at least about 0.9 m / s, at least about 1 m / s, at least about 1.5 m / s, at least about 2 m / s, at least about 2.5 m / s, at least about 3 m / s, at least about 4 m / s, at least about 4 m / s, at least about 5 m / s, at least about 6 m / s, at least about 7 m / s, at least about 8 m / s, at least about 9 m / s, at least about 10 m / s, at least about 15 m / s, at least about 20 m / s, or at least about 30 m / s. In some embodiments, the intake velocity is no more than about 30 m / s, no more than about 20 m / s, no more than about 15 m / s, no more than about 10 m / s, no more than about 9 m / s, no more than about 8 m / s, no more than about 7 m / s, no more than about 6 m / s, no more than about 5 m / s, no more than about 4 m / s, no more than about 3 m / s, no more than about 2.5 m / s, no more than about 2 m / s, no more than about 1.5 m / s, no more than about 1 m / s, no more than about 0.9 m / s, no more than about 0.8 m / s, no more than about 0.7 m / s, no more than about 0.6 m / s, no more than about 0.5 m / s, no more than about 0.4 m / s, no more than about 0.3 m / s, no more than about 0.2, or no more than about 0.1 m / s. Combinations of the above intake velocities are also possible (e.g., at least about 0.1 m / s and no more than about 30 m / s or at least about 3 m / s and no more than 10 m / s), including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the intake speed is about 0.1 m / s, about 0.2 m / s, about 0.3 m / s, about 0.4 m / s, about 0.5 m / s, about 0.6 m / s, about 0.7 m / s, about 0.8 m / s, about 0.9 m / s, about 1 m / s, about 1.5 m / s, about 2.0 m / s, about 2.5 m / s, about 3 m / s, about 4 m / s, about 5 m / s, about 6 m / s, about 7 m / s, about 8 m / s, about 9 m / s, about 10 m / s, about 15 m / s, about 20 m / s or about 30 m / s.

[0036] In some embodiments, the desired velocity is at least about 0.1 m / s, at least about 0.2 m / s, at least about 0.3 m / s, at least about 0.4 m / s, at least about 0.5 m / s, at least about 0.6 m / s, at least about 0.7 m / s, at least about 0.8 m / s, at least about 0.9 m / s, at least about 1 m / s, at least about 1.5 m / s, at least about 2 m / s, at least about 2.5 m / s, at least about 3 m / s, at least about 4 m / s, at least about 4 m / s, at least about 5 m / s, at least about 6 m / s, at least about 7 m / s, at least about 8 m / s, at least about 9 m / s, at least about 10 m / s, at least about 15 m / s, at least about 20 m / s, at least about 30 m / s, at least about 40 m / s, or at least about 50 m / s. In some embodiments, the desired speed is no more than about 50 m / s, no more than about 40 m / s, no more than about 30 m / s, no more than about 20 m / s, no more than about 15 m / s, no more than about 10 m / s, no more than about 9 m / s, no more than about 8 m / s, no more than about 7 m / s, no more than about 6 m / s, no more than about 5 m / s, no more than about 4 m / s, no more than about 3 m / s, no more than about 2.5 m / s, no more than about 2 m / s, no more than about 1.5 m / s, no more than about 1 m / s, no more than about 0.9 m / s, no more than about 0.8 m / s, no more than about 0.7 m / s, no more than about 0.6 m / s, no more than about 0.5 m / s, no more than about 0.4 m / s, no more than about 0.3 m / s, no more than about 0.2, or no more than about 0.1 m / s. Combinations of the above-described desired speeds are also possible (e.g., at least about 0.1 m / s and no more than about 50 m / s or at least about 3 m / s and no more than 10 m / s), including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the desired speed is about 0.1 m / s, about 0.2 m / s, about 0.3 m / s, about 0.4 m / s, about 0.5 m / s, about 0.6 m / s, about 0.7 m / s, about 0.8 m / s, about 0.9 m / s, about 1 m / s, about 1.5 m / s, about 2.0 m / s, about 2.5 m / s, about 3 m / s, about 4 m / s, about 5 m / s, about 6 m / s, about 7 m / s, about 8 m / s, about 9 m / s, about 10 m / s, about 15 m / s, about 20 m / s, about 30 m / s, about 40 m / s, or about 50 m / s.

[0037] Combinations of the above-described intake speeds and desired speeds are possible, including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. For example, the intake speed may be at least about 2 m / s and the desired speed may be at least about 5 m / s, or the intake speed may be at least about 5 m / s and no more than 7 m / s and the desired speed may be at least about 7 m / s and no more than 10 m / s. In some embodiments, the ranges and values ​​for the desired speed may be such that the desired speed is greater than the intake speed.

[0038] In some embodiments, the desired speed can be directly related to the intake speed. In some embodiments, the ratio between the desired speed and the intake speed can be at least about 1.1, at least about 1.2, at least about 1.3, at least about 1.4, at least about 1.5, at least about 1.6, at least about 1.7, at least about 1.8, at least about 1.9, at least about 2.0, at least about 2.5, at least about 3.0, at least about 4.0 or at least about 5.0. In some embodiments, the ratio between the desired speed and the intake speed can be no more than about 5.0, no more than about 4.0, no more than about 3.0, no more than about 2.5, no more than about 2.0, no more than about 1.9, no more than about 1.8, no more than about 1.7, no more than about 1.6, no more than about 1.5, no more than about 1.4, no more than about 1.3, no more than about 1.2 or no more than about 1.1. Combinations of the above ratios are also possible (e.g., at least about 1.1 and no more than about 5.0 or at least about 2.0 and no more than about 3.5), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the ratio between the desired rate and the intake rate is about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9, about 2.0, about 2.5, about 3.0, about 4.0, or about 5.0.

[0039] The second portion 206 tapers away from the first portion 206. A second portion 206 that is not tapered would create a pressure drop within the manifold 202 as the fluid exits the outlet 208, which would reduce the velocity of the fluid. The tapered portion of the second portion 206 is configured to maintain a desired velocity for the fluid exiting each of the outlets 208. In some embodiments, the height of the second portion 206 tapers. In some embodiments, the width of the second portion 206 tapers. In some embodiments, both the height and width of the second portion 206 taper.

[0040] Figure 2B yes Figure 2A FIG2 is an illustration of a side view of a manifold 202. A first portion 204 of the manifold 202 defines a first length 204a, a first height 204b, a first tapered distance 204c, and an intake port 205. The first length 204a is the length of the first portion 204 from the intake port 205 to the second portion 206. The first height 204b is the vertical height of the manifold 202 at the intake port 205.

[0041] In some embodiments, the first height 204b is at least about 10 mm, at least about 20 mm, at least about 30 mm, at least about 40 mm, at least about 50 mm, at least about 75 mm, at least about 100 mm, at least about 125 mm, at least about 150 mm, at least about 175 mm, at least about 200 mm. In some embodiments, the first height 204b is no more than about 300 mm, no more than about 175 mm, no more than about 150 mm, no more than about 125 mm, no more than about 100 mm, no more than about 75 mm, no more than about 50 mm, no more than about 40 mm, no more than about 30 mm, no more than about 20 mm, or no more than about 10 mm. Combinations of the above lengths are also possible (e.g., at least about 10 mm and no more than about 200 mm or at least about 50 mm and no more than 140 mm), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the first height 204b is about 10 mm, about 20 mm, about 30 mm, about 40 mm, about 50 mm, about 75 mm, about 100 mm, about 125 mm, about 150 mm, about 175 mm, or about 300 mm.

[0042] The first portion 204 tapers from the first height 204b to the second portion 206 by a first tapered distance 204c. The length of the first tapered distance 204c is constrained such that the first tapered distance 204c cannot be greater than the first height 204b. In some embodiments, the desired first tapered distance 204c is determined based on a relationship between a fluid intake rate and a desired fluid intake rate. In some embodiments, the length of the first tapered distance 204c can be related to the first length 204a and / or the first height 204b.

[0043] In some embodiments, the first tapered distance 204c is at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 100%, at least about 110%, at least about 120%, at least about 130%, at least about 140% or at least about 150% of the first length 204a. In some embodiments, the first tapered distance 204c is no more than 150%, no more than about 140%, no more than about 130%, no more than about 120%, no more than about 110%, no more than about 100%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 80%, no more than about 70%, no more than about 60%, no more than about 50%, no more than about 40%, no more than about 30%, no more than about 25%, no more than about 20%, no more than about 15%, no more than about 10%, no more than about 9%, no more than about 8%, no more than about 7%, no more than about 6%, no more than about 5%, no more than about 4%, no more than about 3%, no more than about 2% or no more than about 1% of the first length 204a. Combinations of the above relationships between the first tapered distance 204c and the first length 204a are also possible (e.g., at least about 1% of the first length 204a and no more than 150% of the first length 204a, or at most 20% of the first length 204a and no more than 90% of the first length 204a), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the first tapered distance 204c is about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%, about 110%, about 120%, about 130%, about 140%, or about 150% of the first length 204a.

[0044] In some embodiments, the first tapered distance 204c is directly related to the first length 204a. In some embodiments, the first tapered distance 204c is at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 99% of the first height 204b. In some embodiments, the first tapered distance 204c is no more than 99%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 80%, no more than about 70%, no more than about 60%, no more than about 50%, no more than about 40%, no more than about 30%, no more than about 25%, no more than about 20%, no more than about 15%, no more than about 10%, no more than about 9%, no more than about 8%, no more than about 7%, no more than about 6%, no more than about 5%, no more than about 4%, no more than about 3%, no more than about 2%, or no more than about 1% of the first height 204b. Combinations of the above relationships between the first tapered distance 204c and the first height 204b are also possible (e.g., at least about 1% of the first height 204b and no more than 99% of the first height 204b, or at most 20% of the first length 204b and no more than 90% of the first length 204b), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the first tapered distance 204c is about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%, about 110%, about 120%, about 130%, about 140% or about 150% of the first height 204b.

[0045] The tapered portion of the first portion 204 forms a first taper angle A1. In some embodiments, the first taper angle A1 is at least about 1 degree, at least about 2 degrees, at least about 3 degrees, at least about 4 degrees, at least about 5 degrees, at least about 6 degrees, at least about 7 degrees, at least about 8 degrees, at least about 9 degrees, at least about 10 degrees, at least about 15 degrees, at least about 20 degrees, at least about 25 degrees, at least about 30 degrees, at least about 40 degrees, at least about 50 degrees, at least about 60 degrees, at least about 70 degrees, or at least about 75 degrees. In some embodiments, the first taper angle A1 is no more than about 75 degrees, no more than about 70 degrees, no more than about 60 degrees, no more than about 50 degrees, no more than about 40 degrees, no more than about 30 degrees, no more than about 25 degrees, no more than about 20 degrees, no more than about 15 degrees, no more than about 10 degrees, no more than about 9 degrees, no more than about 8 degrees, no more than about 7 degrees, no more than about 6 degrees, no more than about 5 degrees, no more than about 4 degrees, no more than about 3 degrees, no more than about 2 degrees, or no more than about 1 degree. Combinations of the above angles are also possible (e.g., at least about 1 degree and no more than 75 degrees or at least about 10 degrees and no more than 50 degrees), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the first taper angle is about 1 degree, about 2 degrees, about 3 degrees, about 4 degrees, about 5 degrees, about 6 degrees, about 7 degrees, about 8 degrees, about 9 degrees, about 10 degrees, about 15 degrees, about 20 degrees, about 25 degrees, about 30 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 50 degrees, about 60 degrees, about 70 degrees, or about 75 degrees.

[0046] The second portion 206 of the manifold 202 defines a second length 206a, a second height 206b, and a second tapered distance 206c. The second length 206a is the horizontal distance of the second portion 206 from the first portion 204 to the end of the manifold 202. The second height 206b is the height of the manifold 202 at the end of the first portion 204 and the beginning of the second portion 206. The second height 206b corresponds to the difference between the first height 204b and the first tapered distance 204c.

[0047] In some embodiments, the second height 206b is at least about 10 mm, at least about 20 mm, at least about 30 mm, at least about 40 mm, at least about 50 mm, at least about 75 mm, at least about 100 mm, at least about 125 mm, at least about 150 mm, at least about 175 mm, at least about 200 mm. In some embodiments, the second height 206b is no more than about 200 mm, no more than about 175 mm, no more than about 150 mm, no more than about 125 mm, no more than about 100 mm, no more than about 75 mm, no more than about 50 mm, no more than about 40 mm, no more than about 30 mm, no more than about 20 mm, or no more than about 10 mm. Combinations of the above lengths are also possible (e.g., at least about 10 mm and no more than about 200 mm or at least about 50 mm and no more than 140 mm), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the second height 204b is about 10 mm, about 20 mm, about 30 mm, about 40 mm, about 50 mm, about 75 mm, about 100 mm, about 125 mm, about 150 mm, about 175 mm, or about 200 mm. In some embodiments, the second height 206b is constrained so that the second height 206b is no greater than the first height 202b.

[0048] The second portion 206 tapers along the z-axis from the second height 206b to the end of the second portion 206 by a second tapered distance 206c. The length of the second tapered distance 206c is constrained such that the second tapered distance 206c cannot be greater than the second height 206b. In some embodiments, the desired second tapered distance 206c is determined so that the velocities of the fluid exiting the outlet 208 are approximately equal. In some embodiments, the length of the second tapered distance 206c can be related to the second length 206a and / or the second height 204b.

[0049] In some embodiments, the second tapered distance 206c is at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 100%, at least about 110%, at least about 120%, at least about 130%, at least about 140% or at least about 150% of the second length 206a. In some embodiments, the second tapered distance 206c is no more than 150%, no more than about 140%, no more than about 130%, no more than about 120%, no more than about 110%, no more than about 100%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 80%, no more than about 70%, no more than about 60%, no more than about 50%, no more than about 40%, no more than about 30%, no more than about 25%, no more than about 20%, no more than about 15%, no more than about 10%, no more than about 9%, no more than about 8%, no more than about 7%, no more than about 6%, no more than about 5%, no more than about 4%, no more than about 3%, no more than about 2% or no more than about 1% of the second length 206a. Combinations of the above relationships between the second tapered distance 204c and the second length 204a are also possible (e.g., at least about 1% of the second length 206a and no more than 150% of the second length 206a, or at most 20% of the second length 206a and no more than 90% of the second length 206a), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the second tapered distance 206c is about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%, about 110%, about 120%, about 130%, about 140%, or about 150% of the second length 206a.

[0050] In some embodiments, the second tapered distance 206c is directly related to the second length 206a. In some embodiments, the second tapered distance 206c is at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 99% of the second height 206b. In some embodiments, the second tapered distance 206c is no more than 99%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 80%, no more than about 70%, no more than about 60%, no more than about 50%, no more than about 40%, no more than about 30%, no more than about 25%, no more than about 20%, no more than about 15%, no more than about 10%, no more than about 9%, no more than about 8%, no more than about 7%, no more than about 6%, no more than about 5%, no more than about 4%, no more than about 3%, no more than about 2%, or no more than about 1% of the second height 206b. Combinations of the above relationships between the second tapered distance 206c and the second height 206b are also possible (e.g., at least about 1% of the second height 206b and no more than 99% of the second height 206b, or at most 20% of the second length 206b and no more than 90% of the second length 206b), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the second tapered distance 206c is about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%, about 110%, about 120%, about 130%, about 140% or about 150% of the second height 206b.

[0051] The tapered portion of the second portion 206 forms a second taper angle A2. In some embodiments, the second taper angle A2 is at least about 1 degree, at least about 2 degrees, at least about 3 degrees, at least about 4 degrees, at least about 5 degrees, at least about 6 degrees, at least about 7 degrees, at least about 8 degrees, at least about 9 degrees, at least about 10 degrees, at least about 15 degrees, at least about 20 degrees, at least about 25 degrees, at least about 30 degrees, at least about 40 degrees, at least about 50 degrees, at least about 60 degrees, at least about 70 degrees, or at least about 75 degrees. In some embodiments, the second taper angle A2 is no more than about 75 degrees, no more than about 70 degrees, no more than about 60 degrees, no more than about 50 degrees, no more than about 40 degrees, no more than about 30 degrees, no more than about 25 degrees, no more than about 20 degrees, no more than about 15 degrees, no more than about 10 degrees, no more than about 9 degrees, no more than about 8 degrees, no more than about 7 degrees, no more than about 6 degrees, no more than about 5 degrees, no more than about 4 degrees, no more than about 3 degrees, no more than about 2 degrees, or no more than about 1 degree. Combinations of the above angles are also possible (e.g., at least about 1 degree and no more than 75 degrees or at least about 10 degrees and no more than 50 degrees), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the second taper angle A2 is about 1 degree, about 2 degrees, about 3 degrees, about 4 degrees, about 5 degrees, about 6 degrees, about 7 degrees, about 8 degrees, about 9 degrees, about 10 degrees, about 15 degrees, about 20 degrees, about 25 degrees, about 30 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 50 degrees, about 60 degrees, about 70 degrees, or about 75 degrees. In some embodiments, the second taper angle A2 is less than the first taper angle A1.

[0052] Figure 2C yes Figure 2A FIG. 2 is an illustration of a top view of the collecting chamber 202 . Figure 2C A first width 204e of the first portion 204 and a second width 206e of the second portion 206 are shown. The first portion 204 tapers from the first width 204e to the second width 206e. The difference between the first width 204e and the second width 206e is twice the width taper distance 204f. In other words, the first width 204e is equal to the second width 206e plus twice the width taper distance 204f because the first portion 204 tapers along the y-axis by the width taper distance 204f on either side of the first portion 204.

[0053] In some embodiments, the desired width taper distance 204f is determined based on a relationship between the fluid intake rate and the desired rate. In some embodiments, the length of the width taper distance 204f can be related to the first length 204a and / or the first width 204e.

[0054] In some embodiments, the width taper distance 204f is at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 100%, at least about 110%, at least about 120%, at least about 130%, at least about 140% or at least about 150% of the first length 204a. In some embodiments, the width taper distance 204f is no more than 150%, no more than about 140%, no more than about 130%, no more than about 120%, no more than about 110%, no more than about 100%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 80%, no more than about 70%, no more than about 60%, no more than about 50%, no more than about 40%, no more than about 30%, no more than about 25%, no more than about 20%, no more than about 15%, no more than about 10%, no more than about 9%, no more than about 8%, no more than about 7%, no more than about 6%, no more than about 5%, no more than about 4%, no more than about 3%, no more than about 2% or no more than about 1% of the first length 204a. Combinations of the above relationships between the width taper distance 204f and the first length 204a are also possible (e.g., at least about 1% of the first length 204a and no more than 150% of the first length 204a, or at most 20% of the first length 204a and no more than 90% of the first length 204a), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the width taper distance 204f is about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%, about 110%, about 120%, about 130%, about 140%, or about 150% of the first length 204a.

[0055] In some embodiments, the width taper distance 204f is directly related to the first width 204e. In some embodiments, the width taper distance 204f is at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 99% of the first width 204e. In some embodiments, the width taper distance 204f is no more than 99%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 80%, no more than about 70%, no more than about 60%, no more than about 50%, no more than about 40%, no more than about 30%, no more than about 25%, no more than about 20%, no more than about 15%, no more than about 10%, no more than about 9%, no more than about 8%, no more than about 7%, no more than about 6%, no more than about 5%, no more than about 4%, no more than about 3%, no more than about 2%, or no more than about 1% of the first width 204e. Combinations of the above relationships between the width taper distance 204f and the first width 204e are also possible (e.g., at least about 1% of the first width 204e and no more than 99% of the first width 204e, or at most 20% of the first width 204e and no more than 90% of the first width 204e), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the tapered width distance 204f is about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%, about 110%, about 120%, about 130%, about 140% or about 150% of the first width 204e.

[0056] The tapered portion of the first portion 204 forms a third taper angle A3. In some embodiments, the third taper angle A3 is at least about 1 degree, at least about 2 degrees, at least about 3 degrees, at least about 4 degrees, at least about 5 degrees, at least about 6 degrees, at least about 7 degrees, at least about 8 degrees, at least about 9 degrees, at least about 10 degrees, at least about 15 degrees, at least about 20 degrees, at least about 25 degrees, at least about 30 degrees, at least about 40 degrees, at least about 50 degrees, at least about 60 degrees, at least about 70 degrees, or at least about 75 degrees. In some embodiments, the third taper angle A3 is no more than about 75 degrees, no more than about 70 degrees, no more than about 60 degrees, no more than about 50 degrees, no more than about 40 degrees, no more than about 30 degrees, no more than about 25 degrees, no more than about 20 degrees, no more than about 15 degrees, no more than about 10 degrees, no more than about 9 degrees, no more than about 8 degrees, no more than about 7 degrees, no more than about 6 degrees, no more than about 5 degrees, no more than about 4 degrees, no more than about 3 degrees, no more than about 2 degrees, or no more than about 1 degree. Combinations of the above angles are also possible (e.g., at least about 1 degree and no more than 75 degrees or at least about 10 degrees and no more than 50 degrees), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the third taper angle A3 is about 1 degree, about 2 degrees, about 3 degrees, about 4 degrees, about 5 degrees, about 6 degrees, about 7 degrees, about 8 degrees, about 9 degrees, about 10 degrees, about 15 degrees, about 20 degrees, about 25 degrees, about 30 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 50 degrees, about 60 degrees, about 70 degrees, or about 75 degrees.

[0057] Figure 2CAlso shown are a starting distance 208a, a spacing distance 208b, and a length 208c of the outlet 208. Starting distance 208a is the distance from the end of the first portion 204 to the first outlet 208. In some embodiments, starting distance 208a is determined so that fluid exiting the outlet 208 closest to the first portion exits at a desired velocity. In some embodiments, starting distance 208a is at least about 1 mm, at least about 2 mm, at least about 3 mm, at least about 4 mm, at least about 5 mm, at least about 6 mm, at least about 7 mm, at least about 8 mm, at least about 9 mm, at least about 10 mm, at least about 15 mm, at least about 20 mm, at least about 25 mm, at least about 30 mm, at least about 40 mm, at least about 50 mm, at least about 60 mm, at least about 70 mm, at least about 80 mm, at least about 90 mm, at least about 100 mm, at least about 110 mm, at least about 120 mm, at least about 130 mm, at least about 140 mm, or at least about 150 mm. In some embodiments, the starting distance 208a is no more than about 150 mm, no more than about 140 mm, no more than about 130 mm, no more than about 120 mm, no more than about 110 mm, no more than about 100 mm, no more than about 90 mm, no more than about 80 mm, no more than about 70 mm, no more than about 60 mm, no more than about 50 mm, no more than about 40 mm, no more than about 40 mm, no more than about 30 mm, no more than about 25 mm, no more than about 20 mm, no more than about 20 mm, no more than about 15 mm, no more than about 10 mm, no more than about 9 mm, no more than about 8 mm, no more than about 7 mm, no more than about 6 mm, no more than about 5 mm, no more than about 4 mm, no more than about 3 mm, no more than about 2 mm, or no more than about 1 mm. Combinations of the above starting distances 208a are also possible (e.g., at least about 1 mm and no more than about 150 mm or at least about 5 mm and no more than about 100 mm), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween). In some embodiments, the starting distance 208a is about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, about 10 mm, about 15 mm, about 20 mm, about 25 mm, about 30 mm, about 40 mm, about 50 mm, about 60 mm, about 70 mm, about 80 mm, about 90 mm, about 100 mm, about 110 mm, about 120 mm, about 130 mm, about 140 mm or about 150 mm.

[0058] Spacing distance 208b is the distance between outlets 208. Spacing distance 208b may be equal between all outlets 208. In some embodiments, spacing distance 208b corresponds to the width of the battery module, so that the battery module can be positioned between outlets 208. In some embodiments, spacing distance 208b is at least about 1 mm, at least about 2 mm, at least about 3 mm, at least about 4 mm, at least about 5 mm, at least about 6 mm, at least about 7 mm, at least about 8 mm, at least about 9 mm, at least about 10 mm, at least about 15 mm, at least about 20 mm, at least about 25 mm, at least about 30 mm, at least about 40 mm, at least about 50 mm, at least about 60 mm, at least about 70 mm, at least about 80 mm, at least about 90 mm, at least about 100 mm, at least about 110 mm, at least about 120 mm, at least about 130 mm, at least about 140 mm, or at least about 500 mm. In some embodiments, the separation distance 208b is no more than about 500 mm, no more than about 140 mm, no more than about 130 mm, no more than about 120 mm, no more than about 110 mm, no more than about 100 mm, no more than about 90 mm, no more than about 80 mm, no more than about 70 mm, no more than about 60 mm, no more than about 50 mm, no more than about 40 mm, no more than about 40 mm, no more than about 30 mm, no more than about 25 mm, no more than about 20 mm, no more than about 20 mm, no more than about 15 mm, no more than about 10 mm, no more than about 9 mm, no more than about 8 mm, no more than about 7 mm, no more than about 6 mm, no more than about 5 mm, no more than about 4 mm, no more than about 3 mm, no more than about 2 mm, or no more than about 1 mm. Combinations of the above separation distances 208b are also possible (e.g., at least about 1 mm and no more than about 500 mm or at least about 5 mm and no more than about 100 mm), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the spacing distance 208b is about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, about 10 mm, about 15 mm, about 20 mm, about 25 mm, about 30 mm, about 40 mm, about 50 mm, about 60 mm, about 70 mm, about 80 mm, about 90 mm, about 100 mm, about 110 mm, about 120 mm, about 130 mm, about 140 mm or about 500 mm.

[0059] Length 208c corresponds to the length of outlet 208c along the y-axis. Length 208c corresponds to the size of a heat exchanger (e.g., functionally and / or structurally similar to Figure 1In some embodiments, the length 208c of all outlets 208 is approximately equal. In some embodiments, the length 208c is at least about 50 mm, at least about 60 mm, at least about 70 mm, at least about 80 mm, at least about 90 mm, at least about 100 mm, at least about 110 mm, at least about 120 mm, at least about 130 mm, at least about 140 mm, at least about 150 mm, at least about 160 mm, at least about 170 mm, at least about 180 mm, at least about 190 mm, at least about 200 mm, at least about 210 mm, at least about 220 mm, at least about 230 mm, at least about 240 mm, or at least about 2500 mm. In some embodiments, the length 208c is no more than about 2500 mm, no more than about 240 mm, no more than about 230 mm, no more than about 220 mm, no more than about 210 mm, no more than about 200 mm, no more than about 190 mm, no more than about 180 mm, no more than about 170 mm, no more than about 160 mm, no more than about 150 mm, no more than about 140 mm, no more than about 130 mm, no more than about 120 mm, no more than about 110 mm, no more than about 100 mm, no more than about 90 mm, no more than about 80 mm, no more than about 70 mm, no more than about 60 mm, or no more than about 50 mm. Combinations of the above lengths 208b are also possible (e.g., at least about 50 mm and no more than about 250 mm or at least about 100 mm and no more than about 200 mm), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the length 208c can be about 50 mm, about 60 mm, about 70 mm, about 80 mm, about 90 mm, about 100 mm, about 110 mm, about 120 mm, about 130 mm, about 140 mm, about 150 mm, about 160 mm, about 170 mm, about 180 mm, about 190 mm, about 200 mm, about 210 mm, about 220 mm, about 230 mm, about 240 mm or about 2500 mm.

[0060] Outlet 208 also has an outlet width (i.e., the width along the x-axis). The outlet width corresponds to the size of the heat exchanger. In some embodiments, the outlet widths of all outlets 208 are approximately equal. In some embodiments, the outlet width is at least about 0.1 mm, at least about 0.2 mm, at least about 0.3 mm, at least about 0.4 mm, at least about 0.5 mm, at least about 0.6 mm, at least about 0.7 mm, at least about 0.8 mm, at least about 0.9 mm, at least about 1.0 mm, at least about 1.5 mm, at least about 2.0 mm, at least about 2.5 mm, at least about 3.0 mm, at least about 4.0 mm, at least about 5.0 mm, at least about 6.0 mm, at least about 7.0 mm, at least about 8.0 mm, at least about 9.0 mm, at least about 10 mm, at least about 15 mm, or at least about 20 mm. In some embodiments, the outlet width is no more than about 20 mm, no more than about 15 mm, no more than about 10 mm, no more than about 9.0 mm, no more than about 8.0 mm, no more than about 7.0 mm, no more than about 6.0 mm, no more than about 5.0 mm, no more than about 4.0 mm, no more than about 3.0 mm, no more than about 2.5 mm, no more than about 2.0 mm, no more than about 1.5 mm, no more than about 1.0 mm, no more than about 0.9 mm, no more than about 0.8 mm, no more than about 0.7 mm, no more than about 0.6 mm, no more than about 0.5 mm, no more than about 0.4 mm, no more than about 0.3 mm, no more than about 0.2 mm, or no more than about 0.1 mm. Combinations of the above outlet widths are also possible (e.g., at least about 0.1 mm and no more than about 20 mm or at least about 2 mm and no more than about 6 mm), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the outlet width is about 0.1 mm, about 0.2 mm, about 0.3 mm, about 0.4 mm, about 0.5 mm, about 0.6 mm, about 0.7 mm, about 0.8 mm, about 0.9 mm, about 1.0 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 2.0 mm, about 2.5 mm, about 3.0 mm, about 4.0 mm, about 5.0 mm, about 6.0 mm, about 7.0 mm, about 8.0 mm, about 9.0 mm, about 10 mm, about 15 mm, or about 20 mm.

[0061] Figure 2D yes Figure 2A206. A perspective view of a manifold 202 coupled to a set of heat exchangers 210 is shown. As shown, the heat exchangers 210 are inserted into a subset of the outlets 208. The outlets 208 alternate between being filled and unfilled. In some embodiments, a heat exchanger 210 can be inserted into all of the outlets 208. In some embodiments, the outlets 208 that do not have a heat exchanger 210 can be sealed, plugged, covered, or otherwise blocked. The fluid travels from the first portion 204 to the second portion 206 through the manifold 202 and exits the outlet 208 into the heat exchanger inlet 210a. The fluid travels from the heat exchanger inlet 210a to the heat exchanger outlet 210b through the heat exchanger 210. In some embodiments, the heat exchanger outlet 210b can be fluidly coupled to an exhaust system, a fluid recirculation system, or the like. In some embodiments, the heat exchanger outlet 210b can be fluidly coupled to another manifold 202 that is configured to receive exhausted fluid (e.g., as shown in FIG. Figure 6 middle).

[0062] Figures 3A-3B An alternate heat exchanger 310 (e.g., functionally similar to Figure 1 The heat exchanger 110 and Figure 2D Heat exchanger 310 also provides a heat exchanger for the user through heat exchanger inlet 310a (e.g., similar in function to Figure 2D The heat exchanger inlet 210a) receives fluid, but not like Figure 2C As with heat exchanger 210, heat exchanger 310 discharges fluid from the opposite end of heat exchanger 310, which directs fluid through and around heat exchanger 310, discharging fluid through heat exchanger outlet 310b at a 90-degree angle to heat exchanger inlet 310a. Figure 3B As shown, the fluid travels through the outer channels in the heat exchanger 310 before converging and returning to the central channel leading to the heat exchanger outlet 310b. The alternating heat exchanger 310 can be used in applications where vertical clearance is limited. Depending on the application of the heat exchanger 310, other configurations of the heat exchanger are also possible.

[0063] Figures 4A-4B is a diagram of a plenum 402 according to an embodiment. Figure 4A is a plenum 402 according to an embodiment (e.g., functionally and / or structurally similar to Figure 1 The plenum 402 includes a first portion 404 (eg, similar in function and / or structure to the Figures 2A-2D a first portion 204 of the housing 204), two intake ports 405 (e.g., similar in function and / or structure to the Figures 2A-2Dintake port 205) and a second portion 406 (e.g., similar in function and / or structure to Figures 2A-2D The second portion 206 of the manifold 402). The plenum 402 includes two intake ports 405 to provide system redundancy in the event of a failure. The intake ports 405 are configured to receive components of the fluid system, such as fans, ducts, etc., through a set of mounting points 407. In some embodiments, the mounting points 407 can be threaded to receive screws. In some embodiments, the mounting points 407 can include at least a portion of a fastener (e.g., a clip, buckle, nut, pin, etc.). The intake port 405 is sized to correspond to the size of the components of the fluid system. For example, if an 80 mm fan is mounted above the intake port 405, the intake port can be approximately 80 mm wide. In some embodiments, the width of each intake port 405 is at least about 10 mm, at least about 20 mm, at least about 30 mm, at least about 40 mm, at least about 50 mm, at least about 60 mm, at least about 70 mm, at least about 80 mm, at least about 90 mm, at least about 100 mm, at least about 110 mm, at least about 120 mm, at least about 130 mm, at least about 140 mm, at least about 150 mm, at least about 160 mm, at least about 170 mm, at least about 180 mm, at least about 190 mm, or at least about 200 mm. In some embodiments, the width of each intake port 405 is no more than about 400 mm, no more than about 190 mm, no more than about 180 mm, no more than about 170 mm, no more than about 160 mm, no more than about 150 mm, no more than about 140 mm, no more than about 130 mm, no more than about 120 mm, no more than about 110 mm, no more than about 100 mm, no more than about 90 mm, no more than about 80 mm, no more than about 70 mm, no more than about 60 mm, no more than about 50 mm, no more than about 40 mm, no more than about 30 mm, no more than about 20 mm, or no more than about 10 mm. Combinations of the above widths are also possible (e.g., at least about 10 mm and no more than about 200 mm or at least about 50 mm and no more than about 140 mm), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween). In some embodiments, the width of each intake port 405 is about 10 mm, about 20 mm, about 30 mm, about 40 mm, about 50 mm, about 60 mm, about 70 mm, about 80 mm, about 90 mm, about 100 mm, about 110 mm, about 120 mm, about 130 mm, about 140 mm, about 150 mm, about 160 mm, about 170 mm, about 180 mm, about 190 mm, or about 400 mm.

[0064] Figure 4B yes Figure 4A40. An illustration of a manifold 402 coupled to a fan 442. The fan 442 is mounted to mounting point 407. The fan 442 draws fluid into or out of the manifold 402. Two fans 442 are included to provide redundancy in the event that one fan fails. In some embodiments, two fans 442 are utilized to achieve a desired velocity for the fluid. In some embodiments, one fan 442 may be capable of accelerating the fluid to a desired velocity. In some embodiments, the fan 442 may be an 80 mm fan. In some embodiments, the fan 442 may be fluidly coupled to a fluid reservoir or conduit to receive the fluid and / or direct the fluid to another location. In some embodiments, the fan 442 is coupled to a battery management system (BMS) that controls the speed of the fan to control the battery system (e.g., Figure 1 The temperature inside the battery system 100).

[0065] Figure 5 is according to an embodiment through a plenum 502 (eg, functionally and / or structurally similar to Figure 1 plenum 102) and a heat exchanger 510 (e.g., similar in function and / or structure to Figure 1 10). A fan 542 (e.g., similar in structure and / or function to a heat exchanger 110) is shown. Figure 4B 442 ), coupled to a first portion 504 of a plenum 502 (e.g., similar in function and / or structure to a Figure 1 The first portion 104 of the embodiment of the present invention directs the fluid through the first portion 504 to the second portion 506 (e.g., similar in structure and / or function to the embodiment of the present invention). Figure 1 The fluid is discharged from an outlet 508 in the second portion 506 (e.g., a device functionally and / or structurally similar to Figure 1 The outlet 108) is pumped out and passed through the heat exchanger 510. Figure 5 As shown, the fluid within each heat exchanger of heat exchanger 510 is approximately equal.

[0066] Figure 6 is an illustration of a side view of a dual manifold configuration according to an embodiment. The dual manifold configuration includes an intake manifold 602a and an exhaust manifold 602b (eg, both structurally and / or functionally similar to Figure 1 The intake manifold 602a is fluidly coupled to a set of heat exchangers 610 (e.g., functionally and / or structurally similar to Figure 1The outlet of the heat exchanger 610 is coupled to the exhaust manifold 602b. In a dual manifold configuration, fluid flows into the intake manifold 602a, passes through the heat exchanger 610, and flows into and out of the exhaust manifold 602b. The exhaust manifold 602b captures and exhausts the fluid and can direct the fluid to a reservoir, a fluid conditioning system, or an exhaust system. The exhaust manifold 602b can be configured to slow the exhaust flow to a desired rate. In some embodiments, when using a heat exchanger with an alternating configuration (e.g., Figures 3A-3B Other dual manifold configurations are possible when heat exchanger 310 is used.

[0067] Figure 7 is a device for mounting a manifold (e.g., similar in structure and / or function to Figure 1 The base 730 of the collecting chamber 102 (e.g., similar in structure and / or function to the Figure 1 130). The base 730 includes a surface 732, mounting points 734, and support legs 736. The top of the surface 732 is configured to support a battery assembly (e.g., functionally and / or substantially similar to a battery assembly). Figure 1 The bottom of surface 732 supports a manifold that can be mounted to surface 732 via mounting points 734. Surface 732 includes a row of outlets 738 that correspond in position to the outlets of the manifold (e.g., functionally and / or structurally similar to the outlets of the manifold). Figure 1 The outlet allows a heat exchanger (e.g., Figure 1 The heat exchanger 110 is fluidly coupled to the manifold. The support legs 736 each elevate the surface 732 to allow the manifold to be positioned below the surface 732 and to allow the base 730 to be mounted to the surface. The height of the support legs 736 is at least as high as the height of the manifold. In some embodiments, the base can be a prismatic box.

[0068] The base 730 is configured to support two collecting chambers installed side by side. In some embodiments, the base 730 is configured to support at least one collecting chamber, at least two collecting chambers, at least three collecting chambers, at least four collecting chambers, at least five collecting chambers, at least six collecting chambers, at least seven collecting chambers, at least eight collecting chambers, at least nine collecting chambers or at least 10 collecting chambers. In some embodiments, the base 730 is configured to support no more than 20 collecting chambers, no more than nine collecting chambers, no more than eight collecting chambers, no more than seven collecting chambers, no more than six collecting chambers, no more than five collecting chambers, no more than four collecting chambers, no more than three collecting chambers, no more than two collecting chambers or no more than one collecting chamber. The combination of the above-mentioned base 730 structures is also possible (for example, at least one collecting chamber can be supported and no more than 10 collecting chambers, or at least two collecting chambers can be supported and no more than four collecting chambers), including all ranges and values ​​therebetween. In some embodiments, the base 730 is configured to support one manifold, two manifolds, three manifolds, four manifolds, five manifolds, six manifolds, seven manifolds, eight manifolds, nine manifolds, or ten manifolds.

[0069] Figure 8 is a battery system 800 according to an embodiment (e.g., functionally and / or structurally similar to Figure 1 The battery system 800 includes two plenums 802 (e.g., similar in function and / or structure to the Figure 1 plenum 102), fan 842 (e.g., similar in function and / or structure to Figure 1 142), a base 830 (e.g., similar in function and / or structure to Figure 1 base 130) and a battery assembly 820 (e.g., functionally and / or structurally similar to Figure 1 Battery system 120). A manifold 802 is mounted below base 830. Battery assembly 802 is mounted on top of base 830. A set of heat exchangers is positioned within battery system 820 between the individual battery cells. A fan 842 pumps fluid into manifold 802, accelerating the fluid to a desired velocity before it enters the heat exchangers. As the fluid passes through the heat exchangers, it absorbs heat generated by battery assembly 820.

[0070] Figure 9 is a cooling electrochemical cell system according to an embodiment (e.g., functionally and / or substantially similar to Figure 11. As shown, method 900 includes flowing a fluid through an inlet port of a manifold at step 902, converging the fluid through a tapered portion of the manifold at step 904, flowing the fluid with approximately equal velocities through an outlet in the tapered portion at step 906, flowing the fluid through a heat exchanger at step 908, cooling an electrochemical cell in thermal contact with the heat exchanger at step 910, and optionally cooling the electrochemical cell in physical contact with the heat exchanger at step 912.

[0071] Step 902 includes flowing a fluid through a manifold (e.g., a manifold functionally and / or structurally similar to Figure 1 The manifold 102) inlet port (e.g., similar in structure and / or function to Figure 2B The fluid may be passed through a coolant system (e.g., similar in structure and / or function to a Figure 1 Components of the coolant system 140 (e.g., functionally and / or structurally similar to Figure 1 The fluid is pumped into the inlet port by a fan 142. The fluid can be a gas coolant (e.g., air, Freon, etc.) or a liquid coolant (e.g., oil, water, etc.). The fluid flows into the inlet port at an intake velocity.

[0072] Step 904 includes converging the fluid through a tapered portion of the manifold. The tapered portion accelerates the fluid from an intake velocity to a desired velocity. In some embodiments, the tapered portion may include multiple portions configured to accelerate the flow at different rates. The tapered portion corresponds to a set of outlets within the manifold (e.g., similar in function and / or structure to the outlets). Figure 1 The outlet 108 of the conical portion is configured such that the fluid maintains a desired velocity even when the fluid exits the manifold through the outlet. Thereafter, step 906 comprises flowing the fluids having approximately equal velocities through the outlet in the tapered portion. After flowing through the outlet, step 908 comprises flowing the fluids through a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger is configured to transfer heat from the electrochemical cell to the fluid, which removes heat from the electrochemical cell.

[0073] Step 910 includes cooling the electrochemical cells in thermal contact with the heat exchanger. Cooling the electrochemical cells allows the electrochemical cells to be maintained at or below a desired operating temperature and prevents thermal runaway. Optional step 912 includes flowing the cooling fluid from the heat exchanger to a return manifold. In some embodiments, step 912 includes draining the fluid from the heat exchanger.

[0074] Various concepts can be implemented as one or more methods, wherein at least one example is provided. The action performed as a part of the method can be sorted in any appropriate manner. Therefore, it is possible to construct an embodiment in which the action is performed in a sequence different from the sequence shown, and the embodiment can include performing some actions simultaneously, even if these actions are shown as continuous actions in the illustrative embodiments. In other words, it should be understood that such features may not necessarily be limited to a specific execution order, but any number of threads, processes, services and / or servers that can be performed serially, asynchronously, concurrently, in parallel, simultaneously and / or synchronously in a manner consistent with the present disclosure. Therefore, some of these features may contradict each other because they cannot exist in a single embodiment at the same time. Similarly, some features are applicable to an aspect of innovation and are not applicable to other aspects.

[0075] In addition, the present disclosure may include other innovations not presently described. Applicants reserve all rights to such innovations, including the right to embody such innovations, file additional applications, continuations, continuations-in-part, and / or divisions. Therefore, it should be understood that the advantages, embodiments, examples, functions, features, logic, operations, organization, structure, topology, and / or other aspects of the present disclosure should not be considered as limitations on the present disclosure as defined by the embodiments or on the equivalents of the embodiments. Depending on the specific expectations and / or characteristics of individual and / or enterprise users, database configurations and / or relational models, data types, data transmission and / or network architectures and / or grammatical structures, etc., the various embodiments of the technology disclosed herein can be implemented in a manner that achieves a great deal of flexibility and customization as described herein.

[0076] All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and / or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.

[0077] As used herein, in particular embodiments, the term "about" or "approximately" when preceding a numerical value indicates that value plus or minus a range of 10%. Where a range of values ​​is provided, it is understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the range (to one-tenth of the unit of the lower limit, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise) and any other stated value or intermediate value within the range are encompassed within the present disclosure. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges can independently be included in smaller ranges and are also encompassed within the present disclosure, subject to any specific exclusion within the range. Where the range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of the included limits are also encompassed within the present disclosure.

[0078] As used herein in the specification and examples, the phrase "and / or" should be understood to mean "either or both" of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that appear in conjunction in some cases and separately in other cases. Multiple elements listed with "and / or" should be interpreted in the same manner, i.e., "one or more elements" of the elements so conjoined. In addition to the elements specifically identified by the "and / or" clause, other elements may optionally be present, whether related or unrelated to those specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, in one embodiment, when used in conjunction with open language such as "comprising," a reference to "A and / or B" may refer to only A (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to only B (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.

[0079] As used in specification and the embodiments herein, "or" should be understood to have the same meaning as "and / or" as defined above. For example, when the item in the list is separated, "or" or "and / or" should be interpreted as inclusive, i.e., include at least one element in a plurality of elements or element lists, but also include more than one element and optionally other unlisted items. Only clearly point out that opposite terms such as "only one in ... or "just one in ... " or when used in an embodiment, "consisting of ... " refer to including just one element in many elements or element lists. Generally speaking, when there is an exclusive term before, such as "any one," "one of ...," "only one in ... or "just one in ... ", as used herein, term "or" should only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (that is, "one or another rather than two"). When used in an embodiment, "substantially consisting of ... " should have the common meaning as used in the patent law field.

[0080] As used in this specification and in the examples, the phrase "at least one" with respect to a list of one or more elements should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one element of each element specifically listed in the list of elements, and not excluding any combination of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows for the optional presence of elements in addition to the elements specifically identified in the list of elements to which the term "at least one" refers, whether related to or unrelated to the specifically identified elements. Thus, as a non-limiting example, in one embodiment, "at least one of A and B" (or equivalently, "at least one of A or B," or equivalently, "at least one of A and / or B") can refer to at least one that optionally includes more than one A, does not have B (and optionally includes elements other than B); in another embodiment, can refer to at least one that optionally includes more than one B, does not have A (and optionally includes elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, can refer to at least one that optionally includes more than one A, and optionally includes more than one B (and optionally includes other elements); etc.

[0081] In the Examples and the foregoing description, all transitional phrases such as "comprising," "including," "carrying," "having," "containing," "involving," "containing," "consisting of," etc. should be understood as open-ended, meaning including but not limited to. As set forth in Section 2111.03 of the U.S. Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, only the transitional phrases "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively.

[0082] Although specific embodiments of the present disclosure have been summarized above, many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the embodiments set forth herein are intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Various changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Where the above methods and steps indicate specific events occurring in a particular order, those of ordinary skill in the art who have the benefit of this disclosure will recognize that the order of the specific steps can be modified, and such modifications are variations according to the present invention. In addition, certain of the steps described can be performed simultaneously in a parallel process where possible, or can be performed sequentially as described above. While embodiments have been specifically shown and described, it will be understood that various changes in form and detail can be made.

Claims

1. A collecting chamber comprising: at least one inlet configured to receive fluid from a coolant system; a plurality of outlets configured to be fluidly coupled to a plurality of heat exchangers; as well as A tapered portion corresponds to the plurality of outlets, the tapered shape being configured to maintain the fluid at a desired velocity. 2 . The plenum of claim 1 , wherein the tapered portion includes a first section defining a first tapering rate and a second section defining a second tapering rate. The plenum of claim 2 , wherein the second tapering rate is lower than the first tapering rate.

4. A plenum according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the inlet comprises a first inlet port and a second inlet port.

5. The plenum chamber according to claim 4, further comprising: a first fan coupled to the first inlet port; and A second fan is coupled to the second inlet port.

6. The collecting chamber according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising: A base portion is adjacent to the tapered portion.

7. The collecting chamber of claim 6, wherein the plurality of outlets are positioned on a top surface, the base portion comprises a first surface forming a first angle with the top surface and a second surface forming a second angle with the top surface, the second angle being smaller than the first angle.

8. A battery system comprising: battery assembly; Coolant system; a plurality of heat exchangers thermally coupled to the battery assembly; and A collecting chamber, the collecting chamber comprising: an inlet configured to receive fluid from the coolant system; a plurality of outlets configured to be fluidly coupled to the plurality of heat exchangers; as well as A tapered portion corresponds to the plurality of outlets, the tapered shape being configured to maintain the fluid at a desired velocity. 9 . The battery system of claim 8 , wherein the coolant system comprises a primary fan and a secondary fan.

10. The battery system of claim 8 or claim 9, further comprising a base configured to support the plenum and the battery assembly.

11. The battery system according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the coolant system comprises a primary pump and a secondary pump. 12 . The battery system according to claim 8 , wherein the plenum is a first plenum, the battery system further comprising a second plenum coupled to the first plenum via the plurality of heat exchangers. 13 . The battery system of claim 12 , wherein the plurality of outlets is a first plurality of outlets, the second plenum includes a second plurality of outlets, and the second plurality of outlets is coupled to the first plurality of outlets through the plurality of heat exchangers. 14 . The battery system according to claim 12 , wherein the second plenum includes a tapered portion that tapers in an opposite direction to the tapered portion of the first plenum.

15. A battery system comprising: battery assembly; a plurality of heat exchangers thermally coupled to the battery system; A collecting chamber, the collecting chamber comprising: Multiple exits; as well as a tapered portion corresponding to the plurality of outlets, the tapered shape being configured to maintain the fluid at a desired velocity, the tapered portion including a first section defining a first tapering rate and a second section defining a second tapering rate; A plurality of heat exchangers extend from the plurality of outlets and contact the plurality of electrochemical cells.

16. The battery system according to claim 15, further comprising: A coolant system is configured to deliver coolant to the plenum.

17. The battery system of claim 16, wherein the coolant system comprises a primary fan and a secondary fan.

18. The battery system according to any one of claims 15 to 17, further comprising a base configured to support the plenum and the battery assembly. 19 . The battery system according to claim 15 , wherein the plenum is a first plenum, the battery system further comprising a second plenum coupled to the first plenum via the plurality of heat exchangers.

20. The battery system of claim 19, wherein the plurality of outlets is a first plurality of outlets, the second plenum comprises a second plurality of outlets, the second plurality of outlets coupled to the first plurality of outlets through the plurality of heat exchangers.

21. The battery system of claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the second plenum includes a tapered portion that tapers in an opposite direction to the tapered portion of the first plenum.

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