Efficient and stable-yield planting method for Hainan tropical camellia oleifera

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of tea-oil tree planting, discloses an efficient and stable-yield planting method for Hainan tropical tea-oil trees, and aims to solve the problems of water and soil loss, nutrient leaching, high incidence of diseases and insect pests, low pollination efficiency and the like in Hainan tropical tea-oil tree cultivation. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps: constructing a micro water collection and soil conservation system; building a polyclonal space-time coupling pollination matrix and a pollination habitat; precise nutrient management is implemented; a dynamic ventilation hybrid framework is constructed; and implementing comprehensive pest and disease management. By adopting the technical scheme, water and soil conservation, nutrient utilization, physiological resistance, pollination efficiency and yield stability of the camellia oleifera are effectively improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of oil-tea camellia planting, and in particular relates to a high-efficiency and stable-yield planting method for tropical oil-tea camellia in Hainan. Background Art

[0002] Camellia oleifera Camellia oleifera Camellia oleifera (Abel), a woody oil-bearing tree species unique to my country and of great economic value, has a significant impact on regional economic benefits and is also of strategic importance for ensuring national grain and oil security and optimizing the edible oil supply structure. my country has long developed a relatively mature technical system for the cultivation and management of camellia oleifera. This system is primarily based on the ecological and environmental characteristics of my country's traditional main camellia-producing regions, which are located in subtropical or temperate monsoon climate zones. In these regions, through decades of practical exploration, technicians have developed clear protocols for forest land preparation, water and fertilizer management, tree pruning, and pest and disease control. Their core goal is to address the low yields associated with traditional extensive management practices by optimizing the efficiency of light, water, and nutrients. Specifically, this technical system typically implements phased fertilization according to the growth cycle of spring, summer, and autumn shoots to match the mild seasonal growth rhythm. Pruning, on the other hand, employs conventional methods designed to improve canopy ventilation and light transmission to promote fruiting and reduce the incidence of common diseases. This technical system has effectively improved the yield of tea oil in a specific climate zone, laying a solid foundation for the stable development of the tea oil industry.

[0003] However, with the development of agricultural technology and the diversification of market demand, the suitable growing areas and cultivation varieties of Camellia oleifera are also expanding. Among them, Camellia oleifera ( Camellia vietnamensisThe introduction of tropical endemic species such as ) into Hainan for large-scale cultivation has become a key area of ​​focus for exploring new growth opportunities for the oil tea industry. When this technical system, proven effective in specific climate zones, was directly applied to tropical maritime climates like Hainan, a fundamental mismatch between its design premise and the actual ecological conditions emerged, exposing its inherent limitations at the theoretical level and giving rise to a deeper technical contradiction. This contradiction is not simply a mismatch between technical components, but rather a chain reaction of synergistic failures among various production and management links caused by a mismatch in ecological niches. The root cause lies in Hainan's complex climate characterized by high temperature and humidity, year-round strong sunlight, distinct dry and rainy seasons, and highly concentrated rainfall. This completely undermines the mild environment on which traditional technical systems rely. For example, conventional slope preparation methods designed to conserve water and soil fail to effectively curb soil erosion under the impact of Hainan's short, heavy rains during the rainy season. Instead, they can exacerbate slope erosion due to poor drainage, leading to a rapid loss of soil fertility. Furthermore, the traditional phased fertilization model's timing and dosage settings are designed to match the mild seasonal growth rhythm. However, in tropical regions, the plant's almost year-round nutritional needs and the concentrated nutrient leaching during the rainy season form a sharp contradiction, resulting in extremely low fertilizer utilization. This not only increases production costs, but also fails to meet the nutritional needs of oil tea trees during critical growth periods (such as flower bud differentiation and fruit enlargement).

[0004] Even more serious is the fact that this chain reaction is particularly pronounced in tree management and physiological regulation. While traditional pruning methods aim to allow light in, Hainan's strong sunlight and high humidity often lead to a conflicting situation where the inner canopy is densely closed while branches and leaves are burned. On the one hand, the high temperature and humidity easily create a miniature "high-humidity greenhouse" within the canopy, providing an ideal breeding ground for fungal diseases such as anthracnose and soft rot. The dense interior created by traditional pruning methods results in a disease incidence and spread rate far exceeding that in subtropical regions. On the other hand, the overly open tree shape exposes the outer branches and leaves directly to the scorching tropical sun, which is very likely to cause sunburn and affect photosynthetic efficiency. Furthermore, sustained high temperatures directly affect the pollination process of oil tea trees, reducing fruit set. Traditional cultivation techniques, with their consideration of variety configuration and pollination environment, clearly fail to provide an effective solution to this heat stress problem. Therefore, while existing technologies solve the yield problem in a region, their technical paradigms, after being transplanted to a new ecological environment, have instead given rise to a series of new, interrelated and mutually exacerbating problems, such as increased soil erosion, low fertilizer efficiency, high incidence of pests and diseases, and severe physiological stress.

[0005] In summary, the core defect of the existing oil-tea camellia cultivation technology does not lie in the technical omissions of a single link, but in the systematic mismatch between its overall technical logic and the special tropical ecological environment. This mismatch results in the inability of key production factors such as water, soil, fertilizer, light, and heat to form efficient synergy. Instead, they restrict each other, and together constitute the fundamental technical bottleneck that limits the improvement of oil-tea production and quality in Hainan. Therefore, how to break through the framework of traditional cultivation models and build a set of new methods for efficient and stable oil-tea cultivation that can systematically respond to complex environmental stresses such as high temperature, high humidity, strong light, and seasonal heavy rainfall in Hainan, and achieve soil and water conservation, efficient nutrient utilization, tree structure optimization, and improved pollination efficiency, has become a key challenge currently faced by those skilled in the art and a technical problem that needs to be solved urgently. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the systematic mismatch problem between the existing tea oil cultivation technology and Hainan's tropical marine climate environment, and to provide a multi-target collaborative Hainan tropical tea oil cultivation method with high efficiency and stable yield, which can systematically cope with complex environmental stresses such as high temperature, high humidity, strong light and seasonal heavy rainfall, and achieve efficient water and soil conservation, precise nutrient supply, optimization of tree structure and photosynthetic efficiency, and synergistic improvement of pollination efficiency and physiological resistance.

[0007] In order to achieve the above technical objectives, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is: A high-efficiency and stable-yield planting method for Hainan tropical oil-tea camellia comprises the following steps: S1. Constructing a micro-water harvesting system: On a sloping plot, excavate a terraced working surface with an inward inclination of 1 to 3 degrees against the slope along the contour line, and excavate a bioretention and interception ditch at the outer edge of the terraced working surface. The bioretention and interception ditch is provided with a permeable control dam; S2. Create a pollination matrix and pollinator habitat: Select at least nine Camellia oleifera clones with synchronized flowering periods and plant them in a nine-square grid layout, with the main planted variety at the center and pollinating varieties surrounding them. Ensure that any plant in a unit is surrounded by at least three different pollinating clones. Plant nectar-producing ground cover plants in the bioretention and interception trenches. S3. Implement precise nutrient management: Apply base fertilizer containing rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria at planting time, and apply a double-layer coated controlled-release fertilizer with a moisture-responsive inner membrane and a temperature- and moisture-responsive outer membrane during the growing season; S4. Construct a dynamic, ventilated, three-dimensional photosynthetic framework: Through shaping and pruning, the oil-tea tree crown is constructed into a three-layer structure consisting of a top conducting layer, a middle fruiting layer, and a lower ventilation layer. S5. Implement integrated pest management: combining physical control, biological control, and precise chemical intervention based on disease incidence or insect population density monitoring thresholds.

[0008] Furthermore, the specific method of constructing the micro water collection system in S1 is: (1) On a selected sunny or semi-sunny slope with an altitude of less than 600 meters, a slope of less than 25 degrees, and a soil pH value between 5.0 and 6.0, the terraced working surface is excavated along the contour line so that the terraced working surface has an inward inclination of 1 to 3 degrees against the slope; (2) At the outer edge of each terraced working surface, dig the bioretention and interception ditch along the contour line. The cross section of the ditch is trapezoidal, with an upper base width of 50 cm, a lower base width of 30 cm, and a depth of 40 cm; (3) In the bioretention and interception ditch, a permeable control dam is set every 4 meters along its length, and the surface soil excavated when the planting holes are excavated is backfilled into the middle section of the bioretention and interception ditch between two adjacent permeable control dams to form a water retaining wall structure with a height of 20 cm.

[0009] Furthermore, the height of the permeable control dam is 25 cm, and its construction material is selected from gravel with a particle size of 5 to 10 cm or high-density bamboo.

[0010] Furthermore, the specific method of creating the pollination matrix and pollinator habitat in S2 is: (1) The flowering synchronization rate among the nine selected Camellia oleifera clones is greater than or equal to 90%; (2) The nine-grid unit layout is a 3x3 planting unit, with the core main planting variety planted in the center and the other eight pollination varieties planted in the eight surrounding positions to ensure that any plant in the unit is surrounded by at least three different pollination clones; (3) Arrange multiple planting units in a checkerboard pattern on the slope.

[0011] Furthermore, among the nine asexually propagated varieties of Camellia oleifera, Wanhai Camellia oleifera No. 3 is the core and main cultivated variety.

[0012] Furthermore, the nectar source ground cover plant planted in the bioretention and interception ditch is Pinto peanut, with a sowing density of 20 grams per square meter. The Pinto peanut has the characteristics of shade tolerance, barrenness tolerance, nitrogen fixation, and a flowering period overlapping with that of Camellia oleifera.

[0013] Furthermore, the specific methods for implementing precise nutrient management in S3 are: (1) At the planting site with a spacing of 4 meters by 3 meters, dig a planting hole with an upper diameter of 70 cm, a bottom diameter of 50 cm, and a depth of 50 cm; (2) When planting, 15 kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure, 0.5 kg of superphosphate and 50 g of the rhizosphere growth-promoting agent are applied to each hole as base fertilizer; the rhizosphere growth-promoting agent is a composite agent containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and potassium-solubilizing bacteria, and its effective viable bacterial count is not less than 2×10^9 CFU / g; (3) After backfilling the soil, a bun-shaped mound 15 cm higher than the terraced working surface is formed at the planting hole.

[0014] Furthermore, the structure of the double-layer coated controlled-release fertilizer includes a nutrient core matrix, which is sequentially coated with a moisture-responsive controlled-release inner membrane and a temperature and moisture dual-responsive slow-release outer membrane.

[0015] Furthermore, the controlled-release fertilizer is applied in a one-time trench application before the rainy season each year. The fertilization position is located inside the drip line of the tree crown. A circular trench with a depth of 20 cm and a width of 15 cm is dug. 70% of the total amount of fertilizer required for the whole year is applied to the bottom of the trench, and another 30% is applied to the 10 cm soil layer above it. In addition, different formulas of the controlled-release fertilizer are used for the sapling stage and the fruiting stage: the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of the controlled-release fertilizer applied in the sapling stage is 20-10-15; the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of the controlled-release fertilizer applied in the fruiting stage is 15-10-20.

[0016] Furthermore, the specific method of constructing the dynamic ventilation three-dimensional photosynthetic structure in S4 is: (1) Begin shaping the tree from the second year after planting, maintaining the trunk height at 40 to 50 cm; (2) Select 3 to 4 strong branches that are evenly distributed on the trunk and have an angle of 45 to 55 degrees with the trunk as primary main branches. The primary main branches are spatially staggered and ascending in a 120-degree spiral pattern. (3) The amount of branches and leaves in each functional layer is precisely regulated so that the top conducting layer retains 30% of the branches and leaves of the entire crown, the middle fruiting layer retains 55% of the branches and leaves of the entire crown, and the lower ventilation layer retains 15% of the branches and leaves of the entire crown.

[0017] Furthermore, the further operations of shaping and pruning include: (1) Focus on pruning from November to February of the following year after the fruit is harvested each year, including completely cutting off diseased and insect-infested branches, dead branches, crossed branches, overlapping branches, and drooping branches; (2) Thin out the middle fruiting layer to ensure that the distance between adjacent fruiting branches is maintained at more than 30 cm, and retain 8 to 10 strong fruiting branches per square meter of crown projection area; (3) Appropriately shorten the extension branches of each main branch to promote the growth of lateral fruiting branches.

[0018] Furthermore, the specific method of the integrated pest management in S5 is: (1) The physical control measures include: installing and operating solar-powered insecticidal lamps with a wavelength of 365 nanometers at a density of one per 3 hectares during the peak period of adult emergence of oil-tea pests; (2) The biological control includes: for the oil-tea camellia moth, hanging pheromone slow-release traps to lure and kill male moths; (3) The precise chemical intervention includes: establishing a regular monitoring system, and initiating chemical control when the disease incidence rate reaches 5% or the insect population density reaches 5 per 100 branches; for anthracnose, 800 times diluted 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 1500 times diluted 10% pyraclostrobin water dispersible granules are sprayed alternately; for oil-tea moth larvae, 2500 times diluted 0.2% avermectin emulsifiable concentrate or 1500 times diluted 50% cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate are sprayed; all chemical spraying operations are carried out in the evening or on cloudy days.

[0019] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) This method systematically solves the problem of water, soil and fertilizer loss in tropical environments caused by existing technologies. By constructing a micro-water collection system, short-term heavy rainfall is converted into usable slow-release water resources, and soil nutrients are intercepted and recycled in situ. Compared with the traditional slope planting method, the technical method provided by this invention can reduce the slope runoff coefficient by more than 70%, and the total annual loss of soil nitrogen and phosphorus by more than 65%, providing a solid water and soil foundation for the stable growth of oil tea trees.

[0020] (2) Significantly improved nutrient utilization efficiency and input-output ratio. By applying precise nutrient management technology based on root zone environmental regulation, the fertilizer release rate is precisely matched with the tropical climate rhythm and the growth requirements of the oil tea tree, and rhizosphere microorganisms are used to enhance nutrient absorption. Compared with the traditional fertilization method of staged broadcasting or hole application, the nitrogen utilization rate of the fertilizer of the present invention can be increased from less than 30% under the traditional method to more than 60%. While reducing the input of chemical fertilizers by 30%, it achieves a significant improvement in the nutritional level of the tree.

[0021] (3) Synergistically alleviates the dual pressures of disease and physiological stress. By constructing a dynamic, ventilated, three-dimensional photosynthetic framework, the present invention effectively reduces the relative humidity within the canopy while ensuring sufficient photosynthetically active radiation in the middle of the canopy. This reduces the natural incidence of high-humidity-dependent diseases such as anthracnose and soft rot by more than 50%. At the same time, the top drainage layer's filtering effect on strong light completely avoids sunburn on fruits and leaves, ensuring the health and function of the photosynthetic organs.

[0022] (4) Greatly improved pollination success rate and yield stability. By creating a polyclonal spatiotemporal coupled pollination matrix and integrating pollinating insect habitats, the present invention effectively addresses the adverse effects of tropical high temperatures on the pollination process. Compared with traditional single or random mixed planting patterns, the present invention can increase the average fruit setting rate of oil tea by 40% to 55%, and when encountering continuous high temperature weather, the yield fluctuation range is less than 10%, showing extremely high yield stability. Finally, considering all the above synergistic effects, the oil tea garden planted using the method of the present invention can enter the peak production period in the fifth year after planting, and the stable annual yield can reach 2,500 to 3,000 kilograms of fresh fruit per hectare. Compared with the direct application of traditional technology in Hainan, its yield increase range is 80% to 120%, and both economic and ecological benefits are extremely significant. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 The present invention is a flow chart of a method for efficiently and stably planting Hainan tropical oil-tea camellia. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] In order to make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more clearly understood, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0024] A high-efficiency and stable-yield planting method for Hainan tropical oil-tea camellia comprises the following steps: S1. Select plots of land, preferably sunny or semi-sunny slopes with an altitude between 300 and 600 meters, a slope of less than 25 degrees, well-drained red soil or brick red soil, and a soil pH value between 5.0 and 6.0. After selecting the plot, use a total station or laser level to accurately measure and mark along the contour lines, which will serve as the baseline for the terraced working surface. Then, use a small excavator to excavate the terraces along the marked contour lines. The constructed terraced working surface is not horizontal, but has a precise slope that tilts inward against the slope by 1 to 3 degrees. This reverse slope design makes the terraced working surface itself a broad-spectrum catchment area that can effectively intercept and collect rainfall, causing it to infiltrate on the spot rather than forming destructive slope runoff.

[0025] S2. On the basis of constructing reverse slope terraces, further, at the outer edge of each terrace working surface, adjacent to the top of the slope of the next terrace, a biological retention and interception ditch with dual functions of retention and interception is excavated along the contour line. The cross-sectional shape of the ditch is precisely designed to be a trapezoid, with an upper base width of 50 cm, a lower base width of 30 cm, and a depth of 40 cm. The trapezoidal structure gives the ditch wall greater physical stability. In order to effectively regulate the water flow in the ditch and prevent it from forming high-speed water flow and causing new erosion in the ditch, a permeable regulating dam is set every 4 meters along the length of the ditch. The regulating dam uses clean gravel with a particle size uniformly distributed between 5 and 10 cm and a stacking height of 25 cm. These regulating dams divide the long interception ditch into a series of independent bamboo-shaped water storage units, greatly extending the retention time of runoff in the system and realizing the transformation from "drainage" to "storage". When excavating the planting holes, the excavated topsoil (0 to 20 cm deep) and the subsoil (less than 20 cm deep) are piled separately. The organic-rich topsoil is then backfilled into the middle section of the bioretention and interception ditch between two adjacent permeable control dams, forming a soil retaining wall approximately 20 cm high and 50 cm wide. This structure further slows water flow within the unit and physically intercepts fine-grained soil and organic matter that migrate with runoff, achieving in-situ nutrient enrichment and recycling.

[0026] S3. Following the land engineering transformation, a multi-clone spatiotemporal coupled pollination matrix is ​​created, and a friendly habitat for pollinating insects is simultaneously constructed, aiming to systematically address the negative impact of sustained tropical high temperatures on the viability of camellia pollen, stigma receptivity and pollination process through sophisticated planting layout and ecological configuration, ensuring that a stable high fruit setting rate can still be obtained under adverse climatic conditions. Specifically, 9 excellent asexual clones of camellia with a flowering synchronization rate greater than or equal to 90% and a significant gradient difference in tolerance to high temperature stress are screened out. As a preferred embodiment, the present invention selects Haiyou No. 3, Reyan No. 2, Qiongzhong No. 4, Haida No. 1, Wanhai Camellia No. 3, Qiongdong No. 2, Qiongkeyou No. 1, Houchen No. 3, and Haikeda No. 3. Among them, Wanhai Camellia No. 3 is selected as the core main cultivated variety because of its high yield, high oil content and wide adaptability, while the remaining 8 varieties are used as pollination varieties. When these varieties face high temperatures exceeding 32 degrees Celsius for several consecutive days, for example, there are small but critical differences in the rate at which pollen vitality decreases and the duration of stigma vitality maintenance. This difference constitutes a "time insurance" for pollination.

[0027] S4. A repeating 3x3 grid of nine squares serves as a planting unit, with each spot representing a tea oil tree. At the center of the unit, spot 5, a core cultivar (e.g., Haiyou No. 3) is planted. Eight other pollinating varieties are planted in the surrounding eight spots, ensuring that each plant within the unit, whether the core or pollinating variety, is surrounded by at least three different pollinating clones. For example, the central cultivar is surrounded by eight neighbors, each from eight different plants of different varieties. This extreme spatial interlacing maximizes the probability of cross-pollination within physical distance. Across the slope, these 3x3 planting units are staggered in a checkerboard pattern, further breaking down any potential pollination isolation. This layout not only maximizes pollination probability spatially but, more importantly, creates a "relay" effect of pollination over time, due to the varying responses of various varieties to heat stress. While a brief extreme high temperature event may cause a momentary decline in the pollination ability of a certain variety, other more tolerant varieties can still be effectively pollinated, greatly reducing the systemic risk of complete pollination failure due to a single climate event.

[0028] S5. In order to ensure the sufficiency and activity of pollinators, the habitat construction of pollinating insects is integrated into the micro-water collection system established in the first step. In the bioretention and interception ditch, ground cover plants are sown. The selected ground cover plants must meet multiple conditions: shade tolerance (able to adapt to the light environment under the oil tea canopy), tolerance to barrenness, non-vine (will not entangle the main trunk of the oil tea), have nitrogen fixation ability, and the flowering period needs to be highly overlapped with the main flowering period of the oil tea (usually October to December in Hainan) or can provide a supplementary nectar source for it. As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, Pinto peanut ( Arachis pintoi ) was selected as an ideal ground cover plant. At the beginning of the rainy season, Pinto peanut seeds were evenly sown in the bioretention and interception trenches at a sowing density of 20 grams per square meter. Pinto peanuts not only effectively cover the soil in the trenches with their dense, creeping stems and leaves, preventing rainwater erosion and weed growth, but their roots also fix nitrogen and provide a continuous, slow-release nitrogen source for the oil tea trees. More importantly, their small yellow flowers bloom almost year-round, providing a stable and abundant source of nectar and pollen for key pollinating insects such as honey bees and bumblebees, thus attracting these insects and causing them to settle in the oil tea gardens, forming a stable and efficient pollination service system.

[0029] S6. Implement precise nutrient management based on precise control of the root zone environment, apply a customized double-layer coated controlled-release fertilizer, and combine it with the colonization of beneficial rhizosphere microbial flora to cope with the dual challenges of easy leaching of nutrients in the tropical rainy season and soil moisture stress in the dry season, and achieve precise matching of the nutrient supply curve with the growth rhythm curve of the oil tea tree throughout the year. In the planting stage, the planting sites are planned according to the plant spacing of 4 meters × 3 meters, and a planting hole with an upper diameter of 70 cm, a bottom diameter of 50 cm, and a depth of 50 cm is dug at each site. 15 kg of fully decomposed and harmless farmyard manure (for example, chicken manure or pig manure compost with a C / N ratio of 25:1), 0.5 kg of superphosphate, and 50 grams of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria are applied to each hole as base fertilizer. The rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria is a composite microbial preparation, which contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria with a total effective live bacterial count of not less than 2×10^9 CFU / gram ( Azotobacter chroococcum ), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria ( Bacillus megaterium ) and potassium-dissolving bacteria ( Bacillus mucilaginosus ) complex. When applying, thoroughly mix the base fertilizer and microbial agent with the excavated core soil (the layer below 20 cm) outside the hole, then backfill the hole. Finally, backfill the 0-20 cm topsoil to create a bun-shaped micro-topography mound at the planting hole, 15 cm above the terraced working surface. This effectively prevents water accumulation at the root neck during the rainy season and prevents root rot.

[0030] S7. After the plants have been established, they enter the topdressing phase. The core of this topdressing program is the use of a specially designed double-coated controlled-release fertilizer. This fertilizer's structure, from inside to outside, consists of a nutrient core matrix, a moisture-responsive controlled-release inner membrane, and a temperature- and moisture-responsive slow-release outer membrane. The nutrient core matrix is ​​formulated to meet the needs of different camellia oil plants at different growth stages. During the sapling stage (1-3 years after planting), a high-nitrogen formula with a nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N-P2O5-K2O) ratio of 20:10:15 is used to promote rapid growth of vegetative organs. After the fruiting stage (4 years and above), a high-potassium formula with a nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratio of 15:10:20 is used to meet the nutrient requirements for flowering, fruiting, and oil production. Fertilizer application is done annually in the trenches in late April, before the rainy season in Hainan. To achieve this, dig a circular fertilizer trench 20 cm deep and 15 cm wide, centered on the trunk and just inside the drip line of the vertical projection of the crown. 70% of the total annual fertilizer requirement is evenly spread 20 cm deep at the bottom of the trench. The remaining 30% is applied to the 10 cm soil layer above it, then covered and compacted appropriately. This double-layer coating structure and layered fertilization technique work synergistically to create a precise nutrient release mechanism. During the dry season, when soil moisture is low, even a slight amount of water vapor triggers the inner layer's moisture-responsive controlled-release membrane, causing it to swell slightly and release a small amount of nutrients to maintain the tree's basic physiological activities and root vitality. When the rainy season arrives, soil temperature and humidity rise simultaneously, activating the outer layer's dual-temperature and moisture-responsive slow-release membrane. The micropores in its polymer structure expand, significantly increasing permeability, allowing it to release large amounts of nutrients at a controlled and steady rate that matches the vigorous growth rate of the oil tea tree during the rainy season. This mechanism ensures efficient nutrient supply while minimizing the economic and environmental losses caused by nutrient leaching during heavy rainfall events.

[0031] As a preferred embodiment, the moisture-responsive controlled-release inner membrane can be made from a mixture of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate in a specific ratio, with a thickness controlled to be 10-20 microns. The temperature- and moisture-responsive outer membrane can be made from a blend of a modified thermoplastic resin (such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)) and a water-sensitive polymer (such as polyacrylic acid). By adjusting the blending ratio and the amount of crosslinker, the membrane achieves an optimal nutrient release rate under the average ground temperature (e.g., 25-30°C) and high soil moisture conditions found in Hainan during the rainy season. Those skilled in the art may also utilize other polymer materials with similar functional properties based on the principles disclosed herein to achieve this goal.

[0032] S8. Construct and maintain a dynamic, ventilated, three-dimensional photosynthetic framework over the long term. This approach aims to address the conflict caused by the coexistence of strong sunlight and high humidity in Hainan through a refined shaping and pruning technique. The traditional closed tree form is susceptible to diseases induced by high humidity within the canopy, while the outer branches and leaves of the canopy are susceptible to burns from intense sunlight. The canopy structure constructed by this invention is vertically divided into three distinct functional layers: a top conducting layer, a middle fruiting layer, and a lower ventilation layer. Shaping and pruning begin in the winter of the second year after planting. First, pruning is performed to control the trunk height to between 40 and 50 cm, which facilitates future harvesting and management. From the trunk, select three to four evenly distributed, strong branches, maintaining an ideal angle of 45 to 55 degrees with the trunk, as primary branches. To ensure the canopy's three-dimensionality and uniform light distribution, the selected branches should be arranged in a spiral staggered pattern of approximately 120 degrees to avoid structural weaknesses caused by their attachment to the same horizontal plane.

[0033] S9. In subsequent management, the amount of branches and leaves in each functional layer will be continuously and dynamically regulated. The top conducting layer is mainly composed of the extension branches of the main branches and the upper branches. Through moderate thinning, it can retain 30% of the total branches and leaves of the entire crown. Its core function is not to maximize photosynthesis, but to serve as a layer of "biological light filter" to convert the strong direct tropical light into more efficient and gentle diffuse light for the lower leaves, while providing sufficient light energy for itself. The middle fruiting layer is the main nutrient production center and fruiting area of ​​the tree. It is distributed in the middle area of ​​the crown and retains 55% of the branches and leaves of the entire crown. The core of pruning this layer is to ensure its internal permeability. By thinning out overly dense branches, a distance of at least 30 cm is maintained between adjacent fruiting branch groups to ensure that each fruiting branch group can obtain sufficient light. The lower ventilation layer, located 40 cm below the canopy, completely removes all drooping, overgrown, and inward-facing branches, leaving only 15% of sparse branches and leaves. Its primary task is to ensure free air circulation at the base of the canopy, thereby effectively reducing the relative humidity within the canopy and destroying the microenvironment that fosters pathogens. Pruning can be performed year-round as needed, but the main concentrated pruning period is set between the end of fruit harvest and the beginning of spring shoot breakout (November to February). Specific pruning procedures include: systematically removing all diseased and insect-infested branches, dead branches, crossing branches, overlapping branches, and inward-facing, overgrown branches; carefully thinning out overcrowded fruiting branches in the central fruiting layer to achieve an optimized density of 8 to 10 robust fruiting branches per square meter of crown projection area; and appropriately shortening the extension branches of each main branch to encourage more lateral fruiting mother branches. The resulting canopy structure creates a top-down light intensity gradient and a bottom-up air humidity gradient within the canopy, systematically optimizing the ecological balance of light, temperature, air, and water within the canopy.

[0034] S10. Implement an integrated pest management system based on ecological prevention and targeted intervention, aiming to maximize the inherent resistance of the healthy ecosystem established in the above steps, minimize the frequency and amount of chemical pesticide use, and use it as a last resort to address the high incidence of pests and diseases in tropical regions, where pests and diseases occur year-round and overlap generations. This management system is divided into three defense levels: The first level is prevention at the ecosystem level. This level is the cornerstone of the entire system, and its effectiveness stems from the synergistic effect of the first four technical steps. For example, by constructing a dynamically ventilated three-dimensional photosynthetic structure, the canopy microclimate is physically changed, significantly reducing the natural incidence of fungal diseases that prefer high humidity environments, such as anthracnose and soft rot. By applying rhizosphere growth-promoting agents at the time of planting and adding organic fertilizers during the growing season, the diversity of rhizosphere soil microorganisms and the abundance of beneficial bacteria are increased, thereby effectively suppressing the growth of soil-borne diseases through occupation effects and antagonistic effects. By planting the nectar-producing ground cover plant Pinto peanut in the interception ditch, a continuous food source and shelter are provided for natural enemies of pests and diseases, such as parasitic wasps and predatory spiders, strengthening the natural basis of biological control.

[0035] The second level involves physical and biological control. During the peak emergence season of major oil-tea pests, such as the camellia tussock moth (typically April to May and September to October), solar-powered insecticidal lamps are installed and operated throughout the park at a density of one per three hectares. These lamps emit ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 365 nanometers, which is the most effective attractant for nocturnal lepidopteran pests. They automatically activate at night (e.g., from 7:00 PM to 5:00 AM) to lure and kill camellia moths. Meanwhile, pheromone-based slow-release traps are hung throughout the park to effectively trap adult male moths with synthetic sex pheromones, disrupting their mating process and reducing the base number of the next generation. Traps can be hung at a density of two to three per hectare in the lower middle part of the tree canopy, at a height of approximately 1.5 meters.

[0036] The third level is data-driven precision chemical intervention. Establish and strictly implement a grid-based regular monitoring system for pests and diseases. Divide the entire oil tea garden into several 1-hectare management units. Technicians will conduct surveys on 5 randomly selected sample points in each unit every week. They will check 10 new shoots or fruits at each sample point and record the symptoms and insect population in detail. Chemical control will only be initiated when the monitoring data reaches the preset prevention and control threshold. When the incidence rate of anthracnose reaches 5%, or the larvae density of the oil tea moth reaches an average of 5 heads per 100 shoots, pesticides can be applied. For anthracnose, in the early stage of the disease, 800 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 1500 times of 10% pyraclostrobin water dispersible granules can be used for foliar spraying. In order to delay the development of drug resistance, the two agents must be used alternately, spraying once every 10 days, and applying 2 to 3 times continuously depending on the progression of the disease. For the oil-tea tussock moth, spraying should be done while the larvae are at their low resistance stage before the third instar with a 2500-fold dilution of 0.2% abamectin emulsifiable concentrate or a 1500-fold dilution of 50% fenitrothion emulsifiable concentrate. All chemical spraying operations must be carried out after 5 pm or on a windless, overcast day to avoid rapid evaporation and photolysis of the solution under high temperatures and strong sunlight, and to minimize damage to diurnal pollinators and natural enemies. Example 1

[0037] This example was conducted at a test site in Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County, Hainan Province, at an altitude of 450 meters, with an average slope of 18 degrees, red soil, and a soil pH of 5.5 measured before planting. The site area was 5 hectares.

[0038] The above steps were followed completely. First, a terraced working surface with a 2-degree inward inclination against the slope was constructed along the contour lines. Bioretention and interception ditches, 50 cm wide at the top, 30 cm wide at the bottom, and 40 cm deep, were excavated at the outer edges of each terrace. Gravel control dams with a particle size of 5-10 cm were installed every 4 meters within the ditches. When excavating planting holes, the topsoil was used to construct retaining walls within the interception ditches. Next, Haiyou No. 3 was selected as the primary variety, with Reyan No. 2, Qiongzhong No. 4, Haida No. 1, Wanhai Tea No. 3, Qiongdong No. 2, Qiongkeyou No. 1, and Houchen No. 3 as pollinating varieties. These varieties were planted in a staggered pattern in a 3x3 grid, with a row spacing of 4 meters by 3 meters. Pinto peanut seeds were sown in the interception ditches at a density of 20 grams per square meter. During planting, 15 kg of decomposed chicken manure, 0.5 kg of superphosphate, and 50 g of a compound rhizosphere growth-promoting agent were applied to each hole. Starting in the second year, double-coated controlled-release fertilizer was applied in the furrows in late April each year according to the aforementioned method. A 20-10-15 N-P2O5-K2O ratio was used for the first three years, and a 15-10-20 ratio was used for the fourth year and thereafter. Starting in the winter of the second year, the tea trees were shaped and pruned to establish the described three-dimensional photosynthetic framework. Simultaneously, a comprehensive system based on ecological prevention, physical and biological control, and precision chemical intervention was implemented.

[0039] Comparative Example 1 On a 5-hectare plot adjacent to Example 1 with exactly the same area, altitude, slope, and soil conditions, a comparison was conducted using Hainan's traditional oil-tea camellia planting method.

[0040] This method involves cultivating land along contour lines, but without constructing upslope terraces or bioretention ditches, planting along the slope. Two varieties, Haiyou No. 3 and Qiongzhong No. 4, are randomly interplanted in a 2:1 ratio, with the same 4 x 3 meter spacing. Uncomposted farmyard manure and conventional compound fertilizer are applied to each hole at planting time. Topdressing is performed with a commercially available general-purpose compound fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O ratio of 15-15-15) spread near the dripline of the canopy three times each year in spring, summer, and autumn, followed by shallow hoeing. Pruning follows the traditional natural open-heart pattern, without fine-grained stratification of the canopy structure. Pest and disease control relies primarily on regular, preventative chemical spraying, with broad-spectrum insecticides and fungicides applied four to five times annually.

[0041] Results and Analysis During the 7 consecutive years of observation and data collection, the key indicators of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were compared, and the results are shown in the following table: Table 1 Comparison of core benefit indicators

[0042] Data analysis shows that the complete set of technical methods provided by the present invention has achieved significant beneficial effects through systematic synergy. The micro-water collection system greatly reduces the loss of water, soil and nutrients, providing a stable foundation for the growth of oil tea. Precision fertilization technology has more than doubled the nitrogen utilization rate while reducing chemical fertilizer input by 30%. The combination of a three-dimensional photosynthetic framework and a polyclonal pollination matrix not only significantly reduces the incidence of diseases and physiological stress, but also brings the fruit setting rate and yield stability to a whole new level. Finally, compared with traditional technologies, the present invention has achieved a doubling of oil tea production under the specific environment of the tropical region of Hainan, proving the advanced nature, systematicness and huge application value of its technology.

[0043] In summary, the present invention provides a highly systematic, engineered and ecological method for the efficient and stable production of Hainan tropical tea oil trees. Its various technical steps are closely linked and mutually supportive, together forming a production system that can actively adapt to and optimize tropical adverse ecosystems.

Claims

1. A high-efficiency and stable-yield planting method for tropical oil-tea camellia in Hainan, characterized in that: The steps include: S1. Constructing a micro-water harvesting system: On a sloping plot, excavate a terraced working surface with an inward inclination of 1 to 3 degrees against the slope along the contour line, and excavate a bioretention and interception ditch at the outer edge of the terraced working surface. The bioretention and interception ditch is provided with a permeable control dam; S2. Create a pollination matrix and pollinator habitat: Select at least nine Camellia oleifera clones with synchronized flowering periods and plant them in a nine-square grid layout, with the main planted variety at the center and pollinating varieties surrounding them. Ensure that any plant in a unit is surrounded by at least three different pollinating clones. Plant nectar-producing ground cover plants in the bioretention and interception trenches. S3. Implement precise nutrient management: Apply base fertilizer containing rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria at planting time, and apply a double-layer coated controlled-release fertilizer with a moisture-responsive inner membrane and a temperature- and moisture-responsive outer membrane during the growing season; S4. Construct a dynamic, ventilated, three-dimensional photosynthetic framework: Through shaping and pruning, the oil-tea tree crown is constructed into a three-layer structure consisting of a top conducting layer, a middle fruiting layer, and a lower ventilation layer. S5. Implement integrated pest management: combining physical control, biological control, and precise chemical intervention based on disease incidence or insect population density monitoring thresholds.

2. The high-efficiency and stable-yield planting method of a Hainan tropical oil-tea camellia according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific method of constructing the micro water collection system in S1 is: (1) On a selected sunny or semi-sunny slope with an altitude of less than 600 meters, a slope of less than 25 degrees, and a soil pH value between 5.0 and 6.0, the terraced working surface is excavated along the contour line so that the terraced working surface has an inward inclination of 1 to 3 degrees against the slope; (2) At the outer edge of each terraced working surface, dig the bioretention and interception ditch along the contour line. The cross section of the ditch is trapezoidal, with an upper base width of 50 cm, a lower base width of 30 cm, and a depth of 40 cm; (3) In the bioretention and interception ditch, a permeable control dam is set every 4 meters along its length, and the surface soil excavated when the planting holes are excavated is backfilled into the middle section of the bioretention and interception ditch between two adjacent permeable control dams to form a water retaining wall structure with a height of 20 cm.

3. A high-efficiency and stable-yield planting method for tropical oil-tea camellia in Hainan according to claim 2, characterized in that: The height of the permeable control dam is 25 cm, and its construction material is selected from gravel with a particle size of 5 to 10 cm or high-density bamboo.

4. The high-efficiency and stable-yield planting method of a Hainan tropical oil-tea camellia according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific method of creating the pollination matrix and pollinator habitat in S2 is: (1) The flowering synchronization rate among the nine selected Camellia oleifera clones is greater than or equal to 90%; (2) The nine-grid unit layout is a 3x3 planting unit, with the core main planting variety planted in the center and the other eight pollination varieties planted in the eight surrounding positions to ensure that any plant in the unit is surrounded by at least three different pollination clones; (3) Arrange multiple planting units in a checkerboard pattern on the slope.

5. A high-efficiency and stable-yield planting method for tropical oil-tea camellia in Hainan according to claim 4, characterized in that: Among the nine Camellia oleifera clones, Wanhai Camellia 3 is the core and main cultivated variety; The nectar-producing ground cover plant planted in the bioretention and interception ditch is Pinto peanut, with a sowing density of 20 grams per square meter. The Pinto peanut has the characteristics of shade tolerance, barrenness tolerance, nitrogen fixation, and its flowering period overlaps with that of Camellia oleifera.

6. The high-efficiency and stable-yield planting method of a Hainan tropical oil-tea camellia according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific methods for implementing precise nutrient management in S3 are: (1) At the planting site with a spacing of 4 meters by 3 meters, dig a planting hole with an upper diameter of 70 cm, a bottom diameter of 50 cm, and a depth of 50 cm; (2) When planting, 15 kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure, 0.5 kg of superphosphate and 50 g of the rhizosphere growth-promoting agent are applied to each hole as base fertilizer; the rhizosphere growth-promoting agent is a composite agent containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and potassium-solubilizing bacteria, and its effective viable bacterial count is not less than 2×10^9 CFU / g; (3) After backfilling the soil, a bun-shaped mound 15 cm higher than the terraced working surface is formed at the planting hole.

7. The high-efficiency and stable-yield planting method of a Hainan tropical oil-tea camellia according to claim 1 or 6, characterized in that: The structure of the double-layer coated controlled-release fertilizer includes a nutrient core matrix, which is sequentially coated with a moisture-responsive controlled-release inner membrane and a temperature- and moisture-responsive slow-release outer membrane. The controlled-release fertilizer is applied once a year in a trench before the rainy season. The fertilizer application location is inside the drip line of the tree crown. A circular trench with a depth of 20 cm and a width of 15 cm is dug. 70% of the total fertilizer required for the whole year is applied to the bottom of the trench, and another 30% is applied to the 10 cm soil layer above it. In addition, different formulas of the controlled-release fertilizer are used for the sapling stage and the fruiting stage: the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of the controlled-release fertilizer applied in the sapling stage is 20-10-15; the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of the controlled-release fertilizer applied in the fruiting stage is 15-10-20.

8. The high-efficiency and stable-yield planting method of a Hainan tropical oil-tea camellia according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific method of constructing the dynamic ventilation three-dimensional photosynthetic structure in S4 is: (1) Begin shaping the tree from the second year after planting, maintaining the trunk height at 40 to 50 cm; (2) Select 3 to 4 strong branches that are evenly distributed on the trunk and have an angle of 45 to 55 degrees with the trunk as primary main branches. The primary main branches are spatially staggered and ascending in a 120-degree spiral pattern. (3) The amount of branches and leaves in each functional layer is precisely regulated so that the top conducting layer retains 30% of the branches and leaves of the entire crown, the middle fruiting layer retains 55% of the branches and leaves of the entire crown, and the lower ventilation layer retains 15% of the branches and leaves of the entire crown.

9. The high-efficiency and stable-yield planting method of a Hainan tropical oil-tea camellia according to claim 8, characterized in that: The further operations of the shaping and pruning include: (1) Focus on pruning from November to February of the following year after the fruit is harvested each year, including completely cutting off diseased and insect-infested branches, dead branches, crossed branches, overlapping branches, and drooping branches; (2) Thin out the middle fruiting layer to ensure that the distance between adjacent fruiting branches is maintained at more than 30 cm, and retain 8 to 10 strong fruiting branches per square meter of crown projection area; (3) Appropriately shorten the extension branches of each main branch to promote the growth of lateral fruiting branches.

10. The high-efficiency and stable-yield planting method of a Hainan tropical oil-tea camellia according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific methods of integrated pest management in S5 are: (1) The physical control measures include: installing and operating solar-powered insecticidal lamps with a wavelength of 365 nanometers at a density of one per 3 hectares during the peak period of adult emergence of oil-tea pests; (2) The biological control includes: for the oil-tea camellia moth, hanging pheromone slow-release traps to lure and kill male moths; (3) The precise chemical intervention includes: establishing a regular monitoring system, and initiating chemical control when the disease incidence rate reaches 5% or the insect population density reaches 5 per 100 branches; for anthracnose, 800 times diluted 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 1500 times diluted 10% pyraclostrobin water dispersible granules are sprayed alternately; for oil-tea moth larvae, 2500 times diluted 0.2% avermectin emulsifiable concentrate or 1500 times diluted 50% cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate are sprayed; all chemical spraying operations are carried out in the evening or on cloudy days.

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