Cultivation method of morchella esculenta

Abstract

The invention relates to a cultivation method of morchella esculenta, and belongs to the technical field of industrialized production of edible mushrooms. The method comprises the steps of culture medium preparation and laying, sowing, exogenous nutrient supplement, mycelium culture, primordium induction, primordium differentiation, young mushroom and maturity management, second flush mushroom management and the like. Mountain immature soil, rice hull powder, chestnut sawdust and the like are selected as main materials of a used culture medium, peracetic acid fermentation treatment is combined, and traditional formaldehyde treatment which is high in cost and harmful to the environment is replaced. Fermentation type nutrition bricks are adopted as exogenous nutrition materials, and on-site preparation and sterilization operation are replaced. Natural light is combined with LED light supplement, temperature and humidity environments are regulated and controlled in a partitioned mode, energy consumption is reduced, and the thallus development stability is improved. Unified management and batch harvesting are achieved through a multi-layer frame and standard box modular structure. The method has the advantages of low production cost, simplicity in technical implementation, stable yield, suitability for large-scale popularization and the like.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of bacterial culture, and in particular to a method for cultivating morels. Background Art

[0002] As a rare edible mushroom, Morchella spp. has attracted widespread attention due to its unique nutritional value and high market value. Despite recent breakthroughs in artificial cultivation technology, it still faces the following major technical bottlenecks:

[0003] High cultivation cost: The existing cultivation substrate relies on a large amount of raw materials such as peat and humus, and the treatment method often uses formaldehyde fumigation, which has high costs, complex operations and environmental risks.

[0004] The fruiting cycle is long and the stability is poor: the development of mycelium and differentiation of primordium have extremely high requirements for temperature and humidity. Any slight deviation will result in deformities, empty bags or no mushrooms.

[0005] Low facility utilization rate: open field or simple greenhouse models cannot achieve year-round and mass cultivation, resulting in serious waste of resources.

[0006] High operation intensity: Many links require manual participation, including nutrient preparation, water adjustment, ventilation, etc., which is highly labor-intensive.

[0007] Low level of intelligence: At present, the cultivation of morels has not yet formed a standardized shelf system, making it difficult to integrate with the existing factory-based edible fungus system.

[0008] To address these issues, the present invention provides a modularized shelf cultivation method for Morchella mushrooms, which is lower in cost, more rational in structure, and suitable for standardized and automated production. By optimizing substrate formulation and processing, improving exogenous nutrient supply mechanisms, simplifying temperature and humidity control schemes, and employing a modular shelf structure, this method significantly improves yield and fruiting stability, while reducing unit energy consumption and labor costs. The method has promising prospects for widespread application. Summary of the Invention

[0009] The present invention provides a cultivation method for Morchella oleracea. The method significantly improves yield and fruiting stability, reduces unit energy consumption and labor costs, and has good prospects for promotion and application by optimizing substrate formulation and processing methods, improving exogenous nutrient supply mechanisms, and simplifying temperature and humidity control schemes.

[0010] The present invention solves the above technical problems through the following technical solutions:

[0011] A cultivation method for morels comprises the following steps:

[0012] (1) preparing and laying a cultivation matrix, wherein the cultivation matrix comprises, by weight percentage, 35-45% of mountain soil, 25-35% of rice husk powder, 15-25% of coconut coir, 2-5% of bentonite or perlite, 1-2% of quicklime, 1-3% of gypsum, and 0.05-0.2% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate; the matrix is ​​treated with high-temperature composting or 1% peracetic acid aqueous solution and then used, and the laying thickness is 20-30 cm;

[0013] (2) Sowing: Select 1-1.5 cm sized Morchella spawn blocks, evenly sow them on the substrate surface at 0.4-0.6 kg per square meter, cover with 1-2 cm thick identical substrate, set the ambient temperature to 10-15 ° C, the air humidity to 70-80%, the carbon dioxide concentration to 500-800 ppm, and culture in the dark for 2-4 days;

[0014] (3) adding exogenous nutrients, which are pre-fermented mixed nutrient bricks or bags, and the weight percentages are: corn germ bran 40-50%, wheat bran 20-30%, bean dregs dry powder 20-30%, quicklime 1-2%, gypsum 1-2%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.5-2%; the supplementary amount is 4-8 kg per square meter;

[0015] (4) Exogenous nutrient conversion and mycelial culture: Control the substrate temperature to 6-10°C, the water content to 20-25%, the air humidity to 70-80%, the carbon dioxide concentration to 800-1500 ppm, and culture in the dark for 45-60 days;

[0016] (5) Primordial induction: After a short period of cold shock, the temperature was restored to 7-9°C, and the carbon dioxide concentration was reduced to below 500 ppm by ventilation. The air humidity was maintained at 75-80%, and the light intensity was 400-600 lx. Natural light or LED floodlights were used for illumination, and the light intensity was 8-10 hours per day.

[0017] (6) Primordial differentiation and mushroom formation: Continue to maintain the temperature at 8-10°C, the air humidity at 85-95%, the carbon dioxide concentration below 800 ppm, and the lighting conditions consistent with primordium induction until the primordium is formed and grows to more than 3 cm;

[0018] (7) Management during the fruiting body maturity period: Control the temperature to 12-14°C, the humidity to 70-85%, maintain low carbon dioxide concentration, moderate ventilation, and continue to provide 8-10 hours of light per day until the fruiting body matures to more than 7 cm for harvesting;

[0019] (8) Second-wave mushroom management: After harvesting, remove dead mushrooms and stipe residues, adjust the substrate moisture content to 25-28%, and repeat steps (5) to (7) to promote secondary fruiting.

[0020] In a specific embodiment, the substrate treatment method is high-temperature composting fermentation at ≥60° C. for 48 hours or sealing treatment with 1% peracetic acid solution for more than 48 hours.

[0021] In a specific embodiment, the exogenous nutrients are sealed and fermented to form solid nutrient bricks, which are inserted into the matrix in an inserting manner to avoid on-site high-temperature sterilization.

[0022] In a specific embodiment, the lighting method is a combination of natural lighting and LED supplementary lighting. The LED lamp uses red light or red and blue mixed light source, the light intensity is controlled at 400-600lx, and the lighting time is 8-10 hours a day.

[0023] In a specific embodiment, during the primordium induction stage, primordium differentiation is initiated by "sudden temperature drop + ventilation", and local cooling is achieved by using a mobile air cooler or a water cooling system; a short-term cold shock is to reduce the temperature to 2-5°C within 1 day.

[0024] In a specific embodiment, the CO2 concentration is controlled below 800 ppm from the young mushroom stage to the mature stage, and an intelligent ventilation system is used to automatically adjust the wind speed and frequency to stabilize the gas concentration and reduce the operating labor intensity.

[0025] In a specific embodiment, water control uses drip irrigation or atomized spraying, combined with a soil moisture sensor to achieve automatic adjustment of water content.

[0026] In a specific embodiment, after each wave of mushrooms is harvested, the mycelial activity is activated by adjusting the acidity with lime water and tilling and rehydrating, which is conducive to the stable fruiting of the second and even third wave of mushrooms and increases the total yield.

[0027] The present invention has the following significant beneficial effects:

[0028] 1. The selected cultivation substrate is mainly composed of local low-priced raw materials such as mountain soil, rice husk powder, coconut coir, etc., replacing expensive peat and humus materials; at the same time, high-temperature composting or peracetic acid disinfection is used instead of formaldehyde fumigation, which greatly reduces the cost of raw materials and processing risks, and is suitable for large-scale use.

[0029] 2. Exogenous nutrients are pre-fermented into solid nutrient bricks and added through the "plug-in" method, avoiding the traditional on-site ingredient mixing and sterilization processes, thereby improving operational safety and work efficiency.

[0030] 3. By precisely controlling key environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration, the transformation of exogenous nutrients and the expansion of the mycelial network can be effectively promoted, providing a stable foundation for the later primordium formation and fruiting body development.

[0031] 4. The method of short-term cold shock + ventilation to reduce CO2 is used to accurately induce primordium formation, which solves the problems of low primordium differentiation efficiency and non-concentrated mushroom production positions under the traditional model, and improves the overall commercialization rate.

[0032] 5. Combine natural light with low-power LED fill light, and adopt red light or red and blue mixed light solutions to effectively support the photoperiod requirements of morels, avoid energy waste, and facilitate facility-based energy-saving management.

[0033] 6. Intelligent systems are used to control humidity and CO2 concentration during key stages such as mycelium cultivation, young mushroom development, and fruiting body maturation, significantly reducing the frequency of manual inspections and adjustments. It is suitable for modern automated greenhouses or linked greenhouses.

[0034] 7. After harvesting, the mycelium is activated by adjusting the acidity with lime water and rehydrating, which successfully guides the development of the second-wave mushrooms, prolongs the fruiting cycle, increases the yield per unit area, and fully releases the mycelium vitality. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] The following will be combined with the practical examples to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the practical examples. Obviously, the described examples are only part of the examples of the practical, not all of the examples. Based on the examples in the practical, all other examples obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of this practical.

[0036] A specific embodiment is provided to illustrate the "a cultivation method for Morchella" of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to this embodiment.

[0037] Example 1: Optimization of Morchella cultivation method of the present invention

[0038] This embodiment adopts the Morchella cultivation method provided by the present invention, and the specific steps are as follows:

[0039] (1) Preparation and treatment of cultivation substrate: Mix the following raw materials by weight: 40% mountain soil, 30% rice husk powder, 20% coconut coir, 3% bentonite, 1.5% quicklime, 1.5% gypsum, and 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Pile the mixed substrate to a thickness of approximately 50 cm and perform high-temperature composting in a sealed area, maintaining the temperature at 60-65°C. Turn the compost every 12 hours for 48 hours and then cool it to room temperature. Lay the treated substrate in the planting trough to a thickness of 25 cm.

[0040] (2) Sowing: Select highly active Morchella spp. with a particle size of 1 to 1.5 cm and sow at a rate of 0.5 kg / m 2 Evenly spread the seeds on the surface of the substrate, then cover with 1.5 cm of the same substrate. Set the culture environment temperature to 13°C, the air humidity to 75%, and the CO2 concentration to 600 ppm, and culture in the dark for 3 days.

[0041] (3) Supplementing exogenous nutrients: Use nutrient bricks made by sealed fermentation 7 days in advance (plastic sealed and allowed to ferment). The formula is: 45% corn germ bran, 25% wheat bran, 25% bean dregs powder, 1% quicklime, 1% gypsum, and 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Add 6 kg of nutrient bricks per square meter and bury them in the substrate to a depth of 8 cm.

[0042] (4) Exogenous nutrient conversion and mycelial culture: The environmental parameters were controlled as follows: substrate temperature 8°C, water content 23%, air humidity 75%, CO2 concentration 1000 ppm, and culture in the dark for 55 days.

[0043] (5) Primordial induction: A mobile air cooler was used for short-term cold shock, with the temperature dropping to 4°C within 12 hours. After 12 hours of cold shock, the temperature was restored to 8°C. Ventilation was also increased to reduce the CO2 concentration to below 450 ppm. The lighting conditions were natural light + LED red and blue mixed light supplementation, with a light intensity of 500 lx and 9 hours of lighting per day. After 3 consecutive days, a large number of primordia were observed.

[0044] (6) Primordial differentiation and mushroom formation: Continue to maintain the temperature at 8-9°C, humidity 90%, CO2 <700ppm, and light intensity as above. Cultivate for 8-10 days until the primordium develops to more than 3 cm.

[0045] (7) Management during the fruiting body maturity period: Adjust the temperature to 13°C and the humidity to 80%. Use an intelligent ventilation system to maintain the CO2 concentration below 500 ppm. Continue to provide 9 hours of light daily. After 10 days, the average height of the fruiting bodies reached 8.2 cm, with high uniformity.

[0046] (8) Management of the second-wave mushrooms: After harvesting, remove the remaining mushrooms, spray 0.3% lime water to adjust the pH, and perform shallow tillage and drip irrigation to adjust the moisture content to 26%. Repeat steps 5 to 7 to stably induce the second-wave mushroom production, with a yield similar to that of the first-wave.

[0047] Experimental results: The average unit yield of the first wave of Morchella in this embodiment is 1.48kg / m 2 The fruiting bodies are neat and the color is normal; the second tide yield is 1.34kg / m 2 , the total output reaches 2.82kg / m 2 , the contamination rate is less than 5% and the commodity rate is over 90%.

[0048] Example 2: Traditional Morchella Cultivation Method (Control Group)

[0049] The control group was cultivated using traditional methods:

[0050] (1) Preparation and treatment of the cultivation medium: The medium was prepared according to traditional methods: 60% mountain soil, 30% rice husk powder, 1% quicklime, and 2% gypsum. No coconut coir, bentonite, or potassium dihydrogen phosphate was added. After mixing, it was naturally sun-dried for two days without high-temperature fermentation or chemical treatment. The thickness of the paving was 20 cm.

[0051] (2) Sowing: Use common Morchella spore blocks (approximately 2 cm) and spread 0.5 kg per square meter on the substrate surface, lightly covering with rice husks. The environment depends on the natural temperature (approximately 15°C during the day) and humidity (approximately 60%), which are not precisely controlled. Incubate in the dark for 1 to 2 days.

[0052] (3) Nutritional management: No exogenous fermented nutrients were added, and only 2% wheat bran was mixed in before sowing, resulting in a simple nutritional structure.

[0053] (4) Mycelial culture and primordium induction: Low-temperature induction and gas regulation were not performed during the culture period. The temperature fluctuated naturally (approximately 10-15°C), the air humidity varied greatly, and the CO2 concentration was not monitored. After approximately 60 days, mycelial growth was uneven, and primordium formation was sparse and delayed (appearing around the 7th day).

[0054] (5) Fruiting body growth and harvesting: Relying on natural environment management, light is unstable, air humidity is difficult to control, and CO2 concentration is high. The average height of the first wave fruiting body is about 6.3cm.

[0055] (6) Management of Second-Flush Mushrooms: After harvesting, the soil was simply sprayed with water for replenishment without tillage or pH adjustment. Primordial induction was difficult, and in some areas, second-flush mushrooms did not form or grew unevenly.

[0056] Experimental results: The first wave unit output is 0.96kg / m 2 , the uniformity is poor, the commodity rate is less than 60%; the second tide output is low, the total output is 1.66kg / m 2 The contamination rate is as high as 15%, and the fruiting period is unstable.

[0057] Comparative analysis table 1

[0058]

[0059] The above comparison shows that the Morchella cultivation method provided by the present invention is significantly superior to the traditional method in terms of fruiting body yield, uniformity, fruiting time control, contamination rate and second-wave fruiting ability, and significantly improves the cultivation efficiency and economic benefits.

[0060] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner, with each embodiment focusing on the differences from other embodiments. Reference can be made to the common and similar parts between the various embodiments. For the devices disclosed in the embodiments, since they correspond to the methods disclosed in the embodiments, the description is relatively simple, and the relevant parts can be referred to the method description.

[0061] The above description of the disclosed embodiments is intended to enable one skilled in the art to implement or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is intended to be applied in the widest possible manner consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method for cultivating Morchella edulis, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: (1) preparing and laying a cultivation matrix, wherein the cultivation matrix comprises, by weight percentage, 35-45% of mountain soil, 25-35% of rice husk powder, 15-25% of chestnut sawdust, 2-5% of bentonite or perlite, 1-2% of quicklime, 1-3% of gypsum, and 0.05-0.2% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate; the matrix is ​​treated with high-temperature composting or 1% peracetic acid aqueous solution and then used, and the laying thickness is 20-30 cm; (2) Sowing: Select 1-1.5 cm sized Morchella spawn blocks, evenly sow them on the substrate surface at 0.4-0.6 kg per square meter, cover with 1-2 cm thick identical substrate, set the ambient temperature to 10-15 ° C, the air humidity to 70-80%, the carbon dioxide concentration to 500-800 ppm, and culture in the dark for 2-4 days; (3) adding exogenous nutrients, which are pre-fermented mixed nutrient bricks or bags, and the weight percentages are: corn germ bran 40-50%, wheat bran 20-30%, bean dregs dry powder 20-30%, quicklime 1-2%, gypsum 1-2%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.5-2%; the supplementary amount is 4-8 kg per square meter; (4) Exogenous nutrient conversion and mycelial culture: Control the substrate temperature to 6-10°C, the water content to 20-25%, the air humidity to 70-80%, the carbon dioxide concentration to 800-1500 ppm, and culture in the dark for 45-60 days; (5) Primordial induction: After a short period of cold shock, the temperature was restored to 7-9°C, and the carbon dioxide concentration was reduced to below 500 ppm by ventilation. The air humidity was maintained at 75-80%, and the light intensity was 400-600 lx. Natural light or LED floodlights were used for illumination, and the light intensity was 8-10 hours per day. (6) Primordial differentiation and mushroom formation: Continue to maintain the temperature at 8-10°C, the air humidity at 85-95%, the carbon dioxide concentration below 800 ppm, and the lighting conditions consistent with primordium induction until the primordium is formed and grows to more than 3 cm; (7) Management during the fruiting body maturity period: Control the temperature to 12-14°C, the humidity to 70-85%, maintain low carbon dioxide concentration, moderate ventilation, and continue to provide 8-10 hours of light per day until the fruiting body matures to more than 7 cm for harvesting; (8) Second-wave mushroom management: After harvesting, remove dead mushrooms and stipe residues, adjust the substrate moisture content to 25-28%, and repeat steps (5) to (7) to promote secondary fruiting.

2. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein The substrate treatment method is high-temperature composting fermentation at ≥60℃ for 48 hours or sealing treatment with 1% peracetic acid solution for more than 48 hours.

3. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein The exogenous nutrients are fermented in a sealed manner to form solid nutrient bricks, which are then inserted into the matrix in an inserting manner, thereby avoiding on-site high-temperature sterilization.

4. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein The lighting method is a combination of natural lighting and LED supplementary lighting. The LED lamp uses red light or red and blue mixed light source. The light intensity is controlled at 400-600lx, and the lighting time is 8-10 hours a day.

5. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein During the primordium induction stage, primordium differentiation is initiated through the "sudden temperature drop + ventilation" method, and local cooling is achieved using a mobile air cooler or water cooling system; short-term cold shock is to reduce the temperature to 2-5°C within 1 day.

6. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein From the young mushroom stage to the mature stage, the CO2 concentration is controlled below 800ppm, and an intelligent ventilation system is used to automatically adjust the wind speed and frequency to stabilize the gas concentration and reduce the labor intensity of operation.

7. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein Water control uses drip irrigation or mist spraying, combined with soil moisture sensors to achieve automatic adjustment of moisture content.

8. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein After each wave of mushrooms is harvested, the mycelium activity is activated by adjusting the acidity with lime water and tilling and rehydrating, which is conducive to the stable fruiting of the second and even third wave mushrooms and increases the total yield.

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